Index

1206 Radar Program, 134 Agreement on Border 14K Triad, 80 Security (1967), linkage to China and North and , Korea, 82 129 1st Group Agreement on Information (Airborne), 76 Exchange and Establishment of A Communication Abdul Khayer Alonto, 86 Procedures (2002), Abdurajak Abubakar 122–24, 133 Janjalani, 73, 75 AK-47, 28, 30, 111 Abkhazia, 32 durability and reliability, 31 Group (ASG), 7, introduction into tribally 41, 73–78 violent societies, 35 dwindling support, 75 Al Harakat Al Islamiya, 73 raid on Sipadan, 145 Al Khobar gang, 80 Aceh, 42 Al Qaeda, 6, 30 , 40 arms from Afghanistan abandoned stockpiles of conflict, 41 guns, 23 black arms transfers from, African Market Complex, 33 35–37 Albania, 31–32 Agreement on Border Ambalat dispute, 130 Crossing, Philippines American Market Complex, and Indonesia, 128 27–30

08 Sulu_AM Index.indd 201 1/18/11 1:23:52 PM 202 Index

“ammo dumps”, 39 grey, 20 Andaman sub-regional secondary sources, 23 market complex, 42 source, 23–24 Anglo-Malayan Defense transporter, 25–27 Arrangement (AMDA), types, 19–20 123 white, 20 Angola, 35 ASEAN Centre for Ant traders, 26, 79 Combating anti-communist groups, U.S. Transnational Crime supported, 28 (ACTC), 126 anti-smuggling agreements, ASEAN Plan of Action bilateral, 60 (PoA) to Combat Anti-Smuggling Treaty Transnational Crime, (1967), 128–29 120, 122, 125–26 apartheid, fall of, South ASEAN Way, 119 Africa, 36 Association of Southeast Armed Forces of the Asian Nations (ASEAN) Philippines (AFP), 7 export controls variations, leakage of military grade 110 explosives, 78 formation of, 60 leakage of M16s, 112 Astami, Shuaiv, 96 recruitment and training of profile of a broker, 97 covert force of Moro Autonomous Region of guerrillas, 66 Muslim Mindanao Armed Islamic Group (GIA), (ARMM), 160 74 Maritime Industry arms manufacturers, Authority, 141 numbers, 2 Avdeev, Igor, 53 arms market aviation law, 105 black, 21 broker, 25 B components, 22–27 Balkans, war, 31 consumer, 24–25 Basilan Island, 7, 140

08 Sulu_AM Index.indd 202 1/18/11 1:23:53 PM Index 203

Batam Agreement, 122, 125 Bureau of Fisheries and Batchelor’s rankings, 58 Aquatic Resources Belgium, 30 (BFAR), 141 Ostend, 35 Bureau of Immigration and Beretta, 34 Deportation (BID), 141 bilateral agreements, effect on Sulu arms market, C 118 Cambodia bilateral anti-smuggling abandoned stockpiles of agreements, 60 guns, 23 bilateral initiatives, 126–30 Chinese arms, 42 Malaysia and Indonesia, Camp Abu Bakar, 109 129–30 Caucuses, national Philippines and Indonesia, fragmentation, 32 128 Cebu, 77 Philippines and Malaysia, maritime security 128–29 conference (2007), Bintang Class patrol boats, 122 143 paltiks from, 81 , 60 Central Asian Market Bout, Viktor, 25, 35, 53 Complex, 40–42 delivery of Libyan arms to Chechen separatists, 41 Mindanao, 71 Chechnya, 32 Brazil, arms manufacturer, 29 China, production capacity, brokers, military 44 backgrounds, 25 China North Industries Buli Sim Sim, 100 Corporation (Norinco), Bureau 39, 43 45 Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco Chinese Triads, 30 and Firearms (ATF), Coast Watch South (CWS), 139 120, 160 Bureau of Customs coastal radar, 5 (BUCUS), 141 Cold War, new sponsors, 63

08 Sulu_AM Index.indd 203 1/18/11 1:23:53 PM 204 Index

Colombia culture, of smuggling, 94 Revolutionary Armed Cyprus, 30 Forces of Colombia (FARC), 29 D leakage of guns from Dagestan, 32 military and police, DAMCOR (Danao Arms 29 Corporation), 111 command centre systems, 5 Damnjanovic, Tomislav, 35 Communists, 64 Davao City, 86 concealment, hiding of illegal gun factories, 81 contraband, 104 Department of Environment Confrontation, 85 and Natural Resources contraband, concealment, 104 (DENR), 141 Cooperation Afloat, drop zones, remote, 105 Readiness and Training Dudayev, Dzhokhar, 32 (CARAT) exercises, E 134, 136 European Aeronautic Defense cooperative agreements, and Space ASEAN member (EADS), 44 countries, 120 European Market Complex, Corregidor Island, 67 30–34 corruption, 106–8 European Union, export counter-proliferation debate, regulations, 33 1 counter-trafficking measures, F 5 facilitators, Indonesian or regional, 118–52 Filipino origin, 100 Cowie, William C., 61, 99 Fathur Rohman al-Ghozi, 77 Cox’s Bazaar, 43 firearms criminal gangs, Malaysia, availability, relationship to gun-running activities, homicide and suicide 8 rates, 2 Cuba, 28 numbers in existence, 1

08 Sulu_AM Index.indd 204 1/18/11 1:23:54 PM Index 205

Five Power Defence Hezbollah, 30 Arrangements (FPDA), Hong Kong, organized crime 122–23 syndicates, 80 flight plans, fictional, 105 Hukbalahaps, 64–65 FN Herstal, 34 I G Iligan City, 104 gangsters, Philippines, 79 illicit arms market Giat Industries, 34 components, 10–11 Global War on Terrorism global trade, 19–50 (GWOT), 5, 41, 130 illegal , 127 , 34 Inagawa-Kai Yakuza, 80 Glock pistols, 40 Indian gangsters, 42 Graduate Institute of Indonesian Maritime Security International Studies, Coordinating Board Geneva, 10 (IMSCB), 133, 165 Green Berets, 76 insurgent stockpiles, 110 Green, Timothy, 35, 110, Integrated Area Defence 156 System (IADS), 123 gun collectors, peaceful, 24 International Law gun control advocates, 8 Enforcement Academy gun-running routes, 95 (ILEA), Bangkok, 132, guns, shipped to Kudat, 86 138–39, 164 gunshot wounds, death from, International Ship and Port 2 Facility Security Code (ISPS), 142 H Iran Haji Andres, as facilitator in changes in leadership, 38 Kudat, 96 grey arms transfers from, 33 Harakat ul-Mujahedin Iran-Iraq War, 38 (HuM), 41, 74 Iraq, 39 Hashim Salamat, 69–70 Iraqi , U.S.-supplied Heckler & Koch, 34 firearms, 39

08 Sulu_AM Index.indd 205 1/18/11 1:23:54 PM 206 Index

Iraqi Security Forces, 32 Joint U.S. Military Islamic Army of Aden, 74 Assistance Group– Islamic militants, need for Philippines (JUSMAG- guns, 63 Phil), 135 Islamic Movement of Jolo, Spanish blockade, 97 Uzbekistan (IMU), 74 Israeli-Palestinian conflict, K 37 Kabataang Makabayang, 85 Italy, 30 Kabul, 41 Karbala, Iraq, 38 J Khadaffi, Muammar, 68 Jabidah Massacre, 67 deal for Sipadan hostages, Jamal-ul-Azam (Sultan), 61 75 import of firearms from Khaddafy Janjalani, 76 Singapore, 62 Khmer Rouge, 64 Japanese gangs, preference Kinabatangan , 100 for Danao guns, 81 Konfrontasi, 85 Jemaah Islamiya (JI), 6, 74 legacy of, 130 destruction of network, Korean Worker’s Party, 43 154 Kudat, facilitator present in, focus of Global War on 96 Terrorism, 131 Kumpulan Mujahedin Joint Committee on Border Malaysia (KMM), 74 Cooperation, 129 Kurds, Iraq, 39 Joint Interagency Coordination group L (JIACG), U.S. Pacific Labuan, 83 Command (PACOM), Labuan Trading Company, 132 61 Joint Interagency Task Lahad Datu, 98 Force–West (JIATF-W), Lebanon, grey arms transfers 138 from, 33

08 Sulu_AM Index.indd 206 1/18/11 1:23:55 PM Index 207

Liberation Tigers of Tamil MMEA’s jurisdiction, Eelam (LTTE), 6, 41, 74 158 Libya, contribution to Joint Task Force 2, 145 MNLF, 69 Marine Operations Force, Ligitan, 122 100, 120, 143 competing with MMEA M for funding, 144 M16s jurisdiction, 151 Iraqi Army, 40 national efforts, 142–46 Macapagal, Diosdado, 66 security services, secrecy, MacArthur, Douglas 14 (General), clandestine strained relations with delivery techniques, 63 Philippines, , 5 Macedonia, 31 Malaysian Army, vulnerable Mafia, Russia see Russian to leakage, 156 Mafia Malaysian Army Staff Maimbung, deliveries College, visit to diverted to, 97 Indonesian General , Border Committee 63 office, 127 Malaysia Malaysian Federation, agencies responsible over establishment of, 66 littoral security, 9 Malaysian Maritime credibility booster, MILF- Enforcement Agency Philippines peace (MMEA), 120 talks, 155 Malaysian Maritime establishment of littoral Enforcement Agency enforcement units, (MMEA) Act, 143 119 Maluku see Moluccas Exclusive Economic Zone Maluku route cluster, 95–96 (EEZ), 145 Mandaue, 81 gun-running problem, 8 Manila Bay, 67

08 Sulu_AM Index.indd 207 1/18/11 1:23:55 PM 208 Index

Maoist insurgent groups, 64 Moro Islamic Liberation Marcos, Ferdinand, 66 Front (MILF), 5, 41, declaration of martial law 69–73 (1971), 68 confidence building Marine Force Reconnaissance measures with , 141 Manila, 154 maritime law, 105 garrisons in Muslim Maritime Security towns, 77 Conferences, 132–33 relative peace with Manila, Mayor of Balabac, 96 93 Memorandum of training camps, 72 Understanding on Moro nation, 62 Defense Cooperation, Moro National Liberation 129 Front (MNLF), 41, Methamphetamine, 82 65–70 Mexico, leakage from end of relations with military and police, 29 Malaysia, 154 Middle East, sponsors from, negotiation for autonomy, 43 70 Middle Eastern Market Multi-National Security Complex, 37–40 Transition Command– Mindanao, 60 Iraq, 40 ammunition into, 4 multilateral cooperative high number of guns, 156 initiatives, 120–23 Ministry of People’s Armed Multilateral Maritime Forces, 43 Security Conference, 133 Mohammed Jamal Khalifa, multinational legal 71 framework, creation of, Moldova, 30 161 Moluccas, ammunition into, Myanmar 4 black arms market, Moro, Declaration of Rights participation, 21 and Purposes, 62 Chinese arms, 42

08 Sulu_AM Index.indd 208 1/18/11 1:23:56 PM Index 209

N Norwegian Initiative on Nagorno-Karabakh, 32 Small Arms Transfers, 10 National Defense Nunukan, 99 Authorization Act Nur Misuari, 65, 155 section (1206), 134 direct ties with Arab section (1207), 137 sponsors, 68 section (1902), 137 negotiation for autonomy, National Democratic Front 70 for Bodoland (NDFB), return to Mindanao, 67 41 national fragmentation, Black O Sea region, 32 officials, bribes given to, 107 National Liberation Army Operation Balikatan, 140 (ELN), 29–30 Operation Enduring Nationalist Socialist Council Freedom–Philippines of Nagaland (NSCN), (OEF-P), 7, 140, 155 41 Operation Ultimatum, 76, 140 Naval Air Group Islander, 141 Organization of the Islamic Naylor, R.T., 21 Conference (OIC), 68 New People’s Army, 64 averse to supporting Nicaragua, Contras, 28 minority groups, 87 Nixon, Richard, declaration contribution to MNLF, 69 of War on Drugs, 28 organized crime syndicates, North Atlantic Treaty 80–82 Organization (NATO), 30 Osama bin Laden, 6, 32, 71, North Korea 73 black arms market, Ostend, Belgium, 35 participation, 21 overproduction, 110 use of front companies in Hong Kong, 82 P Northeast Asia, 44–45 -Afghan frontier, percentage of global arms quality and volume of production, 58 handmade firearms, 41

08 Sulu_AM Index.indd 209 1/18/11 1:23:56 PM 210 Index

Pakistani Inter-Services Philippines Intelligence agency agencies responsible for (ISI), 40 littoral security, 9 Palawan route cluster, 96–97 Armed Forces see Palestine Liberation Armed Forces of the Organization (PLO), 37 Philippines arming of NPA, 64 banning sale of Palestinian Authority, Fatah- gunpowder, 61 led, 38 establishment of littoral Palmas Island, dispute over, enforcement units, 122 119 paltik licensed manufacturers, counterfeits of Western 110–11 models, 81 Maritime Industry paltik industries, 111 Authority Pangkor Island, 67 (MARINA), 160 Pathet Lao, 64 national efforts, 139–42 Pavel Grachev, 32 number of firearms, 4 peacekeeping, expansion of, post-war, political 3 environment, 63 Pelabuhan Baru, 100 reissuing confiscated Pentagon gang, 80 firearms, 22 , outgunned Phuket, Thailand, 43 by Moro rebels, 6 pistols, Glock, 40 , 120, political importance, guns, 3 141, 161 politicians , 81 Sulu Arms Market, 79 Philippine National Police tribe-centric, 80 (PNP) Maritime Group, Poly Technologies, 45 141, 160 Popular Front for the Philippine National Police Liberation of Palestine (PNP), 74, 140 (PFLP), 37

08 Sulu_AM Index.indd 210 1/18/11 1:23:56 PM Index 211

R Sebatik, 99 Ranong, Thailand, 43 Senate Armed Services Regional Cooperation Committee, 134–36 Agreement on Sendero Luminoso (The Combating Piracy Shining Path), 30 and Armed Robbery Serbia, 30 against Ships in Asia Shabu, 82 (ReCAAP), 123–25 shipped to Kudat, 96 regional market complexes, Shamil Basayev, 32 27 Sharjah, United Arab Revised Agreement on Direct Emirates (UAE), 35 Liaison and Coordinated SIG Arms, 34 Patrol Operations, 128 Sipadan, 75, 122 Revolutionary Armed Forces small arms of Colombia (FARC), impact of availability, 2 29 proliferation, management, , 34 3 Royal Malaysian Police, 100, Small Arms Survey, 10, 21, 142 52 Russian Mafia, 30 smuggling black arms transfers from, avoidance of authorities, 33 102–4 camouflage, 104 S deception, 105 Sabah, 98 definition, 94 clans, 9 importance of speed, 103 , roads connected to stealth, 103 Tawau, 99 smuggling culture, 94 Sarangani Coast, 103 smuggling routes, 83 Saudi Arabia, grey arms South Africa, 36 transfers from, 33 South Asian Market Schuck, H., 61, 99 Complex, 40–42

08 Sulu_AM Index.indd 211 1/18/11 1:23:57 PM 212 Index

South Korea, production Sulu Archipelago, clans, 9 capacity, 44 colonial history, 60–62 South Ossetia, 32 smuggling, 97 Southeast Asia Cooperation Sulu Arms Market Against Terrorism at crossroads, 157 (SEACAT) exercise, 136 cooperative initiatives Southeast Asia Tri-Border affecting, 121 Initiative (SATI), 132, demand 137–38, 159 principles and practices, Southeast Asian arms market, 101–8 study on, 11 routes, 92–101 Southeast Asian Market gateway for guns entering, Complex, 42–44 98 Southern Thailand, 42 historical roots, 9–10 Soviet equipment, 28 importance, 1–7 Spain, counter-trafficking mid-1960s, grey market, 63 efforts, 61 qualitative approach in Special Inspector General research, 13 for Iraq Reconstruction source of supply, 108–12 (SIGIR), 55 government arsenals, Special Operations Group, 111–12 MILF group, 72 insurgent stockpiles, 109 Spratly sub-regional market regional production, complex, 42–43 110–11 Sri Lanka, 42 supply and demand, Sterling Armaments, 34 93–112 Steyr-AUG rifles, 112 Sulu nationalism, 86 Steyr-Mannlicher, 34 Sulu route cluster, 97–101 stockpiles, insurgents, 109, 110 Sulu traffickers, 94 Strait of Malacca, 42 Sulu Zone, historical Sudan, 20 accounts of Sultanate of Brunei, 98 American and British Sulu, sultans of, 61 administrations, 10

08 Sulu_AM Index.indd 212 1/18/11 1:23:57 PM Index 213

Superferry 14, bombing of, Tripoli peace agreement, 69, 76 72 Sunni-Shia divide, 37 Tun Mustafa, 67 Turkey, grey arms transfers T from, 33 Taiwan appearance of guns from U Sabah, 82 UN Convention on the Law production capacity, 43 of the Sea (UNCLOS), Taiwanese gangs, 80 123 preference for Danao guns, United Arab Emirates, 81 Sharjah, 35 Taliban United Liberation Front of Chinese weaponry, 42 Assam (ULFA), 41 grey arms transfers from, United Nations, 3–4 33 United Nations Office for Tawau, 98 the Coordination of Tawi-Tawi, 67 Humanitarian Affairs, Thai-Myanmar frontier, 42 52 Theatre Security Cooperation United States Plan (TSCP), 132, multilateralism in Sulu 134–36, 164 Arms Market, 130–42 Transdnistria, 30, 32 need to leverage transnational threats, intelligence and other influence of United capabilities, 166 States, 119 U.S. Coast Guard, combined transporters, 25–27 exercises with, 138 tri-border area, 4 U.S. Department of Defense Tri-Border Interagency Directive, Military Security Conference, 133 Support for Stability, Tripartite Technical Experts Security, Transition and Group (TTEG) on Reconstruction (SSTR) Maritime Security, 125 Operations, 131

08 Sulu_AM Index.indd 213 1/18/11 1:23:58 PM 214 Index

U.S. Drug Enforcement W Agency (DEA), 139 Wali Khan Amin Shah, 74 U.S. Military, little warfare, shift from interstate knowledge of Sulu to intrastate, 3 Arms Market, 8 Warsaw Pact, 30 U.S. Navy, joint exercise weaponry, global trade, 19 with Malaysian Marine Western European producers, Operations Force, licensing agreements 151–52 with manufacturers, 33 U.S. Pacific Command Western Mindanao Command (PACOM), Security (WESTMINCOM), 141, Assistance and 161 International Logistics white market guns, 22 , 135 World-MPC (Worker’ League U.S. Special Operations of Danao Multi-Purpose Command, 140 Cooperative), 111

V Yakuza, 80 Vietnam Yousef, Ramzi, 74 abandoned stockpiles of Yugoslavia, former leaders, guns, 23 31 captured American weaponry, 64 Z Vietnam War, 42 Zaire, 35

08 Sulu_AM Index.indd 214 1/18/11 1:23:58 PM