António Gonçalves Henriques

Biodiversity-The Web of Life

Biological diversity - or biodiversity - is the term given to the variety of life on Earth and the natural patterns it forms

This diversity is often understood in terms of:  wide variety of plants, animals and microorganisms  genetic differences within each species - for example, between varieties of crops and breeds of livestock. Chromosomes, genes, and DNA-the building blocks of life-determine the uniqueness of each individual and each species.  variety of ecosystems such as those that occur in deserts, forests, wetlands, mountains, lakes, rivers, and agricultural landscapes, interacting with one another and with the air, water, and soil around them.

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Biodiversity-The Web of Life

Discovered and predicted total number of species on land and in the oceans

Mora C, Tittensor DP, Adl S, Simpson AGB, Worm B (2011) How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean? PLoS Biol 9(8)

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Total number of species on land and in the oceans Number of Number of Category Category Species Species Vertebrate Animals Plants Mammals 5 513 Flowering plants Birds 10 425 (angiosperms) 268 000 Reptiles 10 038 Conifers (gymnosperms) 1 052 Amphibians 7 302 Ferns and horsetails 12 000 Fishes 32 900 Mosses 16 236 Total Vertebrates 66 178 Red and green algae 10 386 Total Plants 307 674 Invertebrate Animals Insects 1 000 000 Others Spiders and scorpions 102 248 Lichens 17 000 Molluscs 85 000 Mushrooms 31 496 Crustaceans 47 000 Brown algae 3 127 Corals 2 175 Total Others 51 623 Others 68 827 Total Invertebrates 1 305 250 TOTAL SPECIES 1 730 725

The species totals do not include domestic animals such as sheep, goats and camels. Nor do they include single-celled organisms. Reference: The World Conservation Union. 2014. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014.3. Summary Statistics for Globally Threatened Species. Table 1: Numbers of threatened species by major groups of organisms (1996-2014).

The value of biodiversity

 Biological resources are the pillars upon which we build civilizations. Nature's products support such diverse industries as agriculture, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, pulp and paper, horticulture, construction and waste treatment.

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Goods and Services  Provision of food, fuel and fiber.  Provision of shelter and building materials.  Purification of air and water.  Detoxification and decomposition of wastes.  Stabilization and moderation of the Earth's climate.  Moderation of floods, droughts, temperature extremes and the forces of wind.  Generation and renewal of soil fertility, including nutrient cycling.  Pollination of plants, including many crops.  Control of pests and diseases.  Maintenance of genetic resources as key inputs to crop varieties and livestock breeds, medicines, and other products.  Cultural and aesthetic benefits.  Ability to adapt to change .

Relationship between biodiversity, ecosystem services, human well- being, and poverty. The illustration shows where conservation action, strategies and plans can influence the drivers of the current biodiversity crisis at local, regional, to global scales.

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well- being: Biodiversity Synthesis. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC. - Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

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We are changing life on Earth

 By consuming more of nature's resources, we have gained more abundant food and better shelter, sanitation, and health care, at the cost of environmental degradation that may be followed by declines in local economies and the societies they supported.  World population.  Change in settlement patterns - More than half the world's people live in towns and cities.  The loss of biodiversity threatens our food supplies, opportunities for recreation and tourism, and sources of wood, medicines and energy. It also interferes with essential ecological functions.

Threats to Biodiversity  Species have been disappearing at 50-100 times the natural rate, and this is predicted to rise dramatically. Based on current trends, an estimated 34,000 plant and 5,200 animal species - including one in eight of the world's bird species - face extinction 1. Habitat destruction, 2. Introduced and invasive species 3. Genetic pollution 4. Overexploitation, 5. Climate change 6. Human overpopulation

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Threats to Biodiversity Species have been disappearing at 50-100 times the natural rate, and this is predicted to rise dramatically. Based on current trends, an estimated 34,000 plant and 5,200 animal species - including one in eight of the world's bird species - face extinction 1. Habitat destruction  Habitat destruction has played a key role in extinctions, especially related to tropical forest destruction.  Factors contributing to habitat loss are: overconsumption, overpopulation, land use change, deforestation, pollution (air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination) and climate change.

Threats to Biodiversity 2. Introduced and invasive species  Barriers such as large rivers, seas, oceans, mountains and deserts encourage diversity by enabling independent evolution on either side of the barrier.  The term invasive species is applied to species that breach the natural barriers that would normally keep them constrained. Without barriers, such species occupy new territory, often supplanting native species by occupying their niches, or by using resources that would normally sustain native species.  The number of species invasions has been on the rise at least since the beginning of the 1900s. Species are increasingly being moved by humans (on purpose and accidentally).  In some cases the invaders are causing drastic changes and damage to their new habitats (e.g.: red swamp crayfish in rivers and lakes in Portugal and Spain).  Some evidence suggests that invasive species are competitive in their new habitats because they are subject to less pathogen disturbance. Red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii 12

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Threats to Biodiversity

2. Introduced and invasive species

In 1551, King João III of Portugal gave Archduke Maximilian of Austria an unusual wedding present: an elephant Male Blue Peafowl, Pavo cristatus 13

Threats to Biodiversity 3. Genetic pollution Hybridisation  Endemic species can be threatened with extinction through (genetic Genetic the process of genetic pollution, i.e. uncontrolled amalgamation) introgression hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping.  Genetic pollution leads to homogenization or replacement of local genomes.  Hybridization and introgression are side-effects of introduction and invasion. These phenomena can be especially detrimental to rare species that come into contact with more abundant ones. The abundant species can interbreed with Genetic swamping is the the rare species, swamping its gene pool. This problem is not process that occurs when two always apparent from morphological (outward appearance) genetically isolated observations alone. Some degree of gene flow is normal populations come into adaptation, and not all gene and genotype constellations contact and the genes from a larger population dominate can be preserved. over the genes in the small  Hybridization or introgression may threaten a rare species' population, reducing the genetic diversity in the small existence. population.

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Threats to Biodiversity 4. Overexploitation  Overexploitation occurs when a resource is consumed at an unsustainable rate.  This occurs on land in the form of overhunting, excessive logging, poor soil conservation in agriculture and the illegal wildlife trade.  About 25% of world fisheries are now overfished to the point where their current biomass is less than the level that maximizes their sustainable yield.

Atlantic cod stocks were severely overexploited in the 1970s and 1980s, leading to their abrupt collapse in 1992

Threats to Biodiversity 5. Climate change  Global warming is a major potential threat to global biodiversity in the future. For example, coral reefs - which are biodiversity hotspots - will be lost within the century if global warming continues at the current trend.  As temperature rise, mass bleaching, and infectious disease outbreaks are likely to become more frequent.

Additionally, carbon dioxide (CO2) absorbed into the ocean from the atmosphere has already begun to reduce calcification rates in reef- building and reef-associated organisms by altering sea water chemistry through decreases in pH (ocean acidification).

Coral reef in Beqa Lagoon, Pacific Harbor in Fiji (www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2548150/Bit-chilly- snorkelling-Living-coral-reef-discovered-coast- GREENLAND.html#ixzz3rhP1xu1w 16

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Threats to Biodiversity 5. Climate change  Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide affects plant morphology and is acidifying oceans.  Temperature affects species ranges, phenology (date of emergence of leaves and flowers, the first flight of butterflies and the first appearance of migratory birds, the date of leaf colouring and fall in deciduous trees, the dates of egg-laying of birds and amphibia, or the timing of the developmental cycles of temperate- zone honey bee colonies).  It is estimated that 10 percent of species would become extinct by 2050 because of global warming. Polar bears on the sea ice of the Arctic Ocean, near the North Pole. Climate change has started affecting bear populations.

Threats to Biodiversity 6. Human overpopulation  Overpopulation has substantially adversely impacted the environment of Earth starting at least as early as the 20th century.  During a remarkably short period of time, we have lost a quarter of the world's topsoil and a fifth of its agricultural land, altered the composition of the atmosphere profoundly, and destroyed a major proportion of our forests and other natural habitats without replacing them. Worst of all, we have driven the rate of biological extinction, the permanent loss of species, up several hundred times beyond its historical levels, and are threatened with the loss of a majority of all species by the Traffic jam in Beijing. end of the 21st century.

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History of the Convention

1993 June-Received 1992 168 signatures May-Its work culminated with December – The convention 1991 the Nairobi entered into Intergovernment Conference for force 1989 al Negotiating the Adoption of Committee. Ad Hoc Working the Agreed Text 1988 Group of of the Technical and Convention on Ad Hoc Working Legal Experts Biological Group of Experts Diversity on Biological Diversity June- The Convention was opened for signatures at Rio UN Conference

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Objective

The Convention on Biological Diversity was inspired by the world community's growing commitment to sustainable development.

 3 main objectives: 1. The conservation of biological diversity. 2. The sustainable use of the components of biological diversity. 3. The fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources.

An agreement of action

Main issues dealt with under the Convention :  Measures and incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity.  Regulated access to genetic resources.  Access to and transfer of technology, including biotechnology.  Technical and scientific cooperation.  Impact assessment.  Education and public awareness.  Provision of financial resources.  National reporting on efforts to implement treaty commitments.

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National Action  The Convention on Biological Diversity, as an international treaty, identifies a common problem, sets overall goals and policies and general obligations, and organizes technical and financial cooperation.  However, the responsibility for achieving its goals rests largely with the countries themselves.  Under the Convention, governments undertake to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity. It needs to provide the critical role of leadership, particularly by setting rules that guide the use of natural resources, and by protecting biodiversity where they have direct control over the land and water.  They are required to develop national biodiversity strategies and action plans, and to integrate these into broader national plans for environment and development.

National Action  Identifying and monitoring the important components of biological diversity that need to be conserved and used sustainably.  Establishing protected areas to conserve biological diversity while promoting environmentally sound development around these areas.  Rehabilitating and restoring degraded ecosystems and promoting the recovery of threatened species in collaboration with local residents.  Respecting, preserving and maintaining traditional knowledge of the sustainable use of biological diversity with the involvement of indigenous peoples and local communities.

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National Action  Preventing the introduction of, controlling, and eradicating alien species that could threaten ecosystems, habitats or species.  Controlling the risks posed by organisms modified by biotechnology.  Promoting public participation, particularly when it comes to assessing the environmental impacts of development projects that threaten biological diversity.  Educating people and raising awareness about the importance of biological diversity and the need to conserve it.  Reporting on how each country is meeting its biodiversity goals

Instruments for the implementation

In situ: conserving genes, Under the Convention, species, and ecosystems the "ecosystem in their natural approach to the surroundings, by: conservation and • establishing protected sustainable use of areas, biodiversity" is being used • rehabilitating as a framework for degraded ecosystems, action, in which all the and goods and services • adopting legislation to provided by the surveys to find out: protect threatened biodiversity in ecosystems species. • what biodiversity exists, are considered. • its value and importance, and In-situ conservation • what is endangered. Strategies Survey Targets Ex-situ conservation Ex-situ conservation uses Programs zoos, botanical gardens and gene banks to conserve species.

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Reporting

Each government that joins the Convention is to report on  what it has done to implement the accord, and  how effective this is in meeting the objectives of the Convention.  These reports are submitted to the Conference of the Parties (COP which can be viewed by the citizens of all nations. The Convention secretariat works with governments to help  strengthen reporting and to  make the reports of various countries more consistent and comparable,  so that the world community can get a clearer picture of the big trends. Part of that work involves developing indicators for measuring trends in biodiversity, particularly the effects of human actions and decisions on the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. The national reports, particularly when seen together, are one of the key tools for tracking progress in meeting the Convention's objectives.

International Action

 The Convention's ultimate authority is the Conference of the Parties (COP)  This governing body reviews progress under the Convention, identifies new priorities, and sets work plans for members. The COP can also make amendments to the Convention, create expert advisory bodies, review progress reports by member nations, and collaborate with other international organizations and agreements.

Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA

Clearing House Mechanism COP The Secretariat

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Thematic Programs and cross cutting issues

7 Thematic Programs Cross cutting Issues  1. Agricultural Biodiversity  Aichi Biodiversity Targets  Gender and Biodiversity  Access to Genetic resource  Global Strategy for Plant  2. Dry and Sub humid lands and Benefit sharing Conservation  3. Forest  Biological and Cultural  Global Taxonomy Initiative Diversity  4.Inland water  Impact Assessment  Biodiversity for  Identification, Monitoring,  5.Island development Indicators and Assessment  Climate change and  6. Marine and Coastal  Invasive Alien Species Biodiversity  7. Mountain  Liability and Redress  Communication, education and public awareness  Traditional Knowledge, Innovations and Practices  Economics, Trade and incentive measures  Technology transfer and Cooperation  Ecosystem Approach  Ecosystem Restoration

Financial and Technical support

 Financial and technical assistance to achieve global biodiversity benefits.  Bilateral and multilateral support for capacity building and for investing in projects and programmes  Convention-related activities by developing countries are eligible for support from the financial mechanism of the Convention: the Global Environment Facility (GEF). GEF projects, supported by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the World Bank, help forge international cooperation and finance actions

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The Biosafety Protocol

 Living Modified Organisms (LMOs) -- often known as genetically modified organisms (GMOs) -- are becoming part of an increasing number of products, including foods and food additives, beverages, drugs, adhesives, and fuels.  Agricultural and pharmaceutical LMOs have rapidly become a multi-billion-dollar global industry.  Biotechnology is being promoted as a better way to grow crops and produce medicines but it has raised concerns about potential side effects on human health and the environment, including risks to biological diversity.  In response to these concerns, governments negotiated a subsidiary agreement to the Convention, the Cartagena Protocol, to address the potential risks posed by cross-border trade and accidental releases of LMOs.  The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity aims to ensure the safe handling, transport and use of living modified organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects on biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health.  It was adopted in 2000 and entered into force in 2003.

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The Biosafety Protocol

 the Cartagena Protocol allows governments to signal whether or not they are willing to accept imports of agricultural commodities that include LMOs by communicating their decision to the world community via a Biosafety Clearing House.  In addition, commodities that may contain LMOs are to be clearly labeled as such when being exported.  Stricter Advanced Informed Agreement procedures will apply to seeds, live fish, and other LMOs that are to be intentionally introduced into the environment.  The aim is to ensure that recipient countries have both the opportunity and the capacity to assess risks involving the products of modern biotechnology.

Protocol on Liability and Redress

 The Nagoya – Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, adopted in 2010, provides international rules and procedures on liability and redress for damage to biodiversity resulting from living modified organisms (LMO).  For the purposes of the Supplementary Protocol, a party bringing a claim for liability or redress must demonstrate that:  1) there has been an adverse effect on conservation or sustainable use of biological diversity or risks to human health;  2) the effect is measurable or observable for the purposes of attribution of impacts; and  3) the adverse effect is significant.  Where there is a damage claim ripe for adjudication, claimants may be entitled to €œresponse measures,€• including measures to €œprevent, minimize, contain, mitigate, or otherwise avoid damage€• as well as actions to restore biological diversity either to the condition that existed before the damage occurred or its nearest equivalent. When in situ restoration is impossible, operators are expected to replace biological diversity with species and genetic material that is functionally similar either at the place where the damage occurred or as appropriate, at an alternative location. 36

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Sharing the benefits of genetic resources

 Biodiversity is considered a resource for fueling economic and social development.  Often, the products would be sold and protected by patents or other intellectual property rights, without fair benefits to the source countries.  The treaty recognizes national sovereignty over all genetic resources, and provides that access to valuable biological resources be carried out on "mutually agreed terms" and subject to the "prior informed consent" of the country of origin, including the right to benefit.  Such benefits can include: ❑ financial resources, ❑ samples of what is collected, ❑ the participation or training of national researchers, ❑ the transfer of biotechnology equipment and know-how, and ❑ shares of any profits from the use of the resources.

The Nagoya Protocol

 The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization (ABS) is a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity.  It provides a transparent legal framework for the effective implementation of one of the three objectives of the CBD: the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources.  The Nagoya Protocol was adopted on 29 October 2010 in Nagoya, Japan and entered into force in 2014.  The Nagoya Protocol creates greater legal certainty and transparency for both providers and users of genetic resources by: ❑ Establishing more predictable conditions for access to genetic resources. ❑ Helping to ensure benefit-sharing when genetic resources leave the country providing the genetic resources  By helping to ensure benefit-sharing, the Nagoya Protocol creates incentives to conserve and sustainably use genetic resources, and therefore enhances the contribution of biodiversity to development and human well-being.

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Sharing the benefits of genetic resources

 Biodiversity is considered a resource for fueling economic and social development.  Often, the products would be sold and protected by patents or other intellectual property rights, without fair benefits to the source countries.  The Protocol recognizes national sovereignty over all genetic resources, and provides that access to valuable biological resources be carried out on "mutually agreed terms" and subject to the "prior informed consent" of the country of origin, including the right to benefit.  Such benefits can include: ❑ financial resources, ❑ samples of what is collected, ❑ the participation or training of national researchers, ❑ the transfer of biotechnology equipment and know-how, and ❑ shares of any profits from the use of the resources.

Traditional Knowledge

 The Convention also recognizes the close and traditional dependence of indigenous and local communities on biological resources and  The need to ensure that these communities share in the benefits arising from the use of their traditional knowledge and practices relating to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.  Member governments have undertaken "to respect, preserve and maintain" such knowledge and practices, to promote their wider application with the approval and involvement of the communities concerned, and to encourage the equitable sharing of the benefits derived from their utilization. Vitality of the World’s Languages

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What are the next steps

 Economic development is essential to meeting human needs and to eliminating the poverty that affects so many people around the world.  The sustainable use of nature is essential for the long-term success of development strategies.  A major challenge for the 21st century will be making the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity a compelling basis for development policies, business decisions, and consumer desires.

Challenges to the implementation of the Convention

 Economic growth without adequate environmental safeguards is still the rule rather than the exception.  Meeting the increasing demand for biological resources caused by population growth and increased consumption, while considering the long-term consequences of those actions  Increasing the capacity to document and understand biodiversity, its value, and threats to it.  Building adequate expertise and experience in biodiversity planning.  Improving policies, legislation, guidelines, and fiscal measures for regulating the use of biodiversity.  Adopting incentives to promote more sustainable forms of biodiversity use.  Promoting trade rules and practices that foster sustainable use of biodiversity.  Strengthening coordination within governments, and between governments and stakeholders.

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Challenges to the implementation of the Convention  Securing adequate financial resources for conservation and sustainable use, from both national and international sources.  Making better use of technology.  Building political support for the changes necessary to ensure biodiversity conservation and sustainable use.  Improving education and public awareness about the value of biodiversity. The Convention on Biological Diversity and its underlying concepts can be difficult to communicate to politicians and to the general public.  Truly sustainable development requires countries to redefine their policies on land use, food, water, energy, employment, development, conservation, economics, and trade.  The challenge facing governments, businesses, and citizens is to forge transition strategies leading to long-term sustainable development. It means negotiating trade-offs even as people are clamoring for more land and businesses are pressing for concessions to expand their harvests. The longer we wait, the fewer options we will have. 43

Information, education and training

 The transition to sustainable development requires a shift in public attitudes as to what is an acceptable use of nature.  It can only happen if people have the right information, skills, and organizations for understanding and dealing with biodiversity issues.  Governments and the business community need to invest in staff and training, and they need to support organizations, including scientific bodies, that can deal with and advise on biodiversity issues.  A long-term process of public education is needed to bring about changes in behaviour and lifestyles, and to prepare societies for the changes needed for sustainability.  Better biodiversity education would meet one of the goals set out in the Convention.

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What can you do about Biodiversity?

 While governments should play a leadership role, other sectors of society need to be actively involved.  Have business willingly involved in environmental protection and the sustainable use of nature.  Local communities play a key role since they are the true "managers" of the ecosystems in which they live and, thus, have a major impact on them.  The individual citizen-small choices that individuals make add up to a large impact because it is personal consumption that drives development, which in turn uses and pollutes nature.

Strategic Plan for Biodiversity

❖ the 10tn meeting of the Conference of the Parties, held in October 2010, in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, adopted a revised and updated Strategic Plan for Biodiversity for the 2011-2020 period, including the 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets. ❖ This plan provides an overarching framework on biodiversity, not only for the biodiversity-related conventions, but for the entire United Nations system and all other partners engaged in biodiversity management and policy development.

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Strategic Goal A: Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society

Target 1 By 2020, at the latest, people are aware of the values of biodiversity and the steps they can take to conserve and use it sustainably. Target 2 By 2020, at the latest, people are aware of the values of biodiversity and the steps they can take to conserve and use it sustainably. Target 3 By 2020, at the latest, incentives, including subsidies, harmful to biodiversity are eliminated, phased out or reformed in order to minimize or avoid negative impacts, and positive incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity are developed and applied, consistent and in harmony with the Convention and other relevant international obligations, taking into account national socio economic conditions. Target 4 By 2020, at the latest, Governments, business and stakeholders at all levels have taken steps to achieve or have implemented plans for sustainable production and consumption and have kept the impacts of use of natural resources well within safe ecological limits.

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Strategic Goal B: Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use

Target 5 By 2020, the rate of loss of all natural habitats, including forests, is at least halved and where feasible brought close to zero, and degradation and fragmentation is significantly reduced.. Target 6 By 2020 all fish and invertebrate stocks and aquatic plants are managed and harvested sustainably, legally and applying ecosystem based approaches, so that overfishing is avoided, recovery plans and measures are in place for all depleted species, fisheries have no significant adverse impacts on threatened species and vulnerable ecosystems and the impacts of fisheries on stocks, species and ecosystems are within safe ecological limits. Target 7 By 2020 areas under agriculture, aquaculture and forestry are managed sustainably, ensuring conservation of biodiversity. Target 8 By 2020, pollution, including from excess nutrients, has been brought to levels that are not detrimental to ecosystem function and biodiversity. Target 9 By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment. Target 10 By 2015, the multiple anthropogenic pressures on coral reefs, and other vulnerable ecosystems impacted by climate change or ocean acidification are minimized, so as to maintain their integrity and functioning.

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Strategic Goal C: To improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity. Target 11 By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water, and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, and integrated into the wider landscapes and seascapes. Target 12 By 2020 the extinction of known threatened species has been prevented and their conservation status, particularly of those most in decline, has been improved and sustained. Target 13 By 2020, the genetic diversity of cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and of wild relatives, including other socio-economically as well as culturally valuable species, is maintained, and strategies have been developed and implemented for minimizing genetic erosion and safeguarding their genetic diversity.

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Strategic Goal D: Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services.

Target 14 By 2020, ecosystems that provide essential services, including services related to water, and contribute to health, livelihoods and well-being, are restored and safeguarded, taking into account the needs of women, indigenous and local communities, and the poor and vulnerable. Target 15 By 2020, ecosystem resilience and the contribution of biodiversity to carbon stocks has been enhanced, through conservation and restoration, including restoration of at least 15 per cent of degraded ecosystems, thereby contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation and to combating desertification. Target 16 By 2015, the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization is in force and operational, consistent with national legislation.

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Strategic Goal E: Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services.

Target 17 By 2015 each Party has developed, adopted as a policy instrument, and has commenced implementing an effective, participatory and updated national biodiversity strategy and action plan. Target 18 By 2020, the traditional knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities relevant for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, and their customary use of biological resources, are respected, subject to national legislation and relevant international obligations, and fully integrated and reflected in the implementation of the Convention with the full and effective participation of indigenous and local communities, at all relevant levels. Target 19 By 2020, knowledge, the science base and technologies relating to biodiversity, its values, functioning, status and trends, and the consequences of its loss, are improved, widely shared and transferred, and applied. Target 20 By 2020, at the latest, the mobilization of financial resources for effectively implementing the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 from all sources, and in accordance with the consolidated and agreed process in the Strategy for Resource Mobilization, should increase substantially from the current levels. This target will be subject to changes contingent to resource needs assessments to be developed and reported by Parties.

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