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False Wireworms of Economic Importance in South Dakota (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) C

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False Wireworms of Economic Importance in South Dakota (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) C South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange South Dakota State University Agricultural Bulletins Experiment Station 9-1-1975 False Wireworms of Economic Importance in South Dakota (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) C. O. Calkins V. M. Kirk Follow this and additional works at: http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/agexperimentsta_bulletins Recommended Citation Calkins, C. O. and Kirk, V. M., "False Wireworms of Economic Importance in South Dakota (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)" (1975). Bulletins. Paper 638. http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/agexperimentsta_bulletins/638 This Bulletin is brought to you for free and open access by the South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station at Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bulletins by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Northern Grain Insects Research Laboratory USDA, Agricultural Research Service, and South Dakota State University B 633 --L. False Wireworms of economic importance in South Dakota Abstract Seven species of false wireworms were found associated with grain crops in South Dakota. Eleodes opaca (Say) was the most abundant species and was frequently associated with damage to wheat fields. The larval stages of this species, Eleodes extricata (Say), and Eleodes obsoleta (Say) were present both during the spring and the fall and were capable of causing damage to recently sown grain fields at each of these times. Eleodes suturalis (Say) and Eleodes hispilabris (Say) were present in the actively feeding stage only during the fall and were capable of causing damage to winter wheat. Embaphion muricatum Say and Eleodes tricostata (Say) were present in grain fields but were not associated with damage. In the past, summer fallow and crop rotation interrupted the life cycles of these species and kept populations below economic levels. However, changes in cropping practices in recent years have resulted in widespread damage. Continuous growth of wheat will increase the populations of false wireworms and may result in these insects being a limiting factor in wheat production. On the cover: An adult Elodes suturalis beetle. September 1975 False Wirevvorsns of economic importance in South Dakota ( Coleoptera: T enebrionidae) C. 0. Calkins and V. M. Kirk False wireworm is the common name for larvae of beetles of the genera Eleodes and Embaphion. They belong to an extensive coleopteran family, Tenebrionidae, which has more than 15, 000 described species and subspecies of which 210 belong to the genus Eleodes and 7 belong to the genus Embaphion (3). The common name is derived from the fact that the larvae closely resemble larvae of Elateridae, the true wireworms. They can be distin­ guished from true wireworm larvae by several taxonomic characteristics. However, the easiest methods for field identification include: longer and more prominent legs, longer antennae that are conspicuously clavate, a non-flattened body, and more rapid movement of the larvae (16) . False wireworms are generally described as inhabiting the arid and semi-arid portions of the United States west of the 97th meridian. The adults are usually crepuscular or nocturnal and seek shelter during the day under litter, rocks and dried animal dung, and in small animal burrows. They feed on seeds, plant leaves, chaff, and occasion­ ally soft bodied insects. They deposit their creamy white, oval eggs about 1/8 to 1/2 in. below the soil surface. The larvae, for the most part, exist below the soil surface where they feed on seeds, roots, and decaying organic matter. Fig. 1. --Dorsal aspect of adults of the 7 species of economic false wireworms found in South Dakota. 4 False wi reworms were important pests of wh eat duri ng the early part of this century , and the cropping practices of that time were synchronized wi th the li fe cycl e of several species. However, a wi de­ spread change in cropping practices occurred duri ng the 1920s and 1930s . Farmers be gan to alternate wh eat wi th other crops, and they began a practice called summer fallowi ng . Th ese practices were detrimental to false wireworms because they broke the crop continui ty ne cessary fo r the completion of the li fe cycles . Th e economic importance of fals e wi re worms seemed to decline quite sharply, and the mention of economi c infe stations no lo nger appeared in the scientific literature . Th e recent occurre nce of several scattered infestations prompted another look at this group of insects to determine the cause of these out breaks and to ascertain wh at potential exists fo r another major probl em to arise. Biology and Life History After extensive sampling of various habitats, seven species of fa lse wi re worms associated wi th crops in South Dakota were identified. Th ese were Eleodes suturalis (Say) , Eleodes opaca (Say) , Eleodes hispilabris (Say) , Eleodes extricata (Say), Eleodes tricostata (Say) , Eleodes obsoleta (Say) , and Embaphion muricatum Say (Fig. 1). Biology and life history info rmation about these sp ecies have be en accumulated by entomologists since 18 90. Our studies we re designed to us e this early informat ion to delve deeper into the ecology and the crop-i nsect relationships of these false wi reworms in South Dakota . Adults of each species were col lected throughout we stern So uth Dak ota fo r establi shment of laboratory colonies and use in bi ological studies. Th e essential aspects of the bi ology of each species were determi ned by us ing the same standardized methods. The separation of ma le and female beetles of each species wa s achieved by the us e of criteria described by Blaisdell (3) (Table 1) . Th e fe cundity of females and the size of eggs were determined by the techni ques developed by Mat teson (17, 18 ). The number of larval instars was determined from head capsule measurements with an ocular micrometer. The head capsules of neonates were meas ured , and the larvae were placed in small petri dishes con­ taining ground wh eat . Th e dishes were placed in plastic bags containing moist paper towels to prevent desiccation of the larvae and we re held at constant temperature s of 21-24°C. Larval head capsules were measured daily, and the ground medium was exami ned fo r exuvia to determine the number of instars . Dyar's Law (11) was applied to assure that all instars were account ed fo r. Mat ure larvae and prepupae were placed in moist, sandy soil fo r pupation and held in cabinets at 24-47°C. The pans were examined daily fo r adult emergence . Newly emerged adults were placed in oviposition containers to determine the length of the preoviposition period . Th e oviposition medium was examined daily fo r the presence of eggs . 5 Table !. --Distinguishing ch aracteristics separating ma le and female fa lse wireworm adults (3) . Sexual ch aracters Species Ma le Female El eodes Prothoraci c femora wi th Prothoraci c femora wi th a suturalis acute tooth . small obtuse tooth . E. opaca Body mo derately narrow Body broadly fusiform and fusiform. oval. 1st 2 jo ints at prothoraci c Prothoraci c tars i un­ tarsi slightly widened and modified . clothed beneath wi th dense pads of spongy pubescence, surface of pads flat. E. hispilabris Prothoraci c femora wi th Prothoraci c femora wi th an acute tooth . an obtuse tooth . E. tricostata Elytra wi dest at base. Elytra wi dest at middle. Abdomen distinctly impress­ Abdomen strongly convex. ed at ba se of 1st segment and between the coxae . Anterior spur of protho­ Ant erior spur of protho­ raci c tibia 1/3-1/2 longer ra ci c tibia 2 times as than posterior. long as posterior. 1st jo int of each protho­ 1st jo int of protho­ ra ci c tarsus wi th a small, raci c tarsus wi th a tuft subacute tuft of yel lowi sh of ordinary piceous pubescence on the pro­ spinules on the thick­ duced tip beneath . ened tip . E. extricata Body fusiform-ovate, Body ovate, rather ro bust . elongate. Prothoraci c f emora armed Prothoracic femora un ­ wi th subacute tooth . armed . 1st jo int of prothoraci c 1s t jo int of prothoraci c tarsi clothed at tip tarsi narro wl y and trans­ beneath, wi th a smal l ve rsely thickened at tip subtrun cate tuft of golden beneath wi th short pubescence usually darkly piceous spinules . discolored . 6 Ta bl e 1. Continued . Sexual characters Species Ma le Female E. obsoleta Body elongate . Body ro bust . Elytra gradually narro wed Elytra broadly oval and posteriorly. slightly narro wed poster­ iorly. Anterior spurs of protho­ Anterior spurs of protho­ rac ic tibia ca. twice as raci c tibia usually ca. long as posterior. 1/3-1/2 longer than posterior. 1st jo int of prothoracic 1s t jo int of prothoracic tarsi wi th minute tuft of tars i wi th ordinary modified spinules scarcely spinules on thickened evident, ordinary spinules tip beneath. present on thickened tip beneath. Embaphion Abdomen moderately convex Abdomen rather strongly muricatum and not noticeable im­ convex. pressed . Prothoracic tibia qu ite Prothoracic tibia gradu­ sudden ly and briefly con­ al ly narrowed at ba se. stricted at base. To determine the seasonal appearance of the stages of each species , it was necessary to make detailed observations in the field. Popula­ tions of adults were easiest to sample over wide areas because they moved about on the surface and could be easily trapped . Other stages occurred in the soil in re latively low numbers and were qu ite difficult to sample systematically over large geographical areas .
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