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Volume 4 Issue 1 March, 2019 , 2019 Issue 1 Volume 4 March By Engineers. For Engineers. Architecture Civil and Structural Engineering Mechanics of Materials Building and Construction Urban Planning and Development Transportation Issues in Construction Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology Designing, Operation and Service eISSN: 2500-0055 of Construction Cite Engines Architecture and Engineering Volume 4 Issue 1 Editorial Board: Prof. A. Akaev (Kyrgyzstan) Prof. Emeritus D. Angelides (Greece) Prof. S. Bertocci (Italy) Prof. T. Dadayan (Armenia) Prof. M. Demosthenous (Cyprus) T. C. Devezas (Portugal) Prof. J. Eberhardsteiner (Austria) V. Edoyan (Armenia) Prof. G. Esaulov (Russia) Prof. S. Evtiukov (Russia) Prof. A. Gale (UK) Prof. G. Galstyan (Armenia) Prof. Th. Hatzigogos (Greece) Y. Iwasaki (Japan) Prof. Jilin Qi (China) K. Katakalos (Greece) Editor in Chief: Prof. N. Kazhar (Poland) Prof. G. Kipiani (Georgia) Prof. Emeritus G. C. Manos (Greece) Prof. D. Kubečková (Czech Republic) Prof. H. I. Ling (USA) E. Loukogeorgaki (Greece) Prof. S. Mecca (Italy) Prof. Menghong Wang (China) S. A. Mitoulis (UK) Lecturer Prof. V. Morozov (Russia) Prof. A. Naniopoulos (Greece) S. Parrinello (Italy) Prof. P. Puma (Italy) Prof. Qi Chengzhi (China) Prof. J. Rajczyk (Poland) Associate editor: Prof. M. Rajczyk (Poland) Prof. Yu. Safaryan (Armenia) Viktoriya Rapgof (Russia) Executive Editor Prof. S. Sementsov (Russia) A. Sextos (Greece) E. Shesterov (Russia) Prof. A. Shkarovskiy (Poland) Prof. Emeritus T. Tanaka (Japan) Prof. S. Tepnadze (Georgia) M. Theofanous (UK) Lecturer G. Thermou (UK) I. Wakai (Japan) Prof. A. Zhusupbekov (Kazakhstan) Architecture and Engineering Volume 4 Issue 1 CONTENTS 3 Jurij Kotikov Specifics of the quantomobile force balance 11 Leonid Lavrov, Fedor Perov Evolution of the imperial residence and urban development of the St. Petersburg center 23 Dmitrii Nikitin, Liudmila Nikitina, Arthur Asoyan, Alexey Marusin Analysis of strength characteristics in railroad dowels produced by various manufacturers 32 Mikhail Ryabchikov, Ruslan Burnashev Selection of the technological line structure for the building aggregates production using centrifugal impact crushers 38 Anatolii Potapov, Igor Pavlov, Iana Verkhovskaia Non-destructive testing and technical evaluation of the condition of the monument to Alexander III 47 Antonina Yudina, Yurii Tilinin Selection of criteria for comparative evaluation of house building technologies 2 Jurij Kotikov — Pages 3–10 SPECIFICS OF THE QUANTOMOBILE FORCE BALANCE DOI: 10.23968/2500-0055-2019-4-1-3-10 SPECIFICS OF THE QUANTOMOBILE FORCE BALANCE Jurij Kotikov Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering Vtoraja Krasnoarmejskaja st., 4, St. Petersburg, Russia [email protected] Abstract The article provides data on the concept of thrust forces' formation in a quantum engine (QE). Influence of difference in structural diagrams of vehicles with QEs and ICEs on their energy consumption is described. Functional differences in formation and control over thrust and speed characteristics of automobiles and quantomobiles are reviewed. Differences in thrust balances of vehicles mentioned are analyzed. Possible topography of quantomobile regulatory characteristics is considered as well. Keywords Automobile, quantum engine, quantomobile, quantum thrust, force balance, regulatory characteristics. Introduction The article addresses issues of the quantomobile force The opportunity of implementing non-fuel energy balance and its control. production ideas based on the use of the energy of the physical vacuum (Davies, 1985, Dirac, 1930, Fetta, 2014, Concept of thrust formation in quantum engines McCulloch, 2014, Parker, 1991, Puthoff, 2010, Shawyer, The technology of creating the force of artificial 2006, Tajmar, 2018, Tesla, 2009 and others) seems more gravitation has already been implemented by Leonov V.S. and more real. The Theory of Superunification proposed in a number of trial designs of quantum (field) engines by Leonov V.S., and his quantum engine (QE) concepts that generate a thrust impulse due to the interaction of formed based on that theory (Leonov, 2002, 2010a, QE operating elements with QST (quantized space-time) 2010b, 2018) feature outstanding ideas and a harmonious without the ejection of the reactive mass (Leonov, 2002, structure. 2010a, 2010b, 2018). The ability to draw energy from the global physical The direction and value of the force vector F (thrust) vacuum will result in a new technological paradigm generated by the QE is determined by the spatial gradient involving the transport sector as well. Quantum engines (grad) of the energy W (Leonov, 2010a): will replace internal combustion and jet engines; the ∂∂∂WWW existing propulsion devices of vehicles will improve. F=gradW=∇= W ik +j + (1) Previous studies of the author addressed basic ∂∂∂xyz provisions of the Theory of Superunification, described where i, j, k are unit vectors along the x, y, z axes, aspects of QE creation, predicted some features of respectively. automobiles with QEs — quantomobiles, reviewed possible stages of their studying, included a comparative The modulus of force (1) is determined by the following computational analysis of thrust forces and energy expression (Leonov, 2018): consumption of the quantomobile and modern car (Kotikov, 2018a, 2018b, 2018c). 2 2 2 2 ∂W ∂W ∂W The present article continues expanding insights into gradW = + + (2) the quantomobile concept, however, only hypothetically. ∂x ∂y ∂z 3 Architecture and Engineering Volume 4 Issue 1 The direction of the unit gradient vector (force direction) n is determined by the ratio of function (1) to its modulus (2) (Leonov, 2018): ∂W ∂W ∂W i + j + k gradW ∂x ∂y ∂z Force F n = = (3) T 2 2 2 2 gradW ∂W ∂W ∂W Low E2 High E2 + + ∂x ∂y ∂z Equations (1)...(3) are valid for calculations of the force when energy diffuses in space unevenly and energy differentials are observed, and when the function of energy distribution in space W = f (x, y, z) is known (Leonov, 2018). The Theory of Superunification provides a scientific basis for the creation of an artificial traction Figure 1. Gradient of field density in a QE conical resonator, resulting in thrust F formation (Brandenburg, 2016) force (changing the direction of the force vector n) and T thrust FT (Figure 1). To estimate quantomobile power characteristics Let us call the force F the "traction force" (denoting compared to those of the modern automobile, the author it as FT) (in terms of its application to vehicle's structural considered a numerical example of comparing thrust and elements) as well as the "thrust force" (in terms of the energy consumption by a KAMAZ-4326 truck (KAMAZ- field response to its perturbations in the resonator (the master, 2018) and a hypothetical laboratory quantomobile term is borrowed from rocketry). In case the resonator based on such truck (in steady movement at a constant is rigidly mounted onto the vehicle's body and there are speed of 100 km/h (27.8 m/s)) (Kotikov, 2018c). no intermediate force transducers, both things will mean A difference structural diagram presented in Figure 2 the same. However, if there are intermediate transducers was developed as a conceptual basis. The calculations (dampers, reduction gears, etc.), those forces may differ. accounted for features of the quantomobile passive It should also be noted that the force (vector) can be wheeled running gear and improved aerodynamics under decomposed into unit vectors: the vehicle body. We will use the word “vehicle” as a common name for FFT=++ Tx F Ty F Tz (4) both the automobile and quantomobile. Short excerpts from the study calculation results The scalar form of this equation is as follows: (Kotikov, 2018c) are presented in the following table. In that table, G is the weight of a vehicle with a constant 222 veh FFFFT= Tx ++ Ty Tz (5) load for all five options: options 1 and 2 — gross vehicle weight, 10 t; options 3 and 4 — weight reduction down to 8.8 t due to removal of the transmission elements from the Influence of difference in structural diagrams design; option 5 — weight reduction by another ton due to of vehicles with QEs and ICEs on their energy removal of the wheeled running gear elements from the consumption design. ⋅η ⋅η ⋅η ⋅η ⋅η ⋅η Ne Ne tr Ne tr dw Ne tr dw susp Pw Driving +++ Transmission ++ + Suspension Vehicle A P ICE PT PT wheels PT PT f +++ ++ + PT = PT/(ηsusp⋅ηdw⋅ηtr) PT = PT/(ηsusp⋅ηdw) PT = PT/(ηsusp) Fw F FT QE Vehicle Q Ff Figure 2. Diagrams of thrust generation for the automobile (Vehicle A) and quantomobile (Vehicle Q) (Kotikov, 2018c). 4 Jurij Kotikov — Pages 3–10 SPECIFICS OF THE QUANTOMOBILE FORCE BALANCE DOI: 10.23968/2500-0055-2019-4-1-3-10 Table 1. Comparative calculation results. Indicator Design cases 1. Automobile, ICE, 2. Automobile, ICE, 3. Quantomobile, 4. Quantomobile, 5. Flying car, QE f = 0.01, PT f = 0.1, PT QE, f = 0.01, FT QE, f = 0.1, FT FTx Gveh, N 100,000 100,000 88,000 88,000 78,000 PT (FT, FTx), N 4,240 13,240 3,640 11,560 1,910 NT (NTx), kW/hp 118/160 368/500 101/137 321/437 53/72 Pe+++ (FT, FTx), N 5,730 22,830 3,640 11,560 1,910 Ne (NTx), kW/hp 159/216.5 634/862 101/137 321/437 53/72 It is apparent that energy consumption of a quantomobile Figure 3 presents a set of speed characteristics for with carrying wheels at a speed of 100 km/h is 1.5–2 times the KAMAZ-740 diesel engine with a two-mode regulator, less than that of a KamAZ-4326 truck (see the Ne (NTx) row measured with the participation of the author (Kotikov, of the table). Energy consumption of the flying car for the 1982a, 2006). If the values of the fuel injection pump horizontal component of thrust FTx is three times less than rack position hr are placed on the orthogonal Z-axis (in that of the truck under the lowest possible resistance of the direction towards the reader), then we will obtain a the horizontal road f = 0.01 (compare columns 1 and 5 of three-dimensional representation of the dependence the table).
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