Redescription of Four Wolf-Spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) from India

REDESCRIPTION OF FOUR WOLF-SPIDERS (ARANEAE: LYCOSIDAE) FROM INDIA

Tian Lu1, Lu-Yu Wang1, Priyanka Hadole2 and Zhi-Sheng Zhang1* 1Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China 2Department of Zoology, SGB Amravati University, Amravati 444601, India *Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Four Lycosidae species from India are redescribed: Arctosa mulani (Dyal, 1935), Lycosa poonaensis Tikader & Malhotra, 1980, Pardosa sutherlandi (Gravely, 1924) and Wadicosa fidelis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872). Digital pictures, SEM photos and illustrations are provided. Keywords: Wolf spiders, India, photos, SEM, illustration.

INTRODUCTION The wolf spider family Lycosidae is a large group with 123 genera and 2397 species from all the continents except the Antarctica (World Spider Catalog, 2016). The Indian Subcontinent has great diversity of spiders, including more than one hundred lycosids. Four species of Lycosidae were confirmed and are redescribed in this paper: Arctosa mulani (Dyal, 1935), Lycosa poonaensis Tikader & Malhotra, 1980, Pardosa sutherlandi (Gravely, 1924) and Wadicosa fidelis(O. Pickard -Cambridge, 1872).

MATERIAL AND METHODS Genitalias were photographed, scanned and illustrated, using Leica M205A stereo microscope and Zeiss EVO LS10 SEM. Habitus digitalized using Canon 7D Camera (alive) and under M205A (preserved). We examined the specimens from Amravati and the Melghat Tiger Reserve. All specimens examined here are deposited in the School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China (SWUC).

TAXONOMY

Family Lycosidae Sundevall, 1833

Arctosa mulani (Dyal, 1935) (Figures1A–H, 2A–D, 3A–D, 12 A–B)

Pardosa mulani Dyal, 1935: 146, pl. 13, figs. 45–46 (♀). Arctosa mulani Tikader & Malhotra, 1980: 373, figs. 247–251 (♂♀).

Diagnosis. This species is similar to Arctosa tridentata Chen & Song, 1999 (Chen & Song, 1999: 139, figs 4–7), but differs from the latter by the presence of a strong terminal apophysis, wide conductor and strong median apophysis (Figures 1C–F, 2A–D, 3A–B).

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Figure 1A–H. Arctosa mulani (Dyal, 1935), male (A, C–F) and female (B, G–H) from Melghat Tiger Reserve. A. Male habitus, dorsal view; B. Female habitus, dorsal view; C. Bulb, ventral view; D. Same, retrolateral view; E. Left palp, ventral view; F. Same, retrolateral view;E. Epigyne, dorsal view; H. Same, ventral view.

Description. See Tikader & Malhotra (1980) for both sexes.

Material examined. India. 1 male, Muthawa center, Melghat Tiger Reserve, Amravati, Maharashtra, 21°31′21′′ N, 77°05′49′′E, elev. 364 m, 18 November 2015, T. Lu & Z. Cao leg.; 3 males and 3 females, Chikhaldara hill, Melghat Tiger Reserve, Amravati, Maharashtra

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21°26′ 26′′N, 77°11′07′′E, elev. 505m, 19 November 2015, T. Lu & Z. Cao leg.

Distribution. India, Pakistan.

Figure 2A–D. Arctosa mulani (Dyal, 1935), male (A–D) from Melghat Tiger Reserve.A. Left male palp, bulbus, ventral view; B. Same, retrolateral view; C. Embolus, median apophysis, terminal apophysis and conductor, ventral view; D. Embolus, median apophysis, terminal apophysis and conductor,retrolateral view.

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Figure 3A–D. Arctosa mulani (Dyal, 1935), male (A–B) and female (C–D) from Melghat Tiger Reserve. A. Left palp, ventral view; B. Same, retrolateral view;C. Epigyne, dorsal view; D. Same, ventral view.

Lycosa poonaensis Tikader & Malhotra, 1980 (Figures 4A–C, 5A–B, 12C)

Lycosa poonaensis Tikader & Malhotra, 1980: 392, figs 274–276 (♀).

Diagnosis. This species is similar to Lycosa pictula Pocock, 1901 (Tikader & Malhotra, 1980: 424, figs 18, 327–330), but differs from the latter by the wide and short stem of septum (Figures 4B–C, 5A–B).

Description. See Tikader & Malhotra (1980) for female.

Material examined. India. 1 female, Hotel Gauri Inn, Amravati, Maharashtra, 20°20′ 20′′N,77°47′17′′E, elev. 445m. 17 November 2015, T. Lu & Z. Cao leg.

Distribution. India.

Pardosa sutherlandi (Gravely, 1924) (Figures 6A–H, 7A–D, 8A–F, 12D)

Lycosa sutherlandi Gravely, 1924: 606, fig. 4G (♂♀)

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Figure 4A–C. Lycosa poonaensis Tikader & Malhotra, 1980, female (A–C) from Amravati. A. Female habitus, dorsal view; B. Epigyne, dorsal view; C. Same, ventral view.

Figure 5A–B. Lycosa poonaensis Tikader & Malhotra, 1980, female (A–B) from Amravati. A. Epigyne, dorsal view; B. Same, ventral view.

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Figure 6A–H. Pardosa sutherlandi (Gravely, 1924), male (A, C–F) and female (B, G–H) from Melghat Tiger Reserve. A. Male habitus, dorsal view; B. Female habitus, dorsal view; C. Bulb, ventral view; D. Same, retrolateral view; E. Left palp, ventral view; F. Same, retrolateral view;E. Epigyne, dorsal view; H. Same, ventral view.

Pardosa sutherlandi: Roewer, 1955: 184; Buchar, 1976 208, fig. 5(♀); Buchar 1978: 261, figs 3, 5, 6a–b, 9, 12, 16, 19(♂♀); Tikader & Malhotra 1980: 347, figs 199–202(♂♀); Barrion & Litsinger, 1994: 311, f. 1614-1616 (♂♀).

Diagnosis. According to Gravely (1924) and Buchar (1978), the most distinctive feature between

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P. sutherlandi and P. fletcheri is the prominent marginal shape of the epigynal cap with copulatory openings concealed underneath (Figures 6G–H, 7C–D, 8E–F): the shape is concave in P. sutherlandi and convex in P. fletcheri. Both species can be distinguished from P. chambaensis and P. martensi by longer than wide or equal epigynal plate.

Figure 7A–D. Pardosa sutherlandi (Gravely, 1924), male (A–B) and female (C–D) from Melghat Tiger Reserve. A. Bulb, ventral view; B. Same, retrolateral view; C. Epigyne, dorsal view; D. Same, ventral view.

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Figure 8A–F. Pardosa sutherlandi (Gravely, 1924), male (A–D) and female (E–F) from Melghat Tiger Reserve. A. Left palp, ventral view; B. Same, retrolateral view; C. Bulb, ventral view; D. Same, retrolateral view; E. Epigyne, dorsal view; F. Same, ventral view.

Description. See Buchar (1976, 1978) and Tikader & Malhotra (1980) for both sexes.

Material examined. India. 2 males and 2 females, Chikhadara hill, Melghat Tiger Reserve, Amravati District, Maharashtra State, India, 21°26′ 26′′N, 77°11′07′′E, elev. 505 m, 19 November 2015, T. Lu & Z. Cao leg.

Distribution. India, Nepal.

Wadicosa fidelis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872) (Figures 9A–H, 10A–D, 11A–D, 12 E–F)

Lycosa biarmillatana Strand, 1942: 398 (replacement name for P. armillata, preoccupied in Lycosa by Walckenaer, 1837). Lycosa fidelis O. P.-Cambridge, 1872: 319 (♂). Pardosa spilota Pocock, 1903: 193 (♂♀). (Synonymised by Alderweireldt & van Harten, 2004: 354) Wadicosa fidelis: Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 202C, G (♂♀); Marusik, Guseinov & Koponen, 2003: 63, figs 52–56 (♂♀).

Diagnosis. This species is similar to Wadicosa daliensis Yin, Peng & Zhang, 1997 (Yin, Peng &

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Zhang, 1997: 99, figs 1–6), but differs from the latter by the presence of wide base of embolus, strong median apophysis (Figures 9C–F, 10 A–D, 11A–B); large hood and spherical spermathecal heads of epigyne (Figures 9G–H, 11C–D). Description. See Yin et al. (2012) for both sexes. Material examined. India. 4 males and 3 females, Chikhaldara hill, Melghat Tiger Reserve, Amravati, Maharashtra, 21°26′ 26′′N, 77°11′07′′E, elev. 505m, 19 November 2015, T. Lu & Z. Cao leg.. Distribution. India, Palearctic, Canary Is.

Figure 9A–H. Wadicosa fidelis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872), male (A, C–F) and female (B, G–H) from Melghat Tiger Reserve. A. Male habitus, dorsal view; B. Female habitus, dorsal view; C. Bulb, ventral view; D. Same, retrolateral view; E. Left palp, ventral view; F. Same, retrolateral view; E. Epigyne, dorsal view; H. Same, ventral view.

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Figure 10A–D. Wadicosa fidelis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872), male (A–D) from Melghat Tiger Reserve. A. Left male palp, bulbus, ventral view; B. Same, retrolateral view; C. Embolus and median apophysis, ventral view; D. Embolus, median apophysis and terminal apophysis, retrolateral view.

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Figure 11A–D. Wadicosa fidelis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872), male (A–B) and female (C–D)from Melghat Tiger Reserve. A. Left palp, ventral view; B. Same, retrolateral view; C. Epigyne, dorsal view; D. Same, ventral view.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank late Dr. Ganesh Vankhede and other Indian colleagues for their organization and generous support during the 3rd Conference of Asian Society of Arachnology in India. Our trip to India and this study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31272267, 31471974, 31672278) to Zhi-Sheng Zhang. REFERENCES Alderweireldt, M. & Harten, A. van (2004). A preliminary study of the wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) of the Socotra Archipelago. Fauna of Arabia, 20: 349–356. Barrion, A.T. & Litsinger, J.A. (1994). Taxonomy of rice insect pests and their arthropod parasites and predators. In: Heinrichs, E. A. (ed.) Biology and Management of Rice Insects. Wiley Eastern, New Delhi, pp. 13-15: 283-359. Buchar, J. (1976). Über einige Lycosiden (Araneae) aus Nepal. Ergebnisse des Forschungsunternehmens Nepal Himalaya, 5: 201–227. Buchar, J. (1978). Lycosidae aus dem Nepal-Himalaya. I. Die Gattung Acantholycosa Dahl 1908 und die Pardosa sutherlandi-Gruppe (Araneae: Lycosidae: Pardosinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 59: 253–265. Chen, J. & Song, D.X. (1999). On some species of the genus Arctosa from China (Araneae: Lycosidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 24: 138–143. Dyal, S. (1935). Fauna of Lahore. 4.--Spiders of Lahore. Bulletin of the Department of Zoology of the Panjab University 1, i-ii, 119–252.

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Gravely, F.H. (1924). Some Indian spiders of the family Lycosidae. Records of the Indian Museum, Calcutta 26: 587–613. Marusik, Y.M., Guseinov, E.F. & Koponen, S. (2003). Spiders (Arachnida: Aranei) of Azerbaijan. 2. Critical survey of wolf spiders (Lycosidae) found in the country with description of three new species and brief review of Palaearctoc Evippa Simon, 1885. Arthropoda Selecta, 2: 47–65. Pickard-Cambridge, O. (1872). General list of the spiders of Palestine and Syria, with descriptions of numerous new species, and characters of two new genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1871: 212–354. Pocock, R.I. (1903). Arachnida. In: Forbes, H.O. (ed.) The Natural History of Sokotra and Abd-el-Kuri. Special Bulletin of the Liverpool Museum, pp. 175–208. Roewer, C.F. (1955). Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940, bzw. 1954. Bruxelles, 2: 1-1751. Song, D.X., Zhu, M.S. & Chen, J. (1999). The spiders of China. Hebei Science & Technology Publishing House, Shijiazhuang, 640 pp. Strand, E. (1942). Miscellanea nomenclatorica zoologica et palaeontologica. X. Folia Zoologica et Hydrobiologica, Rigā, 11: 386-402. Tikader, B.K. & Malhotra, M.S. (1980). Lycosidae (Wolf-spiders). Fauna India (Araneae), 1: 248–447. World Spider Catalog (2016). World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http://wsc.nmbe.ch, version 17.5, accessed on {12.08.2016} Yin, C.M., Peng, X.J. & Zhang, Y.J. (1997). One new species of the genus Wadicosa (Araneae, Lycosidae) from China. Acta Arachnologica Sinica, 6: 99–101. Yin, C.M., Peng, X.J., Yan, H.M., Bao, Y.H., Xu, X., Tang, G., Zhou, Q.S. & Liu, P. (2012). Fauna Hunan: Araneae in Hunan, China. Hunan Science and Technology Press, Changsha, 1590 pp.

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Figure 12A–F. Photos of live specimens. Arctosa mulani (Dyal, 1935), male (A) and female (B); Lycosa poonaensis Tikader & Malhotra, 1980, female (C); Pardosa sutherlandi (Gravely, 1924), female (D); Wadicosa fidelis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872), male (E) and female (F).

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