DOCSLIB.ORG

EFFECTS of BOTANICALS and BIOCONTROL AGENTS on GROWTH and AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION by Aspergillus Flavus INFECTING MAIZE in SOME PARTS of NIGERIA

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
EFFECTS of BOTANICALS and BIOCONTROL AGENTS on GROWTH and AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION by Aspergillus Flavus INFECTING MAIZE in SOME PARTS of NIGERIA EFFECTS OF BOTANICALS AND BIOCONTROL AGENTS ON GROWTH AND AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION BY Aspergillus flavus INFECTING MAIZE IN SOME PARTS OF NIGERIA BY OKECHI, OGECHUKWU CALISTA PG/Ph.D./09/54408 DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA ENUGU CAMPUS OCTOBER, 2014 TITLE PAGE EFFECTS OF BOTANICALS AND BIOCONTROL AGENTS ON GROWTH AND AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION BY Aspergillus flavus INFECTING MAIZE IN SOME PARTS OF NIGERIA BY OKECHI, OGECHUKWU CALISTA PG/Ph.D./09/54408 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES, FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D.) IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES (MEDICAL MIROBIOLOGY), COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA ENUGU CAMPUS SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR N.F. ONYEMELUKWE OCTOBER, 2014 i DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES COLLEGE OF MEDICINE UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA Telegrams NIGERSITY, ENUGU ENUGU CAMPUS HEAD OF DEPARTMENT NIGERIA OUR REF:……………………UN/CM/MLS/B2 Tel. YOUR REF: ……………… DATE: …………… CERTIFICATION Mr / Mrs / Miss OKECHI OGECHUKWU CALISTA a Ph.D student of the Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, majoring in MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY has satisfactorily completed the requirement for the research work. The results embodied in the work have not been submitted in part or full to any Diploma or Degree of this in any other University. Supervisor’s Name: PROF N .F. ONYEMELUKWE Signature: _____________________________________ ii DEDICATION To Almighty God and my loving mother Mrs. Caroline Nwamaka Okechi. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My profound gratitude goes to Almighty God for making this study a reality. Special thanks go to my supervisor Prof (Mrs) N. F. Onyemelukwe that made the completion of this study a reality. I am indebted to my Honey, Pharm Calistus Dozie Nwakile for his encouragement, guidance and generosity towards the realization of this study. My special gratitude goes to all my colleagues and laboratory supervisors for their encouragement and support; especially Mrs. Blessing Eluke, Mrs. Oluchi Okeh, Mrs Ngozi Ezeodili, Augustina Onovo, Obioma Omeje, Mrs Attah and Ceey in the Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus. My special thanks go to the staff of Emmanuel Research Centre, Uwani, Enugu. I also extend my gratitude to the staff of Institute of Human Virology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin who in one way or the other encouraged me during the course of the study especially in the pre-treatment and post-treatment data analyses. My thanks go to my academic adviser Barr (Dr) P.A Achukwu for his loyalty in the course of this study. I am indebted to R-Biopharm AG, Darmstadt, Germany, for their marvelous kind support in supplying the RIDASCREEN®Aflatoxin Total Enzymeimmunoassay kit for the quantitative analysis of aflatoxins. I continue to say a very big thank you again and May the Good Lord reward you abundtantly. Amen. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page i Certification ii Dedication iii Acknowledgements iv Table of Contents v List of tables viii List of Figures x Abstract xi CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Aims and Objectives 11 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 12 2.1 Definitions of Aspergilus flavus 12 2.1.1 Taxonomy of Aspergillus flavus 12 2.2 Variants Strains of A. flavus 13 2.2.1 Aspergillus flavus var. columnaris 13 2.2.2 Aspergillus flavus S and L strains 13 2.3 Life Cycle of Aspergillus flavus 13 2.4 Maize Production in Nigeria 23 2.4.1 Germplasm collection 25 2.4.2 Maize varieties grown in Nigeria 27 2.4.3 Aspergillus flavus in field maize 28 2.5 Effect of Aflatoxins on Livestock 31 2.6 Pathogenesis of Aflatoxin (AF) 34 2.7 Mechanism of Transmission of Aflatoxins 37 2.8 Aflatoxins used as Biological Weapons 38 2.9 Aflatoxin Infection Process 38 2.10 Clinical Syndrome of Aflatoxicosis 40 2.11 Pathogenic Mechanism of Aflatoxicosis 42 2.12 Detection of Aflatoxin 45 2.12.1 Other types of diagnostic tests 46 v 2.13 Preventive Measures of Aflatoxins 49 2.13.1 Other ways of preventing aflatoxin contamination in field 51 2.14 Biological Control of Aflatoxins 56 2.14.1 Use of plant extracts in controlling of aflatoxigenic fungi and aflatoxins 57 2.14.2 Plant oils on control of aflatoxigenic fungi and aflatoxins 59 2.15 Insecticidal Control of Aflatoxins on Crops 62 2.16 Use of Microbes as Biocontrol Agents of Aflatoxigenic Fungi 64 2.16.1 Biocontrol of bacteria and phytopathogenic fungi 65 2.16.2 Antagonism used as biocontrol agents 66 CHAPTER THREE 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 68 3.1 Study Area 71 3.2 Study Periods 71 3.3 Laboratory Procedure 76 3.3.1 Isolation of fungi from maize 76 3.3.1.A Mycological studies 76 3.3.1.B Laboratory studies 76 3.3.2.A Bacteriological studies 77 3.3.2.B Cultural techniques 77 3.3.2.C Identification of bacteria 78 3.4 Assay of Natural Occurence of Aflatoxin in Maize Samples. 82 3.4.1 Screening for natural aflatoxin from maize samples 82 3.4.1a Preparation of maize samples for measurement of Aflatoxin 83 3.4.1b Test procedure 83 3.5 Screening of Aspergillus flavus Isolates for Aflatoxigenic Potentials 84 3.5.1 Laboratory experiment to determine the aflatoxin producing ability of A. flavus isolates 84 3.6 Collection and Identification of Plant Materials for Extraction 85 3.6.1 Extraction of EOs and methanolic extracts from the plant leaves 85 3.6.1a Preparation of sample plants for extraction 86 3.6.1b Procedure for methanolic extraction 86 3.6.1c Procedure for extraction of EOs 86 3.7 Antifungal Activity of EOs and Methanolic Extracts of Some Plants 87 3.7.1 To determine the fungiotoxicity of the essential oil (EO) and plant extracts 87 vi 3.8 Antibacterial Activity of EOs and Methanolic Extracts of Some Plants 88 3.8.1 Determination of the bactericidal/ bacteristatic effects of the essential oil (EO) and plant extracts 88 3.9 Use of Botanicals (Phytocontrols) to Inhibit Growth of A. flavus and Aflatoxin (AF) Production 89 3.9.1 Treatment of maize with EOs and methanolic plant extracts methodology 89 3.10 Bioremediation Studies: 89 3.10.1 Preparation of inoculums 90 3.11 Biocontrol Experiments: (In-vitro Plate Assay) 91 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 RESULTS 93 CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 171 5.1 Discussion 171 5.2 Conclusions 190 5.3 Recommendations 191 References 193 Appendix 216 vii LIST OF TABLES Tables Title Page 3.1: Distribution According to Northern and Southern Maize Varieties 70 3.2: Distribution according to number of maize samples collected. 73 3.3: Distribution of maize batches sampled between 2011 and 2013 75 4.1: Overall incidence of mycoflora from eighteen different maize batches analysed. 94 4.2: Overall incidence of bacteria flora from eighteen different maize batches analysed. 110 4.3: Bacterial inhibition zone diameter using EO of Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) 118 4.4: Inhibition of growth of Geotrichum candidum by some edible plant extracts and essential Oils (EOs). 120 4.5: Bacteria inhibition zone diameter by Moringa Oleifera methanolic extracts. 122 4.6: Growth inhibition M (mm) of Aspergillus flavus on Cymbopogon citratus 124 4.7: Percentage growth inhibition ((M %) Of Aspergillus flavus on Cymbopogon citratus 125 4.8: Growth inhibition M (mm) of Aspergillus niger on Cymbopogon citratus 127 4.9: Percentage growth inhibition M(%) of Aspergillus niger on Cymbopogon citratus 128 4.10: Growth inhibition M (mm) of Aspergillus flavus on Ocimum gratissimum 130 4.11: Percentage Growth Inhibition M (%) OF Aspergillus flavus ON Ocimum gratissimum 131 4.12: Growth inhibition M (Mm) of Aspergillus niger on Ocimum gratissimum 133 4.13: Percentage growth inhibition M (%) of Aspergillus niger on Ocimum gratissimum 134 4.14: Growth inhibition M (mm) of Aspergillus flavus on Annona muricata 136 4.15: Percentage growth inhibition M (%) of Aspergillus flavus on Annona muricata 137 4.16: Growth inhibition M (mm) of Aspergillus niger on Annona muricata 139 4.17: Percentage growth inhibition M(%) of Aspergillus niger on Annona muricata 140 4.18: Growth inhibition M (mm) of Aspergillus flavus on Moringa oleifera. 142 4.19: Percentage growth inhibition M (%) of Aspergillus flavus on Moringa Oleifera 143 4.20: Growth inhibition M (mm) of Aspergillus niger on Moringa oleifera 145 4.21: Percentage growth inhibition M (%) of Aspergillus niger on Moringa oleifera 146 4.22: Total natural aflatoxin levels in maize batches collected from different parts of Nigeria 148 4.23: Total natural aflatoxin (AF) (ng/kg) reduction according to maize specification using eo of Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) 150 4.24: Total natural aflatoxin (AF) (ng/Kg) reduction according to maize specification using EO of Ocimum gratissimum (scent leaf) 152 viii LIST OF TABLES Contd. Tables Title Page 4.25: Total natural aflatoxin (AF) (ng/kg) reduction according to maize specification using methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera 154 4.26: Total natural aflatoxin (AF) (ng/kg) reduction according to maize specification using Methanolic extract of Annona muricata 156 4.27: Total natural aflatoxin (AF) (ng/kg) reduction according to maize specification using co-cultures of fungi isolated 162 4.28: Total natural aflatoxin (AF) (ng/kg) distribution according to maize specification using co-cultures of bacteria 164 4.29: Distribution according to % reduction with some extracts from edible plants in northern maize varieties in Nigeria 166 4.30: Distribution according to % reduction with some extracts from edible plants in southern maize varieties in Nigeria 168 4.31: Biocontrol effect of aflatoxin (AF) on growth of A.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Evolution of Secondary Metabolism Regulation and Pathways in the Aspergillus Genus
    THE EVOLUTION OF SECONDARY METABOLISM REGULATION AND PATHWAYS IN THE ASPERGILLUS GENUS By Abigail Lind Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Biomedical Informatics August 11, 2017 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Antonis Rokas, Ph.D. Tony Capra, Ph.D. Patrick Abbot, Ph.D. Louise Rollins-Smith, Ph.D. Qi Liu, Ph.D. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people helped and encouraged me during my years working towards this dissertation. First, I want to thank my advisor, Antonis Rokas, for his support for the past five years. His consistent optimism encouraged me to overcome obstacles, and his scientific insight helped me place my work in a broader scientific context. My committee members, Patrick Abbot, Tony Capra, Louise Rollins-Smith, and Qi Liu have also provided support and encouragement. I have been lucky to work with great people in the Rokas lab who helped me develop ideas, suggested new approaches to problems, and provided constant support. In particular, I want to thank Jen Wisecaver for her mentorship, brilliant suggestions on how to visualize and present my work, and for always being available to talk about science. I also want to thank Xiaofan Zhou for always providing a new perspective on solving a problem. Much of my research at Vanderbilt was only possible with the help of great collaborators. I have had the privilege of working with many great labs, and I want to thank Ana Calvo, Nancy Keller, Gustavo Goldman, Fernando Rodrigues, and members of all of their labs for making the research in my dissertation possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Carboxylesterase Activity of Filamentous Soil Fungi from a Potato Plantation in Mankayan, Benguet
    Studies in Fungi 4(1): 292–303 (2019) www.studiesinfungi.org ISSN 2465-4973 Article Doi 10.5943/sif/4/1/31 Carboxylesterase activity of filamentous soil fungi from a potato plantation in Mankayan, Benguet Poncian M, Beray BJW, Dadulla HCP and Hipol RM Department of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Baguio Poncian M, Beray BJW, Dadulla HCP, Hipol RM 2019 – Carboxylesterase activity of filamentous soil fungi from a potato plantation in Mankayan, Benguet. Studies in Fungi 4(1), 292–303, Doi 10.5943/sif/4/1/31 Abstract In this study, filamentous fungi were isolated from a soil sample from a farm in Mankayan, Benguet. The isolates were tested for the presence of carboxylesterase enzyme as it would indicate the ability to breakdown pyrethroid pesticides such as Cypermethrin. A total of fourteen fungal isolates were characterized morphologically and were identified using the D1/D2 regions of 28S rDNA. All were identified to be members of the Ascomycetes. Seven of the isolates belong to the genus Fusarium, and two were identified to be Aspergillus heteromorphus and Penicillium sp. All fourteen isolates exhibited carboxylesterase activity. Isolates BDP3 and BDP10 exhibited the greatest carboxylesterase activity. These two isolates, both unidentified Ascomycetes, are promising species for mycoremediation specifically targeting pyrethroid pesticides. Key words – Aspergillus heteromorphus – carboxylesterase – cypermethrin – pyrethroids Introduction The potential for bioremediation by fungi, also known as mycoremediation, is largely ignored. Singh (2006) says in his review paper that there is shortage of reports involving fungi in bioremediation because the biology and ecology of fungal metabolic processes are rarely examined.
    [Show full text]
  • Aphanoascus Fulvescens (Cooke) Apinis
    The ultimate benchtool for diagnostics. Introduction Introduction of ATLAS Introduction CLINICAL FUNGI Introduction The ultimate benchtool for diagnostics Introduction Introduction Introduction Sample pages Introduction G.S. de Hoog, J. Guarro, J. Gené, S. Ahmed, Introduction A.M.S. Al-Hatmi, M.J. Figueras and R.G. Vitale 1 ATLAS of CLINICAL FUNGI The ultimate benchtool for diagnostics Overview of approximate effective application of comparative techniques in mycology Use Strain Variety Species Genus Family Order Class Keyref Cell wall Tax Kreger & Veenhuis (191) Pore Tax Moore (198) Karyology Tax Takeo & de Hoog (1991) Co- Tax Yamada et al. (198) Carbohydrate pattern Tax eijman & Golubev (198) Classical physiology Tax Yarrow (1998) API 32C Diag Guého et al. (1994b) API-Zym Diag Fromentin et al. (1981) mole% G+C Tax Guého et al. (1992b) SSU seq Tax Gargas et al. (1995) SSU-RFLP Tax Machouart et al. (2006) LSU Diag Kurtzman & Robnett (1998) ITS seq/RFLP Diag Lieckfeldt & Seifert (2000) IGS Epid Diaz & Fell (2000) Tubulin Tax Keeling et al. (2000) Actin Tax Donnelly et al. (1999) Chitin synthase Tax Karuppayil et al. (1996) Elongation factor Diag Helgason et al. (2003) NASBA Tax Compton (1991) nDNA homology Epid Voigt et al. (199) RCA Epid Barr et al. (199) LAMP Tax Guého et al. (199) MLPA Diag Sun et al. (2010) Isoenzymes (MLEE) Epid Pujol et al. (199) Maldi-tof Diag Schrödl et al. (2012) Fish Diag Rigby et al. (2002) RLB Diag Bergmans et al. (2008) PCR-ELISA Diag Beifuss et al. (2011) Secondary metabolites Tax/Diag Frisvad & Samson (2004) SSR Epid Karaoglu et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Lists of Names in Aspergillus and Teleomorphs As Proposed by Pitt and Taylor, Mycologia, 106: 1051-1062, 2014 (Doi: 10.3852/14-0
    Lists of names in Aspergillus and teleomorphs as proposed by Pitt and Taylor, Mycologia, 106: 1051-1062, 2014 (doi: 10.3852/14-060), based on retypification of Aspergillus with A. niger as type species John I. Pitt and John W. Taylor, CSIRO Food and Nutrition, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia and Dept of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA Preamble The lists below set out the nomenclature of Aspergillus and its teleomorphs as they would become on acceptance of a proposal published by Pitt and Taylor (2014) to change the type species of Aspergillus from A. glaucus to A. niger. The central points of the proposal by Pitt and Taylor (2014) are that retypification of Aspergillus on A. niger will make the classification of fungi with Aspergillus anamorphs: i) reflect the great phenotypic diversity in sexual morphology, physiology and ecology of the clades whose species have Aspergillus anamorphs; ii) respect the phylogenetic relationship of these clades to each other and to Penicillium; and iii) preserve the name Aspergillus for the clade that contains the greatest number of economically important species. Specifically, of the 11 teleomorph genera associated with Aspergillus anamorphs, the proposal of Pitt and Taylor (2014) maintains the three major teleomorph genera – Eurotium, Neosartorya and Emericella – together with Chaetosartorya, Hemicarpenteles, Sclerocleista and Warcupiella. Aspergillus is maintained for the important species used industrially and for manufacture of fermented foods, together with all species producing major mycotoxins. The teleomorph genera Fennellia, Petromyces, Neocarpenteles and Neopetromyces are synonymised with Aspergillus. The lists below are based on the List of “Names in Current Use” developed by Pitt and Samson (1993) and those listed in MycoBank (www.MycoBank.org), plus extensive scrutiny of papers publishing new species of Aspergillus and associated teleomorph genera as collected in Index of Fungi (1992-2104).
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology Drives the Distribution of Specialized Tyrosine Metabolism Modules in Fungi
    GBE Ecology Drives the Distribution of Specialized Tyrosine Metabolism Modules in Fungi George H. Greene1, Kriston L. McGary1, Antonis Rokas1,*, and Jason C. Slot1,2 1Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University 2Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]. Accepted: December 21, 2013 Abstract Gene clusters encoding accessory or environmentally specialized metabolic pathways likely play a significant role in the evolution of fungal genomes. Two such gene clusters encoding enzymes associated with the tyrosine metabolism pathway (KEGG #00350) have been identified in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus.TheL-tyrosine degradation (TD) gene cluster encodes a functional module that facilitates breakdown of the phenolic amino acid, L-tyrosine through a homogentisate intermediate, but is also involved in the production of pyomelanin, a fungal pathogenicity factor. The gentisate catabolism (GC) gene cluster encodes a functional module likely involved in phenolic compound degradation, which may enable metabolism of biphenolic stilbenes in multiple lineages. Our investigation of the evolution of the TD and GC gene clusters in 214 fungal genomes revealed spotty distributions partially shaped by gene cluster loss and horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Specifically, a TD gene cluster shows evidence of HGT between the extremophilic, melanized fungi Exophiala dermatitidis and Baudoinia compniacensis, and a GC gene cluster shows evidence of HGT between Sordariomycete and Dothideomycete grass pathogens. These results suggest that the distribution of specialized tyrosine metabolism modules is influenced by both the ecology and phylogeny of fungal species. Key words: pathway evolution, phenolic compound, gene cluster, horizontal gene transfer. Introduction pairs that handle toxic intermediates (Slot and Rokas 2010; Takos and Rook 2012; McGary et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Drivers of Genetic Diversity in Secondary Metabolic Gene Clusters in a Fungal Population 5 6 7 8 Abigail L
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/149856; this version posted July 11, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 2 3 4 Drivers of genetic diversity in secondary metabolic gene clusters in a fungal population 5 6 7 8 Abigail L. Lind1, Jennifer H. Wisecaver2, Catarina Lameiras3, Philipp Wiemann4, Jonathan M. 9 Palmer5, Nancy P. Keller4, Fernando Rodrigues6,7, Gustavo H. Goldman8, Antonis Rokas1,2 10 11 12 1. Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, 13 Tennessee, USA. 14 2. Department of Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. 15 3. Department of Microbiology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal 16 4. Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 17 Madison, Wisconsin, USA 18 5. Center for Forest Mycology Research, Northern Research Station, US Forest Service, Madison, 19 Wisconsin, USA 20 6. Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 21 Braga, Portugal 22 7. ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal. 23 8. Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São 24 Paulo, Brazil 25 †Corresponding author and lead contact: [email protected] 26 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/149856; this version posted July 11, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny, Identification and Nomenclature of the Genus Aspergillus
    available online at www.studiesinmycology.org STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY 78: 141–173. Phylogeny, identification and nomenclature of the genus Aspergillus R.A. Samson1*, C.M. Visagie1, J. Houbraken1, S.-B. Hong2, V. Hubka3, C.H.W. Klaassen4, G. Perrone5, K.A. Seifert6, A. Susca5, J.B. Tanney6, J. Varga7, S. Kocsube7, G. Szigeti7, T. Yaguchi8, and J.C. Frisvad9 1CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; 2Korean Agricultural Culture Collection, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon, South Korea; 3Department of Botany, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; 4Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, C70 Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, 532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; 5Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy; 6Biodiversity (Mycology), Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; 7Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; 8Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8673, Japan; 9Department of Systems Biology, Building 221, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark *Correspondence: R.A. Samson, [email protected] Abstract: Aspergillus comprises a diverse group of species based on morphological, physiological and phylogenetic characters, which significantly impact biotechnology, food production, indoor environments and human health. Aspergillus was traditionally associated with nine teleomorph genera, but phylogenetic data suggest that together with genera such as Polypaecilum, Phialosimplex, Dichotomomyces and Cristaspora, Aspergillus forms a monophyletic clade closely related to Penicillium. Changes in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants resulted in the move to one name per species, meaning that a decision had to be made whether to keep Aspergillus as one big genus or to split it into several smaller genera.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Riverside UC Riverside Previously Published Works
    UC Riverside UC Riverside Previously Published Works Title A fungal phylogeny based on 82 complete genomes using the composition vector method Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5xt677h2 Journal BMC Evolutionary Biology, 9(1) ISSN 1471-2148 Authors Wang, Hao Xu, Zhao Gao, Lei et al. Publication Date 2009-08-10 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-195 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California BMC Evolutionary Biology BioMed Central Research article Open Access A fungal phylogeny based on 82 complete genomes using the composition vector method Hao Wang1, Zhao Xu1, Lei Gao2 and Bailin Hao*1,3,4 Address: 1T-life Research Center, Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China, 2Department of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA(92521), USA, 3Institute of Theoretical Physics, Academia Sinica, Beijing 100190, PR China and 4Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM(87501), USA Email: Hao Wang - [email protected]; Zhao Xu - [email protected]; Lei Gao - [email protected]; Bailin Hao* - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 10 August 2009 Received: 30 September 2008 Accepted: 10 August 2009 BMC Evolutionary Biology 2009, 9:195 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-195 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/9/195 © 2009 Wang et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomic Studies on the Genus Aspergillus
    Studies in Mycology 69 (June 2011) Taxonomic studies on the genus Aspergillus Robert A. Samson, János Varga and Jens C. Frisvad CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands An institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Studies in Mycology The Studies in Mycology is an international journal which publishes systematic monographs of filamentous fungi and yeasts, and in rare occasions the proceedings of special meetings related to all fields of mycology, biotechnology, ecology, molecular biology, pathology and systematics. For instructions for authors see www.cbs.knaw.nl. ExEcutivE Editor Prof. dr dr hc Robert A. Samson, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected] Layout Editor Manon van den Hoeven-Verweij, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected] SciEntific EditorS Prof. dr Dominik Begerow, Lehrstuhl für Evolution und Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, Gebäude ND 44780, Bochum, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] Prof. dr Uwe Braun, Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Biologie, Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, D-06099 Halle, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] Dr Paul Cannon, CABI and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, U.K. E-mail: [email protected] Prof. dr Lori Carris, Associate Professor, Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Descriptions of Medical Fungi
    DESCRIPTIONS OF MEDICAL FUNGI THIRD EDITION (revised November 2016) SARAH KIDD1,3, CATRIONA HALLIDAY2, HELEN ALEXIOU1 and DAVID ELLIS1,3 1NaTIONal MycOlOgy REfERENcE cENTRE Sa PaTHOlOgy, aDElaIDE, SOUTH aUSTRalIa 2clINIcal MycOlOgy REfERENcE labORatory cENTRE fOR INfEcTIOUS DISEaSES aND MIcRObIOlOgy labORatory SERvIcES, PaTHOlOgy WEST, IcPMR, WESTMEaD HOSPITal, WESTMEaD, NEW SOUTH WalES 3 DEPaRTMENT Of MOlEcUlaR & cEllUlaR bIOlOgy ScHOOl Of bIOlOgIcal ScIENcES UNIvERSITy Of aDElaIDE, aDElaIDE aUSTRalIa 2016 We thank Pfizera ustralia for an unrestricted educational grant to the australian and New Zealand Mycology Interest group to cover the cost of the printing. Published by the authors contact: Dr. Sarah E. Kidd Head, National Mycology Reference centre Microbiology & Infectious Diseases Sa Pathology frome Rd, adelaide, Sa 5000 Email: [email protected] Phone: (08) 8222 3571 fax: (08) 8222 3543 www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au © copyright 2016 The National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry: creator: Kidd, Sarah, author. Title: Descriptions of medical fungi / Sarah Kidd, catriona Halliday, Helen alexiou, David Ellis. Edition: Third edition. ISbN: 9780646951294 (paperback). Notes: Includes bibliographical references and index. Subjects: fungi--Indexes. Mycology--Indexes. Other creators/contributors: Halliday, catriona l., author. Alexiou, Helen, author. Ellis, David (David H.), author. Dewey Number: 579.5 Printed in adelaide by Newstyle Printing 41 Manchester Street Mile End, South australia 5031 front cover: Cryptococcus neoformans, and montages including Syncephalastrum, Scedosporium, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Microsporum, Purpureocillium, Paecilomyces and Trichophyton. back cover: the colours of Trichophyton spp. Descriptions of Medical Fungi iii PREFACE The first edition of this book entitled Descriptions of Medical QaP fungi was published in 1992 by David Ellis, Steve Davis, Helen alexiou, Tania Pfeiffer and Zabeta Manatakis.
    [Show full text]
  • Sequencing of Mitochondrial Genomes of Nine Aspergillus And
    Joardar et al. BMC Genomics 2012, 13:698 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/698 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Sequencing of mitochondrial genomes of nine Aspergillus and Penicillium species identifies mobile introns and accessory genes as main sources of genome size variability Vinita Joardar1*, Natalie F Abrams1, Jessica Hostetler1, Paul J Paukstelis2, Suchitra Pakala1, Suman B Pakala1, Nikhat Zafar1, Olukemi O Abolude3, Gary Payne4, Alex Andrianopoulos5, David W Denning6 and William C Nierman1 Abstract Background: The genera Aspergillus and Penicillium include some of the most beneficial as well as the most harmful fungal species such as the penicillin-producer Penicillium chrysogenum and the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus, respectively. Their mitochondrial genomic sequences may hold vital clues into the mechanisms of their evolution, population genetics, and biology, yet only a handful of these genomes have been fully sequenced and annotated. Results: Here we report the complete sequence and annotation of the mitochondrial genomes of six Aspergillus and three Penicillium species: A. fumigatus, A. clavatus, A. oryzae, A. flavus, Neosartorya fischeri (A. fischerianus), A. terreus, P. chrysogenum, P. marneffei, and Talaromyces stipitatus (P. stipitatum). The accompanying comparative analysis of these and related publicly available mitochondrial genomes reveals wide variation in size (25–36 Kb) among these closely related fungi. The sources of genome expansion include group I introns and accessory genes encoding putative homing endonucleases, DNA and RNA polymerases (presumed to be of plasmid origin) and hypothetical proteins. The two smallest sequenced genomes (A. terreus and P. chrysogenum) do not contain introns in protein-coding genes, whereas the largest genome (T.
    [Show full text]
  • Classification of Aspergillus, Penicillium
    available online at www.studiesinmycology.org STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY 95: 5–169 (2020). Classification of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Talaromyces and related genera (Eurotiales): An overview of families, genera, subgenera, sections, series and species J. Houbraken1*, S. Kocsube2, C.M. Visagie3, N. Yilmaz3, X.-C. Wang1,4, M. Meijer1, B. Kraak1, V. Hubka5, K. Bensch1, R.A. Samson1, and J.C. Frisvad6* 1Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands; 2Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; 3Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, P. Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa; 4State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3, 1st Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China; 5Department of Botany, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; 6Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, B. 221, Kongens Lyngby, DK 2800, Denmark *Correspondence: J. Houbraken, [email protected]; J.C. Frisvad, [email protected] Abstract: The Eurotiales is a relatively large order of Ascomycetes with members frequently having positive and negative impact on human activities. Species within this order gain attention from various research fields such as food, indoor and medical mycology and biotechnology. In this article we give an overview of families and genera present in the Eurotiales and introduce an updated subgeneric, sectional and series classification for Aspergillus and Penicillium. Finally, a comprehensive list of accepted species in the Eurotiales is given. The classification of the Eurotiales at family and genus level is traditionally based on phenotypic characters, and this classification has since been challenged using sequence-based approaches.
    [Show full text]