AUGUST 2002 Inside 3 In Memoriam: John Wallach 4 Islam and Democracy 5 Women, Human Rights, and Islam Vol. VIII, No. 5 6 Crises around the Globe UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE ■ WASHINGTON, DC 8 Essay Winners in Washington 10 Kosovo 12 Israeli Military 15 Former Fellow Tahseen Bashir dies

Violence and the Peace Process

Conflicts in Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, and the Middle East provide valuable Above: Catholic lessons regarding the causes and effects of political violence. protesters torch a British flag in front of riot Violence often continues and sometimes intensifies negotiations. “Negotiating with Terrorists: Lessons police in Belfast during peace negotiations, but it needn’t derail them. from Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, and Israel- before a Protes- A U.S. Institute of Peace Current Issues Briefing on Palestine” was moderated by Joseph Klaits, director tant march in May 29 addressed ways to prevent different forms of of the Institute’s fellowship program. The guest July. violence and keep violence from disrupting peace See Violence and the Peace Process, page 2 2 Violence and the Peace Process Continued from page 1 Right: Disabled speakers were John Darby, pro- combatants in fessor of comparative ethnic stud- Sri Lanka’s civil ies at the University of Notre war held a pro- Dame’s Kroc Institute, former cession in June senior fellow at the U.S. Institute in support of of Peace, and author of The peace efforts Effects of Violence on Peace Processes between the (U.S. Institute of Peace Press, government and 2001); E. Valentine Daniel, pro- Tamil rebels. fessor of anthropology and direc- tor of the Southern Asia Institute at Columbia University; and the late John Wallach, president of Seeds of Peace, former senior fel- nity. Each form requires a differ- incorporated this strategy, which low at the U.S. Institute of Peace, ent solution, he said. resulted in two ousters.) and author of The Enemy Has a In Darby’s view, the principal ■ Encourage the “dealers,” espe- Face: The Seeds of Peace Experience threat to negotiations probably is cially in the early stages of negoti- (U.S. Institute of Peace Press, violence by militants, including ation, by showing a willingness to 2000). [See the article on Wal- violence within militant groups make concessions that advance lach’s death on p. 3] (which often involves a power their agenda. Darby discussed three forms of struggle). There always are people ■ Leave the door open for violence that can threaten a peace who do not want a ceasefire, he opportunists, but set strong con- process: violence by the state, by pointed out. These “spoilers” use ditions on their participation. militants, and within the commu- violence after their colleagues ■ Isolate zealots and mavericks have entered into negotiations. as soon as possible. Deal with They adopt names—such as “The them through the rule of law. Real Irish Republican Army”— Darby believes that reducing designed to assert that they (not state violence requires action from their colleagues who are negotiat- external bodies: regional groups, ing) are the rightful representa- neighboring states, international Peace Watch (ISSN 1080-9864) is published tives of their cause. bodies such as the United six times a year by the United States Insti- tute of Peace, an independent, nonpartisan Darby delineated four types of Nations, or nongovernmental federal institution created by Congress to militants: dealers, who will nego- organizations. Strong, indepen- promote the peaceful resolution of interna- tional conflicts. The views expressed herein tiate; zealots, who view compro- dent media coverage of events also do not necessarily reflect the views of the Institute or its board of directors. mise as betrayal and therefore is important in deterring state To receive Peace Watch, write to the Unit- regard dealers as traitors; oppor- violence, he said. ed States Institute of Peace, 1200 17th Street NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20036- tunists, who might be induced to Both political and nonpolitical 3011, call 202-457-1700, fax 202-429- 6063, or e-mail: [email protected]. participate in negotiations at (conventional) violence within the some future date; and mavericks, community can threaten peace President: Richard H. Solomon Executive Vice President: Harriet Hentges who continue to engage in vio- negotiations. According to Darby, Publications Director: Dan Snodderly lence for nonpolitical reasons such the rate of conventional violent Editor: Renee Y. Storteboom Production Manager: Marie Marr as profit and self-aggrandizement. crime often dramatically increases Photo Credits: Staff, AP/Wide World Photos Darby recommends dealing during a ceasefire, partly because Board of Directors with violence by militants in weapons abound. Political vio- Chairman: Chester A. Crocker. Vice Chair- man: Seymour Martin Lipset. Members: the following ways: lence within the community also Betty F. Bumpers, Holly J. Burkhalter, Marc ■ E. Leland, Mora L. McLean, María Otero, Have all negotiating parties may remain frequent. Although Barbara W. Snelling, Harriet Zimmerman. sign an agreement not to use vio- its 1998 peace agreement contin- Members ex officio: Lorne W. Craner, Department of State; Douglas J. Feith, lence and expel any party that vio- ues to hold, Northern Ireland Department of Defense; Paul G. Gaffney II, National Defense University; Richard H. lates the agreement. (The North- experiences nearly daily incidents Solomon, Institute president (nonvoting). ern Ireland peace process of interreligious violence, such as stone-throwing by Catholic and Protestant youths. After a ceasefire, the issues change. They include release of political prisoners, reform of security forces, and removal of paramilitary weapons, Darby noted. He recommended addressing the concerns of vic- tims during, rather than after, negotiations; otherwise, many people may feel alienated from the peace process. He also thinks that security-force reduction and removal of paramilitary weapons should occur at the same time. The IRA’s refusal to give up its A Sower of Seeds of Peace weapons was a major barrier to Northern Ireland’s negotiations he passing of John Wallach on July 10 was consid- for three years, Darby said. erably more than a deep personal loss to his family Darby considers the involve- and friends. It was a loss of leadership to a global ment of civil society groups, such T community of those who strive for a less hateful world as the business community, key and inter-communal reconciliation. John was a true to a successful peace process. He entrepreneur of peacemaking. In 1993, at the height of believes that these groups can an award-winning career in journalism, he conceived of substantially contribute to getting a summer camp coexistence experience for children of talks started—for example, by societies divided by hostility and conflict. As Henry maintaining “some kind of nor- Kissinger said at the funeral, “All great things are some- mality” amid violence. Darby also body's dream, . . . and it has been a privilege to be per- sees civil-society groups as mitted to walk a little bit of the path with him.” important in building public sup- John’s conception was based on a profound insight: port for negotiated agreements. “I The most effective way to break the cycle of distrust and think the main negotiations have hatred that sustains conflict over generations—the con- to be completed largely in pri- frontations between Israelis and Palestinians, Greeks vate,” he stated. “Then the job and Turks in Cyprus, ethnic groups in the Balkans and becomes how you sell the deal to Afghanistan, Indians and Pakistanis—was to bring together teenagers Above: John followers, which is the most diffi- and help them confront the personal hostilities and stereotypes that Wallach and cult part. Civil society was critical sustain group conflict. As he once observed, the Seeds of Peace experi- Seeds of Peace in Northern Ireland in doing ence was a “detox” program for getting rid of hatred before it poisoned campers. that.” the minds of emerging young leaders, before they were trapped in yet The current situation in Sri another cycle of self-destructive conflict that burdened their elders. Lanka is very different from that (For more on John’s life and work, see “A Letter on Behalf of My of Northern Ireland. A cease-fire Father,” by Michael Wallach, www.seedsofpeace.org.) agreement between the govern- John Wallach’s social concerns and compassion found expression ment and the main armed oppo- through qualities of entrepreneurial genius. He not only had the sition group, the Liberation insight to conceive of an innovative program of reconciliation, he had Tigers of Tamil Eelaam (LTTE), the promotional skills to generate political and financial support for his has held since December 2001, concept, and the organizational sense to bring his conception into real- but formal negotiations for a ity. In less than a decade, John “grew” Seeds of Peace from a modest peace agreement have yet to two-week experience for 45 Israeli, Palestinian, and Egyptian young- open. The LTTE demands a sters at a rented facility to an extended summer program for more than separate Tamil state. Daniel sug- 400 campers from 23 countries at a permanent campsite in Maine. gested that efforts by the Sri And with the support he generated from those who shared his vision, Lankan government to respect John was able to create a “coexistence center” in Jerusalem and make See Violence, page 14 See Sower of Seeds, page 14 4 Islam and Democracy

Exploring Islam’s compatibility with human rights and democracy leads to suggestions for strengthening institutions in the Muslim world.

National Endowment for cy.” Pointing to the role that Democracy; Muqtedar Khan of Muslims play in civil society in the Association of Muslim Social countries from the United States Scientists; Mahmood Mon- to Pakistan, Khan indicated that shipouri of the Political Science the international community is Department at Quinnipiac Uni- not confronted by a “clash of civi- versity; and Neil Hicks of the lizations” or a clash of Islam ver- Lawyers Committee for Human sus democracy, but rather a “clash Rights and a former Institute of myths.” These myths are senior fellow. advanced by Islamists and West- ern ideologues alike. The greatest The Challenge of Democracy threats to human rights in the in the Muslim World Muslim world, are not religious or theological but political. Democracy building To counter these myths, Khan remains an uphill battle in stressed the importance of fur- most Muslim countries, ther examining three issues: asserted Kubba. Progress ■ The Koranic principle of in liberalizing society, Shura, a consultative decision- modernizing institutions, making process encouraged by the and developing infrastruc- Koran, and its commonalities and ture is slow and limited. differences with basic precepts of In Kubba’s view, the key western democratic theory; to understanding the ■ The false dichotomy whereby democracy predicament in the rule of law in a democratic Muslim countries does not state (“law of man”) is portrayed Clockwise from hat are the relationships lie in the texts or in the traditions as being inherently in conflict top: Laith between Islam, human of Islam but in the context of soci- with the Sharia or Islamic law Kubba, Wrights, and democracy, ety, politics, and culture. In short, (“law of god”); and Muqtedar Khan, and how can the United States the basic problem is not about ■ Democratic institutions and Neil Hicks, and and the West promote democracy religion but about modernity. practices from ancient and mod- Mahmood Mon- in the Muslim world? The U.S. Noting that many Muslim ern Muslim history, such as the shipouri. Institute of Peace and the Center states are stuck in a dysfunctional Loya Jirga in Afghanistan or the for the Study of Islam and “deadlock” of corruption and re- Constitution of Medina, that may Democracy sponsored a sympo- pression, Kubba warned that apa- provide useful lessons on how sium at the Institute on June 18 thy and despair breed radicalism. democratic principles can be to explore these issues. woven effectively into a modern The session was co-chaired by Assessing Islam’s Compatibility Islamic society. David Smock, director of the with Democracy Religion and Peacemaking Initia- A Look at Islam and Human tive at the Institute, and Radwan According to Khan, “In the minds Rights Masmoudi, executive director of of nearly one billion Muslims who the Center for the Study of Islam practice some form of democracy Fifty-four years after the passage and Democracy. Featured speak- around the globe, there is no dis- of the UN Universal Declaration ers included Laith Kubba of the pute between Islam and democra- See Islam and Democracy, page 14 5 Women, Human Rights, and Islam

Poverty and basic security—along with political freedoms— are among priority issues for women in the Muslim world.

positive fall-out of the Sep- function of seclusion. It also pro- tember 11 attacks and the vides a means for the newly urban- Ademise of Afghanistan’s Tal- ized, the first generation to pursue iban regime is the sudden global higher education, and the more attention to the problems facing conservative women to enter pub- women in the Muslim world. lic space. “It is a way for women To grapple with these issues, to negotiate modernity,” noted the U.S. Institute of Peace, with Tohidi. Women in International Security, Focusing on the Mindanao organized a panel discussion on region of the Philippines, which June 17. Pamela Aall, director of has a largely Muslim population, the Institute’s Education Program, Rasul-Bernardo explained that introduced the meeting and martial law and ethnic conflict Richard D. Kauzlarich, director have increased male dominance of Kurdish region has of the Institute’s new Special Ini- public space, which has eroded international protec- tiative on the Muslim World, women’s status over the past 30 tion and a strong moderated the event. years. This new male-dominated family system. The panel included Nayereh orthodoxy interprets Sharia Kurdish women From top: Tohidi, associate professor of (Islamic law) in a way that restricts in Iraq, said Sideek, “are tempered Amina Rasul- women’s studies at California State rather than protects women’s and seasoned, positioned to con- Bernardo, University, Northridge, and rights, particularly in family law. tribute significantly to improving Nasreen presently a research scholar at the Rasul-Bernardo stressed that the quality of life for all Iraqis.” Mustafa Sideek, Kennan Institute of the Woodrow there is a difference between the These women have a history of and Nayereh Wilson International Center for educated, urbanized women of the leadership: heading households, Tohidi. Scholars; Amina Rasul-Bernardo, elite, who lead the call for political leading tribes, and participating in an Institute senior fellow; and and social freedoms and influence, armed struggle. Nasreen Mustafa Sideek, minister and the women of the poor and In spite of the strengths of of reconstruction and development displaced, who are preoccupied Kurdish society, the long and con- of the Kurdistan Regional Gov- with the survival of their families. tinuing struggle with the Iraqi ernment. Interventions should target both government has taken a toll. Fear Tohidi said the increased atten- these groups. and uncertainty remain, as do tion to Muslim women’s issues can The good news is that women threats of brutality and of the use be used to create a deeper aware- retain access to education and that of chemical weapons. Education is ness of commonalities, as well as politics is not an exclusively male available but the system is in need differences, among Muslim and arena, despite the growing ortho- of modernization and expansion. other women. When addressing doxy. “Whichever individual, male The role of women in the pub- the issue of women’s rights in or female, can best assure the sur- lic sector has expanded in the last Muslim countries, one must not vival of the family or the clan is decade, though their participation focus only on religion but also on supported by the family, the clan, remains limited. The 35 members historical, social, and economic and the community,” said Rasul- of the ruling Kurdistan Regional factors. While orthodoxy closes Bernardo. Party Central Committee include some doors for women, it has Sideek spoke about the Kurdish one woman. Four of sixty parlia- opened new ones for traditionally region of Iraq. She noted that mentarians are women. Besides marginalized women. The veil, for women and men there share the Sideek herself, there is one other example, does not always serve the same constraints. However, the woman in the 25-member cabinet. 6 The Institute Covers the Globe

wishes to export gas through Afghanistan. Uzbek- Afghanistan istan sees itself as a regional power. Tending to view Afghanistan in terms of problems rather than oppor- Two former U.S. ambassadors offer tunities, Uzbekistan remains wary of Afghanistan, insights into the relationship between Presel indicated. In the past, terrorists have entered Uzbekistan from Afghanistan, which has a large Afghanistan and neighboring countries. Uzbek population. While desiring stability and con- ow do Pakistan and Central Asian countries per- tinued trade with Afghanistan, the countries of Cen- Hceive their neighbor Afghanistan after nearly a tral Asia will remain largely passive regarding year of U.S.-led military action? What relationship Afghanistan, Presel believes. do they wish to have with Afghanistan? Former U.S. ambassador to Pakistan William Milam and former Former Soviet U.S. ambassador to Uzbekistan Joseph Presel Colombia republics in addressed these questions in a Current Issues Brief- ing at the U.S. Institute of Peace on May 21. Panelists explore the future of the peace Central Asia Richard Kauzlarich, director of the Institute’s Spe- process and its economic, security, and “don’t want cial Initiative on the Muslim World, moderated the political implications.✸ briefing: “Afghanistan: A Regional Perspective.” any trouble” For the moment, Pakistan’s stance toward new Colombian administration is taking office, from Afghan- Afghanistan is “relatively benign and passive,” Milam A led by President Alvaro Uribe Vélez. Conflict said. President Pervez Musharraf wants U.S. security among guerrillas, paramilitary groups, and the state istan, and forces to remain in Afghanistan and is using “the is escalating at a time when peace negotiations are they hope the opportunity that the situation in Afghanistan gives stalled. What are the security, economic, and politi- him to go after [Pakistan’s] extremists.” However, cal dimensions of conflict resolution in Colombia in U.S. presence Pakistan’s relationship with India strongly affects its light of these dynamics? will continue. view of Afghanistan, Milam noted. If tensions over Colombian and international diplomats and Kashmir escalate into war between Pakistan and experts gathered to consider these issues and the India, Pakistan’s stance toward Afghanistan could prognosis for peace at a June 20 conference, jointly change, partly because the Northern Alliance “has organized by the U.S. Institute of Peace, the some links with India.” In the event of a Pakistan- Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, India war, Pakistan would shift its troops from its and the International Crisis Group, with the collabo- western border with Afghanistan to its eastern border ration of the Inter-American Dialogue. The Insti- and, most likely, stop cooperating with the U.S. cam- tute’s Margarita S. Studemeister and Charles E. paign against terrorism, Milam cautioned. Nelson were co-organizers of the conference. Presel discussed Afghanistan in relation to former To begin the discussion, Lino Gutierrez, princi- Soviet republics in Central Asia. Kazakhstan, Kyr- pal deputy assistant secretary of state for Western gyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan Hemisphere affairs, presented the current thinking “don’t want any trouble” from Afghanistan, he said. of the U.S. administration. He described the admin- These countries are glad that U.S. forces are in istration’s proposal to extend the use of anti–drug Afghanistan, and they hope that the U.S. presence trafficking resources to anti-terror efforts against will continue there for “quite some time.” They view guerrilla and paramilitary groups. the U.S. presence in terms of how it might increase Institute program officer Michael Dziedzic their independence from Russia. Presel cited two of chaired a panel on “Military and Security Founda- Turkmenistan’s incentives for peace with tions for Peace.” During that panel, Colombian Afghanistan: Turkmenistan’s long border with senator-elect Rafael Pardo noted that establishing Afghanistan is “indefensible,” and Turkmenistan government control over national territory necessi- 7 tates providing both security and basic services to ment human rights abuses in Zimbabwe has con- communities, and Colombian defense attaché Gen- tributed to the lack of international attention to the eral Néstor Ramírez added that security is also a scourge of torture. requirement for successful development to take place. Data from the Amani Trust suggest that in 2000, A panel on economic performance and conflict more than 200,000 Zimbabweans were tortured. Establishing included representatives of the World Bank and the Among displaced commercial farm workers, a partic- Colombian International Monetary Fund, as well as the Center ularly vulnerable group, more than 80 percent suffer for Global Development and the Universidad de los psychological disorders due to torture-related trauma. government Andes. All recognized Colombia’s strong macro- Some 55 percent of children from the same group control over economic record, but expressed concern about the report having witnessed acts of torture. constraints of international economic policies—in Reeler concluded that while the current crisis in national terri- conjunction with the violence—on national develop- Zimbabwe has exacerbated the use of torture as a tool tory necessi- ment. of political oppression, the practice itself and the cul- Providing a dose of optimism, Canada’s ambas- ture of impunity that surrounds its use have a history tates providing sador to Colombia, Guillermo Rishchynski, high- that precedes independence, dating to the Ian Smith both security lighted the role of the international community, regime. shifting from observation to facilitation, ✸ One victim of these horrors is Ray Choto, a Zim- and basic ser- in peace negotiations over the past few years. While babwean journalist with The Standard newspaper who vices. not disputing that, other participants stressed that is currently at Stanford University as a Knight jour- there will be no overnight miracles and that the nalism fellow. Choto was tortured in 1999 after process of peacemaking and peacebuilding in Colom- refusing to reveal his sources for a story he published bia will be long, expensive, and difficult. on the arrest of 23 military officials. Describing the media in Zimbabwe, Choto said that “journalism is on trial.” He went on to say that draconian new Zimbabwe media laws pushed through by Mugabe are having a devastating effect on Zimbabwe’s free press; journal- Experts discuss the use of torture for ists risk arrest almost every time they go to print. political control and ways the inter- Speaking on the policy implications stemming national community might respond. from the current crisis in Zimbabwe, Prendergast, ✸ co-director of the Africa Program at the International ow has the Mugabe government used torture, Crisis Group and former Institute executive fellow, Hespecially in the aftermath of the flawed March argued that the rhetoric—or “bark”—of various inter- 2002 elections in Zimbabwe, for political control? A national actors has not matched the “bite” of their June 25 Current Issues Briefing at the U.S. Institute actions. Regional powers South Africa and Nigeria of Peace, organized with the Center for Victims of pursue quiet diplomacy, but to little effect. He assert- Torture, focused on “Zimbabwe, the Mugabe Gov- ed that the European Union, the United States, and ernment, and the Politics of Torture.” the rest of the Group of Eight industrialized nations Tim Docking, Africa specialist and program offi- should do more to cut Mugabe’s regime off from its cer in the Institute’s fellowship program, moderated financial resources by freezing foreign-based assets New media the discussion among panelists Tony Reeler (Amani and banding together to halt the regime’s looting of laws are hav- Trust, Harare), Ray Choto (Zimbabwean journalist), natural resources in the Democratic Republic of the and John Prendergast (International Crisis Group, Congo. ing a devastat- Washington). Other policy recommendations that surfaced dur- ing effect on Reeler, clinical director of Amani Trust, an orga- ing the discussion included supporting unions, civil nization created to treat torture survivors and docu- society, opposition parties, non-governmental organi- Zimbabwe’s ment human rights abuses in Zimbabwe, said that zations, independent journalism, and short-wave free press; the ruling ZANU-PF party and the Mugabe govern- radio, particularly for rural populations in Zimbabwe. ment systematically use torture and other forms of The group expressed hope that the New Partner- journalists risk violence to punish their opponents and compel them ship for African Development (NEPAD), a compre- arrest almost to accept the March presidential election results. hensive reform program sponsored by African gov- Reeler pointed out that “torture is the mechanism ernment leaders, could be leveraged by Western every time of oppression; death tolls are low, but torture is at donors to generate African peer pressure on Zimbab- they go to epidemic proportions.” Indeed, he argued, the rela- we to stop its current widespread abuses on its civil- tively low number of deaths associated with govern- ian population. print. 8

Essay WinnersGet a Week’s State essay Worth of Washington winners engage face to face with interna- tional conflict manage- ment actors and Congress.

Above: The avid Epstein had fewer Christodoulou of New York City, took on a specific role—from cabi- students pose miles to travel than most who were awarded scholarships of net members, such as the secre- together at the of the students partici- $5,000 and $2,500, respectively. taries of defense and state, to con- Albert Einstein pating in the National The award banquet capped a gressional and military leaders—to Memorial. Peace Essay Contest whirlwind week for all the state debate and ultimately propose a award week in Washing- winners. Activities gave partici- course of action to the president. ton. But the Pikesville, Maryland pants a panoramic view of life and The students were briefed by junior began the journey as the work in the nation’s capital. spokespersons from the embassies other high school students from 48 of India and Pakistan, as well as states did: with a 1,500-word essay Standing in the Shoes of U.S. Institute of Peace specialists on the U.S. military’s role in inter- Policymakers and other experts. They had three national peacekeeping. intensive days of briefing and Epstein’s essay—“Safeguarding Each year, the students participate deliberation to determine how to Human Rights and Preventing in a political simulation on a time- advise the president about U.S. Conflict through U.S. Peacekeep- ly issue. This year, the simulation interests in relation to Kashmir, ing”—was selected the top nation- put students in a hypothetical case terms of engagement if U.S. al winner, garnering him a that required them to advise the troops were to be involved, troop $10,000 scholarship in this annual U.S. president on whether the deployment costs, the length of contest. The second and third U.S. should provide peacekeeping the mission, and, finally, the place national winners this year troops to monitor a future peace domestic economic, and political were Prabhu Balasubramanian of agreement between India and Pak- consequences of sending soldiers Winter Park, Florida and Peter istan over Kashmir. Each student to Kashmir. Top left: National winner David 9 Epstein, Institute executive vice president Harriet Hentges, Institute president Richard Solomon, and second place winner Prabhu Balasubramanian.

Left: Sarah Hulse and Senator Maria Cantwell, both of Washing- ton. Below: Represen- tative Ralph Regula, Ohio, The students did not hold back; Four students were interviewed talks with stu- they fully engaged in their roles. on Voice of America’s radio-TV dents about the During the simulation a “senator” show Talk to America. Vladimir was expelled for leaking informa- Gutman, from Illinois, was among tion to the media and a military them and was later asked to give a official was kidnapped but soon second interview—in Russian. released by one of the parties to the conflict. Sampling Washington Pamela Aall, director of the Institute’s Education Program, In addition to sampling the policy- noted that “the challenges of mak- making process, the students expe- ing a durable peace in today’s vio- rienced other facets of life in lent international conflicts are some Washington, D.C. as a center of of the most complicated foreign government, history, and culture. policy problems facing the United Visits to the United States Holo- States today. Through the essay caust Memorial Museum and the contest, students not only analyze Smithsonian Institution were com- what these challenges are, but they plemented by an evening of out- also design policies that can help.” door theater at a production of challenges of After the simulation, students West Side Story. The students were public service in spent a full day on Capitol Hill, also treated to the perspectives of a changing where they were addressed by Washington insiders such as Col- world. Representative Ralph Regula (R- man McCarthy, director of the Left: Nebraska Ohio), who spoke of the challenges Center for Teaching Peace; David Senator Chuck of public service in helping the T. Johnson, coordinator for Hagel and state nation deal with a changed world. Afghanistan, U.S. Department of winner Ben The students spent the rest of the State, who was the keynote speaker Leeper. day meeting individually with their for the awards banquet; and U.S. Bottom left: congressional representatives. Institute of Peace program staff. Vladimir Gutman and Institute president Richard Solomon visit Representative Mark Kirk of Illinois. Bottom right: Derek Child of Connecticut pre- sents his essay to Senator Christo- pher Dodd. 10 Kosovo Leaders Focus on Good Governance

Parliamentarians identify common areas of KOSOVO concern for the new Kosovo Assembly. THE ROAD AHEAD

hirty members of the newly established Kosovo Assembly partici- osovo’s new government took pated in a five-day training workshop on “Developing Good Koffice in March. What are its TGovernance” organized by the U.S. Institute of Peace, at the priorities? What obstacles must it request of the U.S. Department of State. The workshop was designed overcome? At the U.S. Institute of to develop a cooperative spirit, improve consensus-building skills, and Peace on May 22, Kosovar prime help identify common areas of concern that could usefully be minister Bajram Rexhepi provided addressed early in the assembly’s work as the Kosovo government pre- some answers at “Kosovo: The pares to meet benchmarks set for it by the United Nations Mission in Road Ahead,” a Balkans Working Kosovo (UNMIK). Group meeting moderated by The workshop, held June 12–17, was the latest meeting in a contin- Daniel Serwer, director of the uing effort by the U.S. Institute of Peace to bring together leaders Institute’s Balkans Initiative. from Kosovo. The parliamentarians represented Kosovo’s diverse com- Kosovo’s cabinet has three main munities, including Albanian, Serb, Turkish, Roma, and Bosniak. objectives, Rexhepi said. The first Speakers included Ambassador John Menzies (U.S. Office, Pristina), is to revive the economy by creating Greg Schulte (National Security Council), and James Dobbins jobs, improving the standard of liv- (RAND). Nikolaus Count Lambsdorff (senior adviser to the special ing, and establishing the institu- representative of the UN secretary general) attended as a representative tional framework necessary for a of UNMIK. Facilitating the workshop were Daniel Serwer (director market economy. Economic devel- of the Balkans Initiative), George Ward (director of the Training Pro- opment will make it easier for the gram), Theodore Feifer (program officer in the Training Program), government to counter corruption and Michael Dziedzic (Balkans Initiative program officer) of the U.S. and criminal activity and promote Institute of Peace. security and stability, Rexhepi Participants agreed on six areas that could usefully be addressed noted. He regards foreign invest- by the assembly: ment in Kosovo as important and ■ passing laws to ensure protection of human rights and facilitate wants Kosovo to join the European return of all displaced persons; Union. ■ promoting economic development through a market economy and The cabinet’s second major developing strengths in mining, agriculture, power generation, and objective is to create a tolerant light manufacturing; environment for all Kosovars, ■ improving the educational system to provide instruction for all in whatever their ethnicity, gender, their native language and to promote tolerance and cooperation; or social status. Rexhepi said that ■ providing access to and funding for social welfare programs such as Kosovars should respect the rule of pension plans and unemployment insurance; law and cooperate with security ■ improving the functioning of the assembly and its cooperation with forces’ efforts to arrest those indi- UNMIK; and viduals (including ethnic Albani- ■ promoting dialogue within civil society and between civil society ans) suspected of war crimes. Inte- and the assembly. grating Serbs and other minorities into Kosovar society is one of the The full text of a report on the meeting is available on the Insti- government’s top priorities, he tute’s website at www.usip.org, in English, Albanian, and Serbian. asserted. The third major goal is to JOHN T. CRIST, program officer in the Jennings Randolph fellowship 11 begin to resolve Kosovo’s political program, coordinated a team-taught master’s-level course on “Princi- status—this process should start ples and Practice of Conflict Management” for the 2002 summer ses- within two to three years, Rexhepi sion of Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International I hopes. Resolving Kosovo’s status Studies. Several Institute staff and senior fellows lectured on relevant nstitute will increase regional stability and topics. Students included staff members from the U.S. Agency for economic growth, Rexhepi International Development, Catholic Relief Services, the Center for believes, whereas unclear status Strategic and International Studies, The Economist, the National Geo- will discourage foreign investment. graphic Society, and PricewaterhouseCoopers. Some problems within Koso- vo’s government threaten to On August 2, program officer TIM DOCKING addressed some 50 peo- impede progress toward the cabi- ple at a Current Issues Forum in Bay View, Michigan. He spoke about People net’s goals. All levels of the gov- the U.S. Institute of Peace, as well as AIDS and conflict in Africa. ernment should be investigated for corruption, Rexhepi said. The JEFFREY HELSING, program officer in the Education Program, gave the courts need to be “much more keynote address at a week-long secondary school teachers’ conference efficient.” Some judges have “old in Austin, Texas, sponsored by the University of Texas. His presenta- socialist ideas.” Many Kosovars do tion, on July 4, was entitled, “The Challenges of Teaching about Peace not respect particular judges and Conflict in an Interdependent World.” because those judges collaborated with the former Serbian govern- Senior fellow MICHAEL MATHESON published an essay on the use of ment. U.S. military commissions to try detainees from the Afghan conflict in The issue of missing persons the latest issue of the American Journal of International Law. remains a big concern. About 3,400 Albanians and 1,300 Serbs COLLETTE RAUSCH, program officer in the Rule of Law Program, was still are missing, Rexhepi reported. part of the expert panel advising the drafting committee of “Practical He proposes that Kosovo and Ser- Guidelines for the Establishment of Correctional Services Within the bia form a joint commission to United Nations Peace Operations,” published at the end of June by the resolve this issue. International Corrections and Prisons Association. Rausch’s focus was on Maintaining rule of law is the legal framework for peace operations, international norms and stan- another challenge. The Kosovo dards, and understanding one’s responsibility in administering the law. Protection Corps (KPC), an unarmed civilian agency composed ERIC SCHWARTZ discussed the International Criminal Court on BBC’s of former members of the Kosovo World News Tonight, the Canadian Broadcasting Company’s national Liberation Army, is charged with morning news program, and National Public Radio’s Diane Rehm Show. protecting Kosovo citizens and assisting in Kosovo’s rebuilding. Institute president RICHARD H. SOLOMON traveled to Southeast Asia However, some KPC members in early June to assess regional developments. In Singapore he partici- have been accused of continuing pated in discussions with some 120 regional security experts at the to engage in inter-ethnic violence, International Institute for Strategic Studies’ Asia Security Conference. causing much of the international Among other stops, he visited Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia for the Insti- community to view the KPC as a tute of Strategic and International Studies’ 16th Asia Pacific Round- destabilizing force. The KPC table, where he presented a paper on “9/11 and Asia’s Future: Security should “take more responsibility,” Cooperation, or a Clash of Civilizations?” The tour concluded with Rexhepi commented. In any case, visits to Jakarta, Indonesia and Manila, Philippines in his capacity as he hopes that NATO security a member of the U.S. Chief of Naval Operations’ Executive Panel. forces, especially U.S. troops, will stay in Kosovo “a long time.” In a related activity, Veton Sur- Kosovo to reconstruct physically corruption to flourish. For the roi, chair of the KOHA Media and spiritually, and political con- next phase, Surroi called for a Group in Pristina, spoke to the flicts have moved from a military two-step approach involving self- Balkans Working Group on June to a political context. However, rule and negotiations leading to 10 on state-building in Kosovo the constantly changing laws self-determination. A U.S. pres- over the past three years. Those make it difficult to establish an ence, though, is needed as a stabi- years, Surroi said, have allowed independent judiciary, allowing lizing force in the region. 12 The Israeli Military and Israeli-Palestinian Relations

lthough Israel has been in text, Peri said. The military is a were based—that disputes a state of war with neigh- stepping stone to the top of between Israel and the Pales- Aboring states for its entire Israel’s political system, with tinian Authority would be set- 54-year history, the country has retired senior military officers tled in negotiations without the defied predictions that it would making up approximately 10 use of force.” Military leaders become a garrison state domi- percent of the Knesset and 20 argued to political leaders and nated by its military, says percent of the government. the public that peace negotia- Yoram Peri, a senior fellow at Peri stressed that the mili- tions should not resume until the U.S. Institute of Peace. tary influence in Israeli politics Palestinians learned that the Instead, he says, Israel remains a strong democracy in which the “political-military partner- ship” is under the control of Peri remains optimistic about democracy in Israel. “The coun- elected civilians. try has experienced numerous terrorist attacks, and still we But Peri, the author of many studies of civilian-military have a democracy. The glass is still half full.” relations in Israel and a fre- quent lecturer at the Israeli is not consistently partisan or use of violence could not be a Defense Force’s National Mili- one-sided but has shifted with successful strategy. tary Academy and at Hebrew changes in political circum- The struggle for civilian University, says that during the stances. For example, in the control of the military in Israel past 20 years the military side late 1980s and early 1990s is not a special case, Peri cau- of this partnership has gradual- much of the military leadership tioned. Indeed, similar prob- ly become more powerful. decided to back peace processes lems are likely to emerge “Civilian supervision of the with Jordan, Syria, and the elsewhere in the new era of military has weakened, and Palestinians, because the mili- low-intensity warfare. In such military involvement in politi- tary’s analysis of Israeli national wars, the distinctions between cal decision making has security saw a greater threat on political and military dimen- reached a point that democra- the horizon from Iran and Iraq, sions are much hazier than they cies are usually not prepared to which were developing nuclear were in conventional wars, he endure,” he says. “This is not capabilities, and wanted to be said. healthy either for the future of free to focus on those threats. Nevertheless, Peri remains Israeli-Palestinian relations or The military worked within the optimistic about democracy in for the democratic process in political system to persuade the Israel. “The country has experi- Israel itself.” Peri discussed his Israeli electorate that the gov- enced numerous terrorist fellowship project, “Guns and ernment needed to be changed attacks, and still we have a Olive Branches: The Israeli in order to advance the peace democracy. The glass is still Defense Forces and the Pales- process. half full.” tinians,” at an Institute briefing But when the peace talks at in the spring, before the recent Camp David stalled in 2000 Israeli incursions into the West and the latest Intifada began, Bank. the military blamed Yassir The change in Israeli politi- Arafat, Peri said. “Arafat vio- cal-military relations has taken lated the fundamental principle place within a democratic con- on which the Oslo Accords Creative Scenarios for hypothetical outcome for each The UN and Legal Authority 13 Education in SE Asia case, participants worked backward for Peace ore than 40 conflict resolu- to define steps to the outcome. enior fellow Michael Matheson Mtion educators from eight The exercise won several converts Spresented a project report on conflict-affected Southeast Asian to the concept from among initial- June 13: “Legal Authority for Short countries brought their experi- ly skeptical participants. Peace: International Law, the ences to an Institute seminar Security Council, and Armed (“Ethnic, Religious, and Cultural Globalization and the Arab- Conflict in the Post–Cold War Conflict in the ASEAN Region”) Israeli Conflict Period.” Matheson identified four

in Singapore, April 12–17. mong Israeli Jews, does socio- main issues: the authority to inter- Takes Alan Tidwell and Pamela Aall A economic status correlate with vene in internal conflict; the of the Institute’s Education Pro- support for policies that advance authority to govern; the delegation gram organized the seminar and Israeli-Palestinian peace? At the of the use of force; and interna- presented their current work. The Institute on June 4, Uri Ram tional criminal prosecution. Of the program’s Education in Zones of asserted that, in general, it does. A last, Matheson argued that Conflict initiative supports faculty senior lecturer at Ben Gurion Uni- although the International Crimi- who teach conflict resolution at versity in Israel, Ram spoke at the nal Court is now formally a reality, the university level in conflict- roundtable “Globalization and the its effectiveness will ultimately prone areas. The seminar was con- Arab-Israeli Conflict: The Impact depend on its obtaining the sup- ducted in partnership with the of Economic Forces in Israel on port of the UN Security Institute for Defense and Strategic Conflict and Peacemaking,” which Council, which means Studies, Nanyang Technological was moderated by Judy Barsalou, that the court must act University. The agenda featured director of the Institute’s Grant prudently and judiciously. case studies from Mindanao, Program. Israel has a highly glob- He contended that U.S. Philippines; Ambon/Maluku, alized economy, heavily concen- interests would be best Indonesia; and Bougainville, trated on information and com- served by a cooperative Papua New Guinea. munications technologies. But rather than an antagonis- Michael Oppenheimer of globalization has left many Israelis tic relationship with the Global Solutions (New York) led behind, Ram said, and poorer court, even if the United an exercise that introduced the Israeli Jews are more likely than States does not become a concept of “scenario development” affluent ones to oppose policies party to its statute. as an educational and planning that advance Israeli-Palestinian tool. The Mindanao and Maluku peace. Ram believes that improv- Democratization in Michael case studies were the focus of the ing the socioeconomic status of Post-Conflict Settings Matheson exercise, which called on partici- poor Israeli Jews “would bring harles T. Call, grantee and pants to think creatively about pos- much more popular support to the Cguest scholar, provided a pro- sible outcomes. After selecting a peace process.” ject report June 19 on “Recent Thinking about Democratization in Post-Conflict Settings.” He drew upon a conference of inter- national experts on democratiza- tion and peacebuilding to high- light several ideas, including: (1) both the concepts and policies associated with international post- war peacebuilding have broadened in recent years; (2) the prevailing “democratic reconstruction model” faces serious challenges of resources and contextual sensitivi- ty; and (3) reconceptualizing the democratic reconstruction model Senior fellow HAZEL SMITH served on the Honorary Committee of AmeriCares’ to incorporate specific and local “2002 Celebration of Hope Gala” held in New York City on May 21. Smith is contexts merits further explo- shown here with former president George H. W. Bush and Barbara Bush. ration. 14 has announced would be held in tutional momentum, but John’s Violence January 2003). leadership was essential to its Continued from page 3 Wallach believed that the larg- vision and growth. His untimely and protect the rights of the er Arab world should be involved passing challenges us to find ways Tamil minority would facilitate in the Israeli-Palestinian peace to sustain his work. There could the emergence of a peace process. process. He noted that two-thirds be no better way of memorializ- For decades, the government has of those polled support Saudi ing the innovative peacework of favored the country’s Sinhalese Arabia’s peace initiative, whose John Wallach, a sower of seeds of majority and marginalized its provisions include an Israeli- peace, than to find ways to sus- Tamil minority. For example, the Palestinian ceasefire, Israel’s tain his creation. The Institute of government has restricted accep- return to its 1967 borders, cre- Peace is committed to working tance of Tamils into universities ation of a Palestinian state, and with his wife and collaborator and the civil service, and has normalization of relations Janet Wallach and the Seeds of suppressed nonviolent Tamil between Israel and Arab nations. Peace family to give ongoing life demonstrations. Within a few to this unique approach to freeing months of government-organized young people from the bonds of and private attacks on Tamil citi- Sower of Seeds hatred that trap societies in zens in 1983, thousands of Continued from page 3 enduring conflict. Tamils joined militant groups, innovative use of the Internet to —RICHARD H. SOLOMON Daniel stated. connect “seeds” who remained Similarly, among Palestinians separated by the hostility that there is strong support for a continues to divide Israelis and Islam and Palestinian state and for militant Palestinians. groups, like Hamas, that demand The Institute of Peace was Democracy such a state. In the West Bank fortunate to have had the oppor- Continued from page 4 and Gaza, support for Hamas tunity to support the growth of of Human Rights, human rights rivals support for the Palestinian John’s vision. A modest grant in remain a point of contention Authority (PA), Wallach said, 1994, Seeds’ second year of oper- between the West and the Mus- asserting that “terrorism will con- ation, gave John enough backing lim world. Monshipouri argued tinue” as long as Israelis and to bring professional counselors that the core of the dispute is less Palestinians fail to negotiate. A into the program and develop a conflict of western versus Mus- May poll conducted by the Pales- other sources of funding. A sec- lim values than it is the manifes- tinian Center for Policy and Sur- ond grant enabled him to evalu- tation of an internal struggle vey Research buttresses this view. ate the effectiveness of the camp- within the Muslim world. This The survey polled 1,317 Pales- ing experience. And a fellowship struggle pits Islamic conserva- tinians, age 18 and older, in the at the Institute in 1997–98 gave tives, Islamic reformists, and West Bank and Gaza. him the time to write an appeal- Muslim secularists against one A majority of those polled ing book about his creation, The another. Monshipouri noted: endorse bombings against Israeli Enemy Has a Face: The Seeds of “Muslim countries have increas- civilians within undisputed parts Peace Experience (U.S. Institute of ingly become the site of an of Israel; more than three-fourths Peace Press, 2000). This was emerging cultural conflict over endorse attacks on Israeli soldiers precisely the use of our resources who controls the process of social and settlers. At the same time, that Congress had in mind in change.” the poll indicated that Palestin- creating the Institute and fund- Monshipouri argued that ian approval of PA chairman ing its work. It demonstrates that efforts by Muslim women and Yasir Arafat is lower now than the Institute is not a self-con- youth to gain a greater role in during Israeli-Palestinian negoti- tained set of programs but an civil society and development of ations. Among those polled, 93 outreach vehicle with the ability public policies will be vital in percent believe there is corrup- to empower creative efforts at shaping attitudes toward human tion within PA institutions, 91 peacemaking by innovative indi- rights. Monshipouri also stressed percent support fundamental viduals and institutions around that western policymakers need to reforms, 89 percent favor a the world. treat “Muslim masses as partners democratic system of govern- Seeds of Peace is now in its in the struggle against human ment, and 83 percent would wel- 10th year of operation. The rights abuses,” while also actively come elections (which the PA effort has acquired a certain insti- assisting reformist voices. Promoting Democracy in the 15 Muslim World

According to Hicks, the U.S. Former U.S. Institute of Peace record on promoting democracy in the Muslim world has been Fellow Tahseen Bashir Dies highly inconsistent and largely ineffective. Hicks noted that “the myth of cultural incompatibility ahseen between Islam and democracy Bashir was has been a comfortable backdrop Tboth well- for a U.S. policy of inaction, spoken and out- leaving a legacy of low expecta- spoken in tions and Orwellian doublespeak support of toler- that will take years to overcome.” ance in the Mid- To overcome these inconsis- dle East. tencies, Hicks outlined sever- “Some people al courses of action open to think U.S. policymakers: the state is what ■ Substantially increase the pro- counts; portion and amount of U.S. foreign I believe that assistance spent on promoting over time it’s democracy in the Muslim world. people that ■ Provide governments and key count.” These interest groups in Muslim soci- words of Tah- eties with economic, political, seen Bashir’s and other types of incentives to seem to sum up engage in democratic reforms. his motiva-tions ■ Make more effective use of for a lifelong existing multilateral agreements, career in diplo- international treaties, and inter- macy. national organizations to help Bashir died of overcome skepticism of the U.S. heart failure on government’s motives. June 10 in Lon- ■ Promote regional accountabil- don. Bashir consult- ity mechanisms with existing From his student ing with Egypt- regional institutions such as the days he was an independent and principled risk taker. Throughout his ian president League of Arab States. career as a student activist, diplomat, presidential spokesman, and Anwar Sadat. Kubba added that assistance international thinker, he remained a strong voice of tolerance. should have four foci: He saw images beyond the events of the moment, a picture of co-exis- ■ Helping dysfunctional states tence of Israelis and Arabs. increase their ability to provide Even in the difficult job of spokesman for Presidents Nasser critical public services. and Sadat, Bashir was an independent thinker. He had a sharp wit ■ Advocating legal and institu- and could quickly cut to the heart of the matter. tional reforms to enhance oppor- While a 1995–96 senior fellow at the U.S. Institute of Peace, Bashir tunities for greater political par- analyzed the transformation of Egyptian policy from a strategy of con- ticipation. frontation to a strategy of peace. “What matters over time,” he said, “is ■ Assisting civic education whether you create a constituency that will support peace.” While a fel- efforts. low, he was part of a group of eminent figures exploring ways to ■ Finding techniques to contain improve Arab-Israeli relations that also included Jordanian ambassador the political abuse of religion. Adnan Abu Odeh and Israeli professor Ephraim Kleiman. he following Institute publications are available free of charge. Write to the Institute’s Office of T Public Outreach, call 202-429-3832, or down- ApplicationDeadlines load them from our website at www.usip.org. October 1, 2002 Solicited and Unsolicited Grants ■ Zimbabwe and the Politics of Torture (Special Report 92, August 2002) November 1, 2002 Peace Scholar Dissertation Fellowships ■ Kosovo Final Status: Options and Cross-Border Requirements (Special Report 91, August 2002) February 2003 ■ The Ethics of Armed Humanitarian Intervention, by Summer Institute for Secondary School Teachers C. A. J. Coady (Peaceworks 45, July 2002) (brochure available in November) ■ Overcoming Humanitarian Dilemmas in the DPRK (North Application materials and further information can be Korea), by Hazel Smith (Special Report 90, July 2002) downloaded from our website: www.usip.org. ■ Publications Islamic Extremists: How Do They Mobilize Support? (Special Report 89, July 2002) ■ Democratic Values, Political Structures, and Alternative Politics in Greater China, by David Zweig (Peaceworks 44, July 2002) National Peace Essay Contest ■ Information Technology and Peace Support Operations: 2002-2003 ecent A Relationship for the New Millennium, by Lt. Col. Donna TOPIC: The Justification of War R G. Boltz (Virtual Diplomacy Series 13, July 2002) Is there such a thing as a just ■ Smart Partnerships for African Development: A New war? When can a war be called Strategic Framework, by Richard Joseph (Special Report justified? For further information 88, May 2002) on the contest, or to receive a guide- ■ Strategic Nonviolent Conflict: Lessons from the Past, book and a teaching guide, contact: Ideas for the Future (Special Report 87, May 2002) United States Institute of Peace ■ Advancing Human Rights and Peace in a Complex National Peace Essay Contest World (Special Report 86, April 2002) 1200 17th Street NW, Suite 200 ■ Enhancing International Civilian Police in Peace Washington DC 20036-3011 Operations (Special Report 85, April 2002) Phone: (202) 429-3854 ■ Training for Peace and Humanitarian Relief Fax: (202) 429-6063 Operations: Advancing Best Practices, by Robert E-mail: [email protected] Schoenhaus (Peaceworks 43, April 2002) Web: www.usip.org/ed.html ■ Serbia Still at the Crossroads (Special Report 84, March 2002)

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