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Victor Suárez Sinápsidos.Pdf Suárez Monfort, Víctor Paleontología de Vertebrados, 5º Curso Sinápsidos – Origen y evolución Índice Introducción – La colonización de los continentes ................................................................... - 3 - Los primeros amniotas .............................................................................................................. - 9 - La separación de dos linajes: los primeros sinápsidos ............................................................ - 13 - Fisiología de los pelicosaurios ................................................................................................. - 16 - Pelicosaurios pérmicos ............................................................................................................ - 19 - Fisiología de los terápsidos ..................................................................................................... - 27 - Los primeros terápsidos .......................................................................................................... - 28 - La Gran Extinción y la aparición de los mamíferos ................................................................. - 37 - Conclusión ............................................................................................................................... - 40 - Bibliografía .............................................................................................................................. - 41 - - 2 - Sinápsidos – Origen y evolución Introducción – La colonización de los continentes La colonización más antigua conocida de un medio terrestre ha quedado preservada en el registro fósil en la Fm Rhynie Chert, en Escocia, que tiene una edad aproximada de 410 Ma (Devónico Temprano, Fig. 1). El yacimiento de Rhynie es considerado en paleontología un Lagerstätte, un yacimiento en el que es posible encontrar un ecosistema casi completo e in situ gracias a la acción de agentes naturales que garantizaron su conservación, en este caso gracias a los sedimentos acumulados por la acción de manantiales ricos en sílice que se acumularon sobre las estructuras (Vickers, 1996). Fig. 1 – Escala simplificada de la historia geológica terrestre. En la parte superior, división de los 4.570 Ma de historia de la Tierra en los cuatro eones reconocidos actualmente; en la parte media, subdivisión del último eón, el Eón Fanerozoico, en sus tres eras; en la parte inferior, subdivisión de la era Paleozoica en sus seis períodos: Cámbrico, Ordovícico, Silúrico, Devónico, Carbonífero y Pérmico. Autor: Víctor Suárez. Los especímenes del yacimiento de Rhynie han proporcionado valiosísima información para comprender las primeras etapas de colonización del medio terrestre. Aparecen entre los sedimentos ejemplos de las primeras plantas terrestres, hongos, algas, organismos similares a líquenes y diversos tipos de artrópodos con un nivel muy alto de detalle gracias a la naturaleza del material volcánico depositado. No obstante, se piensa que las primeras salidas de metazoos del mar a tierra se produjeron mucho antes, a lo largo del Período Silúrico (Fig. 1), siendo criaturas tales como los primeros escorpiones marinos (Clase EURYPTERIDA), escorpiones verdaderos (Clase SCORPIONIDA, Fig. 2) y, quizás, algunos trilobites (Clase TRILOBITA), los primeros artrópodos que pisaron tierra firme. Aunque estos organismos, aún dotados de branquias, saliesen a tierra, estaban obligados a regresar al cabo de un tiempo a un medio acuático para poder subsistir. Sin embargo, esta capacidad de salir al exterior les abriría las puertas a la colonización de los medios continentales. - 3 - Sinápsidos – Origen y evolución Fig. 2 – Imagen obtenida del documental “Caminando entre Monstruos” que muestra la salida del mar a tierra de algunos escorpiones primitivos (Clase SCORPIONIDA). Las primeras plantas vasculares terrestres aparecen hace unos 430-420 Ma, siendo el género más conocido Cooksonia (Lang, 1937), una planta primitiva bastante parecida a las actuales briofitas. Tenía un tallo bifurcado que terminaba, en el extremo más distal de cada ramal, en un abultamiento llamado esporangio, una estructura del vegetal en el que guardaba las esporas que emplearía durante la reproducción. Cooksonia (Fig. 3) llegaba a medir hasta 10 cm de altura y, a diferencia de las plantas actuales, no tenía raíces ni flores ni hojas. Fig. 3 – Reconstrucción digital del aspecto que mostraría un paisaje lacustre propio del Silúrico Medio a Tardío. En la imagen pueden verse múltiples ejemplares del género Cooksonia. A finales del Período Silúrico, hace unos 416 Ma, los continentes (Fig. 4) localizados más cerca del ecuador terrestre (Siberia, Laurusia –formado por la unión de Laurentia, Báltica, Kazakhstania y Avalonia–, China del Norte y del Sur, y el Norte de Gondwana) disponen de un clima templado, casi tropical, que influiría en el desarrollo de la - 4 - Sinápsidos – Origen y evolución biodiversidad marina que puebla sus extensos mares someros y la escasa, aunque ya existente, biodiversidad terrestre. Fig. 4 – Distribución paleogeográfica aproximada de hace unos 416 Ma. Laurusia (recién formada a partir de la colisión de Laurentia, Báltica, Kazakhstania y Avalonia), Siberia, China y el Norte de Gondwana se localizan en el ecuador terrestre o en una posición próxima a él. Por otra parte, una gran extensión de Gondwana ocupa todo el hemisferio Sur terrestre. Modificada de Mollewide Plate Tectonic Maps (http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/mollglobe.html). Hace unos 400 Ma, durante el Devónico Temprano (Fig. 1), surgen los primeros peces pulmonados, los dipnoos (Clase SARCOPTERYGII, Subclase DIPNOI, Fig. 5), que han desarrollado la capacidad de respirar oxígeno directamente de la atmósfera, así como unas extremidades delanteras fuertes (Fig. 6) que les permiten desplazarse por territorio seco (los sarcopterigios son denominados también “peces de aletas carnosas o lobuladas”). Fig. 5 – Tiktaalik, un primitivo pez pulmonado de la Clase SARCOPTERYGII que vivió hace 375 Ma. Actualmente es el tetrapodomorfo más antiguo conocido. Con estas habilidades, los dipnoos no sólo pueden salir a tierra firme para escapar de un predador o para evitar quedarse atrapados en una charca costera que se deseca durante épocas más calurosas, sino que pueden desplazarse libremente por las costas y orillas de lagos y otras aguas continentales y depredar así a pequeños artrópodos y otros organismos invertebrados de pequeño tamaño. - 5 - Sinápsidos – Origen y evolución Fig. 6 – Esquema de los componentes óseos de una aleta de un sarcopterigio tetrapodomorfo. Aunque siempre dependientes del agua, los primeros vertebrados pulmonados irán colonizando medios dulceacuícolas de interior y, con el tiempo, evolucionando, hasta aparecer, a partir de un pequeño grupo de estos sarcopterigios, los tetrápodos primitivos (como el género Acanthostega, Fig. 9). Estos primeros tetrápodos heredan de sus antecesores su mismo tipo dentario (dientes con estructura interna laberíntica, radial y fuertemente replegada), así como la capacidad de respirar oxígeno atmosférico con la boca cerrada por medio de las coanas (las narinas internas, que son orificios del paladar que comunican con las fosas nasales). Con un aspecto salamandroide, estas criaturas tenían una cabeza voluminosa (Fig. 8) y quiridios (patas) cortos y laterales. Los quiridios surgen por modificación de las aletas pares (Fig. 7). Fig. 7 – Esquema que muestra la evolución adaptativa de los diferentes componentes óseos de una aleta de sarcopterigio tetrapodomorfo (A) para generar un quiridio de tetrápodo (C). - 6 - Sinápsidos – Origen y evolución Fig. 8 – Esquema comparativo entre un cráneo de Crassigyrinus scoticus (izquierda), un tetrápodo primitivo, y un cráneo de Eusthenopteron foordi (derecha), un pez de aletas lobuladas (SARCOPTERYGII). Acanthostega (Fig. 9) es el tetrápodo primitivo más antiguo que se conoce (Clack, 1988). Llegaba a medir más de medio metro de longitud, y, al igual que otros tetrápodos primitivos posteriores, combinaba todavía agallas y pulmones y poseía unas extremidades provistas de pies palmeados con ocho dedos. Dado que sus - 7 - Sinápsidos – Origen y evolución miembros carecían de articulaciones de la muñeca y el tobillo, se cree que eran demasiado débiles para soportar su peso fuera del agua, por lo que debió de pasar casi toda su vida en ella. Vivió hace unos 370-360 Ma. 10 cm Fig. 9 – Dibujo de un ejemplar de “Acanthostega” en vida (arriba) y reconstrucción de su esqueleto óseo interno (abajo). - 8 - Sinápsidos – Origen y evolución Los primeros amniotas Hacia finales del Período Devónico, casi a comienzos del Carbonífero, los tetrápodos se diversifican en dos grupos: los temnospóndilos (Orden TEMNOSPONDYLI, un grupo de anfibios primitivos) y los antracosaurios (Orden ANTHRACOSAURIA, que incluye el resto de tetrápodos), estos últimos adaptados a hábitats terrestres (aunque dependientes siempre de la presencia de agua, como ya se ha dicho). Ambos grupos se clasifican, por sus caracteres, bajo el nombre de reptiliomorfos (Clado REPTILIOMORPHA, Fig. 10). Fig. 10 – A la izquierda, representación artística de la especie “Gefyrostegus bohemicus”, un reptiliomorfo antracosaurio; a la derecha, reconstrucción virtual del género “Eryops”, un reptiliomorfo temnospóndilo. Todos los reptiliomorfos de comienzos del Carbonífero exhibían tamaños que oscilaban entre los 30 cm y 1 metro de largo, aunque según fuesen temnospóndilos o antracosaurios presentaban unas características u otras. Por ejemplo, los temnospóndilos disponían de un cráneo triangular
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