Politics, Development and Security in Oceania Politics, Development and Security in Oceania Edited by David Hegarty and Darrell Tryon Studies in State and Society in the Pacific No. 7 Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at http://epress.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: Politics, development and security in Oceania / edited by David Hegarty and Darrell Tryon. ISBN: 9781922144867 (pbk.) 9781922144874 (ebook) Subjects: Developing island countries. Australia--Foreign relations--Oceania. France--Foreign relations--Oceania. Other Authors/Contributors: Hegarty, David, 1943- Tryon, Darrell. Dewey Number: 327.94095 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU E Press Printed by Griffin Press This edition © 2013 ANU E Press Contents Preface . vii Contributors . ix Acknowledgements . xi Tables and figures . xiii The Pacific Islands Map . xv Opening Address to ‘Politics, Development and Security in Oceania’ International Colloquium, Noumea . xvii Mr Philippe Gomès, President of the Government of New Caledonia, 2009-2011 Introduction 1 . A Changing Oceania . 3 David Hegarty Oceania and its Inheritance 2. Post-Colonial Political Institutions in the South Pacific Islands: A Survey . 29 Jon Fraenkel 3 . The Military in Post-Colonial Fiji . 51 Jone Baledrokadroka 4 . The Political Roles of the Fiji Military: A Brief History of the Chiefs’ Warriors, Heroes of the World Wars, Peacekeepers and Dictators . 57 Hélène Goiran 5 . One Party State: The Samoan Experience . 69 Afamasaga Toleafoa 6 . Instability and Stability in New Caledonia . 77 Jean-Yves Faberon 7. Democracy in French Polynesia . 83 Sémir Al Wardi v Oceania: Current Needs and Challenges 8 . Stability, Security and Development in Oceania: Whose Definitions? . 99 Treva D. Braun 9. Millennium Development Goals and the Pacific . 127 Linda Petersen 10. Leading the March for Gender Equality? Women Leaders in the Public Services of Samoa and Solomon Islands . 139 Asenati Liki Chan Tung 11. Young People Creating the Future Today: Youth Development in the Pacific . 147 Rose Maebiru 12 . Tourism Issues in the Pacific . 153 Susana Taua’a 13. Rural Development: Back on the Agenda in the Western Pacific? . 165 Matthew G. Allen Oceania and its Wider Setting 14. Regionalism: Performance and Promise . 179 Henry Ivarature 15 . How Relevant are European Models of Government to Pacific Island States? . 195 Jon Fraenkel 16. Regional Security and the Major Powers: An Overview . 205 James Bunce vi Preface French and Australian collaborative research in the humanities and the social sciences in the South Pacific has grown and intensified significantly over the past two decades, beginning with the international symposium Changing Identities in the Pacific at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century held at the Australian Embassy in Paris in 1997, followed in 1999 by a major conference, Identity in the Pacific, organised by the French Permanent Secretary for the Pacific, Ambassador Pierre Garrigue-Guyonnaud and held at the Tjibaou Cultural Centre in Noumea. The edited proceedings of this colloquium, generously funded by the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, constituted the first issue of the New Pacific Review/ La Nouvelle Revue du Pacifique, published in 2000 in English and French in a single volume. In December 2003 a French-Australian symposium, Pacific Island States Today/ L’État des États, was held at The Australian National University in Canberra, organised by the Centre for the Contemporary Pacific, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. This symposium brought together a wide range of scholars and whose penetrating presentations covered major issues in both the Francophone and Anglophone Pacific. In August 2004 an international conference, Les Assises de la Recherche Française dans le Pacifique/ A Review and Evaluation of French Research in the Pacific was held at the Tjibaou Cultural Centre in Noumea, sponsored by the French Government and the Government of New Caledonia. In April 2006, another French-government sponsored international symposium, AGORA (Ateliers Gouvernance et Recherche Appliquée) was held at IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), Noumea, New Caledonia, major themes being governance and economic development, again bringing together Francophone and Anglophone scholars from France and the Pacific region. This was followed in October 2009 by two conjoint Francophone/Anglophone conferences, held at the IRD Centre in Noumea, Stability, Security and Development in Oceania, preceded by AGORA-2, an international conference on Anglophone research in the humanities and the social sciences in the Francophone Pacific, sponsored by the French Government and the Government of New Caledonia. The first of these conferences was sponsored by the French Fonds Pacifique and the State, Society and Governance Program at The Australian National University. An edited selection of presentations from this symposium constitutes the present volume. vii Politics, Development and Security in Oceania In October 2010 there was another conference held in Noumea, the École Plurilingue dans les Communautés du Pacifique / Multilingual Schools in the Pacific Communities, co-organised by the University of New Caledonia, The Australian National University and CREDO (the Centre for Research and Documentation on Oceania). In March 2011 the Government of New Caledonia and the French Government sponsored a major international conference Destins des Collectivités politiques d’Océanie/ The Future Destiny of French Pacific States, co-organised by Jean-Yves Faberon, Viviane Fayaud and Jean-Marc Regnault. This conference was held at IRD Noumea. The French edition of the proceedings appeared at the end of 2011 (Presses Universitaires d’Aix-Marseille), and a selection of the presentations on the future of New Caledonia is in preparation for publication in English at The Australian National University. To complete the picture of Franco-Australian collaborative research in the humanities and social sciences to date, the French Government Fonds Pacifique and The Australian National University are co-sponsoring an international symposium Governance, Development and Change in Oceania, to be held in Canberra at The Australian National University in 2012. The proceedings of that symposium will complement the present volume. For the 2009 and 2012 symposia have been designed to maximise Francophone and Anglophone interaction and intellectual exchange, the first colloquium being held in New Caledonia and the second here in Australia. It is manifest from the above summary account of collaborative activities, that French and Australian mutual understanding and appreciation have undergone a period of constant and continuous growth for more than a decade now, especially in the fields of governance, social and political change, and economic and social development. Most pleasing, perhaps, has been the marked increase in Francophone and Anglophone Pacific Islander exchanges, backed up by the commitment to collaboration by the metropolitan powers for the development of the Pacific region. Editors’ Note In the interests of improving accessibility to our Francophone colleagues, an abstract in French is provided at the head of each chapter. viii Contributors Sémir Al Wardi is a Professor of Political Science at the University of French Polynesia, Tahiti, and an analyst of political change in French Territories overseas. Matthew G. Allen is a Fellow in the State, Society, and Governance in Melanesia program and formerly a Research Fellow, Resource Management in Asia-Pacific Program, College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University. Jone Baledrokadroka is a former Colonel with 25 years in the Fiji Army having served as Chief of Staff and Land Force Commander. He is researching the role of the Fiji military in ethnic politics towards a PhD at State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Program, College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University, Canberra. Treva D. Braun is Gender Equality Adviser, Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), Noumea. James Bunce is a senior researcher in the Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, Parliament House, Canberra, and formerly a doctoral candidate in the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University. Asenati Liki Chan Tung is a Lecturer in the School of Government, Development and International Affairs, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji, and formerly Pacific Research Fellow, State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Program, College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University, Canberra. Jean-Yves Faberon is Honorary Professor of Public Law, Institut de droit d’outre-mer, Paul Cézanne University Aix-Marseille III; Maison de la Mélanésie, Noumea. Jon Fraenkel is a Professor of Political Science, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. He was Senior Fellow, State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Program, College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University, Canberra, 2006-2012. Hélène Goiran is a former French military officer, expert on the