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Giant Pandas VOL. 1 | 2017 THE SCIENCE OF SAN DIEGO ZOO GLOBAL INSTITUTE FOR CONSERVATION RESEARCH GIANT PANDAS: A Story of Hope Two decades of challenges, discoveries, and successes—no longer endangered! Both of our experiences exemplified an essential lesson learned for international collaboration: if you make friends first, More than two decades of GIANT PANDAS: science and teamwork will follow. experience with panda –RON SWAISGOOD, PH.D., AND MEGAN OWEN, PH.D. behavior, diet, breeding, and reproduction in partnership with our Chinese colleagues The Road to Recovery has led to new discoveries BY RON SWAISGOOD, PH.D., DIRECTOR OF RECOVERY ECOLOGY, that have made the future AND MEGAN OWEN, PH.D., ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR OF RECOVERY ECOLOGY Still Saving Giant Pandas much brighter for the Outside of China, San Diego Zoo’s giant panda breeding program is second to none. giant panda. Two decades ago, we could hardly imagine that the giant panda would Our lovely matriarch, Bai Yun, has given birth to six healthy cubs at the Zoo and now has one day be downlisted from Endangered to Vulnerable. San Diego 14 grandcubs back in China, including one great-grandcub! Adding to that accomplishment Zoo Global is proud to have played an important role in setting the is the tremendous body of knowledge we have gained from this iconic species, resulting in giant panda on the road to recovery, as we reflect on some of the most “more than 70 scientific publications. While we are delighted that the panda was downlisted poignant and personal moments that have marked this journey. from Endangered to Vulnerable last year on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, we know this beloved animal still needs our help—the goal is nothing less than a sustainable population on remembers his beginning as if it were yesterday. He began working at the and successful reintroduction to China’s forests. breeding center at China’s Wolong National Nature Reserve in 1995. In those R days we didn’t get the red carpet treatment, and Ron spent the first few weeks How You Can Help as the only foreigner there, feeling isolated, cold, and lonely . and making little ” progress with his research. This was aimed at getting pandas to do what is supposed Our field research teams all over the world rely on the generosity of donors like you to help achieve San Diego Zoo Global’s vision to lead the fight against extinction. To learn ways you can help, please call to come naturally—mate! After weeks of rain, snow, and sleet, the sun came out and Maggie Aleksic at 760-747-8702, option 2, ext. 5762, or email [email protected]. the “Wolong guys” got out a basketball. Ron decided to join the daily game and almost immediately everything changed. Poor cooperation turned into good friendships, and two decades of camaraderie and collaboration followed. ON THE COVER: Bai Yun has been a phenomenal mother to all six of her cubs. Here she is dandling her fifth cub, male Yun Zi, born in 2009. Continued next page 2 . Continued from page 2 A FEW YEARS LATER, MEGAN ARRIVED AT WOLONG “signs”: feeding sites, scent marks, and especially on a cold winter evening with her family in tow—husband, their droppings, which provide a treasure trove toddler, and baby—ready to embark on four months of research of information. These include diet, DNA, in the heart of the giant panda’s home. Children are beloved gender, and hormones. And, since they leave there, so Megan and her family were quickly integrated into about 50 of these nuggets a day, they leave the social fabric of Wolong. Being part of this extended family a perfect record of where they’ve been not only made the tea warmer and the food tastier, it also and their habitat preferences. meant that the Wolong staff was keen to work with Megan We now understand that female toward our collective research goals. Most importantly, pandas need access to old-growth trees long-term trust was established that also helped us large enough to contain a cavity suitable make progress toward common goals. Both of our Leading the Way for rearing their cubs. We are working experiences exemplified an essential lesson learned with our partners on a trial using artificial for international collaboration: if you make friends for Panda Conservation maternity dens, creating denning habitat while first, science and teamwork will follow. waiting for some of the old-growth forests to Today, the San Diego Zoo holds the only foreign Over the years, many San Diego Zoo Global teams grow back. We’ve also learned that younger forests position on the China State Forestry Administration’s pitched in, tackling groundbreaking research in provide good habitat where pandas can forage. As behavior, husbandry, reproductive physiology, this forest matures and recovers, they are using it Reintroduction Advisory Panel. We chair the Giant genetics, nutrition, disease, and more. All more and more—and that’s a good thing for the future of Panda Expert Team of the International Union this helped lead to a dramatic turnaround, pandas. We now understand how solitary pandas find one for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the leading and now the panda population is growing another, how they use scent and vocal signals to stimulate international conservation organization for exponentially, with two or three dozen sexual motivation, and how they compete for and choose their evaluating endangered species and setting cubs born each year. mates. Recently, using DNA from droppings, we determined priorities, as well as the Giant Panda that pandas have a modest amount of inbreeding. This is nothing With the managed population Species Survival Plan of the Association to be alarmed about but something to pay attention to as habitat growing, our attention turned fragmentation may make it more difficult for them to find suitable, of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA). next to saving giant pandas in unrelated mates. The Zoo was the recent co-recipient the wild. Working with the of the AZA International Chinese Academy of Sciences These scientific findings have been invaluable for guiding management Conservation Award for our and others, we placed GPS and policy for giant pandas. Panda habitat is increasing as forests recover, tracking devices on pandas the panda’s range is expanding, and panda numbers in the wild are up: they scientific approaches to so we could monitor their are on the road to recovery. We celebrate this accomplishment, a testimony conservation of giant pandas movements as well as to how hard work and persistent collaborative efforts can rescue endangered and their habitat. learn from studying their species from the brink of extinction. Bai Yun Shi Shi SPRING 1998 Bai Yun’s first artificial GIANT PANDA insemination CONSERVATION SPRING 1997 PROGRAM Bai Yun’s first estrus CONTINUED > 1995-2005 SEPT. 10, 1996 in San Diego TIMELINE 1996-2006 APRIL 8-9, 1999 San Diego Zoo AUGUST 1999 Sensory ecology Bai Yun and research on breeding Bai Yun’s next artificial AUGUST 21, 1999 studies at Wolong Shi Shi arrive First ultrasound begins in Wolong insemination confirmation of pregnancy Hua Mei is born! 3 in San Diego 4 Giant Panda Conservation Breeding: SAN DIEGO ZOO GLOBAL By Meghan Martin-Wintle, Ph.D., Postdoctoral Associate, Megan Owen, Ph.D., Panda Family Tree Associate Director of Recovery Ecology, and Ron Swaisgood, Ph.D., Director of Recovery Ecology In an exciting new collaborative program, we are preparing pandas born at the breeding centers for life in the wild. —Megan Martin-Wintle, Ph.D. SHI SHI GAO GAO MEI SHENG HUA MEI + 2003 WITH MORE THAN 35 CUBS BORN male pandas in the program to breed 1999 BAI YUN in 2016, and a worldwide population more reliably. Building on recent research where we demonstrated WE ALSO HELP DEVELOP YUN HUI of more than 400 giant pandas in 2011 breeding centers and zoos, many of that pandas produce many more TRAINING PROGRAMS DESIGNED “ SU LIN + the challenges faced in the early days cubs if they are allowed to mate TO TEACH PANDAS SPECIFIC SURVIVAL TWINS 2005 with a partner they have chosen, of the panda breeding program have ”SKILLS FOR THRIVING IN THE WILD, SUCH 2004 SU XING been overcome. However, the ultimate we are investigating how infusing TUAN TUAN (L) 2014 AS AVOIDING PREDATORS, FORAGING, MEI LING (R) goal of this effort is to sustain a a little male-male competition prior NAVIGATION, AND MAINTAINING + healthy population to support recovery to breeding increases testosterone YUAN ZAI + PROPER SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS 2013 + of the species in the wild, dependent levels and a male giant panda’s Bai Yun’s TWINS on natural mating and cub survival. motivation to mate. WITH OTHER PANDAS. great- 2005 ZHEN ZHEN granddaughter! WEI WEI (L) UNNAMED TING TING (R) 2007 2015 Our research is focused on individual In an exciting new collaborative giant pandas that are genetically program, we are preparing pandas + + poorly represented in the population. born at the breeding centers for life in To prepare for reintroduction, TWINS the wild. We are the only foreign entity we screen individual pandas and 2007 + Conservation breeding programs HUA LONG (L) have to work with very small invited to work on the reintroduction evaluate their behavioral competence HUA AO (R) populations, and often enticing the program, a tangible acknowledgement compared to their wild counterparts. YUN ZI pair that will promote the most of the trust we have built over two In the near future, we will be working 2009 genetic variability in the entire decades in this close partnership. with China West Normal University to population to actually mate with Although the panda population is track released pandas and learn from each other can be one of the trickiest recovering in the wild, there are still our successes and challenges.
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