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High-Yielding Anthracnose-Resistant Stylosanthes for Agricultural Systems High-Yielding Anthracnose-Resistant

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High-Yielding Anthracnose-Resistant Stylosanthes for Agricultural Systems High-Yielding Anthracnose-Resistant High-yielding anthracnose-resistant Stylosanthes for agricultural systems High-yielding anthracnose-resistant High-yielding anthracnose-resistant This publication summarises new Section B, ‘Anthracnose resistant knowledge from Stylosanthes research and Stylosanthes’ highlights key achievements development, which has received attention of ACIAR projects involving Australia, Brazil, in recent years. Given the rapidly declining China and Colombia in a refereed journal number of researchers engaged in pasture article format. Chapters are organized in two and forage crops, this timely publication sub-sections, Germplasm evaluation & cultivar attempts to capture published and development and Pathogen biology and unpublished information on the anthracnose epidemiology. Contributors are collaborating disease and the development of new researchers from partner countries associated germplasm with anthracnose resistance with the ACIAR project on Stylosanthes. and high yield potential for existing and Section C, ‘Practical and commercial new production systems. utilisation of Stylosanthes’ offers an analysis of some of the existing and potential commercial Stylosanthes The book is aimed at active researchers, utilisation schemes for Stylosanthes and practitioners, professionals, producers practical advice. and growers interested in Stylosanthes. It is organized in three separate sections: Section A, ‘Stylosanthes: the versatile tropical legume’ contains review and overview chapters from internationally recognized for agricultural systems authorities in an easy to read format. Editor: S. Chakraborty 111 High-yielding anthracnose-resistant Stylosanthes for agricultural systems Edited by Sukumar Chakraborty Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Canberra 2004 The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was established in June 1982 by an Act of the Australian Parliament. Its mandate is to help identify agricultural problems in developing countries and to commission collaborative research between Australian and developing country researchers in fields where Australia has a special competence. © Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 2004 Chakraborty, S. (ed.) High-yielding anthracnose resistant Stylosanthes for agricultural systems. ACIAR Monograph No. 111, 268 p. ISBN: 1 86320 442 3 1 86320 443 1 Technical editing: Joanne Mason, Mason Edit, Adelaide Design and layout: Fivefold Creative Printing: Union Offset ii Anthracnose resistant Stylosanthes for agricultural systems Contents High-yielding anthracnose-resistant Stylosanthes for agricultural systems Section A Stylosanthes: a versatile tropical legume Chapter 1 History, relationships and diversity among Stylosanthes species of 9 commercial significance B L Maass and M Sawkins Chapter 2 Forage potential of Stylosanthes in different production systems 27 D F Cameron and S Chakraborty Chapter 3 Stylosanthes as a forage legume at its centre of diversity 39 R Pereira de Andrade, C Takao Karia and A Kardec Braga Ramos Chapter 4 Cattle Production from Stylosanthes pastures 51 T J Hall and A Glatzle Chapter 5 Utilisation of Stylosanthes as a forage crop in Asia 65 Chaisang Phaikaew, C R Ramesh, Yi Kexian and W Stür Chapter 6 The role of Stylosanthes spp in mixed crop-livestock systems in Africa and Australia 77 B C Pengelly, R L Clem and A M Whitbread Chapter 7 Stylosanthes in the reclamation and development of degraded soils in India 85 P S Pathak, C R Ramesh and R K Bhatt Chapter 8 Biotic and abiotic constraints to Stylosanthes production 97 S Kelemu, J W Miles and Idupulapati M Rao Chapter 9 Anthracnose disease of Stylosanthes 113 S Chakraborty Section B Anthracnose resistant Stylosanthes B1. Germplasm evaluation & cultivar development Chapter 10 Regional evaluation of Stylosanthes germplasm in Brazil 127 C Dornelas Fernandes, S Chakraborty, B Grof, H M Abranches Purcino, M do Socorro Bona Nascimento, M José D’ Ávila Charchar, J R Verzignassi and J M Sobrinho Chapter 11 Regional evaluation of Stylosanthes germplasm in India 135 C R Ramesh, N P Melkania, J S Desale, A H Sonone, M R Manjare, J R Patel, G P Yadavendra, C C Patel, M A Nair, S Lakshmi, J Pillai, A Gopalan, F Khan, K Jhansi and M A Sultan Chapter 12 Selecting high yielding anthracnose resistant Stylosanthes in Hainan 143 Bai Changjun, Liu Guodao and Wang Dongjin Anthracnose resistant Stylosanthes for agricultural systems 1 Chapter 13 Stylosanthes cultivars in China: Their development and performance 153 Liu Guodao, Bai Changjun, Wang Dongjin and He Huaxuan Chapter 14 Response of Stylosanthes seabrana to Bradyrhizobium inoculation in India 159 C R Ramesh, J H Kulkarni and J S Desale B2. Pathogen biology and epidemiology Chapter 15 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides diversity at centres 165 of origin in Brazil and Colombia S Chakraborty, C D Fernandes, M J Charchar, P L Weeds and S Kelemu Chapter 16 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides diversity at centres 173 of utilisation in Australia, China and India S Chakraborty, C R Ramesh and Y Kexian Chapter 17 Role of native Stylosanthes fruticosa in the diversity of Colletotrichum 179 gloeosporioides in India C R Ramesh, S Chakraborty and D H Sukanya Chapter 18 Host-pathogen adaptation in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 187 on Seca in Australia S Chakraborty and R Perrott Chapter 19 Yield losses caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in three species of 197 Stylosanthes in India C R Ramesh and B Gangaiah Chapter 20 Weather dependency of anthracnose and risk mapping 203 S Chakraborty, R Ghosh, M Ghosh, A K Maji, N White, C D Fernandes, M J Charchar, C R Ramesh and S Kelemu Chapter 21 Dispersal of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides conidia 211 I B Pangga, L Geagea, L Huber, S Chakraborty and D Yates Section C Practical and commercial utilisation of Stylosanthes Chapter 22 Stylosanthes: A promising legume for Africa 225 J T Amodu Chapter 23 Recent trends in Stylosanthes seed production by smallholders in India 235 P Parthasarathy Rao, C R Ramesh, P S Pathak, Y Mohan Rao and Nagarathna Biradar Chapter 24 Stylosanthes leaf meal for animal industries in China and India 243 Bai Changjun, Liu Guodao, Wang Dongjun, Daida Krishna, S Qudratullah, V L K Prasad, S V Rama Rao, P Parthasarthy Rao, C R Ramesh, R Balagopal and A Gopalan Chapter 25 Leaf meal production from Stylosanthes 253 Liu Guodao, Bai Changjun, Wang Dongjun, C R Ramesh and P Parthasarthy Rao Chapter 26 Stylosanthes seed production technology in India 257 C R Ramesh and P S Pathak Chapter 27 Evaluation of imported Stylosanthes germplasm in Australia 261 Bill Messer 2 Anthracnose resistant Stylosanthes for agricultural systems Foreword Stylosanthes is a fast-growing tropical legume, with a number of uses. The gradual replacement of existing cultivars with high-yielding and In India it is the most important tropical legume for semi-arid and arid resistant varieties will mainly be demand-driven as benefits of growing regions, where it is used for livestock production and to restore soil the new high yielding varieties become apparent through ongoing fertility. In China, freshly cut and processed leaf meal is used to feed demonstrations by government and NGOs. animals. It is also used as a green manure for soil enhancement. Other practical benefits to the smallholder farmers will flow as the In both countries Stylosanthes species contribute to the supply of forage improved technology for stylo cultivation and utilisation becomes for cattle, buffalo, goats, sheep and pigs. As a nitrogen-fixing legume, widely known through the strategic alliances already in operation. the plant helps replenish soil nutrients when used in ley farming, mixed As well as highlighting the key achievements of the ACIAR project, this cropping and intercropping systems. It helps restore marginal lands volume contains contributions from internationally recognised authorities with infertile acid soils and is a pioneer coloniser in the revegetation of in Stylosanthes research and examines some of the existing and potential wastelands. commercial utilisation schemes for Stylosanthes. It brings together Stylosanthes is of great commercial importance to Central and South 20 years of research on this important plant and is the latest in America, Asia and Africa. The beef industry in northern Australia is ACIAR’s monograph series. It is also available on ACIAR’s website increasingly reliant on Stylosanthes as a protein-rich pasture plant www.aciar.gov.au for cattle. The major constraint to its use, wherever it is grown, is anthracnose, a disease caused by a fungus that is diverse and quick to adapt. With growing international travel and trade, the risk of even more damaging fungal strains entering Australia, India or China is increasing. Australia has internationally recognised experience in tropical pasture technology in general, and Stylosanthes in particular, which was used in the project supported by ACIAR to help combat the anthracnose disease problem. Peter Core Director The aim of the project was to select germplasm of Stylosanthes resistant Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research to anthracnose, with the ultimate goal to provide high-yielding, disease- resistant varieties of Stylosanthes that will improve on the current varieties in use in India, China and northern Australia. Some of the achievements of the project were the broad testing of Stylosanthes germplasm at 20 sites across the world, the release of several Brazilian and Chinese cultivars, knowledge about the nature of pathogen populations
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