DOCSLIB.ORG

Beginning Pages

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Beginning Pages HEALING THE WOUNDS: COMMEMORATIONS, MYTHS, AND THE RESTORATION OF LENINGRAD’S IMPERIAL HERITAGE, 1941-1950 By Steven Maddox A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of History University of Toronto © Copyright by Steven Maddox, 2008 Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l’édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-58046-2 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-58046-2 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L’auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l’Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L’auteur conserve la propriété du droit d’auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author’s permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privée, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de thesis. cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n’y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Dissertation Abstract “Healing the Wounds: Commemorations, Myths, and the Restoration of Leningrad’s Imperial Heritage, 1941-1950.” Steven Maddox, Department of History, University of Toronto (Ph.D., 2008) This dissertation is a study of Leningrad during World War II and the period of postwar restoration (1941-1950). Leningrad was besieged by the Germans for nearly nine-hundred days. As hundreds of thousands of people died from bombings, shelling, cold, and starvation, local authorities surprisingly instituted measures to ensure that the city’s historic monuments be safeguarded from destruction. When Leningrad was liberated in January 1944, a concerted effort was put into place to breath life into these damaged and destroyed monuments and to heal the wounds inflicted on the city. Instead of using the damage to modernize the city, Leningrad and Soviet authorities opted to privilege the country’s tsarist heritage. In the postwar period, municipal authorities proclaimed that restored monuments commemorate the determination and heroism shown by the people of Leningrad during the war. The memory of the blockade, it was argued, was a “red thread” that must run through and be inscribed in all restoration works. Although this dissertation is a local study of war and postwar restoration, it speaks to broader trends within the Soviet Union before, during, and after World War II. I argue that the care shown for Leningrad’s imperial monuments was the result of an ideological shift that began in the mid-1930s away from iconoclasm toward rehabilitating and respecting certain events and characters from the past. With international tensions rising in the 1930s, this turn to the past acted as a unifying force that had a tremendous influence on the patriotism shown during the war with the Nazis. In the postwar period, ii as the Soviet state began to redefine its image based on the myth of war and the country’s tsarist heritage, this patriotism was further promoted, resulting in a flurry of work throughout the Soviet Union to restore the vessels of the country’s past. Like many other modernizing states, the Soviet Union looked to its past to create a united and patriotic citizenry. iii Acknowledgements This dissertation could not have been written were it not for the continuous support I received from family, friends, colleagues, and advisors over the years. I would like to thank all the members of my committee for their encouragement, guidance, and enthusiasm about my project. First and foremost, I thank my advisor, Lynne Viola. Lynne has patiently taught me the intricacies of research and writing. She has provided a model of dedication and hard work that I have aspired to match. She has been there from the very beginnings of this project, has helped me formulate my ideas, and has been a rigorous and supportive mentor from day one. I am truly in her debt. Bob Johnson read and re-read drafts of chapters, suggested fruitful avenues of inquiry, and has always been there for me when I needed his help. For this I am eternally grateful. I thank Thomas Lahusen and Peter Solomon for consistently providing insightful criticism and advice whenever it was needed. I am also very grateful to Professor David L. Hoffmann who served as my external appraiser for the dissertation. His comments, questions, and suggestions have given me much to think about in further developing this work. During my years as a graduate student, scores of friends in King’s Cove, Toronto, Moscow, Cheboksary, and St. Petersburg have in some way or another helped to shape this project. My fellow grad students Sarah Amato, Ariel Beaujot, Wilson Bell, Auri Berg, Jeff Bowersox, Liz Burns, Heather DeHaan, Sveta Frunchak, Maya Haber, Geoff Hamm, Janet Hyer, Tomaz Jardim, Misha Kogan, Denis Kozlov, Tracy Macdonald, Alex Melnyk, Brigid O’Keeffe, Ruth Percy, Amy Milne-Smith, Nathan Smith, Yen Tran, and Mike Westren have all been faithful and unfailingly supportive friends. Many of these people read drafts of chapters on often very short notice. The same can be said of Rich Bidlack, David Brandenberger, Fred Corney, Emily Johnson, Lisa Kirschenbaum, Nikita Lomagin, and Karl Qualls. Their comments, criticisms, and suggestions have made this dissertation a much stronger piece of scholarship. Friends from home – Mark Aylward, Paul Maddox, Craig Murphy, and Keith Strickland – have always been there to provide a sometimes much needed outlet from the ivory tower. I thank them for that! I extend a heartfelt thanks to Ryan Gingeras and Mariana Chavez. Their friendship over the years has made my time in Toronto a very special experience. iv I am indebted to several friends and colleagues in Russia who made my research trips some of the most enjoyable periods of my life. Since1997 the Efimovs (Dima, Tania, and Sasha) have constantly served as a family away from home. Maya Efimova has offered me a place to stay in the centre of Moscow on far too many occasions to count. Edik Kudriavtsev, Sergei Antonov, Sasha Pirogov, and Vlad Smirnov always make my trips to St. Petersburg fun and enjoyable. Taisa Pavlovna Bondarevskaia – senior researcher at the former party archive in St. Petersburg – deserves special notice here. From my first day in the St. Petersburg archives in 2004, she took me under my wing and became not only a constant source of knowledge, but a very dear friend. I thank her for all her encouragement and interest in my work, but most of all for the daily conversations we had over tea and cookies in her office at the archive. I would also like to thank Iuliia Iurevna Bakhareva at the Archive of the Committee for State Control, Use, and Preservation of Monuments of History and Culture in St. Petersburg for sharing her seemingly infinite knowledge of historic preservation in Leningrad. The research and writing of this dissertation has benefited from the generous support of fellowships and grants. A doctoral fellowship from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada funded my work for the majority of my years as a graduate student. An Ontario Graduate Scholarship from the provincial government helped the writing tremendously. My work was also supported by grants and travel scholarships from the History Department, the School of Graduate Studies, and the Centre for European, Russian, and Eurasian Studies at the University of Toronto. Without this generous support the present work would have been much more difficult to write. Finally, I would like to thank those closest to me. My parents, Tom and Nell Maddox have been a constant source of love and support. They encouraged me to continue my university career after that first dreadful year when my natural inclination was to spend all my time on the slopes. My sister, Dr. Kelly-Anne Maddox helped me discover my passion for research and writing and urged me to continue to pursue my interests in Russian history, no matter how remote they seemed to a Quebec literature specialist. My greatest source of support has been my wife, Gillian Clarke. She has been with me every step of the way. She lovingly encouraged me to continue at times when I v doubted myself. She offered help and guidance when it was needed. She has been an inspiration. It is to her that I dedicate this work. vi Table of Contents Title Page…………………………………………………………………………………..i
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Romanov News Новости Романовых
    Romanov News Новости Романовых By Ludmila & Paul Kulikovsky №114 September 2017 Emperor Nicholas I. Watercolour by Alexander I. Klünder Monument to Emperor Nicholas I unveiled in Czech Republic September 19.TASS - A monument to Emperor Nicholas I (1825-1855) was opened in the spa town of Teplice in the north of the Czech Republic. This was announced by Consul-General of the Consulate General of the Russian Federation in Karlovy Vary (West Bohemia) Igor Melnik. "The monument to Nicholas I was erected in the very centre of Teplice next to the monuments of Peter the Great and Alexander I," he stressed. "This idea supported by local authorities, was conceived long ago, but was postponed, primarily because of the lack of necessary funds." Monuments to Russian autocrats in Teplice were created by People's Artist of Russia Vladimir Surovtsev. The patrons of the project are the organization of Russian compatriots in the Czech Republic "The Ark-Arch" and the General Consulate of the Russian Federation in Karlovy Vary. Sovereigns from the Romanov dynasty, actively implementing the idea of uniting the Slavs under the sceptre of mighty Russia on the international arena, have forever entered the history of Teplice. The Grand Duke and the future Emperor of Russia Nicholas I twice visited this city: in 1815 at the age of 19, and in 1818, when he turned 22. He took part in laying the foundation and then opening a monument to Russian soldiers who died for Europe's freedom in the struggle against Napoleon. The elder brother of Nicholas I, Emperor Alexander I, arrived in Teplice during the foreign campaigns of the Russian Imperial Army during the Napoleonic wars in 1813.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 Booklet 5 Day.Indd
    I love you, Peter’s great creation, Saint Petersburg is one of the most beautiful cities in I love your view of stern and grace, The Neva wave’s regal procession, the world, the cultural capital of Russia, the nation’s im- The grayish granite – her bank’s dress, portant business and academic centre. The airy iron-casting fences, The gentle transparent twilight, The city was founded by Peter I on the 16th (27th) of The moonless gleam of your nights May, 1703 as an outpost on the Neva’s banks. For a restless, long time Saint Petersburg remained the capital of the When I so easy read and write Without a lamp in my room lone, Russian Empire. From the moment of its foundation to And seen is each huge buildings’ stone this day the city has remained the centre of culture and Of the left streets, and is so bright The Admiralty spire’s fl ight… art. Famous architects of that time participated in con- struction and creation of the architectural image of Saint A. S. Pushkin, a fragment from the poem Petersburg. Among them were: George Mattarnovi, “The Bronze Horseman” Jean-Baptiste Le Blond, Domenico Trezzini, and Giaco- mo Quarenghi. In the course of its existence, the city changed its name three times. At the beginning of the World War I (1914) it became Petrograd. In 1924 it was renamed Leningrad in honor of V. I. Lenin at the workers’ initia- tive. In 1991 the historical name of Saint Petersburg was given back to the city. Saint Petersburg is often called Venice of the North, as it is located on the islands of the Neva River estuary, and the rivers and canals, the number of which amounts to over 90, give it a special charm in any time of the year.
    [Show full text]
  • St. Petersburg Is Recognized As One of the Most Beautiful Cities in the World. This City of a Unique Fate Attracts Lots of Touri
    I love you, Peter’s great creation, St. Petersburg is recognized as one of the most I love your view of stern and grace, beautiful cities in the world. This city of a unique fate The Neva wave’s regal procession, The grayish granite – her bank’s dress, attracts lots of tourists every year. Founded in 1703 The airy iron-casting fences, by Peter the Great, St. Petersburg is today the cultural The gentle transparent twilight, capital of Russia and the second largest metropolis The moonless gleam of your of Russia. The architectural look of the city was nights restless, When I so easy read and write created while Petersburg was the capital of the Without a lamp in my room lone, Russian Empire. The greatest architects of their time And seen is each huge buildings’ stone worked at creating palaces and parks, cathedrals and Of the left streets, and is so bright The Admiralty spire’s flight… squares: Domenico Trezzini, Jean-Baptiste Le Blond, Georg Mattarnovi among many others. A. S. Pushkin, First named Saint Petersburg in honor of the a fragment from the poem Apostle Peter, the city on the Neva changed its name “The Bronze Horseman” three times in the XX century. During World War I, the city was renamed Petrograd, and after the death of the leader of the world revolution in 1924, Petrograd became Leningrad. The first mayor, Anatoly Sobchak, returned the city its historical name in 1991. It has been said that it is impossible to get acquainted with all the beauties of St.
    [Show full text]
  • Abrief History
    A BRIEF HISTORY OF RUSSIA i-xxiv_BH-Russia_fm.indd i 5/7/08 4:03:06 PM i-xxiv_BH-Russia_fm.indd ii 5/7/08 4:03:06 PM A BRIEF HISTORY OF RUSSIA MICHAEL KORT Boston University i-xxiv_BH-Russia_fm.indd iii 5/7/08 4:03:06 PM A Brief History of Russia Copyright © 2008 by Michael Kort The author has made every effort to clear permissions for material excerpted in this book. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kort, Michael, 1944– A brief history of Russia / Michael Kort. p. cm.—(Brief history) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8160-7112-8 ISBN-10: 0-8160-7112-8 1. Russia—History. 2. Soviet Union—History. I. Title. DK40.K687 2007 947—dc22 2007032723 The author and Facts On File have made every effort to contact copyright holders. The publisher will be glad to rectify, in future editions, any errors or omissions brought to their notice. We thank the following presses for permission to reproduce the material listed. Oxford University Press, London, for permission to reprint portions of Mikhail Speransky’s 1802 memorandum to Alexander I from The Russia Empire, 1801–1917 (1967) by Hugh Seton-Watson.
    [Show full text]
  • Racism, Discrimination and Fight Against “Extremism” in Contemporary Russia
    RACISM, DISCRIMINATION and FIGHT AGAINSt “EXTREMISm” IN CONTEMPORARY RUSSIA Alternative Report on the Implementation of the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination By the Russian Federation For the 93rd Session of the UN CERD July 31 – August 11, 2017 Racism, Discrimination and fight against “extremism” in contemporary Russia. Alternative Report on the Implementation of the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination By the Russian Federation. For the 93rd Session of the UN CERD. July 31 – August 11, 2017. INDEX INTRODUCTION . 4 RACIALLY MOTIVATED VIOLENCE . 6 Hate crimes . 6 Reaction of the authorities to xenophobic speech . 7 Combating online incitement to hatred . 7 Federal list of extremist materials . 9 Definition of “extremist activities” . 9 DiSCRIMINATION IN CRIMEA . 12 Racial discrimination against Crimean Tatars in Crimea . 12 Restrictions on the operating of national institutions and systematic violation of civil and political rights . 12 Barriers to studying and using the Crimean Tatar language . 14 Freedom of religion and access to religious and culture sites . 15 State propaganda and incitement of ethnic strife . 18 Discrimination against Ukrainians . 21 Studying and using the Ukrainian language . 24 Holding of cultural events . 26 DiSCRIMINATION AGAINST MIGRANTS FROM REGIONS OF THE CAUCASUS TO RUSSIA (in the example of cities in western Siberia) . 28 Restrictions during the hiring process, lower salaries, and the glass ceiling in the public sector and at large corporations . 29 Problems with registration, renting housing, and conscription . 31 Increased attention from law enforcement authorities . Discriminatory and accusatory rhetoric in the media and society . 32 Nationalist organizations and their initial support from the government .
    [Show full text]
  • Sculptured History: Images of Imperial Power in the Literature and Culture of St. Petersburg (From Falconet to Shemiakin)
    Sculptured History: Images of Imperial Power in the Literature and Culture of St. Petersburg (From Falconet to Shemiakin) Author(s): Svetlana Evdokimova Source: The Russian Review, Vol. 65, No. 2 (Apr., 2006), pp. 208-229 Published by: Wiley on behalf of The Editors and Board of Trustees of the Russian Review Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3664398 Accessed: 15-09-2019 21:28 UTC REFERENCES Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3664398?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms Wiley is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Russian Review This content downloaded from 142.150.190.39 on Sun, 15 Sep 2019 21:28:32 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Sculptured History: Images of Imperial Power in the Literature and Culture of St. Petersburg (From Falconet to Shemiakin) SVETLANA EVDOKIMOVA Since its founding in 1703, St. Petersburg has been the site of an intense cultural and historical polemic concerning Russia's national identity.
    [Show full text]
  • Brochure2013.Pdf
    Welcome to the ACM ICPC World Finals sponsored by IBM hosted by ITMO 4 5 Contents Honorary Patronage .......................... 8 Honorary Committee ......................... 9 Welcomes .........................................10 Welcome to Saint Petersburg .......... 20 University ITMO ............................... 26 About the Contest ........................... 38 World Finals Rules ........................... 46 World Finals Judges ........................ 52 Team Roster .................................... 58 Awards ............................................ 70 Schedule ......................................... 78 ICPC 2013 Venues .......................... 82 ICPC Volunteers ............................ 100 Special Thanks .............................. 109 7 2013 ACM ICPC World Finals Honorary Patronage Dmitry Medvedev Prime Minister of Russia Dear guests, I am glad to meet you in Saint Petersburg. I am really pleased that the World Finals is taking place in this city. You have chosen the occupation that provides you with unique opportunities not only for self-realiza- tion, but also for the development of entire humanity. Advancing to such a prestigious contest as the World Finals is already a great achievement. I’m sure that serious preparations, profound knowledge and creative approach to solving the most complex prob- lems will help you achieve great results, justify your mentors’ expectations and show that it is you who are the best programmers of the world. I wish all the teams good luck in the upcom- ing competition
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Sculptural Images of St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg: Porticoes and Doors
    Anuario de Historia de la Iglesia ISSN: 1133-0104 ahig@unav.es Universidad de Navarra España Akindinova, Tatiana Sculptural images of St. Isaac's cathedral in St. Petersburg: porticoes and doors Anuario de Historia de la Iglesia, vol. 22, 2013, pp. 219-234 Universidad de Navarra Pamplona, España Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=35527021012 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Sculptural images of St. Isaac’s cathedral in St. Petersburg: porticoes and doors Imágenes escultóricas de la catedral de San Isaac en San Petersburgo: pórticos y puertas Tatiana AKINDINOVA Doctor en Filosofía, Profesor del Departamento de Estética y Filosofía de la Cultura. Universidad estatal de San Petersburgo Akindin@mail.ru Abstract: The article introduces the reader into the his- Resumen: El artículo introduce en la historia de la Catedral tory of St. Isaac’s cathedral in St. Petersburg. It describes de San Isaac. Describe los temas de los altorrelieves en los the subjects of the high reliefs on the pediments of its four frontones de los cuatro pórticos y de las tres puertas prin- porticoes and three main doors, the ones related to the cipales que se refieren, respectivamente, a la vida de San life of St. Isaac of Dalmatia, Christ and the Blessed Virgin Isaac de Dalmacia, Cristo y la Virgen María. Estos temas, Mary. These subjects as well as the statues of the apostles igual que las estatuas de los apóstoles en las esquinas de los on the pediments’ corners and saints on the door folds are frontones y los santos en los paneles de las puertas se con- discussed in the context of significance of these persona- sideran en el contexto del significado que tienen estos per- ges for the Orthodox tradition in Russia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Korean Peninsula, 1973-1976Download
    DOCUMENT NO. 1 Telegram from Pyongyang to Bucharest, SECRET, No. 061.005, Urgent Date: Source: 6 January Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archives, Matter 210, 1973, Democratic People’s Republic of 1973 Korea, Secret, 1st Division, MFA, Folder no. 1496, Regarding the Internal Situation in the DPRK (Political, Economic, Social, Cultural Matters. Obtained and translated for NKIDP by Eliza Gheorghe For Comrade Nicolae Ecobescu, Deputy Foreign Minister For Comrade Nicolae M. Nicolae, State Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Trade Following the instructions we have received through telegram no.09/0447175, dated December 5, 1972, we are sending you the monthly report regarding the state of the economy and of foreign trade in the DPRK. 1. Economic development The economic potential is being materialized through the annual and long-term plans conceived by the 7th Congress of the Korean Workers’ Party. Currently the 6-year plan for 1971-1976 is being implemented, and from the information we gathered, it seems that this plan underwent modifications at the end of 1971 and last year, especially after the North-South Joint Declaration of July 4, further modifications were necessary with respect to the directions, priorities and the rhythm of certain economic sectors. In this respect, all production sectors had to fulfill their quotas planned for 1973 by the end of 1972, which was impossible except for some large industrial machinery-building factories and for some chemical plants. Some of these fulfilled the quotas planned for 1975. In the first two years of the six-year plan, the production quotas were not met, and there is a significant lag between various economic sectors.
    [Show full text]
  • New Evidence on North Korea Edited by James Person June 2010
    NORTH KOREA INTERNATIONAL DOCUMENTATION PROJECT DOCUMENT READER New Evidence on North Korea Edited by James Person June 2010 NEW EVIDENCE ON NORTH KOREA NORTH KOREA INTERNATIONAL DOCUMENTATION PROJECT DOCUMENT READER Prepared for the conference: New Documents and New Histories: Twenty-First Century Perspectives on the Korean War June 16-17, 2010 Harry S. Truman Presidential Library Independence, Missouri Organized by The Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars’ North Korea International Documentation Project 1 Dear Participant The North Korea International Documentation Project (NKIDP) is pleased to present you with this “document reader,” which is intended to facilitate and enrich the discussion at the June 16-17 conference “New Documents and New Histories: Twenty-First Century Perspectives on the Korean War,” held at the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library in Independence, Missouri. The volume consists of select Russian, Chinese, South Korean, Hungarian, Romanian, Polish, and (East) German archival documents that we hope will provide context for discussion on North Korea. The collection, compiled by NKIDP is by no means comprehensive, however, in selecting the materials, the editors sought to include some of the most important materials available and made a substantial effort to mine relevant official archives. The document reader is organized chronologically, starting with April 1955 and ending in May 1984. In compiling these documents, the editors received much appreciated cooperation
    [Show full text]
  • Module 3 the Northern Capital
    Module 3 The Northern Capital Авторы проекта: Качанова Ольга Протальевна Created by Olga Kachanova and Соколова Юлия Владимировна Yulia Sokolova ГБОУ гимназия 192 «Брюсовская гимназия» Gymnasium 192 named after Jacob Bruce Санкт-Петербург St Petersburg АННОТАЦИЯ ANNOTATION Модуль “Northern Capital” («Северная столица») This Module “Welcome to Russia” has been designed предназначен для учащихся, изучающих for students who learn English on Elementary (A2) английский язык на уровне Elementary (A2). level. В модуле представлена общая информация о Санкт- The Module contains general information about Saint Петербурге: географическом положении города, его Petersburg: the geographical position of the city, some истории и достопримечательностях, а также даны наиболее интересные факты о Северной столице. facts about its history and places of interests and the Материалы представлены в разнообразных most interesting facts about the Northern capital are заданиях, направленных на развитие лексических и given. All materials include various activities which грамматических навыков, а также навыков provide the development of lexical and grammar аудирования и чтения. Модуль содержит пять skills, as well as listening and reading skills. The видеороликов, четыре задания предлагается Module contains five video clips, four tasks are offered выполнить в интерактивном формате с to carry out in an interactive format (in the form of возможностью самопроверки. Четыре задания interactive communication) with an option of self- содержат ссылки на статьи энциклопедий, что control. Four tasks include links to articles of the позволит учащимся получить более полную encyclopedias, which let the students get more информацию по заинтересовавшим их вопросам. information and extension. The link to the interactive Также можно воспользоваться интерактивной map of Saint-Petersburg is available, that gives the картой Санкт-Петербурга и увидеть достопримечательности города в 3D формате.
    [Show full text]
  • The Restoration of Ancient Bronzes Naples and Beyond
    The Restoration of Ancient Bronzes Naples and Beyond Edited by Erik Risser and David Saunders NOTES TO THE USER • Navigate this PDF through the Table of Contents button below • Enlarge any image in this PDF by clicking on it. • Each PDF is paired with a GALLERY PDF. When both files are open and downloaded to your computer, you can view the text simultaneously with large-format images. Navigate between the two PDFs using the Contents buttons or by clicking on figure caption numbers. THE J. PAUL GETTY MUSEUM | LOS ANGELES TABLE OF CONTENTS GALLERY CONTENTS 1 – 147 © 2013 J. Paul Getty Trust Published by the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles Getty Publications 1200 Getty Center Drive, Suite 500 Los Angeles, CA 90049–1682 www.getty.edu/publications Beatrice Hohenegger, Editor Catherine Lorenz, Designer Elizabeth Kahn, Production Coordinator ISBN 978-1-60606-154-1 Front image: Apollo Saettante, 100 B.C.–before A.D. 79. Naples, Museo Archeologico Nazionale (detail, figure 4.18) Illustration credits Every effort has been made to contact the owners and photographers of objects reproduced here whose names do not appear in the captions or in the illustration credits. Anyone having further information concerning copyright holders is asked to contact Getty Publications so this information can be included in future printings. This publication may be downloaded and printed either in its entirety or as individual chapters. It may be reproduced, and copies distributed, for noncommercial, educational purposes only. Please properly attribute the material to its respective authors and artists. For any other uses, please refer to the J.
    [Show full text]