Provocador Cultural George Lois

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Provocador Cultural George Lois MARKETING PROVOCADOR GEORGE LOIS, PIONERO DE LA REVOLUCIÓN CREATIVA DE LOS ’60, CUENTA ENTRE SUS HAZAÑAS LAS DE HABER CULTURAL CAMBIADO EL DESTINO DE ESPN Y arold Hayes tenía algo en claro cuando asumió como nuevo editor de SALVADO LA VIDA DE MTV. TAMBIÉN Esquire: su nombramiento no pasaría desapercibido. Estaba decidido a dar SE HIZO FAMOSO POR LAS MÁS DE un golpe de timón. Ignoraba si el cambio llevaría a la revista a la gloria o al 90 PORTADAS QUE DISEÑÓ PARA abismo, pero estaba dispuesto a hacerlo. LA REVISTA ESQUIRE. A PUNTO DE HSabía que todo empezaba por la tapa. Para que Esquire se hiciera escuchar, la portada tenía que hacer ruido. Llamó a varias agencias de publicidad para que le CUMPLIR 83 AÑOS, SU ESPÍRITU recomendaran algún audaz diseñador, y le sugirieron a un joven de cabeza in- INDOMABLE SIGUE INTACTO. quieta e ideas revolucionarias. Justo lo que Hayes necesitaba. Había encontrado a su artista de tapa... pero también despertó la oposición de su staff. Cuando salió el siguiente número de Esquire, los redactores escribieron en la página editorial: ENTREVISTA DE LUZ LANDA “No estamos de acuerdo con la portada. La hizo un joven diseña- dor, de nombre George Lois, y es nuestra intención aclarar que no comulgamos con ella”. Sin embargo, Lois diseñaría más de 90 tapas para la revista, varias de ellas hoy expuestas en el Museo de Arte Moderno de Nueva York, incluida la icónica portada de abril de 1968, con el boxeador Muhammad Ali posando como si fuera el mártir San Sebastián. Esquire terminaría convirtiéndose en un referente del mercado editorial estadounidense, y Lois en una leyenda de la publicidad y en uno de los creativos más consagrados de los últimos 50 años. ¿A qué edad se sintió atraído por el diseño? Empecé a dibujar cuando tenía tres años. A los seis dibujaba todo el tiempo y lo hacía muy bien. Mis padres, inmigrantes griegos, tenían una florería y yo los ayudaba. En la época de la recesión trabajaba todos los días y luego, a espaldas de ellos, desde las 11 de la noche hasta las dos de la madrugada, me la pasaba dibujando. Quizás por eso hoy en día no puedo dormir más de cuatro horas. ¿Se define como un diseñador gráfico o como un publicitario? Soy un provocador cultural. ¿Qué es el diseño para usted? Es, básicamente, una idea. Desde los 14 años aprendí que cualquier cosa que se diseñe tiene que estar basada en una idea. Diseñar no es simplemente mo- 64. junio-julio 2014 wobi.com/magazine 65. MARKETING ver formas a nuestro alrededor. Cuando alguien mira mi trabajo, todo lo que gas venenoso, que debía sacudir la ve es una idea. De eso se trata la creatividad; no de cómo diseñar algo, sino cabeza, hacernos saltar los ojos, que de cómo llegar a una idea que se convierta en un diseño. debía dejarnos al borde del desmayo. ¿Y de dónde vienen las ideas? ¿Por qué la publicidad fue tan pode- Del conocimiento. La mayoría piensa que llegan de manera inesperada, como rosa en los años ’60? rayos del cielo que golpean a la gente en la cabeza. Platón escribió que la creati- Porque nuestro objetivo era que si las vidad aparece cuando uno pierde los sentidos. ¿Eso quiere decir que la creativi- personas, cuando tomaban café en la dad aparece cuando uno se vuelve loco? Yo estoy totalmente en desacuerdo. La oficina, estaban hablando de lo que creatividad viene de comprender la cultura, comprender lo que pasó, compren- habían visto en televisión, tenían que der miles de años de la historia del arte. Se necesita una inmersión total en la estar hablando de nuestros comer- historia del cine, de la danza, de la música, del deporte, de la política. Uno tiene ciales. Esa era nuestra mentalidad, que entender todo lo que lo rodea; ésa es la única forma de convertirse en un nuestra ambición, nuestra meta. Por gran creativo. eso fue el período más importante y Siempre digo que si tuviera que ser director de arte en otro país, mi trabajo no emocionante de la publicidad. causaría el impacto que causa en los Estados Unidos porque yo no gozaría de Pero lo innovador, lo que transformó la misma comprensión cultural. Si no comprendiera la cultura popular del lugar la publicidad en los ’60, fue la sinergia donde trabajo estaría desarmado. entre el redactor y el director de arte. Ninguna idea cae de la nada en la cabeza del diseñador; todo viene de algo. No creo las ideas, las descubro. Las ideas están flotando. Si entendemos el trasfondo de las cosas y comprendemos la cultura, la idea llega a nosotros. Llega de una manera increíblemente obvia. Y será una idea sorprendente, porque será fresca e innovadora, y será perfecta porque será verdadera. Cierta vez, en un programa de televisión de los años ’60, me preguntaron qué era la publicidad para mí, y contesté que la publicidad era como un UN REVOLUCIONARIO DE LOS ’60 Según explica George Lois, la llamada “Revolución Creativa” de la década de los ’60, de la cual fue impulsor y protagonista, estalló cuando los publicitarios dejaron de lado los estudios de mercado, las estadísticas de consumo y los análisis de comportamiento, para apostar por la creatividad. Fue, como lo define Lois, “un período de contracultura, llevado a cabo en la Avenida Madison por una generación de creativos rebeldes, que entendieron que la expresión verbal y la visual eran indivisibles, y des- bancaron de la publicidad a los tecnócratas sin imaginación”. Hijo de inmigrantes griegos, nacido en Nueva York el 26 de junio de 1931, Lois empezó trabajando en el departamento de Publicidad y Promo- ciones de la cadena CBS. En 1959 lo contrató la agencia Doyle Dane Bernbach. Al año siguiente se unió a Fred Papert y Julian Koenig para formar Papert Koenig Lois (PKL), que se convertiría en la primera agencia de publicidad de los Estados Unidos en cotizar en Bolsa. En 1967 dejó PKL para fundar Lois, Holland, Callaway, y más tarde creó Lois/ USA, agencia responsable de memorables campañas para Minolta, Tourneau y The Four Seasons. Otros renombrados clientes suyos fueron MTV, Tommy Hilfiger, Xerox, ESPN y el diario USA Today. Lois es autor de una decena de libros, entre los que se cuentan El arte de la publicidad (Harry N. Abrams, 1977), Cómo ganar con ideas locas que venden (Doubleday, 1991), El Rap de Ali (Taschen, 2006) y Un buen consejo para gente con talento (Phaidon, 2012). 66. junio-julio 2014 Todo el mundo entiende, desde esa época, que un director de arte y un escritor tienen que trabajar juntos para llegar a una idea. Las palabras tienen que trabajar DECÁLOGO con algo visual que las haga vibrar, como por ejemplo ver a Mick Jagger agarrar el teléfono y decir: “I want my MTV”. DE LOIS Bill Bernbach, el célebre fundador de la agencia Doyle, Dane y Bernbach (DDB), cambió el mundo con esa idea: puso a un director de arte y a un redactor ta- La palabra llega primero, des- lentoso en una habitación, les cerró la puerta, y nos los dejó salir hasta que no 1pués la imagen. El poder visual dieran con una gran pieza publicitaria. y la sinergia con la palabra es la magia de una gran publicidad. ¿Cuál fue su comercial favorito de aquel entonces? Uno que hice en 1960 para la marca de comida para gatos Puss and Boots. Yo En publicidad, lo más difícil es quería algo que impactara a la gente. Convencí al cliente de incluir el testimo- 2convencer al cliente. El trabajo nio de un hombre, a pesar de que me dijeron que eso no tenía sentido, porque se divide así: 1% de inspiración, generalmente los dueños de gatos eran mujeres. 9% de transpiración y 90% de Se me ocurrió contratar a Yogui Beareau, que era un jugador de béisbol de los justificación. New York Yankees. En la empresa me dijeron: “Las mujeres no saben de béisbol”. Yo les contesté: “Pero todo el mundo sabe quién es Yogui Beareau”, y no tuvieron ¿Por qué ser simplemente un más remedio que darme la razón. Así que filmé un corto con Beareau hablan- 3 pensador creativo, si se puede do con un gato, sobre un nuevo tipo de alimento. Después de que el comercial ser un provocador cultural? salió al aire, las ventas de Puss and Boots se duplicaron. Tal vez las mujeres no lo entendieron, pero todo el mundo estaba hablando de eso. Sin una idea esencial, todas las 4 herramientas del mundo son ¿Recuerda lo primero que hizo cuando se fue de DDB y creó su propia agencia? absurdas. Sí. La campaña de unos cereales que se llamaban Maple O. Le pregunté al dueño de la empresa por qué vendía solamente cereales para bebés, y no para niños La publicidad debe prender más grandes. No supo qué responderme. Entonces decidí que no les hablaría- 5 fuegos artificiales, impactar, mos a los bebés, sino a los chicos de entre 5 y 15 años. Montamos un corto con sorprender, provocar, patear trase- varios de los mejores deportistas de aquel entonces: Micky Mantle, Oscar Robert- ros. Eso es lo que se logra con la son, Will Chambers... Todos aparecían llorando, diciendo: “Quiero mi Maple O, creatividad, y eso es publicidad. quiero mi Maple O”, y luego hacíamos un corte al cereal, con una voz que decía: “Maple O, el cereal de avena por el que lloran los ídolos”. Se puede ser cauto o creativo, Era la primera vez que se veía a un deportista hacer algo inusual, y los chicos se 6 pero no hay creativos cautos.
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