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AHS -- Future of Vertical Flight www.vtol.org Mike Hirschberg, Executive Director AHS International — The Vertical Flight Society www.vtol.org & www.evtol.news | [email protected] Kitty Hawk Cora © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 Released March 2018 1 www.vtol.org ▪ The international professional society for those working to advance vertical flight – Founded in 1943 as the American Helicopter Society – Everything from VTOL MAVs/UAS to helicopters and eVTOL to STOVL (everything vertical except rockets) CFD of Joby S4, Aug 2015 ▪ Expands knowledge about vertical flight technology and promotes its application around the world ▪ Advances safety and acceptability ▪ Advocates for vertical flight R&D funding ▪ Helps educate and support today’s and tomorrow’s vertical flight engineers and leaders VFF Scholarship Winners at Forum 71, May 2015 © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 2 www.vtol.org ▪ Acoustics ▪ Manufacturing Technology ▪ Advanced Vertical Flight ▪ Modeling & Simulation ▪ Aerodynamics ▪ Operations ▪ Aircraft Design ▪ Product Systems Technology ▪ Avionics & Systems ▪ Propulsion ▪ Crash Safety ▪ Safety ▪ Crew Stations & Human Factors ▪ Structures & Materials ▪ Dynamics ▪ System Engineering Tools & Processes ▪ Handling Qualities ▪ Test & Evaluation ▪ Health & Usage Monitoring Systems ▪ Unmanned VTOL Aircraft (HUMS) Plus: Integrating Technical Teams for ▪ History Electric VTOL, Wind Energy, etc. Technical Experts Working to Help Shape the Future © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 3 www.vtol.org 2018 Jan 16-19 Aeromechanics Design of Electric VTOL San Francisco, Calif., USA Feb 21-22 Airworthiness and HUMS Huntsville, Alabama, USA May 14-17 Forum 74 Phoenix, Arizona, USA Sep 4-6 3rd Australia Indo-Pacific Army Aviation* Adelaide, Australia Sep 18-21 European Rotorcraft Forum (ERF)* Delft, The Netherlands Oct 24-25 Helicopter Military Ops Tech (HELMOT) Hampton, Virginia, USA Oct 30-Nov 1 7th Asian-Australian Rotorcraft Forum* Jeju Island, South Korea Nov 13-15 Intl Powered Lift Conference (IPLC)* Bristol, UK 2019 Jan 29-31 Autonomous VTOL & Electric VTOL Mesa, Arizona, USA Feb 20-21 Development of Complex Systems (FVL) Huntsville, Alabama, USA Feb 27-28 10th Australian Pacific Vertiflite Conference Melbourne, Australia May 13-17 Forum 75 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA * co-sponsored event © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 4 www.vtol.org ▪ Annual Forum attracts 1,200+ engineers, scientists and leaders from industry, academia and governments ▪ VTOL aircraft CEOs/VPs/engineers, military leaders, researchers, etc CEO Panel at Annual Forum, May 2018 ▪ ~250 technical papers ▪ ~50 panelists ▪ ~65 exhibitors ▪ Grand Awards Banquet ▪ eVTOL short course & industry tours Jay Carter at CarterCopter Exhibit Forum 74, May 2018 Forum 75 is May 13-16, 2019 @ Philadelphia © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 5 Time to Reinvent www.vtol.org the Wheel! The 20th Century proved that vertical flight was possible with combustion engines and drive systems ASTOVL/JAST/JSF proved that the engine location could be decoupled from the center of gravity Mechanical complexity led to high failure rate and fatal accidents for a “Wheel of Misfortune” www.vtol.org/wheel © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 6 The Electric www.vtol.org VTOL Wheel of Fortune Shown here are representative aircraft designs in major categorization of electric propulsion VTOL aircraft. © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 7 www.vtol.org Vectored Thrust ▪ EVA X01 ▪ Sikorsky VERT Lift + Cruise An eVTOL aircraft that uses any of ▪ HopFlyt Venturi ▪ SKYLYS Aircraft AO Completely independent thrusters its thrusters for lift and cruise: ▪ JAXA Hornisse 2B ▪ Starling Jet used for cruise as for lift: ▪ A³ Vahana ▪ Jetoptera J2000 ▪ Supervolant Pegasus ▪ AeroMobil 5.0 ▪ aeroG Aviation aG-4 ▪ Joby Aviation Lotus (defunct) ▪ Terrafugia TF-2 Tiltrotor ▪ Aergility ATLIS ▪ AgustaWestland Project Zero ▪ Joby Aviation S2 (defunct) ▪ Terrafugia TF-X ▪ Aurora Flight Sciences eVTOL ▪ AirisOne ▪ Joby Aviation S4 ▪ Transcend Air Vy 400 ▪ AutoFlightX BAT600 ▪ AirspaceX MOBi ▪ Karem Butterfly ▪ VerdeGo Aero PAT200 ▪ EAC Whisper ▪ Aston Martin Volante ▪ KARI PAV ▪ Vertiia ▪ Embraer DreamMaker ▪ Aurora Flight Sciences ▪ Lilium Jet ▪ Vickers WAVE eVTOL ▪ Flexcraft LightningStrike (defunct) ▪ Moller Skycar M200 ▪ Vimana AAV ▪ Hi-Lite Lynx-us ▪ Autonomous Flight Y6S ▪ Moller Skycar M400 ▪ Vision VTOL ▪ HoverSurf Formula ▪ Bartini Flying Car ▪ Neoptera eOpter ▪ VTOL Aviation Abhiyaan ▪ Kitty Hawk Cora ▪ Bell Air Taxi ▪ Opener BlackFly ▪ XTI Aircraft Trifan 600 ▪ Napoleon Aero VTOL ▪ Carter Aviation Air Taxi ▪ Piasecki eVTOL ▪ Zenith Altitude EOPA ▪ Pipistrel (unnamed) ▪ DeLorean Aerospace DR-7 ▪ Pipistrel (unnamed) ▪ Ray Research VTOL Aircraft ▪ Digi Robotics DroFire ▪ PteroDynamics Transwing ▪ Terrafugia TF-2 Lift + Push ▪ Digi Robotics Droxi ▪ Rolls-Royce EVTOL ▪ Urban Aeronautics CityHawk ▪ Dufour aEro2 ▪ Sabrewing Draco-2 ▪ Zee Aero Z-P2 © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 8 www.vtol.org Wingless (Multicopter) ▪ ManDrone Hover Bikes/ ▪ Penn State University Blue No thruster for cruise – only for lift.▪ NUS Snowstorm Personal Flying Devices Sparrow* ▪ Airbus Helicopters CityAirbus ▪ PAV-UL Ultralight ▪ Aeroxo ERA Aviabike* ▪ Ray Research Dart Flyer ▪ Alauda Airspeeder ▪ PAV-X ▪ Assen A1 ▪ Scoop Pegasus 1* ▪ Astro AA360 (“Passenger ▪ Pop.Up Next ▪ Bay Zoltán Flike ▪ Silverwing S1* Drone”) ▪ Skypod Aerospace Skypod ▪ Electric Jet EJ-1 ▪ teTra 3* ▪ Avianovations Hepard ▪ Sky-Hopper ▪ Flyt Aerospace FlytCycle ▪ Telaria ▪ Axix SkyRider SuvA ▪ Swarm Multicopter ▪ Georgia TechHummingBuzz* ▪ Texas A&M University Harmony* ▪ Boeing Cargo Aerial Vehicle ▪ Volocopter 2X ▪ Gravity X ▪ Trek Aerospace FlyKart 2* ▪ Cartivator SkyDrive ▪ Volocopter VC1/VC2 (defunct▪ Hero Flyer ▪ University of Kansas Mamba* ▪ chAIR Multicopter prototypes) ▪ HoverSurf Drone Taxi R-1 ▪ Davinci ZeroG ▪ Volocopter VC200 ▪ HoverSurf Scorpion Electric Helicopters ▪ Dekatone (unnamed) ▪ VRCO NeoXCraft ▪ Kalashnikov (unnamed) An eVTOL aircraft that utilizes a ▪ EHang 184 ▪ Workhorse SureFly ▪ Kitty Hawk Flyer (defunct helicopter frame ▪ EHang 216 prototype) ▪ Sikorsky Firefly ▪ Jetpack Aviation (unnamed) ▪ Leap Vantage* ▪ Solution F ▪ Kármán XK-1 ▪ Malloy Aeronautics Hoverbike ▪ Tier One Modified Robinson R44 ▪ Kenyan Passenger Drone ▪ NASA Puffin ▪ Volta ▪ Kitty Hawk Flyer ▪ Neva Aerospace AirQuadOne * GoFly Phase I winner © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 9 www.vtol.org © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 10 120 Electric VTOL Designs!? www.vtol.org “To invent an airplane is nothing. To build one is something. To fly is everything.” Otto Lilienthal “If you want to end up Is the Electric VTOL with a small fortune in revolution going to aerospace, you need to revolutionize society … start out with a large one!” or will it flame out as have Anonymous so many ideas before it? © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 11 “The Hype Cycle” www.vtol.org https://www.gartner.com/en/research/methodologies/gartner-hype-cycle © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 12 www.vtol.org Advancements in electric motors + Advancements in batteries + Advancements in computer modeling and simulation + Advancements in composites + Low cost manufacturing + Movement to performance regs + Tech innovations + Tech investments >> $1B = Enabling new configurations and new innovations © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 13 www.vtol.org ▪ Eliminate complex rotors! – Cyclic, collective, swashplate – Transmissions, gearboxes, shafting, hydraulics, etc. ▪ Distributed Electric Propulsion – Replace single complex system with multiple simple thrusters ▪ Get on a wing for efficiency – Higher speed, longer range ▪ Environment ▪ Not this! – Noise, noise, noise! ▪ Cars were not buggies with mechanical horses – “Tailpipe” emissions © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 14 www.vtol.org ▪ Eliminate complex rotors! – Cyclic, collective, swashplate – Transmissions, gearboxes, shafting, hydraulics, etc. ▪ Distributed Electric Propulsion – Replace single complex system with multiple simple thrusters ▪ Get on a wing for efficiency – Higher speed, longer range ▪ Environment ▪ Not this! – Noise, noise, noise! ▪ Cars were not buggies with mechanical horses – “Tailpipe” emissions © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 15 www.vtol.org NASA Puffin Single-Seat Electric VTOL Study AgustaWestland Project Zero (2010) Unmanned (July 2011) Solution F 1st Electric VTOL flight By Pascal Chretien (Aug. 4, 2011) e-volo 1st Electric VTOL Multicopter Volocopter VC1 (Oct. 21, 2011) © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 16 www.vtol.org NASA Puffin Single-Seat Electric VTOL Study AgustaWestland Project Zero (2010) Unmanned (July 2011) Opener BlackFly (SkyKar Rebel) Solution F Oct. 5, 2011 1st Electric VTOL flight By Pascal Chretien (Aug. 4, 2011) e-volo 1st Electric VTOL Multicopter Volocopter VC1 (Oct. 21, 2011) © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 17 www.vtol.org ▪ SkyKar Rebel 1st fixed-wing eVTOL, followed by BlackFly V1, V2, V3 ▪ V3 characteristics (predicted) – GTOW: 563 lb / 255 kg – Thrust: 900+ lb / 400+ kg – Max speed: 80+ mph / 130 kph – Max ROC: 1000 fpm (5 m/s) – Range: 40+ miles (65 km) © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 18 www.vtol.org Lift + cruise configuration © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 19 www.vtol.org Prototype Production Electric Ultralight (Part 103 <254 lb) © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 20 www.vtol.org Photos courtesy of Volocopter GmbH © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 21 www.vtol.org Autonomous tandem
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