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A Footnote to the Colonial History of the Dutch East Indies

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A Footnote to the Colonial History of the Dutch East Indies A FOOTNOTE TO THE COLONIAL HISTORY OF THE DUTCH EAST INDIES The “Little East” in the first half of the nineteenth century1 Dr. Chris de Jong 1 Translated from Dutch by Truus Daalder-Broekman, Adelaide, Australia. PREFACE..................................................................................................................................... 3 1 THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE..................................................................................... 3 1.1 Location and population. ...................................................................................... 3 1.2 Fishing and Trade. ................................................................................................ 4 1.3 Wealth and prosperity........................................................................................... 5 1.4 But appearances were deceptive. .......................................................................... 6 2 THE LITTLE EAST IN A WIDER CONTEXT. ............................................................. 8 2.1 Administrative vacuum......................................................................................... 8 2.2 The return of the Dutch to the East Indies. ........................................................... 9 2.3 East Timor at the beginning of the 19th century.................................................... 9 3 THE STRUGGLE FOR THE EASTERN ARCHIPELAGO. ........................................ 11 3.1 The British-Dutch Treaties of 1814 and 1824. ................................................... 11 3.2 In practice. .......................................................................................................... 12 4 THE LITTLE EAST. ...................................................................................................... 15 4.1 Van Yperen, Reinwardt and Kam....................................................................... 15 4.2 A.J. Bik . ............................................................................................................. 16 4.3 Governor P. Merkus, “a man of liberal principles and enlightened mind” . ...... 16 4.4 Kolff and Kam. ................................................................................................... 18 4.5 Kam’s activities. ................................................................................................. 21 4.6 Churches and schools; isolation.......................................................................... 22 5 THE DUTCH ADMINISTRATION. ............................................................................. 27 5.1 Governing from a distance.................................................................................. 27 5.2 The chiefs............................................................................................................ 28 5.3 The “stranger-kings” (Dutch text needs correction). .......................................... 29 5.4 The officials of the colonial government ........................................................... 31 5.5 Colonial violence. ............................................................................................... 33 6 THE DUTCH EAST INDIES IN AN INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT........................ 35 6.1 Raffles and after.................................................................................................. 35 6.2 Strict rules in the East Indies. ............................................................................. 36 6.3 ............................................................................................................................. 38 6.4 A 19th century Dutch East India Company. ........................................................ 38 6.5 British reactions. ................................................................................................. 39 7 NEW BRITISH SETTLEMENTS.................................................................................. 41 7.1 Singapore, Port Cockburn and Fort Wellington. ................................................ 41 7.2 Port Essington. Emma Roberts.. ......................................................................... 44 7.3 The British claim to the north coast of Australia................................................ 47 7.4 Emporium Port Essington (1838-1849).............................................................. 48 7.5 Port Essington and the Little East....................................................................... 49 7.6 Shadrach Philippus. ............................................................................................ 51 7.7 Dunmore Lang. ................................................................................................... 52 8 THE AFTERMATH: THE END OF PORT ESSINGTON. DARWIN. ........................ 54 9 EPILOGUE..................................................................................................................... 56 Literature..................................................................................................................................... 58 A Footnote to the History of the Dutch East Indies 3 PREFACE Until the downfall of the Dutch United East India Company (VOC) towards the end of the 18th century, the “Little East” (“Kleine Oost”), the vast archipelago in the southern Moluccas between Timor and New Guinea (present day Papua, also known as West Papua), was no more than a footnote in history books. From about 1820, after half a century of de facto freedom and independ- ence, it was once more annexed by the Dutch and included in the newly formed colony of the Dutch East Indies. But there was competition. The British and the Portuguese were suspected of casting envious eyes on the enormous riches in natural resources of this distant and thinly popu- lated part of the East Indies archipelago. This essay will endeavour to place the integration of the Little East into the Dutch East Indies in a wider context than merely that of the internal administration. 1 THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE 1.1 Location and population The Little East consists of a large group of large and small islands in a vast ocean, which in earlier times were called the Southwestern and Southeastern Islands. A number is of volcanic origin, of which a few were still active in the recent past, such as Pulau Gunung Api, to the north of Wetar. Other islands are no more than a rock sticking up out of the water, sometimes surrounded by coral reefs. The westernmost island of the Southwestern group of islands was Wetar, an inhabited island to the north of East Timor. To the east of this were the also inhabited islands of Kisar, Roma, Leti, Moa and Babar. Lakor, Damar, Luang, Sermata, Teun, Nila, or the Sulphur Mountain, and Seru were smaller inhabited islands. At the start of the 19th century the total population of the Southwestern Islands was estimated to be around 19,000.2 To the east of these lay the Southeastern islands, which consisted of the Tanimbar Archipelago, with about 20,000 inhabitants, according to a very rough estimate, and to the north of this the Kei Archipelago3 with approximately 8,000 to 10,000 people, and the Aru or Pearl Archipelago with a population of approximately 15,000. The latter archipelago lies between Big-Kei and, what in 1700 was still seen as “the easternmost known shore of the world”, i.e. the southwest coast of New Guinea. Some writers include in the Southeastern Islands the islands between Ceram and the Kei Archipelago, and the eastern part of Ceram itself, which belonged to the Residence of Banda,4 but these islands will not be considered here. 2 J.B. Dielwart, “Rapporten van Aroe, Tenimber en Verdere Zuid Ooster en Zuid Wester Eilanden 1825”, INA, AAS b337/s101, Bt. 27/10/1826, nr 10. 3 The names “Kei”, “Kai” or “Kay” were used by migrants and Europeans. According to Rosenberg, Reize, 70, the indigenous names were (19th century) Evar (the entire Kei Archipelago), Ioet (Big Kei) and Noçhoçroa (Little Kei), 4 Cf. Van de Graaff, “Rapport over de Molukkos”, 192; and “Bijdrage tot de kennis der Zuid-Wester-eilanden, door eenen Zendeling”. Downloaded from www.cgfdejong.nl (Version 1.0, March 2012) V e r s i o n 3 .9 , 1 S e p tember 2013 A Footnote to the History of the Dutch East Indies 4 The inhabited islands of the Little East were just as many separate worlds, each with its own non- Malay language or languages, clans, history, economy and (primary oral) culture, of which, until after 1850, few or no details were known to the outside world.5 Pioneering research into the origins of the indigenous population and their languages has been carried out in the last decades. 19th Century travellers suspected that, in spite of differences, most languages had the same origin. Modern research has in broad outlines confirmed this hypothesis. The current point of view is that the ancestors of the indigenous people on the islands, referred to as Austronesians, came from Southeast China. From about 3000 BC they left the country of their birth in several waves, and spread out over the oceanic areas between the east coast of Africa and the islands to the east of New Guinea. In the Big (and Little) East the immigration reached its peak between 2500 and 1500 BC.6 As far as the eastern part of the archipelago is concerned, both legends and history point to the Buginese and the Macassarese from South Celebes as the first and most important colonisers of the modern era. On a number of islands they established trading posts, which in turn attracted all kinds of traders, migrants,
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