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THE PARADOXICAL DISCOURSES of MARGINALIZATION: the FUNCTION and RESISTANCE to the MYTH of HOMELESSNESS by NEAL ANDREW ELLIS JA

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THE PARADOXICAL DISCOURSES of MARGINALIZATION: the FUNCTION and RESISTANCE to the MYTH of HOMELESSNESS by NEAL ANDREW ELLIS JA THE PARADOXICAL DISCOURSES OF MARGINALIZATION: THE FUNCTION AND RESISTANCE TO THE MYTH OF HOMELESSNESS by NEAL ANDREW ELLIS JASON EDWARD BLACK, COMMITTEE CHAIR NIRMALA EREVELLES MEREDITH BAGLEY A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Communication Studies in the Graduate School of The University of Alabama TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA 2015 Copyright Neal Andrew Ellis 2015 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT Though communication and media scholars have dealt at length with the content of mediated discourses that disenfranchise the homeless community and how those texts affect the homeless, the continued marginalization of the homeless invites continued study as to why the stigmatizing discourses occur. Specifically, this thesis sought to find the reasoning behind mediated narratives about the homeless that disenfranchise an already subordinated population. By relying on mythic, narrative, and critical rhetorical theory, this study interprets mediated discourses about the homeless to find an overarching narrative that is used to homogenize the entire homeless population with a stigmatizing over-arching narrative structure. This project defines the myth of homelessness, which is the overarching narrative that provides the domiciled community with a constructed (and inaccurate) view of the homeless, which serves as cognitive guidance to oppress the homeless population. After creating and defining the myth of homelessness, newspaper articles from The Tuscaloosa News, Weld for Birmingham, and The Birmingham Voice are assessed for the ways in which the myth of homelessness is enacted. Using a critical rhetorical approach, this thesis argues that narratives from both dominant sources and from homeless ally sources operate within the myth of homelessness, which blames the homeless for their situation and creates a paradox wherein they are expected to remove themselves from homelessness but are also stripped of personal agency. Defining the mythic structure that constitutes public and private discourse about the homeless has implications concerning resistant discourses and mythic theory. ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to Leslie Ellis, who helps me sort through my own thoughts and without whom this project would have never come to fruition. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis process, while meant as a capstone of research, has also been an exercise greatly contributing to my growth as a more fully human being. I wish to acknowledge those professors, mentors, and friends who have pushed me to become more than I saw in myself. First, I do not know how I could have gotten through this process without the help of Dr. Jason Edward Black. His leadership in writing and teaching have been personally inspiring, not to mention the hours upon hours he spent working through my drafts and calming me as I felt the burden of insecurity. Both Dr. Black and Dr. Meredith Bagley guided me through the sometimes murky waters of rhetorical criticism, a field with which I was completely unfamiliar, with incredible scholarly direction and personal support. In addition to Drs. Black and Bagley, Dr. Robin Boylorn and Dr. Beth S. Bennett all have contributed in their own way to teaching me the value of marginalized voices, which sparked my desire to write for and about the homeless population. I would also like to give my deepest thanks and respect for Dr. Vickie Ellis, who has been a constant voice of encouragement from the moment I set foot on the campus of Oklahoma Baptist University as an undergraduate student until now. She first taught me how to research, supported me through graduate admissions, and most importantly, spent hours discussing ideas with me (as if I were her peer). I admire and attempt to emulate her diverse scholarly knowledge, interpersonal ability, and genuine care for the people around her. Further, I owe this entire project to my friends in Shawnee, Oklahoma who inspired me through their stories and friendship. I met many righteous individuals who were experiencing iv homelessness, but particularly Percy, Terry, Mark, and Gary showed resilience, faith, and genuine care for others in the face of misfortune and mistreatment from others. I thank God and will never forget the moments I spent breaking bread with them. Lastly, I would not be where I am academically, personally, or spiritually without my family or my best friend and love of my life, Leslie Ellis. I do not deserve my family’s unconditional support, but their constant grace and love has been something I cannot imagine living without. And finally, Leslie, thank you for finding reasons to stay up late with me as I tried to finish thesis chapters, exploring the magic of coffee with me, and encouraging me when I wanted to give up. Thank you for being someone I can look up to as a model of both hard-work and unending compassion. Thank you for dreaming; something I will keep doing with you as long as I live. v CONTENTS ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION............................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................. iv 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................1 a. Plan of Study................................................................................................................................5 2. PERSPECTIVES ON THE HOMELESS COMMUNITY .........................................................7 a. Media Representations of Homelessness.....................................................................................8 Themes of Stigma—Choice, Disorder, Danger, and Deviance ..............................................8 Time of the Year ...................................................................................................................12 Voice.....................................................................................................................................13 Diversity................................................................................................................................16 b. Social Implications of Media Representations ..........................................................................19 Legal Impact of Media Representations ...............................................................................19 Public Perceptions and Social Outcomes..............................................................................22 c. Myth of the American Dream ....................................................................................................24 3. METHODS SECTION ..............................................................................................................30 a. Social Constructionism ..............................................................................................................33 b. Narrative and Myth....................................................................................................................36 c. Plan of Action ............................................................................................................................39 4. LOCATING THE MYTH OF HOMELESSNESS ...................................................................41 vi a. The Character.............................................................................................................................45 b. The Journey................................................................................................................................48 c. Implications of the Myth of Homelessness................................................................................54 5. THE MYTH OF HOMELESSNESS IN ACTION....................................................................58 a. Tuscaloosa News: Vincent Haneman III....................................................................................59 b. The Weld: Jerome and Eric........................................................................................................66 c. Revisiting the Mythic Structure .................................................................................................77 6. RESISTANT VOICES: COMBATING THE MYTH OF HOMELESSNESS.........................82 a. Revising the Mythic Character...................................................................................................85 b. Reifying the Journey..................................................................................................................90 7. REINVENTING THE MYTHIC STRUCTURE.....................................................................100 a. Results of Study .......................................................................................................................100 b. Creating Resistant Discourses..................................................................................................104 c. Mythic Theory and Criticism...................................................................................................106 d. Directions for Future Research ................................................................................................107 e. Conclusion................................................................................................................................109
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