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Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Using Expanded Polystyrene Beads-A Review

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Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Using Expanded Polystyrene Beads-A Review International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 11 | Nov 2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE CONCRETE USING EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE BEADS-A REVIEW Vishakh T M1, Dr Vasudev R2 1M.Tech student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Toc H Institute of Science & Technology, Arakkunnam, Kerala, India 2 Asso. Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Toc H Institute of Science & Technology, Arakkunnam, Kerala, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - With the increase in demand for construction was not exceeded for almost two millenniums. The structure materials, there is a strong need to utilize alternative is in excellent condition and is still being used to this day for materials for sustainable development. Several studies are spiritual purposes. The excellent cast surfaces that are done for replacing coarse aggregates in concrete. Expanded visible to the observer slow clearly that these early builders Polystyrene (EPS) beads are used as partial replacement to had successfully mastered the art of casting concrete made coarse aggregates. There are many advantages to be gained with light weight aggregates. from the use of EPS in lightweight concrete. These include lighter loads during construction, reduced self-weight in Since World War I, the application of light weight concrete structures, and increased thermal resistance. Lightweight for structural applications in rapidly spread. Besides the concrete is generally accepted as concrete having a density of weight savings, LWC has substantially better fire resistance about 1800 kg/m3 or less. This review paper is concentrated qualities than normal weight concrete, and significantly on studies done in the field of lightweight concrete containing lower heat transmission. It has become a greater Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) beads. requirement and need to reduce the weight of structural element than increasing the strength of LWC, particularly in Key Words: Lightweight aggregate, Expanded Polystyrene cases of heavy structures such as tall buildings and bridges (EPS) beads, Thermal resistance, Compressive strength, where the own weight of the structure is one of the main Density problems that faces the designers.. Monolithic concrete structures are also particularly durable and the fact that no 1. INTRODUCTION plastering or cladding is required leads to cost saving and makes the structures more sustainable. Today LWC are Increase in the developmental activities world over, the available in wide range of densities and strength LWC demand for construction materials is increasing provides many advantages for design, construction and for exponentially. This trend will have certainly greater impact comfort for living in addition to cost economy, easy to on the economic system of any country. India also is aiming transport and construct. However, inspite of increasing use at a high developmental rate compared to other nations in and demand for LWC, there is still a lack of inadequate Asia. There is heavy demand for the building materials in the explanations to identify durability related parameters. domestic market, which is becoming scarce day by day. At this point researchers and engineers who have the foresight 1.1 LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE to keep the developmental activities abreast and curtail the cost factor should look out for other alternative building Concretes having low density about 1800 to 2000 kg/m3 are materials. In this work, an attempt is made to address the termed as lightweight concrete which can be apparently possibility of utilizing Expanded Polystyrene (EPS), a achieved either by using low density aggregates or with the packing material in the form of beads in concrete, which complete elimination of coarser aggregates. Concrete is the otherwise is posing a threat to waste disposal as well as for most widely used construction material in the world. Normal waste management. This material is a cause of concern to weight concrete (NWC) is generally used for building environmentalists. In this study, it is attempted to partially construction despite its relatively high unit weight and replace coarse aggregates by means of EPS beads. A general limited thermal performance with a thermal conductivity discussion on EPS, its production and its application along ranging between1.4 and 3.6 W/m. K. A reduction in the unit with environmental concerns are being discussed. weight of concrete and yet providing adequate strength will create a significant economic positive impact to the The first light weight concrete (LWC) has been used for construction industry. In this regard, lightweight concrete construction of the Port of Cosa built around 273 BC and (LWC) offers considerable advantage in terms of its unit natural volcanic materials were used to produce light weight weight over NWC.LWC is a conglomerate of cement and concrete. There are several LEC structures in the lightweight aggregates. It has a bulk density ranging Mediterranean region, but most notable structures were between 300 and 2000 kg/m3comparedto 2200–2600 built during the early Roman Empire and include Pantheon kg/m3 of NWC. LWC is broadly divided into the following Dome and the Coliseum. The Pantheon, finished in 27 BC, categories based on its bulk density and compressive incorporated concrete varying in densities from the bottom strength. to the top of the dome. Roman engineers had sufficient confidence in LWC to build a dome whose span of 43.3 m © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 924 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 11 | Nov 2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 a. Thermo insulating lightweight concrete: This type of LWC Arpit Sharma, et al. (2017), says The conventional aggregates is used as filling material or as an insulating coating. Its bulk are replaced by light weight aggregates which makes the density is in the range of 300–800 kg/m3 while the concrete lighter than the conventional concrete. Comparison compressive strength is in the range of 0.5–7 MPa. has been made between plain cement concrete and lightweight concrete having different proportions of b. Low strength lightweight concrete: This type of LWC is aggregates, pumice stone and aluminium content by the used in structures where the strength of concrete is not weight of cement. Using different proportions of pumice important; at the same time, it guarantees an acceptable stone and light weight aggregates three different light weight mixtures were produced with a satisfied strength. Aggregates level of thermal comfort. The bulk density is in the range of size and proportion affects the unit weight and compressive 800–1400 kg/m3 while the compressive strength is in the strength of concrete. The results showed that it is possible to range of 7–18 MPa. produce a floating and a satisfied strength concrete by using pumice stone as aggregate. It was also seen that light weight c. Structural lightweight concrete: This type of concrete is aggregates in concrete mixture can reduce the dead load but normally prepared with synthetic aggregates. The reduced decreases the concrete strength. These light weight concrete bulk density of this type of LWC is due to the addition of a does not satisfies the strength requirements for load bearing void structural elements so can be used as separation walls. 1.2 EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE Bagon.C, et al.(2016), The performance of concrete containing expanded polystyrene beads was studied in the context of marine floating structures. It was found that, for an equal Polystyrene (PS) is a synthetic aromatic hydrocarbon density of about 80 % that of sea water, polystyrene concrete polymer made from the monomer styrene .Polystyrene can has a compressive strength that is 50 % higher, a modulus of be solid or foamed. General-purpose polystyrene is clear, elasticity 100 % higher, and a modulus of rupture 25 % hard, and rather brittle. It is an inexpensive resin per unit higher than those of perlite concrete. Furthermore, weight. It is a rather poor barrier to oxygen and water polystyrene concrete is much more resistant to sulphate vapour and has a relatively low melting point. Polystyrene is solutions than perlite concrete even though it is less resistant one of the most widely used plastics, the scale of its than normal-weight concrete. production being several million tonnes per year. Pascal Collet, et al. (2014),describes the way a large pre- Polystyrene can be naturally transparent, but can be stressed concrete Floating Production Unit (FPU) located coloured with colourants. As a thermoplastic polymer, offshore Congo on N’KOSSA field has been inspected and polystyrene is in a solid (glassy) state at room temperature assessed in order to meet both Bureau Veritas Class and but flows if heated above about 100 °C, its glass transition Floating Units Integrity Management System (FUIMS) temperature. It becomes rigid again when cooled. This requirements. This FPU is the largest existing pre-stressed temperature behaviour is exploited for extrusion (as in concrete barge.. A significant part of the methodology is Styrofoam) and also for molding and vacuum forming, since based on close inspection for the concrete structure, a it can be cast into molds with fine detail. graphic assessment of the defects and an implementation of monitoring. This
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