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Vol VIII, #5 Ms AUGUST 2002 Inside 3 In Memoriam: John Wallach 4 Islam and Democracy 5 Women, Human Rights, and Islam Vol. VIII, No. 5 6 Crises around the Globe UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE ■ WASHINGTON, DC 8 Essay Winners in Washington 10 Kosovo 12 Israeli Military 15 Former Fellow Tahseen Bashir dies Violence and the Peace Process Conflicts in Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, and the Middle East provide valuable Above: Catholic lessons regarding the causes and effects of political violence. protesters torch a British flag in front of riot Violence often continues and sometimes intensifies negotiations. “Negotiating with Terrorists: Lessons police in Belfast during peace negotiations, but it needn’t derail them. from Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, and Israel- before a Protes- A U.S. Institute of Peace Current Issues Briefing on Palestine” was moderated by Joseph Klaits, director tant march in May 29 addressed ways to prevent different forms of of the Institute’s fellowship program. The guest July. violence and keep violence from disrupting peace See Violence and the Peace Process, page 2 2 Violence and the Peace Process Continued from page 1 Right: Disabled speakers were John Darby, pro- combatants in fessor of comparative ethnic stud- Sri Lanka’s civil ies at the University of Notre war held a pro- Dame’s Kroc Institute, former cession in June senior fellow at the U.S. Institute in support of of Peace, and author of The peace efforts Effects of Violence on Peace Processes between the (U.S. Institute of Peace Press, government and 2001); E. Valentine Daniel, pro- Tamil rebels. fessor of anthropology and direc- tor of the Southern Asia Institute at Columbia University; and the late John Wallach, president of Seeds of Peace, former senior fel- nity. Each form requires a differ- incorporated this strategy, which low at the U.S. Institute of Peace, ent solution, he said. resulted in two ousters.) and author of The Enemy Has a In Darby’s view, the principal ■ Encourage the “dealers,” espe- Face: The Seeds of Peace Experience threat to negotiations probably is cially in the early stages of negoti- (U.S. Institute of Peace Press, violence by militants, including ation, by showing a willingness to 2000). [See the article on Wal- violence within militant groups make concessions that advance lach’s death on p. 3] (which often involves a power their agenda. Darby discussed three forms of struggle). There always are people ■ Leave the door open for violence that can threaten a peace who do not want a ceasefire, he opportunists, but set strong con- process: violence by the state, by pointed out. These “spoilers” use ditions on their participation. militants, and within the commu- violence after their colleagues ■ Isolate zealots and mavericks have entered into negotiations. as soon as possible. Deal with They adopt names—such as “The them through the rule of law. Real Irish Republican Army”— Darby believes that reducing designed to assert that they (not state violence requires action from their colleagues who are negotiat- external bodies: regional groups, ing) are the rightful representa- neighboring states, international Peace Watch (ISSN 1080-9864) is published tives of their cause. bodies such as the United six times a year by the United States Insti- tute of Peace, an independent, nonpartisan Darby delineated four types of Nations, or nongovernmental federal institution created by Congress to militants: dealers, who will nego- organizations. Strong, indepen- promote the peaceful resolution of interna- tional conflicts. The views expressed herein tiate; zealots, who view compro- dent media coverage of events also do not necessarily reflect the views of the Institute or its board of directors. mise as betrayal and therefore is important in deterring state To receive Peace Watch, write to the Unit- regard dealers as traitors; oppor- violence, he said. ed States Institute of Peace, 1200 17th Street NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20036- tunists, who might be induced to Both political and nonpolitical 3011, call 202-457-1700, fax 202-429- 6063, or e-mail: [email protected]. participate in negotiations at (conventional) violence within the some future date; and mavericks, community can threaten peace President: Richard H. Solomon Executive Vice President: Harriet Hentges who continue to engage in vio- negotiations. According to Darby, Publications Director: Dan Snodderly lence for nonpolitical reasons such the rate of conventional violent Editor: Renee Y. Storteboom Production Manager: Marie Marr as profit and self-aggrandizement. crime often dramatically increases Photo Credits: Staff, AP/Wide World Photos Darby recommends dealing during a ceasefire, partly because Board of Directors with violence by militants in weapons abound. Political vio- Chairman: Chester A. Crocker. Vice Chair- man: Seymour Martin Lipset. Members: the following ways: lence within the community also Betty F. Bumpers, Holly J. Burkhalter, Marc ■ E. Leland, Mora L. McLean, María Otero, Have all negotiating parties may remain frequent. Although Barbara W. Snelling, Harriet Zimmerman. sign an agreement not to use vio- its 1998 peace agreement contin- Members ex officio: Lorne W. Craner, Department of State; Douglas J. Feith, lence and expel any party that vio- ues to hold, Northern Ireland Department of Defense; Paul G. Gaffney II, National Defense University; Richard H. lates the agreement. (The North- experiences nearly daily incidents Solomon, Institute president (nonvoting). ern Ireland peace process of interreligious violence, such as stone-throwing by Catholic and Protestant youths. After a ceasefire, the issues change. They include release of political prisoners, reform of security forces, and removal of paramilitary weapons, Darby noted. He recommended addressing the concerns of vic- tims during, rather than after, negotiations; otherwise, many people may feel alienated from the peace process. He also thinks that security-force reduction and removal of paramilitary weapons should occur at the same time. The IRA’s refusal to give up its A Sower of Seeds of Peace weapons was a major barrier to Northern Ireland’s negotiations he passing of John Wallach on July 10 was consid- for three years, Darby said. erably more than a deep personal loss to his family Darby considers the involve- and friends. It was a loss of leadership to a global ment of civil society groups, such T community of those who strive for a less hateful world as the business community, key and inter-communal reconciliation. John was a true to a successful peace process. He entrepreneur of peacemaking. In 1993, at the height of believes that these groups can an award-winning career in journalism, he conceived of substantially contribute to getting a summer camp coexistence experience for children of talks started—for example, by societies divided by hostility and conflict. As Henry maintaining “some kind of nor- Kissinger said at the funeral, “All great things are some- mality” amid violence. Darby also body's dream, . and it has been a privilege to be per- sees civil-society groups as mitted to walk a little bit of the path with him.” important in building public sup- John’s conception was based on a profound insight: port for negotiated agreements. “I The most effective way to break the cycle of distrust and think the main negotiations have hatred that sustains conflict over generations—the con- to be completed largely in pri- frontations between Israelis and Palestinians, Greeks vate,” he stated. “Then the job and Turks in Cyprus, ethnic groups in the Balkans and becomes how you sell the deal to Afghanistan, Indians and Pakistanis—was to bring together teenagers Above: John followers, which is the most diffi- and help them confront the personal hostilities and stereotypes that Wallach and cult part. Civil society was critical sustain group conflict. As he once observed, the Seeds of Peace experi- Seeds of Peace in Northern Ireland in doing ence was a “detox” program for getting rid of hatred before it poisoned campers. that.” the minds of emerging young leaders, before they were trapped in yet The current situation in Sri another cycle of self-destructive conflict that burdened their elders. Lanka is very different from that (For more on John’s life and work, see “A Letter on Behalf of My of Northern Ireland. A cease-fire Father,” by Michael Wallach, www.seedsofpeace.org.) agreement between the govern- John Wallach’s social concerns and compassion found expression ment and the main armed oppo- through qualities of entrepreneurial genius. He not only had the sition group, the Liberation insight to conceive of an innovative program of reconciliation, he had Tigers of Tamil Eelaam (LTTE), the promotional skills to generate political and financial support for his has held since December 2001, concept, and the organizational sense to bring his conception into real- but formal negotiations for a ity. In less than a decade, John “grew” Seeds of Peace from a modest peace agreement have yet to two-week experience for 45 Israeli, Palestinian, and Egyptian young- open. The LTTE demands a sters at a rented facility to an extended summer program for more than separate Tamil state. Daniel sug- 400 campers from 23 countries at a permanent campsite in Maine. gested that efforts by the Sri And with the support he generated from those who shared his vision, Lankan government to respect John was able to create a “coexistence center” in Jerusalem and make See Violence, page 14 See Sower of Seeds, page 14 4 Islam and Democracy Exploring Islam’s compatibility with human rights and democracy leads to suggestions for strengthening institutions in the Muslim world. National Endowment for cy.” Pointing to the role that Democracy; Muqtedar Khan of Muslims play in civil society in the Association of Muslim Social countries from the United States Scientists; Mahmood Mon- to Pakistan, Khan indicated that shipouri of the Political Science the international community is Department at Quinnipiac Uni- not confronted by a “clash of civi- versity; and Neil Hicks of the lizations” or a clash of Islam ver- Lawyers Committee for Human sus democracy, but rather a “clash Rights and a former Institute of myths.” These myths are senior fellow.
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