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This Thesis Has Been Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for a Postgraduate Degree (E.G This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Understanding Sport as the Expansion of Capabilities: The Homeless World Cup and Street Soccer (Scotland) Susan Ahrens PhD The University of Edinburgh 2015 Abstract The use of sport to tackle a variety of social challenges, a strategy referred to as Sport for Development and Peace (SDP), is on the rise. Despite the recent attention given to the social value of sport to society few studies have investigated the relationship between sport, homelessness and poverty. This investigation explores such a relationship and in doing so helps to address a gap in existing sport in society research. In addressing such a gap this exploration takes its lead from Amartya Sen’s capability approach. Informed theoretically and methodologically by the capability approach this research provides an original thesis that considers the ways in which sport contributes to the expansion of the human capabilities of a select number of homeless street soccer players. The purpose of this thesis is to provide an original piece of research that advances our knowledge of sport in society and more specifically sport, homelessness and poverty. It uses a qualitative, collective case study design in which the participants of two social enterprises, which use street soccer to help overcome homelessness and its associated effects, were interviewed in order to understand the specific ways in which street soccer has helped to develop capabilities in the sense that Sen used this term. During the research process the notion of pathways with different entry and exit points emerged and became central to this work. This thesis has built on this idea through its use of two street soccer organisations: The Homeless World Cup and Street Soccer (Scotland), each of which operates at a different stage of the homeless pathways. By understanding sport as capabilities this research differentiates stages in the development of capabilities and identifies specific capabilities built through sport as separate to those built through the use of street soccer in either a sport plus and plus sport sense. With the increasing use of sport in development initiatives across the globe, it is both timely and necessary to consider new ways of understanding its social benefits. In the capability approach there exists the potential not only to better understand the ways in which sport interacts with and shapes individuals, communities and societies but also to better inform the use of sport for the purposes of development in the future. This thesis proposes that understanding sport as the development of capabilities is useful not least because of the universality of the new approach to considering and appreciating the social benefits gained in and through sport but also to alert sociologists and other disciplines to the value of Amartya Sen’s capability approach. Key Words; Capabilities, Sport, Poverty, Homelessness, Street Soccer, Development ii Acknowledgements There are many people I would like to thank for their help with this thesis. First and foremost my supervisor: Professor Grant Jarvie. I can’t thank you enough for your guidance, support, inspiration and, above all else: patience. I am deeply grateful to you and have both appreciated and enjoyed the opportunity to work under your guidance. Thanks also to Dr Peter Allison for guiding me through the research design chapter in particular. This study would not have been possible without the honesty and openness of the outstanding men and women I interviewed as part of the case studies. I have been touched by their fortitude and positivity. They are an inspiration and I have been left with a sense that they deserve better of our global society. I commit to doing my bit. In particular I would like to thank Mel Young and David Duke, both for allowing access to their amazing organisations as well as their willingness to be part of the narrative of this thesis. In a thesis in which sport plays such a prominent role, it was fitting to have ‘my team’ beside and behind me throughout this work. My family have been my source of strength and light. I thank you all for your love and support. In particular, my Mum and late Dad, my husband Mathias, and my truly wonderful boys: Lewis and Jamie. Finally, thanks to friends Eric Broom and Lindsey Miller, for helping push me over the line with words of encouragement and hours of proof reading and to my friend Audrey Longmuir for believing. I am honoured to have such great people in my life. Thank you all. iii Table of Contents Page Declaration ................................................................................................................ i Abstract .................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ iii List of Tables ........................................................................................................... x List of Acronyms .................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Sport, Culture and Society: Levels of Analysis and Entry Point ....................... 3 1.2.1 Level 1: Epistemology and a Crisis of Framing ............................................. 4 1.2.2 Level 2: Theory, Evidence and Problematic ................................................... 5 1.2.3 Level 3: Social Value of Sport ........................................................................ 8 1.2.4 Level 4: International Development and the Question: Sport Plus or Plus Sport? ....................................................................................................................... 9 1.2.5 Level 5: Sport and Poverty ........................................................................... 12 1.2.6 Level 6: Sport and Social Change ................................................................. 14 1.2.7 Level 7: Sport, Development and Capability ................................................ 16 1.3 Framing the Problem and a Way Forward ....................................................... 19 1.4 Research Questions .......................................................................................... 21 1.5 Organisation of this Thesis .............................................................................. 22 1.6 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 23 Chapter 2: Research Design ................................................................................ 24 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 24 2.2 A Capability Approach to Sports Research ..................................................... 25 2.3 Research Procedures ........................................................................................ 27 2.3.1 A Case Study Methodology .......................................................................... 27 2.3.2 Selecting the Case Studies ............................................................................ 29 2.3.3 Further Methodological Considerations ....................................................... 32 2.3.4 Formulating the Interview Schedules ........................................................... 33 iv 2.3.5 Ethical Approval ........................................................................................... 39 2.3.6 Summary of Fieldwork ................................................................................. 41 2.3.6.1 HWC Case Study: August 2011 ................................................................. 41 2.3.6.1.1 Data Collection: Interviews..................................................................... 41 2.3.6.1.2 Data Management ................................................................................... 43 2.3.6.2 Street Soccer Scotland Case Study: March-April 2014 ............................. 44 2.3.6.2.1 Data Collection: Interviews..................................................................... 45 2.3.6.2.2 Data Management ................................................................................... 45 2.3.7 Analysis and Discussion ............................................................................... 45 2.4 Conclusion ......................................................................................................
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