Tinetti Assessment Tool: Description…………………………………

Table of Contents

Date Collection………………………………………………………….. 1 Balance and Gait………………………………………………………………… 5 Gait Speed………………………………………………………………. 6 Tinetti Assessment Tool: Description………………………………….. 7 Tinetti Mobility Scale-Balance Performance…………………………… 8 Tinetti Mobility Scale-Gait Performance……………………………….. 9 Performance-Oriented Assessment of Gait……………………………... 10 Performance-Oriented Assessment of Balance…………………………. 11 Physical Mobility Scale…………………………………...…………….. 12a - 12g Berg Balance Scale……………………………………………………… 13 Dynamic Gait Index…………………………………………………….. 16 Romberg Test…………………………………………………………… 19 Balance Assessment: a Modified Romberg test………………………... 20 Get-Up-and-Go Test……………………………………………………. 22 Timed Up and Go………………………………………………………. 23 Elderly Mobility Scale………………………………………………….. 24 30 Second Chair Stand Test……………………………………………. 25 Rivermead Mobility Index……………………………………………… 27 Sensory and Functional Reach…………………………………………………. 30 Functional Reach Test………………………………………………….. 31 Functional Reach Information………………………………………….. 33 Modified Sensory Integration Test……………………………………... 34 Dix-Hallpik Maneuver………………………………………………….. 35 Dix Hallpik Maneuver with Epley Partide Repositioning…………….. 36 Pain Assessment Tools………………………………………………………… 38 Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale……………………………….. 39 Assessing Pain in Older Adults with Dementia……………………….. 40 Comprehensive Pain Assessment Form………………………………. 41 Pain Rating Scales……………………………………………………… 45 Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire……………………………….. 46 Brief Pain Inventory…………………………………………………… 47 Pulmonary and Cardiac Assessments…………………………………………. 49 Borg Scale Rating of Perceived Dyspnea/ Exertion………………….. 50 Timed Ergometer Assessment………………………………………… 51 Metabolic Equivalent…………………………………………………. 52 GXT Stress Test………………………………………………………. 56 Breathing Techniques…………………………………………………. 57 Progressive Muscle Relaxation…….…………………………………. 58 Important Phone Numbers……………………………………………. 59 Angina Log……………………………………………………………. 60 Activity Log…………………………………………………………… 61 Medicine Chart………………………………………………………... 62 Blood Pressure Tracker-Instructions…………………………………. 63 Blood Pressure Tracker………………………………………………. 64 Blood Pressure Tracker-Wallet Card…………………………………. 65 ADL Assessment Tools………………………………………………………. 66 Modified Barthel Index - Self Care Assessment…………………….... 66a - 66d The Barthel Index……………………...... 67 Frenchay Activities Index…………………………………………….. 71 Northwick Park Index of Independence in ADL…………………….. 75 Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living (ADL)…... 78 Lawton Instrumental ADL Scale (IADL)…………………………….. 80 Fine Motor, Dexterity and Coordination Assessments………………………. 82 Nine-Hole Peg Test…………………………………………………… 83 Bowel and Bladder Incontinence Assessments……………………………… 85 Bowel and Bladder Incontinence Assessment………………………. 86 Seating Assessment and Power Chairs………………………………………. 89 Resident Ergonomic Assessment Profile for Seating (REAPS)……... 90 Power Mobility Device (PMD)………………………………………. 95 Power Mobility Device Assessment (PMD)………………………… 96 Motorized Wheelchair Assessment………………………………….. 97 Power Operated Vehicle Assessment……………………………….. 99 Body Mass Index…………………………………………………………….. 100 BMI…………………………………………………………………... 101 Visual Perceptual Assessments……………………………………………… 102 Line Bisection Test…………………………………………………… 103 Dementia Staging and Cognition Assessments……………………………… 105 Comparison of Cognitive Scales…………………………………….. 106 Time and Change Test………………………………………………. 107 Instructions for the Clock Drawing Test……………………………. 109 Clock Drawing Test…………………………………………………. 110 Global Deterioration Scale…………………………………………… 111 Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA)…………………………… 115 Normative Data………………………………………………………. 116 Montreal Cognitive Assessment Instructions………………………... 117 Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)…………………………… 121 Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ)……………… 123 Brief Cognitive Rating Scale (BCRS)……………………………….. 124 Confusion Assessment Method (CAM)……………………………… 126 Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) Diagnostic Algorithm……… 128 VAMC SLUMS Examination………………………………………… 129 Function, Reason, Orientation, Memory, Arithmetic, Judgment and Emotional Status (FROMAJE)………………………………………. 132 FAST Scale Administration…………………………………………. 135 Swallowing Assessments…………………………………………………….. 137 Modified Barium Swallow Study……………………………………. 138 Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing…………………… 139 Mann Assessment of Swallowing Ability (MASA)…………………. 140 MASA Modified Instructions………………………………………… 143 Speech-Language Assessment Tools…………………………………………. 150 Assessment of Aphasia Form…………………………………………. 154 Wound Assessments…………………………………………………………… 159 Wound Assessment/ Progress Report…………………………………. 160 Vascular Assessment in Older Adults………………………………… 162 Vascular Risk Assessment of the Older Cardiovascular Patient……… 163 Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Sore Risk………………………. 165 Stroke Assessment Scales……………………………………………………… 167 Stroke Impact Scale (SIS)……………………………………………… 168 National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale……………………………... 176 NIH Stroke Scale……………………………………………………….. 178 References………………………………………………………………………. 186 1

Data Collection

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Balance and Gait 6

GAIT SPEED (preferred and maximal)

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Patient Name:______

Date Date Date Date 7KH7LQHWWL6FDOHLVUHFRPPHQGHGIRU$&/RIRUJUHDWHU

Balance Task Score Score Score Score Sitting Balance: OHDQVRUVOLGHVLQFKDLU VWHDG\ VDIH Arises: XQDEOHZRXWKHOS DEOHEXWXVHVDUPVWRKHOS DEOHZRXWXVHRIDUPV Attempts to Arise: XQDEOHZRXWKHOS DEOHEXWUHTXLUHVPRUHWKDQRQHDWWHPSW DEOHWRDULVHZLWKRQHDWWHPSW Immediate Standing Balance: (1st 5 sec.) XQVWHDG\ VWDJJHUVPRYHVIHHWPDUNHGWUXQNVZD\ VWHDG\EXWXVHVDVVLVWLYHGHYLFHRUJUDEVRWKHUREMHFW IRUVXSSRUW VWHDG\ZLWKRXWDVVLVWLYHGHYLFHRURWKHUVXSSRUW Standing Balance: XQVWHDG\ VWDJJHUVPRYHVIHHWPDUNHGWUXQNVZD\ 1=steady but uses wide stance (medial heel more than 4” DSDUW QDUURZVWDQFHZRXWVXSSRUW Nudged: EHJLQVWRIDOO VWDJJHUVJUDEVEXWFDWFKHVVHOI VWHDG\ 6XEMHFWZLWKIHHWDVFORVHDVSRVVLEOHH[DPLQHUSXVKHVOLJKWO\ on subject’s sternum with palm of hand 3 times) Standing Eyes Closed: XQVWHDG\ VWHDG\ Turning 360o : GLVFRQWLQXRXVVWHSV FRQWLQXRXV XQVWHDG\ VWHDG\ Sitting Down: XQVDIH PLVMXGJHGGLVWDQFHIDOOVLQWRFKDLU XVHVDUPVRUQRWDVPRRWKPRWLRQ VDIHVPRRWKPRWLRQ Total

Therapist Signature:______PT OT &LUFOHRQH 9

Tinetti Mobility Scale-Gait Performance

Procedures: Subject stands with examiner then walks down hallway or across room, first at “usual” pace, then back at Patient Name: ______“rapid” pace using usual walking aids Date Date Date Date The Tinetti Scale is recommended for ACL of 2.4 or greater. Gait Component Score Score Score Score Initiation of Gait (Immediately after told to go): 0=any hesitancy or multiple attempts start 1=no hesitancy Step Length and Height:

Right 0=does not pass left stance foot with step Swing 1=passes left stance foot Foot: 0=right foot does not completely clear floor with step 1=right foot completely clears floor

Left 0=does not pass right stance foot with start Swing 1=passes right stance foot Foot: 0=left foot does not completely clear floor with step 1=left foot completely clears floor Step Symmetry: 0=right and left step length are not equal (estimate) 1=right and left step appear equal Step Continuity: 0=stopping or discontinuity between steps 1=steps appear continuous Path Deviation:: 0=marked deviation 1=mild/moderate deviation or uses walking aid 2=straight without walking aid (Estimate in relation to floor tiles 12” length; observe excursion of one foot over about 10 feet of the course) Trunk: 0=marked sway or walking aid 1=no sway, but flexion of knew/back, or spreads arms out while walking 2=no sway, no flexion, no use of arms or assistive device Walking Stance: 0=heels apart 1=heels almost touching while walking Total /12 /12 /12 /12

Therapist Signature:______PT OT (Circle one.) 10 Performance-Oriented Assessment of Gait

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ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Purpose: The Physical Mobility Scale (PMS) is used to evalu- One of the primary focuses of physical therapy in long-term ate the functional ability of aged adults. It has been shown to care is to improve the functional mobility of a resident. be reliable and has evidence to support its validity; however, there has been only 1 study performed to date that has Many times the resident is admitted at a very low function- addressed its responsiveness. The purpose of this study was al level, unable to complete the most basic tasks such as bed to evaluate the responsiveness of the PMS using residents of mobility and transfers. Because of these generalized deficits a long-term care facility. in mobility, it is difficult to objectively measure functional Methods: Seventy participants who were permanent residents mobility and to identify improvement with treatment of a long-term care facility were recruited for this study. To because many of the current functional scales are not determine minimal detectable changes at the 95% confidence designed for use with residents of long-term care. level (MDC95), each participant was assessed using the PMS on 2 occasions. To determine the clinically important differ- Functional scales that are typically used for residents of ence, participants were also tested on 2 separate occasions long-term care can be categorized by method of adminis- 3 months apart. The treating physical therapist then used a tration as a self-report instrument completed by the patient 7-point Likert scale to rate the participants’ change in function. or as a performance-based measure requiring observation Results: Intrarater reliability for the pre- and post-PMS scores and rating of movement by a physical therapist or other for all 70 participants was excellent (intraclass correlational health care professional. For example, self-report question- coefficients [3,1] 0.982). At the individual level, the MDC 95 naires that address mobility include the California was 3.98 points. At the group level, the MDC95 for the 70 par- 1 ticipants was 0.476 points. Minimal clinically important differ- Functional Evaluation instrument, the Movement Ability ence results suggest that a positive change of 5 points is Measure,2,3 the Health Assessment Questionnaire,4,5 and “improved” clinically whereas a 4-point decrease in score is the Functional Status Questionnaire.6 Although these ques- considered “worsened” clinically. tionnaires are easy to administer and appear to adequately Conclusions: The psychometric properties of the PMS in an address mobility, they are inherently subject to response aging adult population of long-term residents are excellent, bias. In addition, self-report questionnaires can be prob- demonstrating good reliability and responsiveness. These results also offer some support to the validity of the PMS in lematic in patient populations with a high incidence of cog- this patient population. The utility of the PMS in the long-term nitive impairment, as is commonly found in long-term care care setting for assessing patient status and positive and/or facilities. Sinoff and Ore7 report that self-report question- negative functional outcomes is of value to both researcher naires are problematic when used with persons older than and clinician. 75 years. They found inconsistency between self-report and Key Words: mobility, psychometrics, reliability, reproducibility, actual performance of questionnaire tasks, suggesting that transfers older adults may not accurately perceive their physical func- (J Geriatr Phys Ther 2010;33:92-98.) tion. Brach et al8 suggest that instruments based on performance are more likely to identify deficits in physical function than questionnaires that are based on self-report. Performance-based scales can be subclassified into those that test mobility skills alone (eg, Rivermead Mobility Index9 and Clinical Outcome Variables Scale10) or mobility and activities of daily living (eg, Edmonton Functional Assessment Tool,11-13 Barthel Index,14 Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living,15 and the 1Nevada State Veterans’ Home, Boulder City. Functional Independence Measure16) or are disease-specific 2Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health in looking at functional mobility (eg, Motor Assessment Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Scale for persons with stroke17 and the Parkinson Activity 18 Address correspondence to: Eric Pike, PT, DPT, MS, NFA, Scale ). Other scales test specific aspects of mobility, such Nevada State Veterans’ Home, 100 Veteran’s Memorial Dr, as balance and gait (eg, Berg Balance Scale19 and Boulder City, NV 89005 ([email protected]). Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment20). Many of

12a Volume 33 • Number 2 • April-June 2010 Research Report these performance-based scales include items that are unre- veterans nursing facility. The most common diagnoses lated to mobility (eg, continence or communication), items included hypertension (64.3%), dementia (42.9%), chronic that would be inappropriate for the majority of long-term obstructive pulmonary disease (28.6%), diabetes mellitus care facility residents (eg, running), or items specific to a dis- (27.1%), coronary artery disease (25.7%), and cerebrovas- ease process (eg, hand movements or gait akinesia). Because cular accident (22.9%). Initial recruitment consisted of a of this, many are not appropriate for the general long-term verbal invitation to participate from the lead author to res- care facility population. In their place, physical therapists idents. Inclusion criteria were (1) ability to follow verbal may use subjective ratings to evaluate the resident’s func- instructions and (2) no medical contraindications to per- tional ability. Although these subjective ratings are usually forming basic mobility tasks. Those who did not meet the performance-based, they are not standardized and may inclusion criteria were excluded from the study. All partici- reflect unwanted bias or excessive error in the rating. pants provided informed consent under the University of Nitz and Hourigan21 and Barker et al22 reported on a Nevada, Las Vegas institutional review board approval scale, the Physical Mobility Scale (PMS), that was developed prior to participation in the study. by physical therapists and seems to be an appropriate tool to evaluate the functional mobility of aging adults in long-term Procedure and Data Collection care. Nitz and Hourigan21 found the PMS to have good reli- To determine the responsiveness of the PMS, participants ability in participants ranging in age from 35 to 90 years. were assessed by the same physical therapist on 2 separate Interrater reliability using intraclass correlational coefficients occasions. The PMS includes measures of 9 basic move- (ICC) for individual items ranged from 0.68 to 0.94 and was ments, including supine to side-lying, supine to sitting, sit- not affected by the physical therapists’ level of experience. ting balance, sitting to and from standing, standing balance, Intrarater reliability was also established with an ICC level transferring, and ambulating (Appendix).21 Each of the 9 of more than 0.9. The PMS demonstrated concurrent valid- measures is scored on a scale of 0 to 5, with 0 being depend- ity (Spearman’s rank order agreement 0.69 to 0.90) with ent and 5 independent. Total scores range from 0 to 45, the performance scoring outcomes of the Clinical Outcomes with 45 indicating independent mobility functioning and 0 Variable Scale and the Rivermead Mobility Index. Barker indicating very low mobility functioning. et al22 also reported good interrater reliability (.60 for The original PMS does not have formal instructions most items) and evidence to support construct validity. on how to implement the test or definitions of the items. While the PMS seems to have good reliability and good No specific instructions in the original PMS regarding support for validity for use with adults, the responsiveness single limb balance time and wheelchair mobility dis- of this performance-based scale has been reported in only 1 tance were provided in either article on the PMS.21,22 In study.22 Responsiveness allows the clinician to make deci- this study, some clarifications were made to ensure con- sions about a change in a patient’s outcome as detected by sistency and instructions were added to the scoring the scale. In addition, it allows for inference about the effec- sheet. The clarifications that were made are italicized in tiveness of treatment, economic appraisals, and other pro- the Appendix. The first 5 items and the item on transfers are gram evaluations.23 Two types of responsiveness have been well described in the scoring sheet and are self-explanatory. commonly used in the physical therapy literature, minimal The standing balance item was clarified to state that the detectable change (MDC) and minimal clinically important single limb balance must be maintained for 10 seconds difference (MCID). Barker et al22 determined the MDC of to receive a score of 5. This follows the same guidelines the PMS to be 4.39 at the 90% confidence level. To our as the Berg Balance Scale,19 in which the participant knowledge, no study has reported the MCID of the PMS. must maintain a single leg stand for 10 seconds to The MDC is the minimal amount of change required to receive full marks for that item. Springer et al deter- be considered a statistically significant change. The MDC mined normative values of the single leg stand by decade allows inference about how much change has actually as follows: 60- to 69-year-old participants could perform occurred beyond error of measurement of the scale. a single leg stand for a mean of 26.9 seconds, 70- to Although the MDC is an indication of statistically signifi- 79-year-old participants for 15.0 seconds, and 80- to cant change, this change may not be clinically meaningful. 99-year-old participants for 6.2 seconds.24 Because the Therefore, it is also important to establish the MCID. In population with which we are concerned are in these contrast to the MDC, which is statistically determined, ranges and are not considered healthy, the 10-second MCID is based on subjective ratings of change by the cutoff seemed reasonable. We also clarified the wheel- patient, caregiver, or health care provider. The purpose of chair mobile score of wheelchair mobility to be defined the present study is to determine the responsiveness of the as able to move 50 ft without assistance, because that PMS based on the MDC and the MCID. length is a reasonable distance to get to most immediate areas in a nursing facility (eg, room to dining room).

METHODS Calculation of Minimal Detectable Change Participants For calculation of the MDC, 70 participants were tested For our study, 70 participants (mean age 81.4 years [SD twice within the same week. The MDC is determined by 6.3]; 12 women and 58 men) were recruited from a state performing a test and a retest within a relatively short time

Journal of GERIATRIC Physical Therapy 12b Research Report frame so that the condition being investigated is unlikely to ities were variable on the basis of individual preferences and have changed.25 To determine the MDC, one must first treatments; thus, no limitations were put on activity levels. assign a reliability change index value. The reliability Minimal clinically important difference, which by defini- change index expresses the confidence level at which this tion is the smallest difference in a score of a measurement tool change could be considered significant. For instance, if one that the patient, caregiver, or health care provider perceives as were to measure at a 95% confidence interval, then change beneficial, can be calculated from data of participants who above this level would be confidently considered (at a 95% have minimally improved or minimally worsened as ranked confidence level) greater than measurement error and, from a Likert scale. Prior to the final assessment, the thera- therefore, likely a true change.23 Once the reliability is pist provided a rating of the patient’s change (or lack there- determined, the Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) is of) in functional mobility since the initial assessment. The found by the following equation23,25,26: therapist’s assessment was standardized by using the Clinical Global Impression-Global Improvement (CGI-I) √ 26 SEM baseline standard deviation 2 (1 rxx) scale, a typical 7-point Likert scale. The anchors for the CGI-I were 7 (very much worsened), 6 (much worsened), 5 where rxx test-retest reliability. (minimally worsened), 4 (no change), 3 (minimally The MDC at a 95% confidence level (MDC95) for the improved), 2 (much improved), or 1 (very much improved). individual is found by multiplying the SEM by 1.96 (repre- This scale has been used to determine MCID in previous senting 95% of the area under the curve of a normal distri- studies.27-30 To determine whether there was a difference in bution) and 1.41 (the square root of 2, to control for possi- the pre- and post-test scores for participants rated into each ble error associated with calculating the coefficient from 2 of the CGI-I anchors, paired-samples t tests were used. data sets (ie, test and retest))23:

MDC95 SEM 1.96 1.41 RESULTS Intrarater reliability for the pre- and post-PMS scores for all Although the MDC95 for the individual is typically used 70 participants was excellent (ICC [3,1] 0.98). Using this as a statistical cutoff for change in individual patients or reliability statistic, the MDC95 was calculated for the indi- participants, the group MDC95 is typically used by vidual and group levels. At the individual level, the MDC95 researchers or clinicians to determine whether a statistically was 3.98 points. At the group level, the MDC95 for the 70 significant change has occurred in the mean of a group of participants was 0.48 points. patients or participants. To determine the MDC95 for a Results of the MCID are found in Table 1. While all of group, the MDC95 for the individual is divided by the the differences in means for the pre- and post-PMS values square root of the number in the group: trended in the correct direction based on their CGI-I anchor (Figure 1), low power (most likely small sample size) ren- U MDC95 MDC95 / n dered some of these differences nonsignificant. Because there were not enough participants and power in the mini- Calculation of Minimal Clinically mally improved and minimally worsened categories, these Important Difference categories were combined with the much-improved and For calculation of the MCID, 60 of the 70 original participants much-worsened categories, respectively (Table 2). Based on were assessed twice approximately 3 months apart. Ten of the the combined categories, the MCID for improvement was original participants were lost to follow-up because of 5 scale points, rounded up from 4.68 (95% confidence declining to participate (n 4), medical contraindications interval 2.66–8.09), and for worsening, it was 4 scale (n 3), discharge from the facility (n 2), and death (n points, rounded up from 3.82 (95% confidence interval 1). During the 3-month period between tests, resident activ- 0.68–6.95).

Table 1. Therapist Rating of Participants’ Pre- and Posttest Scores (3 Months Apart) With Accompanying t Test Values to Determine Minimal Clinically Important Difference Therapist rating Number of Participants Pretest Mean (SD) Posttest Mean (SD) Mean Difference t Value P Value Power

Very much improved 2 9.95 (0.7) 19.5 (2.1) 9.6 10.0 .063 100 Much improved 4 29.5 (9.0) 37.3 (7.7) 7.8 8.188 .004 26

Minimally improved 4 29.0 (14.7) 32.0 (14.4) 3.0 2.449 .092 6 Unchanged 34 34.3 (9.4) 34.3 (10.2) 0 .0005 1.00 5 Minimally worsened 6 26.8 (11.0) 25.8 (10.1) 1.0 1.074 .332 5.3

Much worsened 5 25.2 (9.9) 18.0 (7.4) 7.2 3.456 .026 25.5 Very much worsened 5 34.0 (8.3) 16.2 (4.7) 17.8 4.590 .010 98.7

12c Volume 33 • Number 2 • April-June 2010 Research Report

Figure 1. Mean difference (pre-post) over 3 months on the Physical Mobility Scale for each level of therapist-rated change for mobility function using the Clinical Global Impression-Global Improvement scale.

DISCUSSION Results from the present study suggest that the PMS is A tool that is able to accurately measure mobility change in reliable and offers good value in determining change over long-term care facility residents would be an asset for phys- time in aging adult residents living in a long-term care facil- ical therapists responsible to monitor resident function. It ity. A 4-point change in the PMS scale was determined to be allows therapists to make inference about the resident’s the MDC at a 95% confidence interval on an individual progress with treatment and helps guide clinical decision level. The MDC at the individual level is the typical thresh- making about whether the implemented treatment has been old used by clinicians in determining whether an individual successful. In addition, scales like the PMS can help deter- patient has improved or worsened over time. Therefore, if mine when a long-term care facility resident may be in need a patient improves or worsens by 4 PMS scale points, under of physical therapy. Many residents of long-term care facil- statistical parameters, health care providers can be confi- ities do not have regular physical therapy but do have reg- dent that there has been true change in mobility status. ular, often biannual, evaluations to determine whether A change of at least 0.5 points was determined to be the physical therapy or other treatments are needed or appro- MDC at the 95% confidence interval at the group level. priate. A scale with scientifically validated responsiveness Therefore, if a group of patients has realized a mean change properties could be a valuable tool for a therapist doing of 0.5 PMS scale points, then researchers or health care these evaluations because it allows them to make sound evi- providers can confidently conclude that this group of dence-based decisions on when a patient has worsened or patients has had a statistically significant change in their improved. mobility status. Although the MDC at the group level is

Table 2. Therapist Rating of Participants’ Pre- and Posttest Scores to Determine Minimal Clinically Important Difference

Therapist Rating Number of Participants Pretest Mean (SD) Posttest Mean (SD) Mean Difference t Value P Value

Minimally or much improved 8 29.25 (11.25) 34.62 (11.07) 5.375 t(7) 4.680 .002 Minimally or much worsened 11 26.09 (10.05) 22.27 (9.47) 3.82 t(10) 2.714 .022

Journal of GERIATRIC Physical Therapy 12d Research Report not typically used by health care providers, it can be used difference made by the intervention is sufficient enough to to determine whether the mean of a group of participants outweigh the costs, inconvenience, and harms of the inter- with a similar diagnoses has changed significantly from a vention itself. Even though the MCID is typically based on previous measurement. In the case of the PMS, it could be the patient’s perception of change, we feel that the therapist used to determine whether all patients with a similar pro- rating used in the present study was appropriate because of file (eg, dementia) at a long-term care facility were experi- the high incidence of dementia (present in 42.9% of partic- encing a significant change in their functional mobility ipants) as well as the absence of an intervention. from 1 year to the next by comparing mean difference One limitation of this study was the underpowered clin- over the 2 years. ically important change analyses. The most likely contrib- Although only 3 of the 6 CGI-I anchors had results that utor to low power was the small number of participants in were significant in the MCID portion of the study, these the “minimally improved” (4 participants) or “minimally results suggest that the PMS is able to detect a meaningful worsened” (6 participants) categories (Table 1). Repeating change with very little score change (Table 1). An increase the study with larger sample size would detect a more of 5 scale points was enough to show an improvement rated accurate value of the MCID. Because of the low power in “improved” and a decrease of 4 points was determined to these 2 categories, it was decided to combine them with be “worsened.” On the basis of these data, in combination the “much improved” and the “much worsened” cate- with the MDC95 value, it is safe to assume that a change of gories. Although this is not ideal for analysis of MCID, it 5 scale points is both meaningful from a clinical perspective does provide meaningful information for clinicians in deter- and statistically significant from a measurement error per- mining when patients have had a “clinically important spective. Therefore, the authors recommend that the con- difference.” servatively estimated 5 scale point change, incorporating Another weakness was the female-to-male ratio of the 4 scale points from the MDC95 and the 5 scale points participants. Because this study was performed on residents from the MCID, in either direction on the scale is important living in a state veterans home, there were far more men in determining change between the ranges of 5 and 40 scale than women. This may not be consistent with other long- points on the scale. These results are consistent with those term care facilities, in which the majority of residents are 22 of Barker et al, which found an MDC90 of 4.39. Because female. the scoring system on the PMS incrementally increases or decreases by whole numbers, this 4.39 would be appropriately rounded up to 5 scale points. CONCLUSION Because the PMS is performance-based, it affords a clos- The PMS demonstrated excellent reliability and had an er approximation to the actual functional mobility of MDC of 4 scale points for patients residing in a long-term patients than a self-report measure that is influenced by care facility. The MDC of the PMS at the group level was responder bias. The performance-based aspect of the PMS determined to be 0.5 scale point change. It was also shown is not affected by limitations associated with cognitive dys- that an increase of 5 scale points in score was considered function common in nursing facilities. The strength of a “improved” clinically, whereas a decrease of 4 points in performance-based tool like the PMS is limited only by score could be considered “worsened.” rater error and inherent variability of the subject and the tasks that the participant is performing. Because the REFERENCES intrarater reliability of the PMS in our study was high 1. Fung S, Byl N, Melnick M, et al. Functional outcomes: the development of a (ICC 0.98), the amount of rater error was relatively new instrument to monitor the effectiveness of physical therapy. Eur J Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;7:31-41. small. While the PMS seems to have excellent reliability, 2. Allen DD. Responsiveness of the movement ability measure: a self-report in- based on our results and that of Nitz and Hourigan,21 more strument proposed for assessing the effectiveness of physical therapy interven- evidence is needed to support its validity. Therefore, future tion. Phys Ther. 2007;87:917-924; discussion 925-934. 3. Allen DD. Validity and reliability of the movement ability measure: a self-report studies should move beyond reliability to aspects that instrument proposed for assessing movement across diagnoses and ability lev- would support its validity in this and other populations. els. Phys Ther. 2007;87:899-916; discussion 925-834. 4. Bruce B, Fries JF. The Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ). Clin Exp A challenge in determining MCID is that it has been Rheumatol. 2005;23:S14-S18. shown to vary across patients and patient groups and, 5. Fries JF, Spitz PW, Young DY. The dimensions of health outcomes: the Health Assessment Questionnaire, disability and pain scales. J Rheumatol. therefore, has limited generalizability to other popula- 1982;9:789-793. tions.31 This is partially because patients are prone to bias 6. Jette AM, Davies AR, Cleary PD, et al. The Functional Status Questionnaire: reliability and validity when used in primary care. J Gen Intern Med. 1986;1:143-149. and influenced by memory, emotional status, and cognitive 7. Sinoff G, Ore L. The Barthel activities of daily living index: self-reporting versus ability. Using a performance-based, therapist-rated tool actual performance in the old-old ( or 75 years). J Am Geriatr Soc. with clinical-based anchors, the results are less likely to be 1997;45:832-836. 8. Brach JS, VanSwearingen JM, Newman AB, Kriska AM. Identifying early de- affected by patient subjectivity and bias and would, there- cline of physical function in community-dwelling older women: performance- fore, be more accurate and generalizable; however, there based and self-report measures. Phys Ther. 2002;82:320-328. 32 9. Collen FM, Wade DT, Robb GF, Bradshaw CM. The Rivermead Mobility Index: may also be some bias by the rater. Ferreira and Herbert a further development of the Rivermead Motor Assessment. Int Disabil Stud. discuss another possible weakness when attempting to 1991;13:50-54. 10. Barker RN, Amsters DI, Kendall MD, Pershouse KJ, Haines TP. Reliability of the interpret the MCID of an intervention; that is, the focus clinical outcome variables scale when administered via telephone to assess mobility should be on whether the patient feels that the effect of or in people with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88:632-637.

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11. Kaasa T, Loomis J, Gillis K, Bruera E, Hanson J. The Edmonton Functional As- 22. Barker AL, Nitz JC, Low Choy NL, Haines TP. Clinimetric evaluation of the sessment Tool: preliminary development and evaluation for use in palliative Physical Mobility Scale supports clinicians and researchers in residential aged care. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1997;13:10-19. care. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89:2140-2145. 12.Kaasa T, Wessel J. The Edmonton Functional Assessment Tool: further 23. Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Katz JN, Wright JG. A taxonomy for responsiveness. development and validation for use in palliative care. J Palliat Care. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001;54:1204-1217. 2001;17:5-11. 24. Springer BA, Marin R, Cyhan T, Roberts H, Gill NW. Normative values for the 13. Kaasa T, Wessel J, Darrah J, Bruera E. Inter-rater reliability of formally trained unipedal stance test with eyes open and closed. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2007;30:8-15. and self-trained raters using the Edmonton Functional Assessment Tool. Palliat 25. Faber MJ, Bosscher RJ, van Wieringen PC. Clinimetric properties of the per- Med. 2000;14:509-517. formance-oriented mobility assessment. Phys Ther. 2006;86:944-954. 14. Mahoney FI, Barthel DW. Functional evaluation: the Barthel index. Md State 26. Schrag A, Sampaio C, Counsell N, Poewe W. Minimal clinically important Med J. 1965;14:61-65. change on the unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale. Mov Disord. 15. Katz S, Downs TD, Cash HR, Grotz RC. Progress in development of the index 2006;21:1200-1207. of ADL. The Gerontologist. 1970;10:20-30. 27. Lepola U, Wade A, Andersen HF. Do equivalent doses of escitalopram and 16. Linacre JM, Heinemann AW, Wright BD, Granger CV, Hamilton BB. The struc- citalopram have similar efficacy? A pooled analysis of two positive placebo-con- ture and stability of the Functional Independence Measure. Arch Phys Med trolled studies in major depressive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. Rehabil. 1994;75:127-132. 2004;19:149-155. 17. Carr JH, Shepherd RB, Nordholm L, Lynne D. Investigation of a new motor as- 28. McRae AL, Brady KT, Mellman TA, et al. Comparison of nefazodone and ser- sessment scale for stroke patients. Phys Ther. 1985;65:175-180. traline for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Depress Anxiety. 18. Nieuwboer A, De Weerdt W, Dom R, Bogaerts K, Nuyens G. Development of 2004;19:190-196. an activity scale for individuals with advanced Parkinson disease: reliability and 29. Lacasse Y, Wong E, Guyatt GH, King D, Cook DJ, Goldstein RS. Meta-analysis “on-off” variability. Phys Ther. 2000;80:1087-1096. of respiratory rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet. 19. Berg K, Wood-Dauphinee S, Willliams JI, Gayton D. Measuring balance in the 1996;348:1115-1119. elderly: preliminary development of an instrument. Physiother Can. 30. Peto V, Jenkinson C, Fitzpatrick R. Determining minimally important differences for 1989;41:304-311. the PDQ-39 Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire. Age Ageing. 2001;30:299-302. 20. Tinetti ME. Performance-oriented assessment of mobility problems in elderly 31. Haley SM, Fragala-Pinkham MA. Interpreting change scores of tests and meas- patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1986;34:119-126. ures used in physical therapy. Phys Ther. 2006;86:735-743. 21. Nitz J, Hourigan SR. Measuring mobility in frail older people: reliability and va- 32. Ferreira ML, Herbert RD. What does “clinically important” really mean? The lidity of the Physical Mobility Scale. Aust J Ageing. 2006;25:31-35. Aust J Physiother. 2008;54:229-230.

Journal of GERIATRIC Physical Therapy 12f Research Report

Appendix

Physical Mobility Scale

Physical Mobility Scale Date

Supine to side-lying (0) No active participation in rolling R Note: Indicate R and L directions separately (1) Requires facilitation at shoulder and lower limb but actively turns head to roll Patient in supine. (2) Requires facilitation at shoulder or at lower limb to roll Instructions: Please roll onto your left/right (3) Requires equipment (eg, bedrail) to pull into side-lying. Specify: L side. (4) Requires verbal prompting to roll—does not pull to roll (5) Independent—no assistance or prompting

Supine to sit Patient in supine. (0) Maximally assisted, no head control Instructions: (1) Fully assisted but controls head position Please sit up at the edge of the bed. (2) Requires assistance with trunk and lower limbs or upper limbs (3) Requires assistance with lower limbs or upper limbs only (4) Supervision required only (5) Independent and safe

Sitting balance (0) Sits with total assistance, requires head support Patient sitting at the edge of the bed, feet on (1) Sits with assistance, controls head position the floor. (2) Sits using upper limbs for support Instructions: (3) Sits unsupported for at least 10 seconds (If able to maintain balance without support) (4) Sits unsupported, turns head and trunk to look behind, to (L) and (R) Please turn and look over your shoulder/ (5) Sits unsupported, reaches forward to touch floor and returns to sitting position reach forward and touch the floor. independently Sitting to Standing (0) Unable to weight bear Patient sitting at the edge of the bed. (1) Gets to standing with full assistance from therapist, describe: Instructions: (2) Requires equipment (eg, handrails) to pull to stand. Specify equipment/method used: Please stand up. Try not to use your hands for (3) Pushes to stand, weight unevenly distributed, stand-by assistance required support. (4) Pushes to stand, weight evenly distributed, may require frame or bar to hold onto once standing (5) Independent, even weight bearing, hips and knees extended, does not use upper limbs Standing to sitting (0) Unable to weight bear Patient starts standing near the edge of the (1) Gets to sitting with full assistance from therapist, describe: bed. (2) Can initiate flexion, requires help to complete descent, holds arms of chair, weight Instructions: evenly/unevenly distributed Please sit down. Try not to use your hands for (3) Poorly controls descent, stand-by assistance required, holds arms of chair, weight support. evenly/unevenly distributed (4) Controls descent, holds arms of chair, weight evenly distributed (5) Independent and does not use upper limbs, weight evenly distributed Standing balance (0) Unable to stand without hands-on assistance Patient starts standing supported/unsupported (1) Able to safely stand using an assistive device Instructions: (2) Able to stand independently for 10 seconds without an assistive device Please turn and look over your shoulder/pick (3) Stands and turns head and trunk to look behind (L) and (R) (the object) up from the floor/stand on your (4) Able to bend forward to pick up object from floor safely left/right leg for as long as you can. (5) Single limb stand for 10 seconds. (L)______seconds; (R)______seconds

Transfers (0) Non—weight-bearing hoist (full hoist) Patient starts sitting at the edge of the bed. (1) Weight bearing hoist (standing hoist) Instructions: (2) Assistance required by 2 persons, describe: Please stand up and sit in your wheelchair/ (3) Assistance required by 1 person, describe: chair. (4) Stand-by assistance(prompting required only (5) Independent

Ambulation/mobility (0) Bed/chair bound Patient starts standing with or without assistive (1) Wheelchair mobile (50 feet without assistance) device or sitting in wheelchair. (2) Ambulant with assistance of two Instructions: (3) Ambulant with assistance of one Please walk/push your wheelchair. (4) Stand-by assistant/prompting required only (5) Ambulates independently, aid required: Aids/assistance. Specify equipment used:

Total (Out of 45 points)

12g Volume 33 • Number 2 • April-June 2010 13

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%HUJ%DODQFH6FDOH 3DWLHQW1DPHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 6FRULQJ0DUNWKHORZHVWFDWHJRU\WKDWDSSOLHVIRUHDFKIXQFWLRQ 5HFRPPHQGHGIRU$&/RIRUJUHDWHU 'DWH 'DWH 'DWH 'DWH 6FRUH 6FRUH 6FRUH 6FRUH 6LWWLQJWR6WDQGLQJ (Instructions: “Please stand up. Try not to use your hand for support.”) DEOHWRVWDQGQRKDQGVDQGVWDELOL]HVLQGHSHQGHQWO\ DEOHWRVWDQGLQGHSHQGHQWO\XVLQJKDQGV DEOHWRVWDQGXVLQJKDQGVDIWHUVHYHUDOWULHV QHHGVPLQLPDODVVLVWWRVWDQGRUWRVWDELOL]H QHHGVPRGHUDWHRUPD[LPDODVVLVWWRVWDQG 6WDQGLQJ8QVXSSRUWHG (Instructions: “Stand for two minutes without holding.”) DEOHWRVWDQGVDIHO\PLQXWHV DEOHWRVWDQGPLQXWHVZLWKVXSHUYLVLRQ DEOHWRVWDQGVHFRQGVXQVXSSRUWHG QHHGVVHYHUDOWULHVWRVWDQGVHFRQGVXQVXSSRUWHG XQDEOHWRVWDQGVHFRQGVXQDVVLVWHG 6LWWLQJ8QVXSSRUWHG)HHWRQ)ORRU (Instructions: “Sit with arms folded for two minutes.”) DEOHWRVLWVDIHO\DQGVHFXUHO\IRUPLQXWHV DEOHWRVLWPLQXWHVXQGHUVXSHUYLVLRQ DEOHWRVLWVHFRQGV DEOHWRVLWVHFRQGV XQDEOHWRVLWZLWKRXWVXSSRUWIRUVHFRQGV 6WDQGLQJWR6LWWLQJ (Instructions: “Please sit down.”) VLWVVDIHO\ZLWKQRRUPLQLPDOXVHRIKDQGV FRQWUROVGHVFHQWE\XVLQJKDQGV XVHVEDFNRIOHJVDJDLQVWFKDLUWRFRQWUROGHVFHQW VLWVLQGHSHQGHQWO\EXWKDVXQFRQWUROOHGGHVFHQW QHHGVDVVLVWDQFHWRVLW 7UDQVIHUV (Instructions: “Please move from chair to chair/mat and back again. One way toward a seat with armrests and one way toward a seat without armrests.”) DEOHWRWUDQVIHUVDIHO\ZLWKPLQRUXVHRIKDQGV DEOHWRWUDQVIHUVDIHO\GHILQLWHO\QHHGXVHRIKDQGV DEOHWRWUDQVIHUZLWKYHUEDOFXHLQJDQGRUVXSHUYLVLRQ QHHGVRQHSHUVRQWRDVVLVW QHHGVWZRSHRSOHWRDVVLVWRUVXSHUYLVHWREHVDIH 6WDQGLQJ8QVXSSRUWHGZLWK (\HV&ORVHG (Instructions: “Close your eyes and stand still for 10 seconds.”) DEOHWRVWDQGVHFRQGVVDIHO\ DEOHWRVWDQGVHFRQGVZLWKVXSHUYLVLRQ DEOHWRVWDQGVHFRQGV DEOHWRVWDQGIRUOHVVWKDQVHFRQGV QHHGVKHOSWRNHHSIURPIDOOLQJ 6WDQGLQJ8QVXSSRUWHGZLWK)HHW7RJHWKHU (Instructions: “Place your feet together and stand without holding.”) DEOHWRSODFHIHHWWRJHWKHULQGHSHQGHQWO\DQGVWDQGPLQXWHVDIHO\ DEOHWRSODFHIHHWWRJHWKHULQGHSHQGHQWO\DQGVWDQGPLQXWHZLWKVXSHUYLVLRQ DEOHWRSODFHIHHWWRJHWKHULQGHSHQGHQWO\EXWXQDEOHWRKROGIRUVHFRQGV QHHGVKHOSWRDWWDLQSRVLWLRQEXWDEOHWRVWDQGVHFZLWKIHHWWRJHWKHU QHHGVKHOSWRDWWDLQSRVLWLRQDQGXQDEOHWRKROGIRUVHFRQGV

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15 %HUJ%DODQFH6FDOH3DJH 'DWH 'DWH 'DWH 'DWH The following items are to be performed while in the standing unsupported position: 5HDFKLQJ)RUZDUGZLWK2XWVWUHWFKHG$UP (Instruction: “Lift arm to 90o. Stretch out your fingers and reach forward as far as you can.”) FDQUHDFKIRUZDUGFRQILGHQWO\!LQFKHV FDQUHDFKIRUZDUG!LQFKHVVDIHO\ FDQUHDFKIRUZDUG!LQFKHVVDIHO\ UHDFKHVIRUZDUGEXWQHHGVVXSHUYLVLRQ QHHGVKHOSWRNHHSIURPIDOOLQJ 3LFN8S2EMHFW)URP WKH)ORRU (Instruction: “Pick up the shoe which is placed in front of your feet.”) LVDEOHWRSLFNXSREMHFWVDIHO\DQGHDVLO\ LVDEOHWRSLFNXSREMHFWEXWQHHGVVXSHUYLVLRQ XQDEOHWRSLFNXSEXWUHDFKHV´´IURPREMHFWDQGNHHSVEDODQFH LQGHSHQGHQWO\ XQDEOHWRSLFNXSDQGQHHGVVXSHUYLVLRQZKLOHWU\LQJ XQDEOHWRWU\DQGRUQHHGVDVVLVWWRNHHSIURPIDOOLQJ 7XUQLQJWR/RRN%HKLQG2YHU/HIWDQG5LJKW6KRXOGHUV (Instruction: “Turn to look behind you, over toward left shoulder. Repeat to the right.”) ORRNVEHKLQGIURPERWKVLGHVDQGZHLJKWVKLIWVZHOO ORRNVEHKLQGRQHVLGHRQO\RWKHUVLGHVKRZVOHVVZHLJKWVKLIW WXUQVVLGHZD\VRQO\EXWPDLQWDLQVEDODQFH QHHGVVXSHUYLVLRQZKHQWXUQLQJ QHHGVDVVLVWWRNHHSIURPIDOOLQJ 7XUQR (Instructions: “Turn completely around in a full circle. Pause. Then turn a full circle in the other direction.”) DEOHWRWXUQRVDIHO\LQ VHFRQGVHDFKVLGH DEOHWRWXUQRVDIHO\RQHVLGHRQO\ VHFRQGV DEOHWRWXUQRVDIHO\EXW!VHFRQGV QHHGVFORVHVXSHUYLVLRQRUYHUEDOFXHLQJ QHHGVDVVLVWDQFHZKLOHWXUQLQJ The following items measure dynamic weight shifting while standing unsupported: &RXQW1XPEHURI7LPHV6WHS7RXFK0HDVXUHG6WRRO (Instructions: “Place foot alternately on the stool (6” - 8”). Continue until each foot has touched the stool four times.”) DEOHWRVWDQGLQGHSHQGHQWO\DQGVDIHO\DQGFRPSOHWHVWHSVLQ VHFRQGV DEOHWRVWDQGLQGHSHQGHQWO\DQGFRPSOHWHVWHSV!VHFRQGV DEOHWRFRPSOHWHVWHSVZLWKRXWDVVLVWDQFHZLWKVXSHUYLVLRQ DEOHWRFRPSOHWH!VWHSVZLWKPLQLPDODVVLVWDQFH QHHGVDVVLVWDQFHWRNHHSIURPIDOOLQJDQGRUXQDEOHWRWU\ 6WDQGLQJ8QVXSSRUWHG2QH)RRWLQ)URQW (Instructions: “Place one foot directly in front of the other. If you feel that you cannot place your foot directly in front, try to step far enough ahead that the heel of your forward foot is ahead of the toes of the other foot.”) DEOHWRSODFHIRRWWDQGHPLQGHSHQGHQWO\DQGKROGIRUVHFRQGV DEOHWRSODFHIRRWDKHDGRIRWKHULQGHSHQGHQWO\DQGKROGIRU VHFRQGV DEOHWRWDNHVPDOOVWHSLQGHSHQGHQWO\DQGKROGIRUVHFRQGV QHHGVKHOSWRVWHSEXWFDQKROGIRUVHFRQGV ORVHVEDODQFHZKLOHVWHSSLQJRUVWDQGLQJ 6WDQGLQJRQ2QH/HJ (Instructions: “Stand on one leg as long as you can without holding.”) DEOHWROLIWOHJDQGKROG!VHFRQGV DEOHWROLIWOHJDQGKROGVHFRQGV DEOHWROLIWOHJDQGKROGIRU!VHFRQGV WULHVWROLIWOHJXQDEOHWRKROGVHFEXWUHPDLQVVWDQGLQJ LQGHSHQGHQWO\ XQDEOHWRWU\RUQHHGVDVVLVWDQFHWRSUHYHQWIDOOV 727$/

7KHUDSLVW6LJQDWXUHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 3727 &LUFOHRQH

Dynamic Gait Index

Description: 'HYHORSHGWRDVVHVV WKHOLNHOLKRRGRIIDOOLQJLQROGHU DGXOWV'HVLJQHGWRWHVWHLJKWIDFHWVRI JDLW Equipment needed: %R[ 6KRHER[ &RQHV 6tairs, 20’ ZDONZD\5” ZLGH Completion: Time: PLQXWHV Scoring: $ IRXUSRLQWRUGLQDOVFDOHUDQJLQJIURP“0” LQGLFDWHVWKHORZHVW OHYHORIIXQFWLRQDQG “3”WKHKLJKHVWOHYHORIIXQFWLRQ 7RWDO 6FRUH Interpretation: 19/24 = predictive of falls in the elderly > 22/24 = safe ambulators

1. Gait level surface Instructions: :DONDW\RXUQRUPDOVSHHGIURPKHUHWRWKHQH[W PDUN 20’) Grading: 0DUNWKHORZHVWFDWHJRU\WKDWDSSOLHV 1RUPDO:Dlks 20’, noDVVLVWLYHGHYLFHVJRRGVSHGQRHYLGHQFHIRULPEDODQFHQRUPDO JDLW SDWWHUQ 0LOG,PSDLUPHQW:Dlks 20’, usHVDVVLVWLYHGHYLFHVVORZHUVSHHGPLOGJDLWGHYLDWLRQV 0RGHUDWH,PSDLUPHQW :Dlks 20’, slow spHHGDEQRUPDOJDLWSDWWHUQHYLGHQFHIRU LPEDODQFH 6HYHUH,PSDLUPHQW &DQQRWZDlk 20’ without DVVLVWDQFHVHYHUHJDLW GHYLDWLRQVRU LPEDODQFH

2. Change in gait speed Instructions: %HJLQZDONLQJDW\RXUQRUPDOSDFH IRU5’ ZKHQ,WHOO\RX“go,” ZDONDV IDVWDV \RXFDQ IRU’ :KHQ,WHOO\RX“slow,” ZDONDVVORZO\DV\RXFDQ IRU5’ Grading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

3. Gait with horizontal head turns Instructions: %HJLQZDONLQJDW\RXUQRUPDOSDFH:KHQ,WHOO\ou to “look ULJht,” NHHSZDONLQJ VWUDLJKWEXWWXUQ\RXUKHDGWRWKHULJKW.HHSORRNLQJWRWKHULJKWXQWLO,WHOO\RX“ORRN OHft,” WKHQNHHSZDONLQJVWUDLJKWDQGWXUQ\RXUKHDGWRWKHOHIW.HHS\RXUKHDGWRWKHOHIWXQWLO,WHOO \RX“ORRNVWUDLJKW“ WKHQNHHSZDONLQJVWUDLJKWEXWUHWXUQ\RXUKHDGWRWKHFHQWHU Grading: 0DUNWKHORZHVWFDWHJRU\WKDWDSSOLHV 1RUPDO3HUIRUPVKHDGWXUQVVPRRWKO\ZLWKQRFKDQJHLQJDLW

0LOG,PSDLUPHQW3HUIRUPVKHDGWXUQVVPRRWKO\ZLWKVOLJKWFKDQJHLQ JDLWYHORFLW\LH PLQRUGLVUXSWLRQWRVPRRWKJDLW SDWKRUXVHVZDONLQJDLG 0RGHUDWH,PSDLUPHQW 3HUIRUPVKHDGWXUQVZLWKPRGHUDWHFKDQJHLQJDLWYHORFLW\VORZV GRZQVWDJJHUVEXWUHFRYHUVFDQ FRQWLQXHWRZDON 6HYHUH,PSDLUPHQW 3HUIRUPV WDVNZLWKVHYHUHGLVUXSWLRQRIJDLWLHVWDJJHUV RXWVLGH 15”SDWKORVHVEDODQFHVWRSVUHDFKHVIRUZDOO

4. Gait with vertical head turns Instructions: %HJLQZDONLQJDW\RXUQRUPDOSDFH :KHQ,WHOO\ou to “look up,” NHHSZDONLQJ VWUDLJKWEXWWLS\RXUKHDGXS.HHSORRNLQJXSXQWLO,WHOO\RX“ORRNGRZQ” WKHQNHHSZDONLQJ VWUDLJKWDQGWLS\RXUKHDGGRZQ.HHS\RXUKHDGGRZQXQWLO,WHOO\RX“ORRNVWUDLJht,“ tKHQNHHS ZDONLQJVWUDLJKWEXWUHWXUQ\RXUKHDGWRWKHFHQWHU Grading: 0DUNWKHORZHVWFDWHJRU\WKDWDSSOLHV 1RUPDO3HUIRUPVKHDGWXUQVVPRRWKO\ZLWKQRFKDQJHLQJDLW 0LOG,PSDLUPHQW3HUIRUPVKHDGWXUQVVPRRWKO\ZLWKVOLJKWFKDQJHLQ JDLWYHORFLW\LH PLQRUGLVUXSWLRQWRVPRRWKJDLW SDWKRUXVHVZDONLQJDLG 0RGHUDWH,PSDLUPHQW 3HUIRUPVKHDGWXUQVZLWKPRGHUDWHFKDQJHLQ JDLWYHORFLW\VORZV GRZQVWDJJHUVEXWUHFRYHUVFDQ FRQWLQXHWRZDON 6HYHUH,PSDLUPHQW 3HUIRUPVWDVNZLWKVHYHUHGLVUXSWLRQRIJDLWLHVWDJJHUV RXWVLGH15”SDWKORVHVEDODQFHVWRSVUHDFKHVIRUZDOO

5. Gait and pivot turn Instructions: %HJLQZDONLQJDW\RXUQRUPDOSDFH :KHQ,WHOO\RX“WXUQDQd stop,” WXUQDV TXLFNO\DV\RXFDQWRIDFHWKHRSSRVLWHGLUHFWLRQDQGVWRS Grading: 0DUNWKHORZHVWFDWHJRU\WKDWDSSOLHV 1RUPDO3LYRWWXUQVVDIHO\ ZLWKLQVHFRQGVDQGVWRSVTXLFNO\ZLWKQRORVVRIEDODQFH 0LOG,PSDLUPHQW3LYRWWXUQVVDIHO\LQ!VHFRQGVDQGVWRSVZLWKQRORVVRIEDODQFH 0RGHUDWH,PSDLUPHQW 7XUQVVORZO\UHTXLUHVYHUEDOFXHLQJUHTXLUHVVHYHUDOVPDOO VWHSV WRFDWFKEDODQFHIROORZLQJWXUQDQGVWRS 6HYHUH,PSDLUPHQW &DQQRWWXUQVDIHO\UHTXLUHV DVVLVWDQFHWRWXUQDQGVWRS

6. Step over obstacle Instructions: %HJLQZDONLQJDW\RXUQRUPDOVSHHG :KHQ\RXFRPHWRWKHVKRHER[VWHSRYHULW QRWDURXQGLWDQGNHHSZDONLQJ Grading: 0DUNWKHORZHVWFDWHJRU\WKDWDSSOLHV 1RUPDO,VDEOHWRVWHSRYHUWKHER[ZLWKRXWFKDQJLQJ JDLW VSHHGQRHYLGHQFHRI LPEDODQFH 0LOG,PSDLUPHQW,VDEOHWRVWHSRYHUER[EXWPXVWVORZGRZQDQGDGMXVWVWHSVWRFOHDU ER[ VDIHO\ 0RGHUDWH,PSDLUPHQW,VDEOHWRVWHSRYHUER[EXWPXVWVWRSWKHQVWHSRYHU0D\ UHTXLUHYHUEDOFXHLQJ 6HYHUH,PSDLUPHQW &DQQRWSHUIRUPZLWKRXWDVVLVWDQFH

7. Step around obstacles Instructions: %HJLQZDONLQJDWQRUPDOVSHHG:KHQ\RXFRPHWRWKHILUVWFRQH Dbout 6’DZD\ ZDONDURXQGWKHULJKWVLGHRILW:KHQ\RXFRPHWRWKHVHFRQGFRQH 6’ SDVWILUVWFRQH ZDON DURXQGLW WRWKHOHIW Grading: 0DUNWKHORZHVWFDWHJRU\WKDWDSSOLHV 1RUPDO,VDEOHWRZDONDURXQGFRQHVVDIHO\ZLWKRXWFKDQJLQJJDLW VSHHGQRHYLGHQFH RILPEDODQFH

0LOG,PSDLUPHQW,VDEOHWRVWHSDURXQGERWKFRQHVEXWPXVWVORZGRZQDQGDGMXVW VWHSVWRFOHDU FRQHV 0RGHUDWH,PSDLUPHQW,VDEOHWRFOHDU FRQHVEXWPXVWVLJQLILFDQWO\VORZVSHHGWR DFFRPSOLVKWDVNRUUHTXLUHVYHUEDOFXHLQJ 6HYHUH,PSDLUPHQW 8QDEOHWRFOHDUFRQHVZDONVLQWRRQHRUERWKFRQHVRUUHTXLUHV SK\VLFDODVVLVWDQFH

8. Steps Instructions: :DONXSWKHVH VWDLUVDV\RXZRXOGDWKRPHLHXVLQJWKHUDLOLQJLIQHFHVVDU\$W WKHWRSWXUQDURXQGDQGZDONGRZQ Grading: 0DUNWKHORZHVWFDWHJRU\WKDWDSSOLHV 1RUPDO$OWHUQDWLQJIHHWQRUDLO 0LOG,PSDLUPHQW$OWHUQDWLQJIHHW PXVWXVHUDLO 0RGHUDWH,PSDLUPHQW7ZRIHHW WRDVWDLUPXVWXVH UDLO 6HYHUH,PSDLUPHQW&DQQRWGRVDIHO\

TOTAL SCORE: / 24 5HIHUHQFHV +HUGPDQ6-Vestibular RehabilitationQG HG3KLODGHOSKLD3$)$'DYLV&R 6KXPZD\&RRN$:RROODFRWW 0 Motor Control Theory and Applications :LOOLDPV DQG:LONLQV%DOWLPRUH

ROMBERG TEST

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Balance Assessment: a Modified Romberg test A test for gait/ambulation

7KHVWDQGLQJSDWLHQWSHUIRUPV tasks of increasing difficultyREVHUYLQJWKHUHVSRQVH WRSRVLWLRQDOVWUHVVWRVVRIYLVXDOLQSXWDQG GLVSODFHPHQW7KHSDWLHQWDVVXPHVGLIIHUHQW VWDQGLQJSRVLWLRQVILUVWZLWKH\HVRSHQWKHQ ZLWK H\HVFORVHGWith each successive maneuverVWDELOLW\LVREVHUYHGDQGWKH SDWLHQWLVDVNHG'R\RXIHHOVWHDG\"$ OLJKWQXGJHWRWKHVWHUQXPFDQEHKHOSIXOLQ DVVHVVLQJWKHUHVSRQVHWRGLVSODFHPHQW 7KLVDOORZVDURXJKHVWLPDWHRIEDODQFHDQG FDQKHOSLGHQWLI\FDXVDWLYHIDFWRUV HJ RVWHRDUWKULWLVSHULSKHUDOQHXURSDWK\IRRW SUREOHPVDWKHURVFOHURVLVZHDNQHVV VWURNHSDLQRUFRQWUDFWXUHV

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Romberg Test

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67. Romberg Test

:KDW LV %HLQJ7HVWHG"

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Procedure: Guide the subject to stand up from a chair, walk a short distance (3 meters), tum around, return, and sit down again. Scoring of the test is based on a rating scale between 1 and 5 points. The scores are defined as follows:

This test can be used with ACL of 2.4 or greater. Score

Date Date Date Date

1RUPDO The subject gave no evidence of being at risk of falling during the test or at any other time

9HU\ VOLJKWO\ DEQRUPDO The scores of 2, 3, and 4 are based on 0LOGO\ DEQRUPDO the presence of undo slowness, 0RGHUDWHO\ DEQRUPDO hesitancy, abnormal movements of the trunk, upper limbs, staggering and stumbling.

6HYHUHO\ DEQRUPDOā The subject appeared at risk of falling during the test performance.

TIME (optional):

Timed Get-Up-and-Go Test: Podisiadlo, D. and Richardson, 6 reported that subjects who performed the test in less than 20 seconds tended to be independent in mobility. Those subjects that performed the test in 30 seconds or more tended to need assistance of others for mobility tasks. The authors also described D "gray zone" in which 25% of the subjects performed the test in 20- 29 seconds. This group of subjects varied widely with respect to balance, gait speed, and functional capacity. The authors reported that the Timed Get-Up-and-Go correlated well with the subject's balance, gait speed and functional capacity with r 72, r=.55, r =.51 respectively.

The Timed portion is useful for patients with Allen Cognitive Levels of 4.0 or greater.

23 Timed Up and Go

Description Scoring

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24 ELDERLY MOBILITY SCALE

1. Purpose This scale provides physiotherapists with a standardised validated scale for assessment of mobility in more frail elderly patients. The scale has good validity and inter-rater reliability.

2. Content The scale assesses 7 dimensions of functional performance. These include locomotion, balance and key position changes, all of which are intrinsic skills that permit the performance of complex activities of daily living. Total score is from a maximum of 20, higher scores indicating better performance.

3. Assessment ELDERLY MOBILITY SCALE Lying to sitting Gait 2 Independent 3 Independent (incl. use of sticks) 1 Needs help of 1 person 2 Independent with frame 0 Needs help of 2+ people 1 Mobile with walking aid but erratic/ unsafe turning 0 Requires physical assistance or constant supervision Sitting to lying Timed walk 2 Independent 3 Under 15 seconds 1 Needs help of 1 person 2 16-30 seconds 0 Needs help of 2+ people 1 over 30 seconds Sit to stand Functional Reach 3 Independent in under 3 seconds 4 Over 20cm 2 Independent in over 3 seconds 2 10-20cm 1 Needs help of 1 person (verbal or physical) 0 Under 10cm or unable 0 Needs help of 2 + people Standing 3 Stands without support & reaches within arms length 2 Stands without support but needs help to reach 1 Stands, but requires support 0 Stands, only with physical support (1 person) Support = uses upper limbs to steady self Total

Interpretation of scores* 14 – 20 Manoeuvres alone and safely. Independent in basic ADLs. These patients are generally safe to go home but may need home help 10 – 13 Borderline in terms of safe mobility and independence in ADLs. These patients will require some help with mobility manoeuvres. < 10 Dependent in mobility manoeuvres & requiring help with basic ADLs (transfers, toileting, dressing etc.). May require Home Care Package/Long Term Care depending on patients’ wishes and circumstances. * Please note that these are general interpretations. They do not take into account cognition, safety awareness and other factors that may impact on mobility e.g. postural hypotension.

References Proser L et al (1997) Further validation of EMS for measurement of mobility of hospitalised elderly people Clinical Rehabilitation 11, 4, 338-343

Smith R (1994) Validation and Reliability of the Elderly Mobility Scale Physiotherapy 80, 744-747

Spilg, E. G., B. J. Martin, et al. (2001). A comparison of mobility assessments in a geriatric day hospital. Clinical Rehabilitation 15(3): 296-300

Mabel S. W. Yu (2007) Usefulness of the Elderly Mobility Scale for classifying residential placements. Clinical Rehabilitation, Vol. 21, No. 12, 1114-1120

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References

Collen FM, Wade DT, Robb GF, Bradshaw CM. The Rivermead Mobility Index: A further development of the Rivermead Motor Assessment. Int Disabil Stud 1991;13:50- 54.

Wade DT. Measurement in neurological rehabilitation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Forlander DA, Bohannon RW. Rivermead Mobility Index: a brief review of research to date. Clin Rehabil 1999;13:97-100.

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Pain Assessment Tools 39

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40 Assessing Pain in Older Adults with Dementia

By: Ann L. Horgas, RN, PhD, FGSA, FAAN, University of Florida College of Nursing

Why: Pain in older adults is very often undertreated, and it may be especially so in older adults with severe dementia. Changes in a patient’s ability to communicate verbally present special challenges in treating pain, since self-report is considered the gold standard of pain assessment. As with older adults, those with dementia are at risk for multiple sources and types of pain, including chronic pain from conditions such as osteoarthritis and acute pain from surgery, injury, and infection. Untreated pain in cognitively impaired older adults can delay healing, disturb sleep and activity patterns, reduce function, reduce quality of life, and prolong hospitalization. The American Medical Directors Association has endorsed the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia Scale (PAINAD) (Warden, Hurley, & Volicer, 2003). The American Society for Pain Management Nursing’s Task Force on Pain Assessment in the Nonverbal Patient recommends a comprehensive hierarchical approach to pain assessment that incorporates the following steps: x Ask older adults with dementia about their pain. Even older adults with mild to moderate dementia can respond to simple questions about their pain. x Use a standardized tool to assess pain intensity, such as the numerical rating scale (NRS) (0-10) or a verbal descriptor scale (VDS) (Herr, Coyne, et al., 2006). The VDS asks participants to select a word that best describes their present pain (e.g., no pain to worst pain imaginable) and may be more reliable than the NRS in older adults with dementia. x Use an observational tool (e.g., PAINAD) to measure the presence of pain in older adults with dementia. x Ask family or usual caregivers as to whether the patient’s current behavior (e.g., crying out, restlessness) is different from their customary behavior. This change in behavior may signal pain. x If pain is suspected, consider a time-limited trial of an appropriate type and dose of an analgesic agent. Thoroughly investigate behavior changes to rule out other causes. Use self-report and observational pain measure to evaluate the pain before and after administering the analgesic. 41 Comprehensive Pain Assessment Form &RJQLWLYHO\,PSDLUHG

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Visual Analog Scale (VAS) 0 10 No Pain Worst Possible Pain

Verbal Numerical Pain Scale (VNPS)

Wong Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale

Activity Tolerance Pain Scale No Pain Can be Interferes Interferes Interferes Bed Rest Ignored with Tasks with with Required Concentration Basic Needs

Verbal Descriptor Pain Scale No pain Mild Moderate Severe Very Worst pain pain pain severe possible pain pain

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6 $( BRIEF PAIN INVENTORY 47 7) What treatments or medications are you Date / / Time: receiving for your pain? Name: ______Last First Middle Initial ______1) Throughout our lives, most of us have had pain from time to time (such as minor headaches, sprains, and toothaches). Have you had pain other than these 8) In the last 24 hours, how much relief have pain everyday kinds of pain today? treatments or medications provided? Please circle 1. Yes 2. No the one percentage that shows how much RELIEF you have received. 2) On the diagram, shade in the areas where you feel 0% 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100% pain. Put an X on the area that hurts the most. No Complete relief relief

RightLeft Left Right 9) Circle the one number that describes how, during the past 24 hours, pain has interfered with your:

A. General activity 012 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 Does not Completely interfere interferes

B. Mood 012 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 Does not Completely interfere interferes

3) Please rate your pain by circling the one number C. Walking ability that best describes your pain at its WORST in the 012 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 last 24 hours. Does not Completely 012 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 interfere interferes No Pain as bad Pain as you can D. Normal work (includes both work outside the imagine home and housework) 4) Please rate your pain by circling the one number 012 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 that best describes your pain at its LEAST in the Does not Completely last 24 hours. interfere interferes 012 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 No Pain as bad E. Relations with other people Pain as you can imagine 012 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 Does not Completely 5) Please rate your pain by circling the one number interfere interferes that best describes your pain on the AVERAGE. 012 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 F. Sleep No Pain as bad 012 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 Pain as you can imagine Does not Completely interfere interferes 6) Please rate your pain by circling the one number that tells how much pain you have RIGHT NOW. G. Enjoyment of life 012 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 012 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 No Pain as bad Pain as you can Does not Completely imagine interfere interferes

Brief Pain Inventory (Short Form). Source: Pain Research Group, Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Provided as an educational service by Used with permission. Adapted to single page format. 48

In addition to completing the Brief Pain Inventory, Talking About Your Pain to help your doctor better manage your pain, please tell us: It’s important to remember that each person’s pain is different. The pain that you experience can’t be What does the pain feel like? Circle compared to another person’s pain. ONLY YOU know how and when you hurt, and how the pain affects those words that describe your pain. your life. aching throbbing shooting It is important to describe what you are feeling to those who are trained to help you. Don’t be embarrassed to stabbing gnawing pricking talk to your doctor, nurse, or pharmacist. They need to sharp tender burning know as much as possible about your pain in order to develop the best plan to control it. The questions on exhausting tiring penetrating this form can help you describe your pain. nagging numb miserable Why Is Pain Relief So Important? unbearable dull radiating Proper treatment for pain is not only a matter of squeezing cramping deep comfort. Unrelieved pain can lead to nausea, loss of sleep, depression, loss of appetite, weakness, and other How long have you had this pain? problems. Pain can also affect your life at home and at (Circle one) work. Relieving your pain means that you can continue to do the day-to-day things that are important to you. less than a week 1 to 2 weeks 2 to 4 weeks more than a month Most Pain Can Be Controlled It is important to know that most pain CAN be relieved. What kinds of things make your pain feel Your doctor will work with you to find the treatment better (for example, heat, medicine, rest)? that may be best for your pain.

______The key to effective pain control is to take the RIGHT AMOUNT, of the RIGHT MEDICINE, at the RIGHT TIME. ______You should take your pain medicine on a regular sched- ule, as your doctor, nurse, or pharmacist tells you. Don’t What kinds of things make your pain worse wait until the pain becomes severe. Pain is easier to con- (for example, walking, standing, lifting)? trol when it is mild than when it has reached full force. If your pain medicine wears off too soon, is not relieving ______the pain, or causes problems with side effects, you should call your doctor because you may need to have ______your treatment plan changed.

Do you have any other symptoms? Comments: Write down any questions or Circle any that apply: information you need to share with your nausea vomiting doctor, nurse, or pharmacist about your pain. constipation diarrhea ______lack of appetite indigestion ______difficulty sleeping feeling drowsy ______nightmares dizziness tiredness itching ______urinary problems sweating ______

weakness headaches ______

Provided as an educational service by 3056HSWHPEHU 49

Pulmonary and Cardiac Assessments 50

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Pick the best exercises by fitness level and calories burned.

Metabolic Equivalent (MET)* can tell you the amount of energy burned with just about any type of physical activity or exercise. Below are MET charts for sports/hobbies, at home activities and formal exercises. The charts compare the calories burned for 30 minutes of each activity.

Definition of metabolic equivalent

*1 MET The energy burned at rest, which is 30-38 calories for every 30 minutes

3-6 MET The energy burned with moderate exercise: 90-225 calories per 30 minute workout. (Moderate exercise is intense enough to meet health standards for the U.S. Physical Activity Guidelines.)

Calories are calculated for the average adult in the US, weighing 165- 190 lbs, Your exact calories burned during exercise may vary due to differences in muscle mass or level of effort during the activity.

More sports and leisure activities

Softball / baseball-- (5.0 MET)-- 150-188 calories Hiking without a heavy pack-- (6.0 MET)-- 180-225 cal Downhill skiing, moderate effort-- (6.0 MET)-- 180-225 cal Horseback riding, trotting-- (6.5 MET)-- 195-244 cal Tennis, singles-- (7.0 MET)-- 210-263 cal Raquetball, casual-- (7.0 MET)-- 210-263 cal Volleyball, competitive-- (8.0 MET)-- 240-300 cal Touch or flag football-- (8.0 MET)-- 240-300 cal Mountain biking--(8.5 MET)-- 255-323 cal Rock climbing-- (11.0 MET)-- 330-413 cal

More 'At Home' Activities

Light gardening--(2.3 MET)-- 69-87 cal General cleaning and straightening up--(2.5 MET)-- 75-95 cal Washing dishes, clearing table--(2.5 MET)--75-95 cal Putting away groceries--(2.5 MET)--75-95 cal Scrubbing floors-- (3.8 MET) -- 114-143 calories Multiple household tasks all at once. vigorous effort (4.0 MET)-- 120-150 cal

Gardening / weeding-- (4.0 MET) -- 120-170 cal Mowing the lawn-- (5.5 MET) -- 165-206 cal Shoveling, moderate-- (7.0 MET) -- 210-263 cal

More 'Formal Exercise' Routines

Walking 2.0 mph-- (2.8 MET) -- 84-106 cal Walking 3.0 mph-- (3.3 MET) -- 99-124 cal Walking in sand-- (4.5 MET)-- 135-171 cal Water aerobics-- (5.3 MET) -- 159-201 cal Health club exercise (stairclimber, elliptical trainer)--(5.5 MET) 165-206 cal Stationary bike, 100 watts-- (5.5 MET)-- 165-206 cal Walking 3.5 mph uphill-- (6.0 MET) -- 180-225 cal Circuit training-- (8.0 MET) -- 240-304 cal Swimming freestyle, vigorous-- (12.0 MET) -- 360-450 cal Running 8 min/mile (7.5 mph)-- (12.5 MET) -- 375-469 cal

Still missing the metabolic equivalent for your activity? Find the most complete list here. 55

Think of the calories burned on the Metabolic Equivalent charts as an average. Raking the lawn can be done at a slow pace, which burns less energy, or it can be done more vigorously which burns more calories. In the same way, a light game of 2-on-2 basketball is a lighter workout than a highly competitive game of 5-on-5.

Need more guidance in picking activities? Take the Rockport walking test. Once you have your fitness rating (VO2 Max),you can pick the activities that best match your fitness level. Click the chart to take the test. As you become more fit, you'll be able to add higher calorie- burning activities to your routine.

With this in mind, during whichever type of exercise or physical activity you choose for your workout, pace yourself according to your ability level. If you are a beginner, or if you need a lighter workout today, keep your effort moderate. If you are a (well-rested) fit person looking for a harder workout then you can work at a high intensity. The Exercise Effort Scale will help you maintain the best level of effort for your next workout.

Using metabolic equivalent allows you to include all kinds of activities in your workout plans. Sports, playing with children, yard work and dancing can all be part of your plans to get in shape. All you need to do is keep moving and maintain a moderate effort during the exercise.

Refer to the pages below for further info. They will open in a separate window so you can flip between pages.

VO2 Max A key health and fitness measurement. Improve your score and improve your cardiovascular health! Rockport walking test

Calculate your VO2 Max with this 1 mile walking test. Free workout plans

Build a workout routine you can commit to using physical activities that fit your lifestyle. 56 GXT Stress Test

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57 Breathing Techniques

Pursed-Lip Breathing

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60 Activity Log

DATE TYPE OF ACTIVITY TOTAL MINUTES HOW I FELT 61

Personal Goals: ______Medicine Chart Name: ______

Date: ______

HOW OFTEN & PRESCRIBING PHARMACY NAME OF MEDICINE COLOR WHAT S IT FOR? DOSE SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS REFILL DATE WHAT TIME DOCTOR PHONE NO.

Aspirin white blood thinner 1 pill once daily at night Dr. Jones 650-555-1234 Take with food 9/1/12 62 BLOOD PRESSURE TRACKER - INSTRUCTIONS 63

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NAME:

DATE/TIME COMMENTS EXAMPLE / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / 64

ΞϮϬϭϮŵĞƌŝĐĂŶ,ĞĂƌƚƐƐŽĐŝĂƚŝŽŶ͕/ŶĐ͘ BLOOD PRESSURE TRACKER - WALLET CARD INSTRUCTIONS: Take your pressure at the same time each day, such as Make sure the middle of the cuff is placed morning or evening, or as your healthcare directly over your brachial artery. Refer to professional recommends. the Instructions page of this tracker for a picture, or check your monitor’s instructions, Sit with your back straight and supported and your feet or have your healthcare provider show you how. flat on the floor. Each time you measure, take two or three readings, Your arm should be supported on a flat surface with one minute apart, and record all the results. the upper arm at heart level. Cut this card out, fold it and keep in your wallet for use when you are traveling or away from home.

BLOOD HEART BLOOD HEART BLOOD HEART PRESSURE RATE (PULSE) PRESSURE RATE (PULSE) PRESSURE RATE (PULSE) DATE/TIME DATE/TIME DATE/TIME READING 1 READING 1 READING 1 READING 2 READING 2 READING 2 READING 3 READING 3 READING 3 COMMENTS COMMENTS COMMENTS DATE/TIME DATE/TIME DATE/TIME READING 1 READING 1 READING 1 READING 2 READING 2 READING 2 READING 3 READING 3 READING 3 COMMENTS COMMENTS COMMENTS DATE/TIME DATE/TIME DATE/TIME READING 1 READING 1 READING 1 READING 2 READING 2 READING 2 READING 3 READING 3 READING 3 COMMENTS COMMENTS COMMENTS DATE/TIME DATE/TIME DATE/TIME READING 1 READING 1 READING 1 READING 2 READING 2 READING 2 READING 3 READING 3 READING 3 COMMENTS COMMENTS COMMENTS fold fold

Blood pressure higher than 180/110 is an emergency. Call 9-1-1 immediately. If 9-1-1 is not available to you, have someone drive you to the nearest emergency facility immediately. 65

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ADL Assessment Tools Appendix 3

MODIFIED BARTHEL INDEX (SHAH VERSION) : SELF CARE ASSESSMENT

INDEX ITEM SCORE DESCRIPTION 0 Unable to participate in a transfer. Two attendants are required to transfer the patient with or without a mechanical device.

3 Able to participate but maximum assistance of one other person is require in all aspects of the transfer.

8 The transfer requires the assistance of one other person. Assistance may be CHAIR/BED TRANSFERS required in any aspect of the transfer.

12 The presence of another person is required either as a confidence measure, or to provide supervision for safety.

15 The patient can safely approach the bed walking or in a wheelchair, lock brakes, lift footrests, or position walking aid, move safely to bed, lie down, come to a sitting position on the side of the bed, change the position of the wheelchair, transfer back into it safely and/or grasp aid and stand. The patient must be independent in all phases of this activity.

0 Dependent in ambulation.

3 Constant presence of one or more assistant is required during ambulation.

Assistance is required with reaching aids and/or their manipulation. One person is 8 required to offer assistance.

The patient is independent in ambulation but unable to walk 50 metres without 12 help, or supervision is needed for confidence or safety in hazardous situations. AMBULATION The patient must be able to wear braces if required, lock and unlock these braces assume standing position, sit down, and place the necessary aids into position for 15 use. The patient must be able to crutches, canes, or a walkarette, and walk 50 metres without help or supervision.

0 Dependent in wheelchair ambulation.

1 Patient can propel self short distances on flat surface, but assistance is required for AMBULATION/WHEELCHAIR all other steps of wheelchair management.

3 Presence of one person is necessary and constant assistance is required to manipulate chair to table, bed, etc. * (If unable to walk) 4 The patient can propel self for a reasonable duration over regularly encountered Only use this item if the terrain. Minimal assistance may still be required in “tight corners” or to negotiate patient is rated “0” for a kerb 100mm high. Ambulation, and then only if the patient has 5 To propel wheelchair independently, the patient must be able to go around corners, been trained in turn around, manoeuvre the chair to a table, bed, toilet, etc. The patient must be wheelchair management. able to push a chair at least 50 metres and negotiate a kerb.

66a INDEX ITEM SCORE DESCRIPTION 0 The patient is unable to climb stairs.

2 Assistance is required in all aspects of chair climbing, including assistance with walking aids.

5 The patient is able to ascend/descend but is unable to carry walking aids and needs supervision and assistance. STAIR CLIMBING 8 Generally no assistance is required. At times supervision is required for safety due to morning stiffness, shortness of breath, etc.

10 The patient is able to go up and down a flight of stairs safely without help or supervision. The patient is able to use hand rails, cane or crutches when needed and is able to carry these devices as he/she ascends or descends.

0 Fully dependent in toileting.

2 Assistance required in all aspects of toileting.

5 Assistance may be required with management of clothing, transferring, or washing hands.

TOILET TRANSFERS 8 Supervision may be required for safety with normal toilet. A commode may be used at night but assistance is required for emptying and cleaning.

10 The patient is able to get on/off the toilet, fasten clothing and use toilet paper without help. If necessary, the patient may use a bed pan or commode or urinal at night, but must be able to empty it and clean it.

0 The patient is bowel incontinent.

2 The patient needs help to assume appropriate position, and with bowel movement facilitatory techniques.

5 The patient can assume appropriate position, but cannot use facilitatory techniques or clean self without assistance and has frequent accidents. Assistance is required BOWEL CONTROL with incontinence aids such as pad, etc.

8 The patient may require supervision with the use of suppository or enema and has occasional accidents.

10 The patient can control bowels and has no accidents, can use suppository, or take an enema when necessary.

0 The patient is dependent in bladder management, is incontinent, or has indwelling catheter.

2 The patient is incontinent but is able to assist with the application of an internal or external device.

BLADDER CONTROL 5 The patient is generally dry by day, but not at night and needs some assistance with the devices.

8 The patient is generally dry by day and night, but may have an occasional accident or need minimal assistance with internal or external devices.

10 The patient is able to control bladder day and night, and/or is independent with internal or external devices.

66b INDEX ITEM SCORE DESCRIPTION 0 Total dependence in bathing self.

1 Assistance is required in all aspects of bathing, but patient is able to make some contribution.

3 Assistance is required with either transfer to shower/bath or with washing or drying; including inability to complete a task because of condition or disease, etc. BATHING Supervision is required for safety in adjusting the water temperature, or in the 4 transfer.

The patient may use a bathtub, a shower, or take a complete sponge bath. The 5 patient must be able to do all the steps of whichever method is employed without another person being present.

0 The patient is dependent in all aspects of dressing and is unable to participate in the activity.

2 The patient is able to participate to some degree, but is dependent in all aspects of dressing.

DRESSING 5 Assistance is needed in putting on, and/or removing any clothing.

8 Only minimal assistance is required with fastening clothing such as buttons, zips, bra, shoes, etc.

10 The patient is able to put on, remove, corset, braces, as prescribed.

0 The patient is unable to attend to personal hygiene and is dependent in all aspects.

Assistance is required in all steps of personal hygiene, but patient able to make 1 some contribution.

PERSONAL HYGIENE Some assistance is required in one or more steps of personal hygiene. 3 (Grooming) Patient is able to conduct his/her own personal hygiene but requires minimal 4 assistance before and/or after the operation.

The patient can wash his/her hands and face, comb hair, clean teeth and shave. A 5 male patient may use any kind of razor but must insert the blade, or plug in the razor without help, as well as retrieve it from the drawer or cabinet. A female patient must apply her own make-up, if used, but need not braid or style her hair.

0 Dependent in all aspects and needs to be fed, nasogastric needs to be administered.

Can manipulate an eating device, usually a spoon, but someone must provide 2 active assistance during the meal.

Able to feed self with supervision. Assistance is required with associated tasks 5 such as putting milk/sugar into tea, salt, pepper, spreading butter, turning a plate or other “set up” activities. FEEDING Independence in feeding with prepared tray, except may need meat cut, milk 8 carton opened or jar lid etc. The presence of another person is not required.

The patient can feed self from a tray or table when someone puts the food within reach. The patient must put on an assistive device if needed, cut food, and if 10 desired use salt and pepper, spread butter, etc.

66c SCORE INTERPRETATION 00 - 20 Total Dependence

21 - 60 Severe Dependence

61 - 90 Moderate Dependence

91 - 99 Slight Dependence

- 100 Independence

SCORE PREDICTION Less Than 40 Unlikely to go home - Dependent in Mobility - Dependent in Self Care

60 Pivotal score where patients move from dependency to assisted independence.

60 - 80 If living alone will probably need a number of community services to cope.

More Than 85 Likely to be discharged to community living - Independent in transfers and able to walk or use wheelchair independently.

REFERENCES 1. Shah, S., Vanclay, F., & Cooper, B. (1989a). Improving the sensitivity of the Barthel Index for stroke rehabilitation. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 42, 703 - 709.

2. Shah, S., & Cooper, B. (1991). Documentation for measuring stroke rehabilitation outcomes. Australian Medical Records Journal, 21, 88 - 95.

3. Shah, S., Cooper, B., & Maas, F. (1992). The Barthel Index and A D L evaluation in stroke rehabilitation in Australia, Japan, the U K and the U S A. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 39, 5 - 13.

4. Granger, V., Dewis, L., Peters, W., Sherwood, C., & Barrett, J. (1979). Stroke rehabilitation analysis of repeated Barthel Index measures. Archives of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation, 60, 14 - 17.

5. Hasselkus, B., (1982). Barthel self-care index and geriatric home care patients. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics, 1, 11 - 22.

6. Leonard, R., & McGovern, L. (1992). The Barthel Index in an acute geriatric setting. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 39, 41 - 43.

66d 67

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TOTAL (0–100):

The Barthel ADL Index: Guidelines

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Q1 What does the Barthel Index test?

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Q2. Describe the Barthel Index

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Q4. What are the Advantages of the Barthel Index?

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References

McDowell I, Newell C. Measuring Health. A Guide to Rating Scales and Questionnaires., 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Duncan PW, Samsa G, Weinberger M, et al. Health status of individuals with mild stroke. Stroke 1997; 28:740-745.

Roberts L, Counsell R. Assessment of clinical outcomes in acute stroke trials. Stroke 1998; 28:986- 991.

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Q1. What does the Frenchay Activities Index test?

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Q2. Describe the Frenchay Activities Index

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Q3. Describe some of the key Frenchay Activities Index numbers

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Q4. What are the Advantages of the Frenchay Activities Index?

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Q5. What are the Disadvantages of the Frenchay Activities Index?

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References

Wade DT. Measurement in neurological rehabilitation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Segal ME, Schall RR. Determining funcitonal/health status and its relation to disability in stroke survivors. Stroke 1994;25:2391-2397.

Holbrook M, Skilbeck CE. An activities index for use with stroke patients. Age and Aging 1983;12:166-170.

Han CW, Yajima Y, Nakajima K, Lee EJ, Meguro M, Kohzuki M. Construct validity of the Frenchay Activities Index for community dwelling elderly in Japan. Tohoku J Exp Med 2006;210:99-107.

Appelros P. Characteristics of the Frenchay Activities Index one year after a stroke: a population- based study. Disabil Rehabil 2007;29:785-790.

Piercy M, Carter J, Mant J, Wade DT. Interrater reliability of the Frenchay Activities Index in patients with stroke and their carers. Clin Rehabil 2000;14:433-440.

Post MWM, de Witte LP. Good inter-rater reliability of the Frenchay Activities Index in stroke patients. Clinical Rehabilitation 2003; 17: 548-552.

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Fine Motor, Dexterity and Coordination Assessments 83

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Q1. What does the Nine-Hole Peg Test test?

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Q2. Describe the Nine-Hole Peg Test

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Q3. Describe some of the key Nine-Hole Peg Test numbers

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Q4. What are the Advantages of the Nine-Hole Peg Test?

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Q5. What are the Disadvantages of the Nine-Hole Peg Test?

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References

Mathiowetz V, Volland G, Kashman N, Weber K. Adult Norms for the Box and Block Test of Manual Dexterity. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy 1985;39:386-391 85

Bowel and Bladder Incontinence Assessments 86

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Rehabilitation Assessment

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Overall Assessment Status:

3DWLHQW V1DPH 3HUWLQHQW'LDJQRVLV 'DWH &OLQLFLDQ 97 MOTORIZED WHEELCHAIR ASSESSMENT

Resident Name: ______Room No. ______Assessor: ______Date: ______Equipment trialed (brand/features): ______

Check boxes below if “yes” or “acceptable.” Comments

Meets Criteria – all must be checked to qualify

Ƒ The resident is unable to functionally ambulate. Ƒ The resident is unable to operate a manual wheelchair. Ƒ The resident has sufficient cognitive skills to understand directionality, i.e., left, right, front, and back and is able to demonstrate these skills. Ƒ The resident can transfer safely in and out of the motorized wheelchair (except in HCC where assistance is available), and has trunk stability to be able to safely ride in the wheelchair (may have assistance). Ƒ The resident is capable of safely operating the controls for the motorized wheelchair. Ƒ The resident is able to independently move away from potentially dangerous or harmful situations. Ƒ The resident has sufficient eye/hand perceptual capabilities to safely operate the motorized wheelchair. Ƒ The resident demonstrates the ability to start, stop, and guide the motorized wheelchair within a reasonable confined area.

Perception

Ƒ Eyesight Ƒ Hearing

Seating/Positioning

Ƒ Posture in chair Ƒ Dynamic sitting balance Ƒ Need for trunk or head supports Ƒ Upper limb position 98 Transfers

Ƒ Ability to get in and out of chair Ƒ Ability to put footplates up/down Ƒ Ability to alter joystick/armrest Ƒ Ability to reach walking aid to assist transfer

Use of Controls

Ƒ Turning motor on/ff Ƒ Joystick Ƒ Speed control Ƒ Horn Ƒ Ability to see battery level indicator

Driving Skills

Ƒ Forwards (maintains straight line) Ƒ Turning left & right on cue Ƒ Reverse Ƒ “U” Turn Ƒ 3-point turn Ƒ Circles, figure 8 Ƒ Start/stop reaction time Ƒ Maneuvers around obstacles Ƒ Negotiates doors Ƒ Parks chair Ƒ Approaches corners safely Ƒ Maintains safe following/passing distance Ƒ Enters and exits elevator 99 Power Operated Vehicle Assessment

Resident Name: ______Date of Incident: ______

Reviewed attached incident report for further information

When assessing to see if further training/testing is necessary, please complete the following and then determine outcome:

Is resident currently on caseload with physical or occupational therapy?

Yes (report incident to therapy and discontinue assessment) No (continue)

Has resident had other reported power operated vehicle incidents in the past 6 months?

Yes No

Has the resident recently had a change of mental status?

Yes No

Outcome Refer to therapy for training Screen request given to therapy Copy of assessment attached Refer to therapy for further testing Screen request given to therapy Copy of assessment attached Referral not necessary – isolated incident (give to Medical Records for Resident’s file)

Assessment completed by: ______Date: ______

100

Body Mass Index 101 %RG\0DVV,QGH[ %0,

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102

Visual Perceptual Assessments 103 /LQH%LVHFWLRQ7HVW

Q1. What does the LBT test?

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Q4. What are the Advantages of the LBT Test?

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Q5. What are the Limitations of the LBT Test?

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The Line Bisection Test is a quick measure to detect the presence of unilateral spatial neglect (USN). To complete the test, please use the mouse and click the center of the horizontal line.

______

105

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GLOBAL DETERIORATION SCALE FOR ASSESSMENT OF PRIMARY DEGENERATIVE DEMENTIA

STAGE 1: No Cognitive Decline

No subjective complaints of memory deficit. No memory deficit evident on clinical interview.

STAGE 2: Very Mild (Forgetfulness) Subjective complaints of memory deficit, most frequently in following areas: forgetting where one has placed familiar objects; forgetting names one formerly knew well. No objective evidence of memory deficit on clinical interview. No objective deficits in employment or social situations. Appropriate concern with respect to symptomatology.

STAGE 3: Mild Cognitive Decline (Early Confusional)

Earliest clear-cut deficits. Manifestations in more than one of the following areas: patient may have gotten lost when traveling to an unfamiliar location; co-workers become aware of patient’s relatively poor performance; word and name finding deficit becomes evident to intimates; patient may read a passage or a book and retain relatively little material; patient may demonstrate decreased facility in remembering names upon introduction to new people; patient may have lost or misplaced an object of value; concentration deficit may be evident on clinical testing. Objective evidence of memory deficit obtained only with an intensive interview. Decreased performance in demanding employment and social settings. Denial begins to become manifest in patient. Mild to moderate anxiety accompanies symptoms.

STAGE 4: Moderate Cognitive Decline (Late Confusional)

Clear-cut deficit on careful clinical interview. Deficit manifests in following areas: decreased knowledge of current and recent events; may exhibit some deficit in memory of one’s personal history; concentration deficit elicited on serial subtractions; decreased ability to travel, handle finances, etc. Frequently no deficit in the following areas: orientation to time and person; recognition of familiar persons and faces; ability to travel to familiar locations/inability to perform complex tasks. Denial is dominant defense mechanism. Flattening of affect and withdrawal from challenging situations occur.

STAGE 5: Moderately Severe Cognitive Decline (Early Dementia)

Patient can no longer survive without some assistance. Patient is unable during interview to recall a major relevant aspect of their current lives; e.g., an address or telephone number of many ears, the names of close family members (such as grandchildren), the name of the high school or college from which they graduated. Frequently, some disorientation to time (date, day of week, season, etc.) or to place. An educated person may have difficulty counting back from 40 by 4’s or from 20 by 2’s. Persons at this stage retain knowledge of many major facts regarding themselves and others. They invariably know their own names and generally know their spouses’ and children’s names. They require no assistance with toileting and eating, but may have some difficulty choosing the proper clothing. 112

STAGE 6: Severe Cognitive Decline (Middle Dementia)

May occasionally forget the name of the spouse upon whom they are entirely dependent for survival. Will be largely unaware of all recent events and experiences in their lives. Retain some knowledge of their past lives but this is very sketchy. Generally unaware of their surroundings, the year, the season, etc. May have difficulty counting from 10 both backward and sometimes forward. Will require some assistance with activities of daily living; e.g., may become incontinent, will require travel assistance but occasionally will display ability to familiar locations. Diurnal rhythm frequently disturbed. Almost always recall their own name. Frequently continue to be able to distinguish familiar from unfamiliar persons in their environment. Personality and emotional changes occur. These are quite variable and include: (1) delusional behavior; e.g., patients may accuse their spouse of being an impostor, may talk to imaginary figures in the environment, or to their own reflection in the mirror; (2) obsessive symptoms; e.g., person may continually repeat simple cleaning activities; (3) obsessive symptoms, agitation, and even previously nonexistent violent behavior may occur; (4) cognitive abula: i.e., loss of willpower because an individual cannot carry a thought long enough to determine a purposeful course of action.

STAGE 7: Very Severe Cognitive Decline (Late Dementia)

All verbal abilities are lost. Frequently there is no speech at all – only grunting. Incontinent of urine, requires assistance toileting and feeding. Lose basic psychomotor skills; e.g., ability to walk. The brain appears to no longer be able to tell the body what to do. Generalized and cortical neurologic signs and symptoms are frequently present.

Reisberg, B., Ferris, S.H, Leon, M.J. & Crook, T. The global deterioration scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1982, 139:1136-1139.

113

Global Deterioration Scale for Assessment Of Primary Degenerative Dementia

Level Clinical Characteristics

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006( 117 Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) Administration and Scoring Instructions

ȋȌ Ǥ ǣ ǡ ǡǡǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ ͳͲǤ ͵ͲǢ ʹ͸ Ǥ 1. Alternating Trail Making:

ǣ ǣ"Please draw a line, going from a number to a letter in ascending order. Begin here ȏȋͳȌȐand draw a line from 1 then to A then to 2 and so on. End here ȏȋȌȐǤ̶ ǣ ǣͳΫǦʹǦ Ǧ͵ǦǦͶǦǦͷǦǡ Ǥ Ǧ ͲǤ

2. Visuoconstructional Skills (Cube):

ǣ ǡcubeǣǲCopy this drawing as accurately as you can, in the space below”Ǥ ǣ Ǥ ȈǦ Ȉ Ȉ Ȉȋ Ȍ Ǧ Ǥ 3. Visuoconstructional Skills (Clock):

ǣ ǣ“Draw a clockǤPut in all the numbers and set the time to 10 past 11”. ǣ ǣ ȈȋͳǤȌǣ ȋǤǤǡ ȌǢ ȈȋͳǤȌǣ Ǣ Ǣ Ǣ Ǣ x ȋͳǤȌǣ Ǣ Ǣ Ǥ x Ǧ Ǥ 118 4. Naming:

ǣǡ ǣ“Tell me the name of this animal”.

ǣ ǣȋͳȌȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ Ǥ 5. Memory:

ǣͷ ǡ : “This is a memory test. I am going to read a list of words that you will have to remember now and later on. Listen carefully. When I am through, tell me as many words as you can remember. It doesn’t matter in what order you say them”Ǥ Ǥ ȋȌȋ Ȍǡ ǡ ǣ“I am going to read the samelist for a second time. Try to remember and tell me as many words as you can, including wordsyou said the first time.” Ǥ ǡ ȋȌ ǡ“I will ask you to recall those words again at the end of the test.” ǣǤ 6. Attention:

ǣǣ ǣǲI am going to say some numbers and when I am through, repeat them to me exactly as I said themǳǤ Ǥ ǣǣ ǣǲNow I am going to saysome more numbers, but when I am through you must repeat them to me in the backwardsorder.ǳ Ǥ ǣ ǡȋN.B.ǣ ʹǦͶǦ͹ȌǤ ǣǣ ǡ ǣǲI am going to read a sequence of letters. Every time I say the letter A, tap your hand once. If I say a different letter, do not tap your handǳǤ ǣ ȋ ȌǤ ͹ǣǣ ǣ“Now, I will ask you to count by subtracting seven from 100, and then, keep subtracting seven from your answer until I tell you to stop.” Ǥ

ǣ ͵Ǥ ȋͲȌ ǡͳ ǡʹǦǦ ǡ͵ Ǥ ͹ 119 ͳͲͲǤ Ǣǡ ͹ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǲͻʹȂͺͷȂ͹ͺȂ͹ͳȂ͸Ͷǳǲͻʹǳ ǡ Ǥ ͵Ǥ 7. Sentence repetition:

ǣ ǣ“I am going to read you a sentence. Repeat it after me, exactly as I say it ȏȐǣI only know that John is the one to help today.” ǡǣ“Now I am going to read you another sentence. Repeat it after me, exactly as I say it ȏȐǣThe cat always hid under the couch when dogs were in the room.”

ǣ ͳ Ǥ Ǥ ȋǤǤǡ̶̶ǡ̶̶ȌȀȋǤǤǡ̶ Ǣ̶̶̶̶̶ǡǡ ǤȌǤ 8. Verbal fluency:

ǣ ǣ“Tell me as many words as you can think of that begin with a certain letter of the alphabet that I will tell you in a moment. You can say any kind of word you want, except for proper nouns (like Bob or Boston), numbers, or words that begin with the same sound but have a different suffix, for example, love, lover, loving. I will tell you to stop after one minute. Are you ready? ȏȐNow, tell me as many words as you can think of that begin with the letter F. ȏ͸Ͳ ȐǤ Stop.”

ǣ ͳͳ͸Ͳ Ǥ ǯǤ 9. Abstraction:

ǣ ǡǣ“Tell me how an orange and a banana are alike”. ǡǣ“Tell me another way in which those items are alike”. (fruit)ǡ sǡ“Yes, and they are also both fruit.” Ǥ ǡǣ“Now, tell me how a train and a bicycle are alike”. ǡ ǡǣ “Now tell me how a ruler and a watch are alike”Ǥ Ǥ ǣ Ǥ ͳ Ǥ ǣ Ǧ αǡǡǢ Ǧ αǡǤ not ǣǦ αǢǦ αǤ 10. Delayed recall:

ǣ ǣ“I read some words to you earlier, which I asked you to remember. Tell me as many of those words as you can remember.” ȋξȌ

120 ǡ Ǥ ǣAllocate 1 point for each word recalled freely without any cues.

Optional: ǡ Ǥ ȋξȌ Ǧ ǤǦ Ǥ ǡȀ ǡ ǡ“Which of thefollowing words do you think it was, NOSE, FACE, or HAND?” ȀǦ ǡǣ ǣ ǣ ǣǡ ǡ ǣ ǣ ǣǡ ǡ ǣ ǣ ǣ ǡ ǡ ǣ ǣ ǣǡǡ ǣ ǣ ǣǡǡ ǣNo points are allocated for words recalled with a cue. Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ 11. Orientation:

ǣ ǣǲǳǤ ȏyear, month, exact date, and day of the week].” ǣ“Now, tell me the name of this place, and which city it is in.”

ǣ Ǥ ȋǡ ǡ ȌǤ Ǥ

TOTAL SCORE: ǦǤ ͳʹ ǡ͵ͲǤ ʹ͸ Ǥ 121 0LQL0HQWDO6WDWH([DPLQDWLRQ 006(

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Instructions: Ask the questions in the order listed. Score one point for each correct response within each question or activity.

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6RXUFHZZZPHGLFLQHXLRZDHGXLJHFWRROVFRJQLWLYH006(SGI 3URYLGHGE\1+&4) 122 Interpretation of the MMSE:

Method Score Interpretation 6LQJOH&XWRII $EQRUPDO ,QFUHDVHGRGGVRIGHPHQWLD 5DQJH ! 'HFUHDVHGRGGVRIGHPHQWLD $EQRUPDOIRUWK JUDGHHGXFDWLRQ (GXFDWLRQ $EQRUPDOIRUKLJKVFKRROHGXFDWLRQ $EQRUPDOIRUFROOHJHHGXFDWLRQ 1RFRJQLWLYHLPSDLUPHQW 6HYHULW\ 0LOGFRJQLWLYHLPSDLUPHQW 6HYHUHFRJQLWLYHLPSDLUPHQW Interpretation of MMSE Scores:

Degree of Formal Psychometric Score Day-to-Day Functioning Impairment Assessment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

Source: x Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR: “MiniPHQWDOVWDWH$3UDFWLFDOPHWKRGIRUJUDGLQJWKH cognitive state of patients for the clinician.” J Psychiatr Res 1975;12:189

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• 0 – 2 errors = Intact Intellectual Functioning • 5 – 7 errors = Moderate Intellectual Impairment • 3 – 4 errors = Mild Intellectual Impairment • 8 – 10 errors = Severe Intellectual Impairment $OORZRQHPRUHHUURUIRUDVXEMHFWZLWKRQO\DJUDGHVFKRROHGXFDWLRQ$OORZRQHOHVVHUURUIRUDVXEMHFWZLWK HGXFDWLRQEH\RQGKLJKVFKRRO$OORZRQHPRUHHUURUIRU$IULFDQ$PHULFDQVXEMHFWVXVLQJLGHQWLFDOHGXFDWLRQDO FULWHULD Source: 3IHLIIHU($VKRUWSRUWDEOHPHQWDOVWDWXVTXHVWLRQQDLUHIRUWKHDVVHVVPHQWRIRUJDQLFEUDLQGHILFLWLQHOGHUO\SDWLHQWVJ Am Geriatr Soc 124 Brief Cognitive Rating Scale (BCRS)

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BB 1 1. What day of the week is it? BB 1 2. What is the year? BB 1 3. What state are we in? 4. Please remember these ﬁve objects. I will ask you what they are later. $SSOH 3HQ 7LH +RXVH &DU 5. You have $100 and you go to the store and buy a dozen apples for $3 and a tricycle for $20. 1 How much did you spend? BB 2 How much do you have left? 6. Please name as many animals as you can in one minute. BB 0 DQLPDOV 1 DQLPDOV 2 DQLPDOV3 DQLPDOV BB 7. What were the ﬁve objects I asked you to remember? 1 point for each one correct. 8. I am going to give you a series of numbers and I would like you to give them to me backwards. For example, if I say 42, you would say 24. BB 0 1 1 9. This is a clock face. Please put in the hour markers and the time at ten minutes to eleven o’clock. 2 +RXUPDUNHUVRND\ BB 2 7LPHFRUUHFW 1 10. Please place an X in the triangle.

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TOTAL SCORE

SCORING HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION LESS THAN HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION 1250$/ 0,/'1(852&2*1,7,9(',625'(5 '(0(17,$

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Who Can Complete the Form: Social Services, Reflections/Passages Program Coordinators, Licensed Nurses, MDs, NPs, OTs, PTs, Residence Supervisors and Other Qualified Healthcare Professional who have been trained (and retrained annually) by viewing the VA-produced DVD (available upon request to [email protected]).

Purpose of the Form: To screen individuals to look for the presence of cognitive deficits, and to identify changes in cognition over time.

Instructions for Use: 1. Complete resident demographics at the top of the page.

2. We recommend that you put the date and the name of the evaluator on the bottom of the page as well (see #19).

3. Administration should be conducted privately and in the examinee’s primary language. Be prepared with the items you need to complete the exam. You will need a watch with a second hand on it.

4. Record the number of years the patient attended school. If the patient obtained an Associates, Bachelor’s, Master’s or Doctorate degree, note the degree achieved instead of actual years of school attended.

5. Determine if the patient is alert. Do not answer “yes” or “no”, but indicate level of alertness. Alert indicates that the individual is fully awake and able to focus. Other descriptors include: drowsy, confused, distractible, inattentive, preoccupied.

6. Begin by asking the patient the following: “Do you have any trouble with your memory?” “May I ask you some questions about your memory?” Then proceed with the exam questions.

7. Read the questions aloud clearly and slowly to the examinee. It is not usually necessary to speak loudly but it is necessary to speak slowly.

8. Begin by asking the patient something similar to the following: “Do you have any trouble with your memory?” “May I ask you some questions about your memory?” “I’d like to see how good your memory is by asking you some questions.” You may need to reassure patients by telling them that this is not a test that they can fail but merely a tool much like a thermometer that takes temperature is a tool. What this does is checks for the amount of memory they have. Then begin to administer the exam questions.

9. Score the questions as indicated on the examination.

10. On question #4, read the statement as listed on the exam. Ask the patient to repeat each of the five objects (Apple, Pen, Tie, House, Car) that you recite to make sure that the patient heard and understood what you said. Repeat them as many times as it takes for the patient to repeat them back to you correctly.

09/03/09 131 VAMC Saint Louis University Mental Status Examination Form Details

11. On question #5, make sure the patient is focused on you prior to reciting the information. Obtain an answer for the first part of the question (“How much did you spend”) before moving on to part two (“How much do you have left?”). Do not prompt or give hints, but do give ample time to the patient to answer the questions. If the patient asks you to repeat the question you may do so once.

12. Redirect the patient’s attention if necessary back to you to answer question #6. Give them one minute to complete the question. Be sure to time them.

13. Continue with the exam questions in the order that they are listed.

14. On question #8, state each number by its individual name. 87 is pronounced eight, seven; 649 is pronounced six, four, nine; 8537 is pronounced eight, five, three, seven.

15. On question #9, either draw a large circle on the back of the examination form or provide the patient with a separate piece of paper with a larger circle printed on it and attach it to the original examination form. When scoring, give full credit for either all 12 numbers or all 12 ticks. If the patient puts only 4 ticks on the circle, prompt them once to put numbers next to those ticks (12, 3, 6, and 9) for full credit. When scoring the correct time, make sure the hour hand is shorter than the minute hand and that the minute hand points at the 10 and the hour hand points at the 11.

16. You may also provide a separate sheet with larger examples of the forms listed on question #10 for those with vision impairment. This sheet should be created by enlarging the figures on the examination form and can also be attached to the original form.

17. Read question #11 as written, and provide ample time to answer each question. Do not repeat the story but do make sure they are paying attention the first time you read it to them. Do not prompt or give hints. The answer of Chicago as the state she lives in gets no credit but you may prompt them once by repeating the question.

18. Score the examination as listed at the bottom of the page, circling the level based on the score.

19. Sign and date the form.

20. Upon Completion of the Form:

Record the score in the patient’s record and comment on any indicated changes Depending upon office protocols, either put the sheet in the patient’s record, place it in a separate identified location, or destroy the worksheet once the score is recorded in the patient record (Specify based on Office Center Policy) 21. Form Status: (Varies by office) 0RUH)UHH&RJQLWLYH7HVWV$YDLODEOHDWZZZP\EUDLQWHVWRUJ Mandatory for (e.g., patients with diagnoses or indicators of cognitive loss

Mandatory for ______

09/03/09 132 FUNCTION, REASON, ORIENTATION, MEMORY, ARITHMETIC, JUDGEMENT AND EMOTIONAL STATUS (FROMAJE) Scope: FROMAJE ǣ ͳǤ ʹǤ ͵Ǥ ͶǤ ͷǤ ͸Ǥ ͹Ǥ ǣ ͳǦ͵ Ǥ FROMAJE ǣ ͹Ǧͺ ͻǦͳͲ ͳͳǦͳʹ ͳ͵ε ǣ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ Function:

ͳα ʹα ǡǡ Ǥ ͵α ǡʹͶ͹Ȁ

Reasoning: Ǥǣǲ ǳǲ ǳǤ ͳαǢ Ǥ ʹα Ǥ ͵α Ǥ

Orientation: ǣ Ǧȋ Ȍ Ǧǡǡ 133

Ǧ ǣǫȋ ǡǡ ǡǡ ǫ Ǧǫ ͳα ǡǤ ʹα ǣ ǡǤ ͵α ǣǡ ǡǤ Memory: ǣ ǦǤǤ ǫ Ǧǫ ǫ ǣ Ǧǫ Ǧǫ ǣ Ǧ ǫ ǦͶǡͳʹǡͳͺǤ ǤȋȌ ͳα ǡ Ǥ ʹα ǣǡ ǡǤ ͵α ǣǡ ǡǤ Arithmetic: ǣ Ǧ ͳͲͲͻͲǤ Ǧ ͹ǯͳͲͲǤ ǦͳʹͲǤ ͳα Ǥ ʹα Ǥ ͵α Judgment: ǣ Ǧǡ ǫ Ǧ ǡ ǫ Ǧ ǡǫ ͳα Ǥ ʹαǤ

134

͵αǤ Emotional State: ǣ Ǧ ǡǡǡǡ Ǥ Ǧ Ǥ ͳαǤ ʹαǤ ͵αȋ ǡ Ȍ

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142 The Mann Assessment of Swallowing Ability (MASA; 2002)

The MASA (Mann, 2002) is a brief bedside examination of swallowing ability in patients 18 years of age and older. It can be administered in 15-20 minutes with a patient who is moderately impaired. The minimal supporting materials necessary include: a tongue depressor; flashlight; gloves; different food consistencies; or water. The examination covers 24 clinical items that evaluate oromotor/ sensory components of swallowing, prerequisite learning skills, such as cooperation and auditory comprehension, baseline cranial nerve function, and functional assessment of swallow.

Each item in the scale is scored according to severity. All scores from the different subskills are tallied and a composite score out of 200 is given. Normative data has been established for subjects who experienced their first stroke. However, the author believes that administering the MASA to patients with other neurological disorders may be appropriate to determine their level of swallowing ability.

MASA Score Cutoff for Severity Groupings of Dysphagia and Aspiration (p. 9)

Severity Grouping MASA Score-dysphagia MASA Score-aspiration No abnormality detected ч 178-200 ч 170-200 Mild ч 168-177 ч 149-169 Moderate ч 139-167 ч 148 Severe ч 138 ч 140

In addition to determining a severity rating, the examiner can indicate a diet recommendation and a swallow integrity rating.

Some administrative pointers:

x The patient should be evaluated in the most comfortable position possible x Feeding trials should be given in a semi-upright position with adequate limb support x There should be access to suctioning equipment and medical staff x Always begin with item 1; if the patient cannot complete this item, discontinue assessment and repeat at a later date. x Proceed with each item in the order outlined, trying to identify the rating that best describes the patient’s behavior in each area x If a patient’s responses to any of the skills examined are delayed or incomprehensible, the entire stimulus may be repeated once, and the repetition noted in the scoring

143 MASA MASLP2004 Modified Instructions

Alertness Awareness of the environment and self, sensitivity to stimuli, focusing thought or attention Task: Observe and evaluate patient’s response to speech, movement, or pain. May incorporate information from medical or nursing staff.

Rating: 10=Alert 8=Drowsy-fluctuating awareness/alert level 5=Difficult to rouse by speech or movement 2=No response to speech or movement

Cooperation Patient is able to direct his or her attention and interact in activity.

Task: To gain patient’s attention and attempt to initiate communication or activity

Rating: 10=Cooperative-engages in some form of exchange (verbal/nonverbal) 8=Fluctuating cooperation; distracted by multiple simultaneous stimuli 5=Reluctant; unwilling to permit interaction 1=Unable to cooperate with interaction or activity

Auditory Comprehension Ability to understand basic verbal communication

Task: Informally engage patient in conversation; ask patient to follow single and two-stage commands. Utilize both high and low-probability instructions.

Grade: 10=No abnormality detected on screening 8=Follows ordinary conversation with little difficulty 6=Follows simple conversation/ instructions with repetition 4=Occasional motor response if cued 2=No/minimal response to speech

Respiration Status of the patient’s respiratory/ pulmonary system

Task: Consult physician, respiratory therapist or nursing staff regarding the current condition of the patient’s pulmonary system. Also note activity level of the patient’s pulmonary system. Also note activity level of the patient. 10=Chest clear, no evidence of clinical/ radiographic abnormality 8= Sputum in the upper airway or other respiratory condition, such as asthma/ bronchospasm, chronic obstructive airway disease 6=Fine basal rales/ self-clearing 4=Course basal rales, receiving respiratory therapy/ physical therapy 2=Frequent suctioning/ respiratory therapy/ suspected infection/ respirator dependent

144

Respiratory Rate for Swallow Respiratory-swallow coordination

Task: Observe respiratory rate at rest. Observe mode of breathing (nasal/oral). Observe the timing of patient’s saliva swallows in relation to inhalation/exhalation. Note pattern or return from swallow, that is, returns to exhalation or not. Observe timing or cough (if present) in relation to swallow. Ask patient to close mouth to breathe and then hold breath (comfortably); record duration.

Rating: 5=Able to control breath rate for swallow. Patient returns to exhalation post-swallow and can comfortably hold breath 5 seconds. 3=Some control/incoordination. Patient can achieve nasal breathing and breath hold for a short period. Patient returns to inhalation on occasion after swallow. 1=No independent control. Patient mouth breathes predominantly. Patient is unable to hold breath comfortably. Rate of breath is variable.

Aphasia Language impairment crossing different language modalities: speaking, listening, reading

Task: Formally assess the patient’s verbal expression. Ask patient to repeat sounds, words, sequences, name objects, numbers, body/parts, answer simple questions, etc. NB: If formal assessment of language completed, results may be rated

Rating: 5=No abnormality detected on screening 4=Mild difficulty finding words/ expressing ideas 3=Expresses self in a limited manner/ short phrases or words 2=No functional speech sounds or undecipherable single words 1=Unable to assess

Apraxia Impairment in the capacity to order the positioning of the speech musculature or sequence the movements for volitional production of speech. Not accompanied by weakness, slowness, or incoordination of these muscles in reflex or automatic acts.

Task: Informally assess as above. Include repetition of phrases of increasing syllabic length and performance of a range of oral movement to command. Record accuracy, agility, and spontaneous versus imitative productions.

Rating: 5=No abnormality detected on screening 4=Speech accurate after trial and error, minor searching movements 3=Speech crude/ detective in accuracy or speed on command 2=Significant groping/inaccuracy, partial or irrelevant responses 1=Unable to assess Dysarthria Impairment of articulation characterize by disturbance in muscular control over the speech musculature. Includes features such as paralysis, weakness, or incoordination of the speech musculature.

Task: Informally assess as above. Include articulation tasks of increasing length, that is sentence repetition,

145 reading, and monologue. Engage in conversation. Request patient count to 5, whispering and increasing volume. Diadochokinetic rate may be utilized.

Rating: 5=No abnormality detected on screening 4=Slow with occasional hesitation and slurring 3=Speech intelligible but obviously detective in rate/ range/ strength/ coordination 2=Speech unintelligible 1=Unable to assess

Saliva Ability to manage oral secretions

Task: Observe the patient’s control of saliva. Note any escape of secretions from the side of mouth, and check corners of mouth for wetness. Ask the patient if he/she has noticed undue saliva loss during the day, at night, or while side lying.

Rating: 5= No abnormality detected on screening 4=Frothy/expectorated into cup 3=Drooling at times, during speech while side lying, when fatigues 2=Some drool consistently 1=Gross drooling. Unable to control drooling, open mouth posture, needing bib protection

Lip Seal Ability to control labial movement and closure

Task: Observe lips at rest. Note tone at corners of mouth. Ask patient to spread lips widely on the vowel /i/ and round for the vowel /u/. Ask patient to alternate lip movement between the two vowels. Observe bilabial function on earlier sound repetition and speech tasks, e.g., /pˆ/ and “Paul prefers pink petunias.” Observe patient’s ability to close mouth around an empty spoon. Ask patient to blow air into cheeks and maintain closure.

Rating: 5=No abnormality detected on screening 4=Mild impairment, occasional leakage 3=Unilaterally weak, poor maintenance, restricted movement 2=Incomplete closure, limited movement 1=No closure, unable to assess

Tongue Movement Lingual mobility in both anterior and posterior aspects

Task: Anterior Aspect Protrusion-Have patient extend tongue as far forward as possible and then retract similarly. Lateralization-Have patient touch each corner of the mouth, then repeat alternating lateral movements. With tongue, have patient attempt to clear out lateral sulci on each side of mouth. Elevation-With mouth open wide, have patient raise tongue tip to ridge. Alternate elevation and depression in this way.

146 Posterior Aspect Elevation-Have patient raise back of tongue to meet palate and hold the position (like you’re going to say /kˆ/.

Rating: 10=Full range of movement/ no abnormality detected 8=Mild impairment in range 6=Incomplete movement 4=Minimal movement 2=No movement

Tongue Strength Bilateral lingual strength on resistance tasks

Task: Have patient push laterally, against a tongue depressor or gloved finger. Have patient push anteriorly, against a tongue depressor or gloved finger. Have patient push during elevation and depression of the tongue. Ask patient to elevate back of tongue against a tongue depressor or gloved Note tone and strength to resistance.

Rating: 10:No abnormality detected on screening 8=Minimal weakness 5=Obvious unilateral weakness 2=Gross weakness

Tongue Coordination Ability to control lingual movement during serial repetitious activity or speech

Task: Ask patient to lick around lips, slowly and then rapidly, touching all parts. Have patient rapidly repeat tongue tip alveolar syllables /ta/. Repeat a sentence including tongue tip alveolar consonants (e.g., Take Time to tea). Ask patient to rapidly repeat velar syllables /ka/. Repeat a sentence including velar consonants (e.g. Can you keep Katie clean?).

Rating: 10: No abnormality detected on screening 8=Mild incoordination 5=Gross incoordination 2=No movement/ unable to assess

Oral Preparation Ability to break down food, mix with saliva, and form a cohesive bolus ready to swallow

Task: Observe patient while eating or chewing. Ask to observe how bolus is prepared prior to swallowing. Check for loss from mouth, position of food bolus, spread throughout oral cavity, and loss of material into lateral or anterior sulci. Note chewing movements and fatigue.

Rating: 10=No abnormality detected on screening 8=Lip or tongue seal, bolus escape 6=Minimal chew/ tongue thrust bolus projected forward limited preparation gravity assisted/ spread throughout mouth/ compensatory head extension 4=No bolus formation/ no attempt

147 2=Unable to assess

Gag Reflex motor response triggered in response to noxious stimuli. It measures response of surface tactile receptors and afferent information travels by way of CN X (and possibly some portion of IX).

Task: Using a laryngeal mirror (size 00) (introduction of cold is optional), contact the base of the tongue or posterior pharyngeal wall. Note any contractions of the pharyngeal wall or soft palate.

Rating: 5=No abnormality detected, strong symmetrical response/ hyperreflexive 4=Diminished bilaterally 3=Diminished unilaterally 2=Absent unilaterally 1=No gag response noted

Palate Function of the velum in speech reflexively

Task: Ask the patient to produce a strong /ah/ and sustain for several seconds. Ask the patient to repeat/ah/ several times. Note action of elevation. Observe any hypernasality from earlier speech tasks. Test palatal reflex-make contact with cold laryngeal mirror at juncture of hard and soft palates.

Rating: 10=No abnormality detected on screening 8=Slight asymmetry noted, mobile 6=Unilaterally weak, inconsistently maintained 4=Minimal movement, nasal regurgitation, nasal air escape 2=No spread or elevation

Bolus Clearance Ability to move a bolus effectively through the oral cavity

Task: Observe patient eating/ swallowing a bolus. Check oral cavity for residue following a swallow.

Rating: 10=Bolus fully cleared from mouth 8=Significant clearance, minimal residue 5=Some clearance, residue 2=No clearance

Oral Transit* Time from initiation of lingual movement until bolus head reaches point where lower edge of mandible crosses the tongue base. In clinical measurement, this duration must be timed from the initiation of lingual movement until the initiation of hyoid and laryngeal rise. Thus, the measurement is a crude estimate of time from tongue movement initiation to the trigger of the pharyngeal swallow. Exact oral transit time cannot be separated.

Task: The clinician will position a hand under the patient’s chin, with fingers spread as per manual palpitation method (Logemann, 1983). Use only a light touch. Ask the patient to swallow. Compare time elapsed between the initiation of lingual movement until the initiation of hyoid and laryngeal

148 rise. (Normal time for triggering of the pharyngeal swallow is approximately 1 second.)

Rating: 10=No abnormality detected on screening, triggers rapidly within 1 second 8=Delay greater than 1 second 6=Delay greater than 5 seconds 4=Delay greater than 10 seconds 2=No movement observed/ unable to assess

*In the elderly, this may not be an appropriate assessment task

Cough Reflex Spontaneous cough in response to an irritant

Task: Observe any spontaneous coughing during the examination. Cough may be elicited in combination with a respiratory or physical therapist.

Grading: 5=No abnormality detected on screening, strong reflexive cough 3=Weak reflexive cough 1=None observed/ unable to assess

Voluntary Cough Cough response to command

Task: Ask the patient to cough as strongly as possible. Observe strength and clarity of cough.

Rating: 10=No abnormality detected on screening, strong clear cough 8=Cough attempted but bovine, hoarse in quality 5=Attempt inadequate 2=No attempt/ unable to assess

Voice Evaluation of laryngeal functioning with specific emphasis on vocal quality

Task: Ask the patient to prolong an /ah/ sound for as long as possible. Ask the patient to slide up and down a scale. Ask the patient to prolong /s/ and /z/. Observe clarity of production, pitch, phonation breaks, huskiness, uneven progression, uncontrolled volume (as in previous dysarthria tests), and voice deterioration.

Rating: 10=No abnormality detected on screening, strong clear cough 8=Mild impairment, slight huskiness 6=Hoarse, difficulty with pitch/ volume control 4=Wet/ gurgling vocal quality 2=Aphonic/ unable to assess

Trach Tracheostomy tube to provide ventilator support, facilitate aspiration of tracheobronchial secretions, and/ or to bypass a respiratory obstruction

149 Task: Observed the presence of tracheostomy tube; identify reason for insertion. Information may be gathered from medical chart, physiatrist, respiratory therapist, or nursing staff.

Rating: 10=No trach required 5=Fenestrated trach in situ or uncuffed 1=Cuffed trach in situ (including those with periods of cuff deflation)

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Interpretation: ______

159

Wound Assessments 160

Wound Assessment/ Progress Report

Patient: Room # Time: Date: Wound 1 Wound 2 Wound 3 Level Length (cm) Width (cm) Depth (cm) Wound Type: L AB L AB L AB Laceration=L Perineum Abcess=AB SW PU SW PU SW PU Surgical Wound=SW Pressure Ulcer=PU A T A T A T Arterial=A Trauma=T D Other______D Other______D Other______Diabetic=D Other=O______V V V Venous=V

Tunneling/Undermining ______o’clock______cm ______o’clock______cm ______o’clock______cm ______o’clock______cm ______o’clock______cm ______o’clock______cm ______o’clock______cm ______o’clock______cm ______o’clock______cm ______o’clock______cm ______o’clock______cm ______o’clock______cm

Exposed Muscle, Tendon, or Bone Yes_____ No______Yes_____ No______Yes_____ No______Exposed Subcutaneous Yes_____ No______Yes_____ No______Yes_____ No______Stage: II III IV P F Un II III IV P F Un II III IV P F Un Tissue %: 25%, 50%, 75% 100% N=Necrotic (Eschar or Slough) N=_____% N=_____% N=_____% G=Granulation G=_____% G=_____% G=_____% E=Epithelialization E=_____% E=_____% E=_____% Color: Red, Yellow, Brown _____%R ______%Y _____%R ______%Y ______%B _____%R ______%Y ______%B ______%B Related Conditions: (Circle if Present) Hemorrhage=H Inflammation=Infl H Infl H Infl H Infl Maceration=M Circulatory Deficit=CD M CD M CD M CD Induration=I Sensation Loss=SL I SL I SL I SL Edema=E E E E Drainage: (Circle) Min Mod Heavy Min Mod Heavy Min Mod Heavy Drainage: (Circle if Present) None=N Serous=S N S N S N S Sanguineous=B Purulent=P B P B P B P Odor: (Circle if Present) None=N Mild=M Foul=F N M F N M F N M F Periwound: Pink/Normal=P Blanchable=B P B P B P B Reddened=R White, Grey, Pale=W R W R W R W Macerated=M Induration=I MI MI MI Purple & Nonblanchable=PNB PNB PNB PNB Wound Edge: Well Defined=WD Scissors=S WD J WD J WD J Rolled=R Chemical=CM R C R C R C Debrided With: Curette=C Scissors=S C S C S C S Lavage=L Chemical=CM L CM L CM L CM Tissue Type: Devitalized=D Foreign Material=FM D FM D FM D FM Contaminated=C C C C Patient Response: Tolerated Well=TW Unable to Tolerate=UT TW TP UT TW TP UT TW TP UT Tolerated w/Pain=TP Pain: Wong Scale: 0-10 Level______Level______Level______161

Wound Assessment/ Progress Report

Name: Page 2 Wound 1 Wond 2 Wound 3 Patient Dressing: (Specify Brand) Primary Dressing:______Primary Dressing:______Primary Dressing:______Alginate=A Ag Alginate=SA Secondary Dressing______Secondary Dressing______Secondary Dressing______Honey Alginate=HA Collagen=C Secondary Dressing______Secondary Dressing______Secondary Dressing______Collagen Powder=CP Hydrogel=H Secondary Dressing______Secondary Dressing______Secondary Dressing______Packing Strip=PS Iodine Packing Strip=IPS ______Oil Emulsion=OE Xeroform=X ______Ag Foam=AF Foam=F ______Hydrocolloids=HC Transparent Film=TF ______Non-Adherent=NA ABD=ABD ______Conforming Gauze=CG Gauze Roll=GR ______AMD Gauze Roll=AGR AMD Gauze=AG ______Paper Tape=PT Coban Roll=CR ______Fabric Tape=FT ______Type of Specialty Bed: Type: Type: Type: Positioning Needs/Equipment:

Modality: HVPC=H Ultrasound Continuous-US H US H US H US Pulse Ultrasound=PU_____% duty cycle PU PS PU PS PU PS Thermal SWD=TS Pulse SWD=PS TS WP TS WP TS WP Whirlpool=WP (Minutes) Ultrasound (face to face)______minutes for______Ultrasound______@______Volts Elicrical Stimulation______minutes for______E-Stim Pads______@______Volts Heat Therapy______minutes for______E-Stim Pads______@______Volts Therapy______minutes for______E-Stim Polarity______Negative______Positive Other______minutes for______Location______Other______minutes for______

Comments: Discharge: Yes or No

______

Therapist Signature:______License #______Date:______

Red=clean healthy tissue; Yellow= presence of exudate that needs removal, It can be whitish yellow, creamy yellow, yellowish green, or light brown; Black=presence of eschar 162

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163

Vascular Risk Assessment of the Older Cardiovascular Patient: The Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) By: Lola A. Coke, PhD, ACNS-BC, Rush University College of Nursing and Preventive Cardiovascular Nurse’s Association

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Q1. What does the Stroke Impact Scale test?

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Q2. Describe the Stroke Impact Scale

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Q3. Describe some of the key Stroke Impact Scale numbers

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Q4. What are the Advantages of the Stroke Impact Scale?

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Q5. What are the Disadvantages of the Stroke Impact Scale?

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References

Duncan PW, Jorgensen HS, Wade DT. Outcome measures in acute stroke trials. A systematic review and some recommendations to improve practice. Stroke 2000;31:1429-1438.

Duncan PW, Wallace D, Lai SM, Johnson D, Embretson S, Laster LJ. The Stroke Impact Scale version 2.0. Evaluation of reliability, validity and sensitivity to change. Stroke 1999;30:2131-2140. 170 6WURNH ,PSDFW6FDOH 9(56,21

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These questions are about the physical problems which may have occurred as a result of your stroke.

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These questions are about your memory and thinking.

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The following questions are about your ability to communicate with other people, as well as your ability to understand what you read and what you hear in a conversation.

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The following questions ask about activities you might do during a typical day.

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The following questions are about your ability to be mobile, at home and in the community.

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The following questions are about your ability to use your hand that was MOST AFFECTED by your stroke.

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The following questions are about how stroke has affected your ability to participate in the activities that you usually do, things that are meaningful to you and help you to find purpose in life.

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9. Stroke Recovery

On a scale of 0 to 100, with 100 representing full recovery and 0 representing no recovery, how much have you recovered from your stroke?

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Q1. What does the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale test?

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Q2. Describe the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale

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Q3. Describe some of the key National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale numbers

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Q4. What are the Advantages of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale?

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Q5. What are the Disadvantages of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale?

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References

Brott T, Adams HP, Jr., Olinger CP, et al. Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: a clinical examination scale. Stroke 1989;20:864-870.

Heinemann AW, Harvey RL, McGuire JR, et al. Measurement properties of the NIH Stroke Scale during acute rehabilitation. Stroke 1997;28:1174-1180.

Anemaet WK. Using standardized measures to meet the challenge of stroke assessment. Top Geriatr Rehabil 2002;18:47-62.

Schlegel DJ, Tanne D, Demchuk AM, Levine SR, Kasner SE. Prediction of hospital disposition after thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. Arch Neurol 2004;61:1061-1064.

Goldstein LB, Chilukuri V. Retrospective assessment of initial stroke severity with the Canadian Neurological Scale. Stroke 1997;28:1181-1184.

Dewey HM, Donnan GA, Freeman EJ, et al. Interrater reliability of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale: rating by neurologists and nurses in a communitybased stroke incidence study. Cerebrovasc Dis 1999;9:323-327. Josephson SA, Hills NK, Johnston SC. NIH Stroke Scale reliability in ratings from a large sample of clinicians. Cerebrovasc Dis 2006;22:389-395.

Schmulling S, Grond M, Rudolf J, Kiencke P. Training as a prerequisite for reliable use of NIH Stroke Scale. Stroke 1998;29:1258-1259. Muir KW, Weir CJ, Murray GD, Povey C, Lees KR. Comparison of neurological scales and scoring systems for acute stroke prognosis. Stroke 1996;27:1817-1820.

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Instructions Scale Definition Score

1a. Level of Consciousness: The investigator must choose a 0 = Alert; keenly responsive. response if a full evaluation is prevented by such obstacles as an 1 = Not alert; but arousable by minor stimulation to obey, endotracheal tube, language barrier, orotracheal answer, or respond. trauma/bandages. A 3 is scored only if the patient makes no 2 = Not alert; requires repeated stimulation to attend, or is movement (other than reflexive posturing) in response to obtunded and requires strong or painful stimulation to make noxious stimulation. movements (not stereotyped). 3 = Responds only with reflex motor or autonomic 1b. LOC Questions: The patient is asked the month and his/her 0 = Answers both questions correctly. age. The answer must be correct - there is no partial credit for being close. Aphasic and stuporous patients who do not 1= Answers one question correctly. comprehend the questions will score 2. Patients unable to speak because of endotracheal intubation, orotracheal trauma, severe 2 = Answers neither question correctly. dysarthria from any cause, language barrier, or any other problem not secondary to aphasia are given a 1. It is important that only the initial answer be graded and that the examiner not "help" the patient with verbal or non-verbal cues.

1c. LOC Commands: The patient is asked to open and dose the 0 = Performs both tasks correctly. eyes and then to grip and release the non-paretic hand. Substitute another one step command if the hands cannot be 1= Performs one task correctly. used. Credit is given if an unequivocal attempt is made, but not completed due to weakness. If the patient does not respond 2 = Performs neither task correctly. to command, the task should be demonstrated to him or her (pantomime), and the result scored (i.e., follows none, one or two commands). Patients with trauma, amputation, or other physical impediments should be given suitable one-step commands. Only the first attempt is scored.

5HY

179 1,+ 6752.( Patient Identification__ __-______-______Pt. Date of Birth ______/______/

6&$/( Facility______

Date of Exam __ __/__ __/__ __

Interval: [ ] Baseline [ ] 2 hours post treatment [ ] 24 hours post onset of symptoms ±20 minutes [ ] 7-10 days [ ] 3 months [ ] Other______(______)

2. Best Gaze: Only horizontal eye movements will be tested. 0= Normal. Voluntary or reflexive (oculocephalic) eye movements will be scored, but caloric testing is not done. If the patient has a 1= Partial gaze palsy; gaze is abnormal in one or both eyes, but conjugate deviation of the eyes that can be overcome by forced deviation or total gaze paresis is not present. voluntary or reflexive activity, the score will be 1. If a patient has an isolated peripheral nerve paresis (CN III, IV or VI), score a 2 = Forced deviation, or total gaze paresis not overcome 1. Gaze is testable in all aphasic patients. Patients with ocular by the oculocephalic maneuver. trauma, bandages, pre-existing blindness, or other disorder of visual acuity or fields should be tested with reflexive movements, and a choice made by the investigator. Establishing eye contact and then moving about the patient from side to side will occasionally clarify the presence of a partial gaze palsy.

3. Visual: Visual fields (upper and lower quadrants) are tested 0 = No visual loss. by confrontation, using finger counting or visual threat, as 1= Partial hemianopia. appropriate. Patients may be encouraged, but if they look at the side of the moving fingers appropriately, this can be 2 = Complete hemianopia. scored as normal. If there is unilateral blindness or enucleation, 3 = Bilateral hemianopia (blind including cortical blindness). visual fields in the remaining eye are scored. Score 1 only if a clear-cut asymmetry, including quadrantanopia, is found. If patient is blind from any cause, score 3. Double simultaneous stimulation is performed at this point. If there is extinction, patient receives a 1, and the results are used to respond to item 11. 4. Facial Palsy: Ask - or use pantomime to encourage - the 0= Normal symmetrical movements. patient to show teeth or raise eyebrows and close eyes. Score 1= Minor paralysis (flattened nasolabial fold, asymmetry on symmetry of grimace in response to noxious stimuli in the poorly smiling). responsive or non-comprehending patient. If facial 2= Partial paralysis (total or near-total paralysis of lower face). trauma/bandages, orotracheal tube, tape or other physical 3= Complete paralysis of one or both sides (absence of facial barriers obscure the face, these should be removed to the extent movement in the upper and lower face). possible. 5. Motor Arm: The limb is placed in the appropriate position: 0= No drift; limb holds 90 (or 45) degrees for full 10 seconds. extend the arms (palms down) 90 degrees (if sitting) or 45 1= Drift; limb holds 90 (or 45) degrees, but drifts down before degrees (if supine). Drift is scored if the arm falls before 10 full 10 seconds; does not hit bed or other support. seconds. The aphasic patient is encouraged using urgency in 2= Some effort against gravity; limb cannot get to or the voice and pantomime, but not noxious stimulation. Each maintain (if cued) 90 (or 45) degrees, drifts down to bed, but limb is tested in tum, beginning with the non-paretic arm. Only has some effor1against gravity. in the case of amputation or joint fusion at the shoulder, the 3= No effort against gravity; limb falls. examiner should record the score as untestable (UN), and clearly 4= No movement. write the explanation for this choice. UN=Amputation or joint fusion, explain:______

5a. Left Arm

5b. Right Arm

5HY 180

Patient Identification__ __-______-______1,+ Pt. Date of Birth ______/______/

6752.( Facility______

6&$/( Date of Exam __ __/__ __/__ __

Interval: [ ] Baseline [ ] 2 hours post treatment [ ] 24 hours post onset of symptoms ±20 minutes [ ] 7-10 days [ ] 3 months [ ] Other______(______)

6. Motor Leg: The limb is placed in the appropriate position: hold 0= No drift; leg holds 30-degree position for full 5 seconds. the leg at 30 degrees (always tested supine). Drift is scored if the leg 1= Drift; leg falls by the end of the 5-second period but does falls before 5 seconds. The aphasic patient is encouraged using Not hit bed. urgency in the voice and pantomime, but not noxious stimulation. 2= Some effort against gravity; leg falls to bed by 5 seconds, but Each limb is tested in tum, beginning with the non-paretic leg. Only has some effor1against gravity. in the case of amputation or joint fusion at the hip, the 3= No effort against gravity; leg falls to bed immediately. examiner should record the score as untestable (UN), and clearly 4= No movement. write the explanation for this choice. UN= Amputation or joint fusion, explain:______

6a. Left leg

6b. Right Leg 7. Limb Ataxia: This item is aimed at finding evidence of a unilateral 0= Absent cerebellar lesion. Test with eyes open. In case of visual defect, ensure testing is done in intact visual field. The finger-nose-finger 1= Present in one limb. and heel-shin tests are performed on both sides, and ataxia is scored only if present out of proportion to weakness. Ataxia is 2= Present in two limbs. absent in the patient who cannot understand or is paralyzed. Only in the case of amputation or joint fusion, the examiner should UN= Amputation or joint fusion, explain: record the score as untestable (UN), and clearly write the explanation for this choice. In case of blindness, test by having the patient touch nose from extended arm position.

8. Sensory: Sensation or grimace to pinprick when tested, or 0 = Normal no sensory loss. withdrawal from noxious stimulus in the obtunded or aphasic patient. Only sensory loss attributed to stroke is scored as 1= Mild-to-moderate sensory loss; patient feels pinprick abnormal and the examiner should test as many body areas is less sharp or is dull on the affected side; or there (arms [not hands], legs, trunk, face) as needed to accurately check is a loss of superficial pain with pinprick, but patient for hemisensory loss. A score of 2, "severe or total sensory loss," is aware of being touched. should only be given when a severe or total loss of sensation can be clearly demonstrated. Stuporous and aphasic patients will, 2= Severe to total sensory loss; patient is not therefore, probably score 1 or 0. The patient with brainstem stroke aware of being touched in the face, arm, and who has bilateral loss of sensation is scored 2. If the patient does leg. not respond and is quadriplegic, score 2. Patients in a coma (item 1a=3) are automatically given a 2 on this item.

5HY

181

1,+ Patient Identification__ __-______-______6752.( Pt. Date of Birth ______/______/ 6&$/( Facility______Date of Exam __ __/__ __/__ __

Interval: [ ] Baseline [ ] 2 hours post treatment [ ] 24 hours post onset of symptoms ±20 minutes [ ] 7-10 days [ ] 3 months [ ] Other______(______) 9. Best Language: A great deal of information about comprehension 0= No aphasia; normal. will be obtained during the preceding sections of the examination. For this scale item, the patient is asked to describe what is 1= Mild-to-moderate aphasia; some obvious loss of fluency or happening in the attached picture, to name the items on the facility of comprehension, without significant limitation attached naming sheet and to read from the attached list on ideas expressed or form of expression. Reduction of of sentences. Comprehension is judged from responses here, as well speech and/or comprehension, however, makes as to all of the commands in the preceding general neurological conversation about provided materials difficult or exam. If visual loss interferes with the tests, ask the patient to impossible. For example, in conversation about provided identify objects placed in the hand, repeat, and produce speech. materials, examiner can identify picture or naming card The intubated patient should be asked to write. The patient in a content from patient's response. coma (item 1a=3) will automatically score 3 on this item. The examiner must choose a score for the patient with stupor or limited 2= Severe aphasia; all communication is through fragmentary cooperation, but a score of 3 should be used only if the patient is expression; great need for inference, questioning, and mute and follows no one-step commands. guessing by the listener. Range of information that can be exchanged is limited; listener carries burden of communication. Examiner cannot identify materials provided from patient response.

3= Mute, global aphasia; no usable speech or auditory comprehension.

10. Dysarthria: If patient is thought to be normal an 0= Normal. adequate sample of speech must be obtained by asking patient 1= Mild-to-moderate dysarthria; patient slurs at least some to read or repeat words from the attached list. If the patient words and, at worst, can be understood with some has severe aphasia, the clarity of articulation of spontaneous difficulty. speech can be rated. Only if the patient is intubated or has other 2= Severe dysarthria; patient's speech is so slurred as to be physical barriers to producing speech, the examiner should record unintelligible in the absence of or out of proportion to any the score as untestable (UN), and clearly write an explanation for dysphasia, or is mute/anarthric. this choice. Do not tell the patient why he or she is being tested. UN= Intubated or other physical barrier, explain:______

11. Extinction and Inattention (formerly Neglect): Sufficient 0 = No abnormality. information to identify neglect may be obtained during the 1= Visual tactile, auditory, spatial, or personal inattention prior testing. If the patient has a severe visual loss preventing or extinction to bilateral simultaneous stimulation in one of visual double simultaneous stimulation, and the cutaneous the sensory modalities. stimuli are normal, the score is normal. If the patient has aphasia 2 = Profound hemi-inattention or extinction to more than but does appear to attend to both sides, the score is normal. The one modality; does not recognize own hand or orients to presence of visual spatial neglect or anosagnosia may also be taken only one side of space. as evidence of abnormality. Since the abnormality is scored only if present, the item is never untestable.

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References Impairment Test Description Format Population Interpretation How to access: Cost: Activity Tolerance Walk Test Assess exercise Performance- Patients with chronic A greater distance Guyatt, GH, Thorax (2-minute) tolerance in patients based test airflow limitation and/or indicates a better 1984;39:818-22 with chronic airflow chronic heart failure, performance limitation COPD, frail elderly, Parkinson’s neurologically impaired adults Walk Test Assess exercise Performance- Patients with COPD A greater distance Guyatt, GH. Can (6-minute) tolerance in patients based test and/or heart failure, indicates a better Med Assoc J with respiratory fibromyalgia, respiratory performance 1985;132:919-23 disease disease Walk Test Used to assess exercise Performance- Patients with COPD A greater distance McGavin, CR. BMJ (12-minute) tolerance in patients based test indicates a better 1976;1:822-3 with chronic bronchitis performance Walk Test Used to evaluate Performance- Healthy adults, elderly Faster walking Bassey EJ. Clin Sci (Self-Paced) walking efficiency in the based test patients, cardiac patients speed and lower Mol Md elderly and functional heart rates indicate 1976;51:609-12. performance better performance ADL/ Functional Canadian An individualized Interview- Patients with a variety of Scores are used to Canadian Assessment Occupational client-centered based rating disabilities and across all compare patient’s Association of Performance outcome measure, scale developmental stages elf-perceptions Occupational Measure designed to detect against their own Therapist. 416-487- (COPM) change in a patients eassessment scores; 5404 self-perception of hanges of 2 points occupational are clinically performance over time ignificant Comprehensive Provides a standard Behavior rating Adult acute psychiatric Provides a daily American Journal <$10 Occupational and objective method scale patients summary of client’s of Occupational Therapy of observing and rating behavior over the Therapy, 30 (2), 94- Evaluation behaviors of psychiatric entire acute care 100 (COTE) patients on a regular hospitalization basis Barthel Index Simple index of Performance Patients with Total score yields Maryland State <$10 independence reflects index based on neuromuscular or categories of Medical Journal, the functional status of observation, musculoskeletal disorders. functioning 14,61-65. (1965) hospital patients in interview or Adults indicating intact, ADL’s and assess records limited, helper and 187 change null

Impairment Test Description Format Population Interpretation How to access: Cost: Functional Designed to provide Checklist-type Any hospitalized or Yields a single level Geri-Rehab, Inc., Assessment uniform, simple rating scale institutionalized patient of function assigned 908-735-8918 Scale (FAS) method of rating the to the patient level of self-care function/ dysfunction

ADL/ Functional Kitchen Task A practical and Standardized Adults with Senile The final score American Journal <$10 Assessment- Assessment objective measure of performance- Dementia of the ranges from 0-18, of Occupational continued (KTA) organizational, based Alzheimer’s type the higher the Therapy, 47, 431- planning and judgment score, the more 436. (1993) skills as performed in a impaired common task performance Kohlman Designed to provide a Interview and Short term psychiatric Yields a single cutoff AOTA Bethesda, Evaluation of quick and simple task adolescent and adult score indicating MD 301-652-2682 Living Skills evaluation of an performance inpatients, geriatric, brain capability to live (KELS) individual’s ability to tests injured, or cognitively independently in perform basic living impaired the community skills Balance Berg Balance Monitor functional Performance- Older adults and patients Maximum score is www.chcr.brown.e <$10 Scale (BBS) balance over time and based test receiving rehab services 56. Higher scores du/BALANCE.htm response to treatment indicate greater balance Functional Assess dynamic Performance- Community living elderly, Length of horizontal Duncan PW. J <$10 Reach postural control based test frail elderly, CVA, MS, TBI, reach over base of Gerentol low back pain, Parkinson’s support indicator of 1990;45M192-7 risk for fall Timed Stands Measure lower Performance- Healthy males and Shorter time Csuka, M. AM J test extremity muscle based measure females, patients with indicates better Med 1985; 78:77- strength pulmonary, cardiology, performance 81 metabolic Timed Up and Measure mobility, Performance Elderly patients with Used to measure Podsiadlo D. J AM Go (TUG) balance and locomotor task balance disturbances risk of fall Geriatr Sco 1991; performance 39:142-8 Tinetti Test that measure the Performance Adult and elderly patients Maximum score is Tinetti ME. PT

patients gait and task 28, with the higher Bulletin 1993; 2:9, 188 balance scores a predictor of 40. falls

Impairment Test Description Format Population Interpretation How to access: Cost: Get Up and Go Measures the sense of Performance Elderly population A score of severely Mathias, S. Arch balance that the task abnormal meant the Phys Med Rehabil patient has patients appeared 1986;67:387-389 at a serious risk of falling

Behavior Geriatric Rating Designed to assess all Observation- Geriatric institutionalized Each scale yields a The Stockton <$10 Scale/ Stockton behaviors of patients based patients, including total summed score Geriatric Rating Geriatric Rating that contribute to their behavioral functional psychotic with higher scores Scale, Journal of Scale ability to leave the rating scale disorders and organic indicating greater Gerontology, 21, hospital. The GRS is a mental disease improvement 392-403. (1996) revision of the Stockton Cognition Allen Cognitive A clinical instrument to Task analysis Any psychiatric or The assigned S&S Worldwide Level (ACL) assess cognitive with standard cognitively impaired cognitive level PO Box 513 disability and suggest demonstration- population indicates the level of Colchester, CT treatment approach. instruction cognitive function 06415 Using a routine task. the patient is 1-800-243-9232 expected to perform Allen Standardized craft Rating scale Adolescents and adults of The outcome of the S&S Worldwide $$- Diagnostic activities are used to based on the both sexes who are at a patient’s PO Box 513 $$$ Model (ADM) evaluate and treat patients task cognitive level of 3 or performance Colchester, CT patients with cognitive performance higher indicates the 06415 disabilities functional cognitive 1-800-243-9232 level Blessed Attempts to quantify Rating scale Elderly people with Total score ranges http://www.stroke <$10 Dementia the degree of and checklist Dementia from 0-28 (fully center.org/trials/sc Rating Scale intellectual and based on semi- preserved capacity- ales/blessed_deme personality structured extreme incapacity) ntia.pdf deterioration in people interview and with Dementia. mental tasks Cognitive identifies general Screening test Adults who have Raw scores are Therapy Skill Assessment of cognitive problem using Q & A sustained a brain injury or plotted on a scoring Builders Minnesota areas to guide the and CVA and who are at a profile. Mild-Severe 800-228-0752 performance rancho level IV and above (CAM) selection of specific rating 189 treatment activities tasks Cognitive A functional Standardized Adults With mild- Scores range from AOTA, <$10 Performance assessment of ADL graded task moderate Alzheimer's Level1(lowest) -6 Bethesda, MD. Test(CPT) tasks, based on the performance on each task ACL Impairment Test Description Format Population Interpretation How to access: Cost: Global The scales were Behavior-based Patients with primary Describes the Or. Barry <$10 Deterioration developed to assess rating scales degenerative dementia cognitive skills and Reisberg, MD Dept Scale (GDS)/ the clinically resulting ADL status of Psychiatry, New Brief Cognitive identifiable and of the subject over York University Rating Scale ratable-stages of the long disease Medical Center, (BCRS)/ primary degenerative course 550 First Functional dementia and age- Avenue, New Assessment associated memory York, NY 10016 staging (FAST) impairment. BCRS and FAST were derived from GDS Mini-Mental A short and simple Standardized Neuro-geriatric Mean score for the Journal of $1.10 State (MMSE) qualitative measure of oral patients, good for those normal sample was Psychiatric Cognitive performance questionnaire patients who can 27.6 with range of Research, 12, cooperate for short 24-30 18g..198. (1975) Routine Task A measurement of Performance Adults who may have Ratings describe AOTA, Bethesda, $ Inventory (RI- impairment as it rating cognitive impairments behavior according MD Claudia Allen 2). Based on relates scale based on to the level of (1992) the ACL to the performance of observation, cognitive ability ADL. self- report, and/or structured interview Cognition Severe Assesses the low-level Performance Severely demented older Severity of Thames Valley $$$ Impairment patient with severe test and rating adults impairment is Test Co. Battery cognitive deficits. scale graded as reflected 517-732-3866 Demonstrates by the score performance on tow- level tasks and follows patterns of deterioration over time Dysphagia Dysphagia Designed to provide Checklist based Adults with a wide Yields a summary of Therapy Skill $$ Evaluation an objective and on observation variety of diagnoses that findings, indicating Builders

Protocol reliable measure of and may be associated with degree of assistance 800-228-0752 190 swallowing function performance acute or chronic dysphagia needed and recommendations for diet, therapy or additional referrals

Impairment Test Description Format Population Interpretation How to access: Cost:

Dyspnea Baseline/ Used to determine Interview COPO, asthma, CHF Lower score Mahler CA. Transitional the severity of indicates Chest Dyspnea Index dyspnea at a single Greater severity of 1984;85:751-8 point in time dyspnea Gait Gait Speed Developed to Performance Acute and chronic Allows to quantify Salbach NM. assess patients based on stroke, MS, OA, one aspect of Arch Phys Med exercise timed walk Alzheimer's, Parkinson's normal and Rehabil tolerance test pathologic gait 2001;82:1204-12 Gait Measures the Performance Elderly patients In long The higher the Wolfson L. Assessment relationship of gait based term care GARS score the Journal of Rating Score abnormalities to falls task more impaired the Gerontology patients gait is 1990;45(1):M12- 19 Functional Provides a clinical test Task Adult population, As the patient Nelson AJ. Ambulation of locomotor skill performance neuromuscular or improves the time Physical Therapy Profile exam musculoskeletal the patient takes 1974;54(10):105 disorders to complete the 9-1064 task decreases /HLVXUH Activity Index: Both instruments Structured Elderly, age 65 and over Both instruments AJOT, 37, 548-553 <$10 Activity examine the meaning interview and yield a summed (1983)/AJOT, 28, Patterns and and significance of self-report score for 337-345 (1974) Leisure activity and activity questionnaire participation in Concepts patterns among the activities, as well as Among the elderly listings of preferred Elderly/ activities Occupational Behavior and Life Satisfaction Among Retirees Motor Deuel’s Test of Designed to identify Motor Older patients with senile Total apraxia score Education Institute, <$10 Manual the presence, type and performance dementia of the (0-160), with a Inc. 310-940-7165

Apraxia severity of apraxia in rating scale alzheimer’s type cutoff score of 31 191 patients with dementia indicating level of function achieved

Impairment Test Description Format Population Interpretation How to access: Cost: Functional Test Designed to evaluate Battery of Adults with hemiparesis Yields a single score, Education Institute, <$10 for the the integrated function performance indicating level of Inc. 310-940-7165 Hemiparetic of the total tasks function achieved Upper hemiparetic upper Extremity extremity of the adult

Jebsen Hand Designed to assess the Standardized Children and adults, over Item scores are Sammons Preston, <$10 Function Test effective use of the norm-based 5 years of age compared to Inc. 800-323-5547 hands in everyday performance normative values activity by performing test according to age tasks similar to and sex functional manual activities Minnesota Tests are designed to Standardized Adults General American Guidance MRM Rate of measure manual speed tests interpretation of Service, Inc. T- Manipulation dexterity or speed of speed 800-428-7545 $$$M Tests (MRMT)/ gross arm and hand MDT- Minnesota movements during $$ Manual rapid eye-hand Dexterity Test coordination tasks (MMDT) Motor-Continued Motor Designed to Standardized Stroke patients Provides a visual Carr, J.H., <$10 Assessment quantitatively measure performance score on a graph, Shephard, R.B., Scale the motor recovery of scale indicating Nordholm, L stroke patients by motor/function using functional tasks recovery and tone. Physical Therapy, Offers immediate 65, 175-180 (1985) feedback to the patient

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Pain McGill Pain Provides a consistent Questionnaire Adult patients with pain A qualitative index Pain, 1, 277-299. <$10 Questionnaire method of measuring consists of 3 of pain and indicate (1975) Melzack, R. (MPQ) subjective pain groups of pains the extent of change (1983). Pain experience. descriptor in quality and measurement and words intensity of pain assessment. New (sensory, York. Raven Press. affective and evaluative) Disability Short and simple Self-rated Patients with low back Score ranges from 0 Roland, M., Morris, <$10 Questionnaire questionnaire that questionnaire pain (no disability) to 24 R.A. Spine, 8, 141- measures self-rated (severe disability) 144 (1983) disability due to back pain Oswestry Low Designed to measure Questionnaire Patients with low back Expressed as Physiotherapy, <$10 Back Pain the level of function as pain percentage: 0-20% 66,271-273 Disability an indication of min disability Questionnaire disability, limitations of 20-40% mod performance when disability compared to a fit 40-60% severe person disability 60-80% crippled 80-100% bed bound Pain Assess the AD patients Observation Advanced Dementia Higher score Warden 2003 <$10 Assessment in for nonverbal pain patients indicates greater Advanced indicators pain Dementia (PANAID) Numeric Pain Assess the patients 11 point scale Patients with orthopedic Scale of 0-10 and Jensen MP. Paon <$10 Rating Scale self-report of pain (0-100) dysfunction, acute and can vary 1986;27:117-26 (NPRS) chronic conditions and RA Pain-continued Roland Morris Assess functional status 24 item self- Patients with low back Scores can vary Roland M. Spine <$10 Questionnaire and pain-related report pain, acute, chronic from 0-24, highest 1983;8:141-4 disability status questionnaire to lowest functional

state 193 Visual Subjective Self-report Patients with acute pain, 100 mm straight Scott, J. Pain <$10 Analogue Scale measurement of pain chronic pain, RA, cancer, horizontal/ vertical 1976;2:175-84 (VAS) intensity orthopedic pain, TMJ line indicating intensity of pain

Impairment Test Description Format Population Interpretation How to access: Cost: Western To assess pain, stiffness Questionnaire Hip and knee OE and The total score form www.clinicmetrics. <$10 Ontario and disability in arthroplatsy patients the 3 subtests will net McMaster patients with determine the Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis of the impact of pain on Index hip or knee function and (WOMAC) disability

Perceived Exertion Borg’s rating Provides a measure of Self-report Children, young and older 15 grade rating scale Shop Kindred <$10 Scale of the patients perceived adults, healthy individuals, will assist in exercise Perceived exertion during work or respiratory conditions prescription Exertion (RPE) leisure activities COPD Self- Assess self-efficacy, Self-report Adults with chronic Higher scores Wigal JK. Chest Efficacy Scale condition-specific bronchitis and/or indicate higher 1991;99:1193-6 (CSES) measure emphysema efficiency Oxygen Cost Self-assessment tool Self- Patients with mild-severe 100 mm vertical line McGavin CR. BMJ Diagram (OCD) designed to allow assessment airflow limitation and with descriptions of 1978;2:241-3 patients to report their restrictive lung disease daily activities on functional exercise either side limitation Quality of Life Sickness Behaviorally based Self-rated Applicable to all types of Total score offers Sickness Impact <$10 impact Scale measure of perceived checklist severity of illnesses assistance to Profile, John (SIP) health status to detect determine health Hopkins University, changes of differences care planning and Baltimore, MD in health status that evaluation occurs over time Chronic Assess physical and Interview Patients with chronic Identifies the www.atsqol.org Respiratory emotional aspects of airflow limitation, COPD patients perceived Disease quality of life limitation of activity Questionnaire base on SOB Fibromyalgia Assess the current Questionnaire Patients with A higher score Burckhardt CS. J Impact health status of women fibromyalgia, RA indicates a poorer Rheumatol Questionnaire health status 1991;19:728-33 (FIQ) Nottingham Tool to evaluate the Self-report Patients with arthritis and Total core is used to McDowell I. Oxford

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