Effets Du Stylosanthes CIAT 184 Sur L’Entretien De La Vache Laitière Et La Croissance Des Veaux

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Effets Du Stylosanthes CIAT 184 Sur L’Entretien De La Vache Laitière Et La Croissance Des Veaux MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU DIPLOME D’ETUDES APPROFONDIES EN SCIENCES DE LA VIE OPTION : BIOCHIMIE APPLIQUEE AUX SCIENCES DE L’ALIMENTATION ET A LA NUTRITION Effets du Stylosanthes CIAT 184 sur l’entretien de la vache laitière et la croissance des veaux Présenté par : RAKOTOMBININTSOA Benjatiana Rivoniaina Maitre ès-sciences Soutenu publiquement le 26 Février 2014 Devant les membres de Jury : Président du jury : Professeur RAHERIMANDIMBY Marson Rapporteurs : Professeur RAZANAMPARANY Julia Louisette Docteur RAKOTOMANANA Olga Rachel Examinateurs : Docteur TSIRINIRINDRAVO Herisetra Lalaina Docteur RAMAROSON Roseline « Ary Andriamanitra mahay mampitombo ny fahasoavana rehetra aminareo, mba hanananareo ny onony rehetra mandrakariva amin’ny zavatra rehetra, ka hitombo amin’ny asa tsara rehetra » II Kor 9 : 8 REMERCIEMENTS Je remercie Dieu pour son amour et sa grâce infinie, ayant été là tout au long de ma vie, plus particulièrement dans l’accomplissement de ce mémoire. « La crainte de l’Eternel est le commencement de la connaissance ». Proverbes1:7a. Evidemment, ce mémoire n’aurait pu être réalisé sans les contributions de nombreuses personnes, à qui je dois toute ma gratitude. Je tiens alors à remercier plus particulièrement : Monsieur Le Professeur RAHERIMANDIMBY Marson, enseignant chercheur au DBFA à la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, Doyen de la faculté des sciences qui, malgré ses multiples responsabilités, a bien voulu nous faire le grand honneur de se rendre disponible et accepter la présidence de ce mémoire. Madame Le Professeur RAZANAMPARANY Julia Louisette, enseignant chercheur au DBFA à la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, qui a bien voulu nous encadrer et guider tout au long de ce travail. Je vous suis vraiment reconnaissant de votre générosité et de votre compréhension car vous avez, non seulement, répondu à tous les besoins nécessaires à la réalisation de ce mémoire, mais vous m’avez aussi offert l’opportunité de faire des découvertes et d’acquérir de nouvelles connaissances. Madame Le Docteur RAKOTOMANANA Olga Rachel, Chercheur au DRZV, qui m’a aussi encadré tout au long de ce travail, qui, malgré ses nombreuses responsabilités, a aussi bien voulu accepter de nous encadrer durant notre stage et de nous avoir offert l’opportunité de faire de nouvelles découvertes. Madame le Docteur RAMAROSON Roseline et Monsieur Le Docteur TSIRINIRINDRAVO Herisetra Lalaina qui, malgré leurs nombreuses occupations ont aimablement accepté d’apporter leurs compétences dans le jugement de ce travail. Nous exprimons également notre profonde gratitude à : Monsieur Le Professeur JEANNODA Victor, Responsable de la formation doctorale et Madame Le Docteur RANDRIANIERENANA Ando Lalaniaina, Chef de Département de Biochimie fondamentale et appliquée, d’avoir autorisé la soutenance de ce mémoire. Tous nos maitres et professeurs de la faculté des sciences, Département de Biochimie fondamentale et appliquée. Notre reconnaissance pour tous les enseignements que vous nous avez prodigués. Madame Le Docteur RAKOTOARISOA Jacqueline, Directeur Scientifique du FOFIFA, pour ses conseils avisés et l’intérêt qu’elle a porté à cette étude ; car cette étude n’aurait pas commencé et ne serait menée à son terme sans l’accord et l’appui du FOFIFA. Monsieur RABEHANITRINIONY Mamy, Chef de laboratoire de Chimie Nutrition de la Division Animale du DRZV-FOFIFA Ampandrianomby ; et toute l’équipe du laboratoire, particulièrement, Monsieur RAZAFINDRALAMBO Roger, pour leur aide et leurs précieux conseils. Monsieur le professeur Naceur SLIMANE (ENMV-2020 Sidi thabert, Tunisie) et le Docteur Paulo SALGADO (CIRAD, 97410 Réunion, France) expert AIEA, pour le : « le cours national de formation sur l’insémination artificielle, la reproduction et l’alimentation des bovins à Madagascar ». Qui s’est déroulé à Antananarivo, Madagascar du 11 au 22 novembre 2013. Monsieur Xavier JUANES, pour la formation à la méthode d’enquête de suivit d’élevage de ruminants et à l’utilisation du logiciel LASER. Qui s’est déroulé à l’université d’Antananarivo, Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Agronomique (ESSA) du 10 au 14 juin 2013, dans le projet BIOVA. Toute l’équipe de la Station de Recherches Zootechniques et Fourragères de Kianjasoa, particulièrement, Monsieur RAKOTOMALALA Sylvain, Technicien d’élevage de la station, pour ses innombrables interventions pour le déroulement de notre stage à Kianjasoa. Mes Parents, Monsieur RAKOTOMAHASOA Henri Pascal et Madame RAZANADRAMANANA Berthine. Pour m’avoir soutenu et encouragé toutes ces longues années afin de me permettre de réaliser un rêve d’enfance. Nos amis, plus particulièrement RANDRIANARIJAONA Lalatiana Irène, RAKOTOMALALA Hoby Arifetra et RAZAFINARIVO Tsirinirina Donnah, pour leurs soutiens moral, physique et financier, leur patience et leur dévouement au cours de nos études. Tous ceux qui ont contribué de près ou de loin à la réalisation de ce mémoire. Table des matières LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS………………………………………………………………….. v GLOSSAIRE…………………………………………………………………………………….. viii LISTE DES FIGURES………………………………………………………………………….. ix LISTE DES TABLEAUX……………………………………………………………………….. xi INTRODUCTION GENERALE………………………………………………………………... 1 PREMIERE PARTIE : GENERALITES I GENERALITES SUR LES MATERIELS VEGETAUX ……………………………………... 3 I.1 Présentation des aliments de bases ………………………………………………………….. 3 I.1.1 Stylosanthes guianensis CIAT 184 ………………………………………………... 3 I.1.1.1 Classification botanique du Stylosanthes ……………………….. 3 I.1.1.2 Description ……………………………………………………… 3 I.1.1.3 Zones de culture ………………………………………………… 4 I.1.1.4 Intérêts agronomiques…………………………………………… 4 I.1.2 Brachiaria brizantha ……………………………………………………………… 5 I.1.2.1 Classification botanique de Brachiaria ………………………… 5 I.1.2.2 Description……………………………………………………..... 5 I.1.2.3 Zone de culture ………………………………………………..... 6 I.2 Présentation des aliments de complémentation……………………………………………… 6 I.2.1 Son fin de riz………………………………………………………………………. 6 I.2.2 Farine de manioc………………………………………………………………….. 6 I.2.3 Mucuna pruriens IRZ …………………………………………………………….. 6 I.2.3.1 Classification botanique de Mucuna pruriens IRZ ……………... 7 I.2.3.2 Zone de culture…………………………………………………. 7 I.2.3.3 Intérêt agronomique …………………………………………… 8 II GENERALITES SUR LES RUMINANTS ……………………………………………….. 8 II.1 Herbivores polygastriques (Bovins laitiers) ………………………………………………... 8 II.1.1Climat ……………………………………………………………………………... 8 II.1.2 Génétique………………………………………………………………………….. 9 II.1.3 Alimentation……………………………………………………………………..... 9 II.1.4 Stress……………………………………………………………………………… 9 II.2 Particularité du tube digestif des ruminants………………………………………………… 9 II.2.1 Organisation des compartiments digestifs des ruminants………………………… 9 i Table des matières II.2.1.1 Parties spécifiques du tube digestif des ruminants...…………………..... 10 II.2.1.2 Intestins des ruminants………………………………………………….. 12 II.2.2 Micro-organismes du tube digestif des ruminants………………………………... 13 II.2.2.1 Bactéries du rumen des ruminants……………………………………..... 13 II.2.2.2 Protozoaires du rumen des ruminants…………………………………… 13 II.2.3 Physiologie de la digestion des ruminants………………………………………… 14 II.2.3.1 Phase de la mastication………………………………………………….. 14 II.2.3.2 Phase de la rumination………………………………………………….. 14 II.2.3.3 Digestion après la rumination…………………………………………... 14 II.3 Maîtrise de l’alimentation des ruminants…………………………………………………… 15 II.3.1 Alimentation des veaux en croissance……………………………………………. 15 II.3.2 Alimentation de sevrage des veaux……………………………………………….. 15 II.3.3 Alimentation des bovins laitiers..…………………………………………………. 16 II.3.3.1 Besoins nutritionnels des bovins laitiers………………………………... 16 II.4 Production laitière des ruminants…………………………………………………………… 19 II.4.1 Mécanisme de la production laitière des ruminants……………………………..... 19 II.4.2 Influence de l’alimentation sur la production laitière…………………………….. 19 DEUXIEME PARTIE : MATERIELS ET METHODES I PRESENTATION DE LA ZONE D’ETUDE………………………………………………..... 20 I.1 Site d’étude…………………………………………………………………………………... 20 I.2 Climat……………………………………………………………………………………….... 20 I.3 Sols et végétation…………………………………………………………………………..... 21 I.4 Animaux…………………………………………………………………………………….... 21 II MATERIELS VEGETAUX …………………………………………………………............... 21 II.1 Préparation des matériels végétaux ………………………………………………………..... 22 II.1.1 Préparation de Mucuna pruriens IRZ……………………………….......................... 22 II.1.1.1 Récolte de Mucuna pruriens IRZ……………………………………………. 22 II.1.1.2 Traitement thermique de la graine de Mucuna ………………………………. 23 II.1.2 Préparation du Stylosanthes CIAT 184 et du Brachiaria brizantha ………………. 24 II.1.2.1 Récolte des Stylosanthes guianensis et Brachiaria …………………………. 24 II.1.2.2 Transport des Stylosanthes et Brachiaria . ………………………………...... 24 II.2 Préparation de la complémentation ………………………………………………………… 25 ii Table des matières III DOSAGES BROMATOLOGIQUES DES MATERIELS VEGETAUX…………………… 26 III.1 Détermination de l’humidité totale et de la matière sèche………………………………… 26 III.1.1 Humidité totale…………………………………………………………………… 26 III.1.2 Matière sèche…………………………………………………………………..... 27 III.1.3 Humidité résiduelle……………………………………………………………..... 27 III.2 Indice de correction ……………………………………………………………………….. 28 III.3 Détermination des matières minérales…………………………………………………....... 28 III.4 Détermination des cendres insolubles……………………………………………………… 29 III.5 Dosage du calcium………………………………………………………………………..... 30 III.6 Dosage du phosphore ……………………………………………………………………… 31 III.7 Dosage de la matière azotée ou protéine brute……………………………………………... 32 III.8 Détermination de la teneur en lipides ……………………………………………………..
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