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Diversity and Abundance of Spiders and Other Arthropods in Quinoa Plants Treated with Some Chemical Salts and Their Effects on Downy Mildew and Yield Ayman, Y

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Diversity and Abundance of Spiders and Other Arthropods in Quinoa Plants Treated with Some Chemical Salts and Their Effects on Downy Mildew and Yield Ayman, Y Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2021), 4 (1): 131 –149 Egyptian Journal of Plant Protection Research Institute www.ejppri.eg.net Diversity and abundance of spiders and other arthropods in quinoa plants treated with some chemical salts and their effects on downy mildew and yield Ayman, Y. Zaki1; Hamdi, S. Abd El-Karim1 and Madian, M. Mergawy2 1Plant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt. 2Central Laboratory of Organic Agriculture, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt. ARTICLE INFO Abstract: Article History Experiment was conducted at Fayoum Governorate, Received: 12 / 1 /2021 Egypt during two successive winter season, 2018-2019 and Accepted: 29 / 21 /2021 2019-2020 on quinoa plants to study effects of some chemical salts on spiders, other arthropods, downy mildew and its effects Keywords on quinoa yield. Treatments used were copperal max, calcivin, Spiders, soil fauna, potassium silicate, max. growth and mix. Spiders and other biodiversity, chemical arthropods were sampled using pitfall traps. A total of 424 salts, downy mildew and spiders, representing 9 families. Spider recorded the highest quinoa. number with max. growth and lowest number with potassium silicate in first season. While in second season, the highest number recorded with mix. and the lowest recoded also with potassium silicate. The most abundant families were Lycosidae and Linyphiidae spiders represented 46.64, 30.49 % and 44.78, 26.87%, during the two seasons, respectively. The most abundant species were Wadicosa fidelis (O.Pickard-Cambridge and Sengletus extricates (O.Pickard-Cambridge) in two seasons. According to Shannon-Wiener and Simpson, it was found that plot treated with max. growth treatment (90 individuals) and mix. (99 individuals) included the highest number of dominant species the highest numbers of individuals decreased to 39 individuals in control. Sørensen quotient of similarity between treatment and control concluded that 66.67 and 47.62% in copperal max, 66.67 and 50% in calcivin, 81.82 and 50% in potassium silicate, 81.82 and 60% in max. growth, and 84.21 and 35% in mix in two seasons respectively. The total number of pests and predators was higher in first season (3128 individuals ) than in the second season (2676 individuals). The results obtained that the disease is caused by Peronospor avariabilis. Mix treatment was the lowest disease incidence and disease severity and the highest yield Kg/fed during two seasons. Statistical analysis proved that no significant differences were observed in first season and high significant differences between mix. growth treatment and other treatments. 131 Zaki et al. , 2021 Introduction studies indicated that the quinoa downy Quinoa is a very recent crop was mildew pathogen is Peronospora introduced to Egypt. Quinoa is variabilis (Choi et al., 2010). considered an important crop due to it can From this point of view, this is an grow and gives considerable yield in new attempt to study biodiversity of spiders reclaimed salty soil with salty water and other arthropods in quinoa plants (1800 ppm) where wheat or many other treated with some chemical salts and their crops cannot grow (Abd El-Moity and effect on downy mildew and yield. Ali, 2016). Edible quinoa seeds are grown in some cases and places. Green Materials and methods leaves are eaten as vegetables (Gee et al., 1. Experimental design: 2006). Recent research has focused on Field experiments were greater reliance on conservation and conducted for two winter successive attraction of endemic natural enemies to seasons, 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 at reduce chemical inputs for management Ibshway; Fayoum Governorate. An area of pests (James et al., 2003 and James and of about 200 m2 was divided into 18 equal Price, 2004). Also, it is important to find plots that received 5 treatments and alternative measures to control plant control of 3 replicates each. A spilt plots diseases which do not harm the design with three replicates was used. environment and at the same time Seeds of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa, increase yield and improves product Caryophyllales, Amaranthaceae) were quality (Batish et al., 2007 and Camprubí Variety Egypt 1 planted. Plots were et al., 2007). Nutrients are important for distributed in a complete randomized growth and development of plants and block design. All plots received the microorganisms, and they are important normally recommended agricultural factors to reduce pests (Agrios, 2005). As practices except the absence of any predators, spiders are important pesticides. Soil fertilizer at the rate of biological control agents in agro- 45:25: 60 N: P: K. in addition to sprays ecosystems, playing a vital role in with treatments after month after farming structuring arthropod communities and plants and repeated each 15 day. The field thus having a significant role in the experiment was under conditions of balance of nature (Nyffeler et al., 1994 natural downy mildew infection. and Marc et al., 1999). Agricultural 2. Treatments used: practices affect the patterns of soil fauna All treatments used were abundance, richness, and diversity. Also, produced under Central Lab. of Organic the presences of groups such as Araneae (CLOA), Agric. Research center, Giza, are related to ecological equilibrium, Egypt. They were used at 1 liter/200-liter quality, and sustainability of the water . The treatments rates of spray as agricultural systems. (Silva et al., 2018). follow : Downy mildew is one of the limiting Trade name: Copperal max. Active diseases for quinoa plants (Choi et al., ingredient: CuSo4 8% Rate/200 Liter 2010). Most studies (Abd El-Moity and water: 1Liter Ali, 2016) agree with our finding which Trade name: Calcivin Active indicated that the downy mildew ingredient: Cacl2 15 % Rate/200 Liter water: 1Liter pathogen is identification as Peronospora farinosa f. sp. chenopodii. While, certain 132 Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2021), 4 (1): 131 –149 Trade name: Potassium silicate Active richness, Shannon-Wiener and Simpson ingredient: K2Sio3 15% Rate/200 Liter indices "S". The Shannon-Wiener Index water: 1Liter "H’" is one of the most common Trade name: Max. growth Active ecological indexes, it may provide an ingredient: Fe 5% + Zn 5% + Mn 5% indication of community stability under Rate/200 Liter water: 1Liter the balance of nature and it may also Trade name: Mix. (All treatments) Active respond differently of geographical, ingredient: CuSo4 + K2Sio3 + max. growth + Cacl2 as alone) Rate/200 Liter water: 1Liter developmental, or physical factors. Control: Water Higher number of H' indicates higher 3. Spider abundance and diversity: number of species, higher relative To determine the effect of abundance and species evenness, so, it fertilizer treatments on spider abundance means increase in diversity. While and diversity in the agroecosystem, Simpson Index "S" is more responsive to spiders were sampled using pitfall traps changes in the importance of most method as described by Southwood dominant species, it is a measure of (1978) and Slingsby and Cook (1986). dominance (i.e. The probability of two Three pitfall traps were placed in each randomly selected individuals will be of fertilizer treatment every week and three the same species) (Nestle et al., 1993). A in control plot. Arthropod specimens community dominated by one or two were placed in 70% alcohol and some species is less diverse than one in which droplets of glycerin. Spiders were several different species have a similar counted and sorted in the laboratory and abundance. The two indices were identified to species level as much as calculated as described by Ludwig and possible. Reynolds (1988): 3.1. Frequency and abundance values: H' = -∑ (ni / n) ln (ni/ n) and S = ∑ The frequency values of the most (ni/n)2 abundant species were classified into Where ni is the number of individuals three classes according to the system belonging to the ith of "S" taxa in the adopted by Weis Fogh (1948); “Constant sample and "n" is the total number of species” more than 50% of the samples, individuals in the sample "accessory species" 25-50 % of the 3.3. Sørensen quotient of similarity: samples and "accidental species" less To allow a comparison of the two than 25%. On the other hand, the samplings between microhabitats of the classification of dominance values were two cultivation systems, Sørensen's done according to Weigmann (1973) quotient of similarity (Sørensen, 1948) system in which the species were divided was used to determine the similarities of into five groups based on the values of spider species composition among the dominance in the sample; Eudominant communities, it is: QS = 2 C / A + B species (>30% individuals), dominant Where: A and B are the number of species species (>10-30% individuals), in samples A and B, respectively, and C subdominant (>5-10% individuals), is the number of species shared by the two recedent species (1-5% individuals) and samples; QS is the quotient of similarity subrecedent species (<1% individuals). and ranges from 0 to1. 3.2. Species diversity: 4. Identification of the pathogen that The community structure of soil cause downy mildew: spiders was described using the species 133 Zaki et al. , 2021 The samples of infected leaves of experiment; belonged to 9 families, 18 quinoa were examined by the staff of the genera and 18 species. Adults comprised Mycology and Plant Disease Survey 69.51%, while Juvenile were 30.49%. Research, Plant Pathology Research The sex ratio was 1 ♀: 5.46 ♂. In second Institute. ARC season, a total number of 201 spiders Disease assessment: were collected; belonged to 9 families, 19 Number of disease plants genera and 19 species. Adults comprised Disease incidence = -------------------------------- ×100 % 64.68%, while Juvenile were 28.86%. Total number of inspected plants The sex ratio was 1 ♀: 4.42 ♂. The 9 (Mhada et al., 2015) families found in the present study ∑ (Rating no. × no. of plants in each rating) represent 21.95% of the 41 families Disease severity = ------------------------------------- recorded in Egypt (El-Hennawy, 2017).
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