dining in the sanctuary of demeter and kore 1

Hesperia

Supplement 42 archaeologies of cult essays on ritual and cult in crete in honor of geraldine c. gesell

edited by Anna Lucia D’Agata and American School of Classical Studies at Athens Aleydis Van de Moortel 2009

This article is © The American School of Classical Studies at Athens. This offprint is supplied for personal, non-commercial use only. chapter 4

Tree Tugging and Omphalos Hugging on Minoan Gold Rings

by John G. Younger

Several gold Minoan finger rings datable to the Neopalatial period (ca. 1500 b.c.) show complex scenes, apparently religious, that feature a male or female embracing a large boulder, a male or female “tugging” at a tree, or a standing woman. Sometimes all three are shown at once. Most studies have focused on either the details of the iconography1 or the ec- static behavior depicted in these rituals.2 Since a pavement is sometimes depicted as a ground line (or masonry dado) and a shrine or wall often accompanies or encloses the tree, it may be possible to locate these events and their participants in a specific setting. Because walls, trees, and pave- ments are common features of Minoan-Mycenaean sites and their locales, I begin my discussion with the uncommon, the embraced boulder, which consensus identifies as a baetyl.

Baetyls

Several baetyls (sacred stones) are known from antiquity. A green cubical stone is found in the east room of the central building A of temple 1 to the 3 Weather God at Boğazköy (ca. 1250–1200 b.c.). The black stone of Baal, used in circumcision rites in Syria, was brought to Rome by Elagabalus in 218 a.d. and set up in the temple to Baal on the Palatine.4 Another black stone, al-hajar al-aswad, possibly a meteorite, was said to have been given to Abraham by Gabriel for the circumcision of Isaac. It was central to the pre-Islamic cult of female divinities before being encased in the Ka’bah and 1. E.g., Kyriakidis 2000–2001. assuming its position as center of the earth (qiblah) in the Islamic world.5 2. E.g., Warren 1988, pp. 16–20; For classical archaeologists, the most famous baetyl is the omphalos at 1990a; 1990b. 6 3. Bittel 1976, p. 68, plan; Bryce Delphi (Fig. 4.1). According to myth, Zeus had two eagles fly from the 2002, p. 242. opposite ends of the earth and he marked the place where they met, the 4. Cass. Dio 79.11.1; Herodian center of the earth, with the stone that his father Kronos had swallowed in 5.3–5. place of Zeus. This stone exists in three versions. One limestone example 5. Encyclopedia of Religion 8, 2005, was found near the Treasury of the Boiotians. Another limestone version pp. 5049–5050, s.v. Ka’bah (G. D. Newby). is inscribed GAS. A Roman copy in Pentelic marble was encompassed by 6. Paus. 10.16.2; Strabo 9.3.6; Pind. a reticulated filletwork meant to be a translation in stone of the original Pyth. 4.6. woolen fillets ἀγρηνόν( ) that tied the stone to the earth. 44 john g. younger

Figure 4.1. Roman omphalos. Delphi Museum. Photo J. Younger

Baetyls on Minoan Rings

Minoan archaeology has recovered several baetyls,7 and Minoan art has several references to a baetyl, including some that seem to reflect the story of the Delphi omphalos. One example occurs on a sealing, impressed by an amygdaloid seal, that was found in the Room of the Seal Impressions at Knossos.8 It depicts a robed male figure with a staff flanked by flowers, two large birds facing each other below him, and, below the bird heads, a knoblike projection from a ground line. The scene might reflect the story of the eagles meeting over the center of the earth (the knob as omphalos) with Zeus standing above them. Two gold rings pair a bird with a baetyl, as if referring to the Delphi omphalos; in these cases, however, the baetyl is embraced by a kneeling man. A gold ring from Sellopoulo tomb 4 (Fig. 4.2; Late Minoan [LM] IIIA1 context) depicts in impression, from left to right, the wall of a building, a pithos (with tree growing from it?), a bird flying right with an object ap- parently dangling from its beak, a man kneeling at a baetyl while looking up at the bird and gesturing at it with his right arm, and a tree growing from rocks.9 Above, in the field, is a branchlike object that may represent an asterism, perhaps a comet or a shooting star. A very similar ring comes from Kalyvia tomb 11 (Fig. 4.3; LM IIIA2 context); from left to right, the 7. For a complete list, see Warren scene depicts a pithos, a bird flying right with a wavy line of dots above, a 1990a, pp. 202–203; also La Rosa 2000, 2001. man kneeling at a baetyl, and a woman tugging at a tree that grows from 8. CMS II.8, no. 257. a building.10 9. Popham, Catling, and Catling The gold ring from Archanes tholos A (Fig. 4.4; LM IIIA1 context) 1974, p. 223, no. J8, fig. 14:d. depicts a similar scene.11 In this example, from left to right, a man, clothed 10. CMS II.3, no. 114. A woman in just a codpiece and belt, pulls at a tree that grows from a building, perhaps also pulls at a tree on a lentoid seal, CMS XII, no. 264. a shrine; a woman stands frontal, her right arm down and left arm bent 11. Sakellarakis and Sarpouna- up as if to about to touch her forehead; another man, dressed like the first, Sakellarakis 1997, vol. 2, pp. 654–660, kneels at a baetyl. The figures are all positioned on a masonry dado. In figs. 722–724. tree tugging and omphalos hugging 45

Figure 4.2. Gold ring from Sellopoulo tomb 4. Herakleion Archaeological Museum, precious metal 1034. Photo J. Younger

Figure 4.3. Gold ring from Kalyvia tomb 11. Herakleion Archaeological Museum, precious metal 45. CMS II.3, no. 114. Photo J. Younger

Figure 4.4. Gold ring from Archanes tholos A, impression. Herakleion Archaeological Museum, precious metal 989. Photo J. Younger 46 john g. younger the field between the kneeling man and woman are an eye, a colonettelike object, a butterfly, and a dragonfly. Above the man at the baetyl is an object that looks similar to the object possibly dangling from the bird’s beak on the Sellopoulo ring. Several of these elements appear on other rings. For instance, on a ring impression from Kato Zakros (LM IB, possibly LM IA), a woman kneels at a baetyl while a large dragonfly flies above her.12 On the Ashmolean ring (AM 1919.56) a woman kneels at two baetyls.13 The Vapheio ring does not depict a baetyl, but it does include, from left to right, a tree growing from a pithos, a nude man pulling at a tree, a woman standing, and a figure-eight shield in profile topped with a Sacred Knot.14 The ring from Hogarth’s house A at Knossos (LM IB) depicts, from left to right, a tree growing from a pithos, a woman, and a large wall behind which a tree grows.15 In general, trees growing from shrines or other buildings are quite common on rings and even some seal stones.16

THE COURTYARD WITHIN THE MYCENAEAN SANCTUARY AT PHYLAKOPI

The repetition of these elements implies a real setting—an outdoor area where butterflies, dragonflies, and birds can fly, a paved area, a shrine or large wall with a tree growing next to it, and a baetyl. Such a setting is found at the Mycenaean sanctuary at Phylakopi on the island of Melos in the small courtyard that connects the East and West Shrines (Fig. 4.5).17 The Mycenaean sanctuary occupies an area of the site in the center of its southern edge. The sequence of buildings begins with the West Shrine, constructed early in Late Helladic (LH) IIIA2. Later, in LH IIIB (ca. 1270 b.c.), the East Shrine was built to the northeast of the West Shrine; a small paved court lay between the two, bounded by a somewhat insubstantial wall on the south and accessed by a paved walkway from the east. Soon thereafter, the substantial city wall was built to the east of the court and up against the earlier insubstantial blocking wall. Early in mid-LH IIIC (ca. 1120 b.c.) an earthquake destroyed the city wall, and its debris was used to block up the southern half of the West Shrine to allow for a limited continued use of it before the entire sanctuary was abandoned (ca. 1090 b.c.). The courtyard is small, somewhat square, about 3.25 m on the side, and paved, like the walkway from the east, with medium schist pavers.18 In the southwest corner is the entrance to the West Shrine and in the northwest corner the stepped entrance to the East Shrine. There is a bench against 12. CMS II.7, no. 6. 13. Sourvinou-Inwood 1971. the insubstantial wall on the south, and in front of the bench, at the east 14. CMS I, no. 219. end, is a quarter circle of stones (radius 1 m), referred to as a kerb, in the 15. CMS II.3, no. 15. corner between the bench and the City Wall. At the west end, just in front 16. See CMS I, nos. 119 and 126; of the entrance to the West Shrine, is the baetyl. CMS II.6, no. 1; CMS II.7, no. 1; As principal excavator of the area in 1976, I remember this court CMS V Suppl. 1A, no. 176; CMS XI, well. Digging through the city wall collapse was tedious work (Fig. 4.6). no. 28; Ashmolean Museum 1938.1127 (Kenna 1960, p. 125, no. 250). Its smooth basalt boulders were heavy and difficult to remove, but one 17. Renfrew 1985. stone, the baetyl (Fig. 4.7), stood out, for it was upright on a thin layer of 18. Renfrew 1985, pp. 44–45, earth atop the paving stones, and it was made not of basalt but rather pls. 1:b, 3:a, 6:c, 7:a–c, 9, pocket plan. tree tugging and omphalos hugging 47

Figure 4.5. Sanctuary court, Phyla- kopi, looking east. Photo J. Younger

Figure 4.6. Sanctuary court being excavated (foreman Antonis Zidio- nakis sitting on the omphalos). Photo J. Younger 48 john g. younger

Figure 4.7. Phylakopi omphalos. Photo J. Younger

Figure 4.8. Sebastian Rahtz embrac- ing the Phylakopi omphalos. Photo J. Younger tree tugging and omphalos hugging 49

of tufa that had been shaped (the pickmarks are obvious; H. 47 cm, Diam. ca. 50 cm).19 The kerb, too, was noteworthy, for within it was found car- bon and ash, and underlying it at some depth was the earliest floor of the court. The scenes on the rings mentioned above can be mapped onto the Phylakopi court. Even though some two and a half centuries separate the court from the rings, the court nonetheless contains all the features de- picted on the rings in one small space and in a religious complex. We can imagine that visitors would walk toward the court and the entrances to the two shrines along the paved walkway from the east. In the ceremony, a woman would stand on the pavement while a man or woman would pull at the tree that grew, perhaps, in a pithos set within the kerb next to the city wall and gave shade to the bench. A man (cf. Fig. 4.8) or a woman would embrace the omphalos hoping for a sign of favor from the divinity (possibly a passing bird, dragonfly, or butterfly). The identity of the divinity at Phylakopi is impossible to discern; Ren- frew points to evidence favoring both a female and a male deity, perhaps each with their own shrine.20 Might the omphalos and the tree each refer 19. Renfrew 1985, p. 102. 20. Renfrew 1985, pp. 433, 437– to one divinity? If so, we might find the tree more feminine, being natural, 21 438. and the baetyl more masculine, being shaped and placed. I leave further 21. Ortner 1972. speculation to others. References

Adams, E. 2004. “Power and Ritual Ἱεραπέτρας,” CretChron 10, pp. 7– in Neopalatial Crete: A Regional 19. Comparison,” WorldArch 36, ———. 1958. “ Ἡ μινωϊκὴ θεὰ μεθ᾿ pp. 26–42. ὑψωμένων χειρω̃ν,” CretChron 12, Albers, G. 2001. “Rethinking Myce- pp. 179–299. naean Sanctuaries,” in Laffineur and ———. 1967. “Ἀρχαιότητες καὶ μνημεῖα Hägg 2001, pp. 131–141. κεντρικῆς καὶ ἀνατολικῆς Κρήτης,” Alberti, B. 2001. “Faience Goddesses ArchDelt 22, B΄2, pp. 480–488. and Ivory Bull-leapers: The Aes- ———. 1992. “Areale H, G, F, and E,” thetics of Sexual Difference at Late in Amnisos nach den archäologischen, Bronze Age Knossos,” WorldArch historischen und epigraphischen Zeug- 33, pp. 189–205. nissen des Altertums und der Neuzeit, Alberti, L. 1999. “L’alabastron nelle ed. J. Schäfer, Berlin, pp. 186–192. necropoli TM II–IIIA1 di Crosso,” Alexiou, S., and P. Warren. 2004. The in Ἐπὶ πόντον πλαζόμενοι: Atti Early Minoan Tombs of Lebena, del simposio italiano di studi egei dedi- Southern Crete (SIMA 30), Sävedalen. cato a L. Bernabò Brea e G. Pugliese Alonge, M. 2005. “The Palaikastro Carratelli, ed. V. La Rosa, D. Pa- Hymn and the Modern Myth of the lermo, and L. Vagnetti, Rome, Cretan Zeus,” Version 1.0, Decem- pp. 167–175. ber, Princeton/Stanford Working ———. 2004a. “The LM II–IIIA1 Papers in Classics, http://www.princ- Warrior Graves at Knossos: The eton.edu/~pswpc/papers/authorAL/ Burial Assemblage,” in Cadogan, alonge/alonge.html. Hatzaki, and Vassilakis 2004, Alroth, B. 1988. “The Positioning of pp. 127–136. Greek Votive Figurines,” in Early ———. 2004b. Οι νεκροπόλεις της Greek Cult Practice (SkrAth 4°, 38), Κνωσού κατά την Υστερομινωική ed. R. Hägg, N. Marinatos, and ΙΙ–ΙΙΙΑ1 περίοδο (diss. Univ. of G. C. Nordquist, Stockholm, Athens). pp. 195–203. Alcock, S. E. 2002. Archaeologies of the Andreadaki-Vlasaki, M. 1987. “An Greek Past: Landscape, Monuments, Early Greek Child Burial at Gava- and Memories, Cambridge. lomouri, Kissamos,” SMEA 26, Alcock, S. E., and R. Osborne, eds. pp. 307–335. 1994. Placing the Gods: Sanctuaries ———. 1994–1996. “Άστρικας,” and Sacred Space in Ancient Greece, Κρητική Εστία 5, pp. 215–216. Oxford. Andreadaki-Vlasaki, M., and E. Papa- Alexiou, S. 1950. “Πρωτογεωμετρικὸς dopoulou. 2005. “The Habitation at ναΐσκος τῆς Συλλογῆς Γιαμαλάκη,” Khamalevri, Rethymnon, during the CretChron 4, pp. 441–462. 12th century b.c.,” in D’Agata and ———. 1956. “ Ἱερον παρὰ οτ Καβοῦσι Moody 2005, pp. 353–397. 290 references

Antonaccio, C. M. 1994. “Placing the Baurain, C., P. Darcque, and C. Ver- Past: The Bronze Age in the Cultic linden. 1983. “Malia: Abords Nord- Topography of Early Greece,” Est du Palais,” BCH 107, pp. 901– in Alcock and Osborne 1994, 904. pp. 79–104. ———. 1985. “Malia: Abords Nord- ———. 1995. An Archaeology of Ances- Est du Palais,” BCH 109, pp. 892– tors: Tomb Cult and Hero Cult in 895. Early Greece, Lanham, Md. ———. 1986. “Malia: Abords Nord- Apostolakou, V. 1998. “Υστερoμινωικoί Est du Palais,” BCH 110, pp. 816– τάφoι στη Γρα Λυγιά Iεράπετρας,” 822. ArchDelt 53, A΄, pp. 25–88. Begg, P. 1991. Late Cypriot Terracotta Appadurai, A., ed. 1986. The Social Life Figurines: A Study in Context (SIMA of Things: Commodities in Cultural 101), Jonsered. Perspective, Cambridge. Bennet, J. 1990. “Knossos in Context: Åström, P., and L. Åström. 1972. The Comparative Perspectives on the Late Cypriot Bronze Age: Other Arts Linear B Administration of LM II– and Crafts (SwCyprusExp IV.1D), III Crete,” AJA 94, pp. 193–211. Stockholm. ———. 2004. “Iconographies of Value: Bailey, D. 1992. “The Interpretation of Words, People and Things in the Figurines: The Emergence of Illu- Late Bronze Age Aegean,” in Bar- sion and New Ways of Seeing,” rett and Halstead 2004, pp. 90– CAJ 6, pp. 291–295. 106. Banti, L. 1941–1943. “I culti minoici e Bennett, C. 1996. In Search of the greci di Haghia Triada (Creta),” Sacred: Anthropology and the Study ASAtene n.s. 3–5, pp. 9–74. of Religions, London. Barber, R. L. N. 1984. “Early Cycladic Ben-Tor, D. 1993. The Scarab: A Reflec- Marble Figures: Some Thoughts on tion of Ancient Egypt, Jerusalem. Function,” in Fitton 1984, pp. 10– Betancourt, P. P. 2001. “The Household 14. Shrine in the House of the Rhyta ———. 1987. The Cyclades in the at Pseira,” in Laffineur and Hägg Bronze Age, London. 2001, pp. 145–149. Barnett, R. D. 1989. “From Arad to ———. 2003. “The Impact of Cycladic Carthage: Harvest Rites and Corn Settlers on Early Minoan Crete,” Dollies,” in Eretz-Israel: Archaeologi- Mediterranean Archaeology and cal, Historical, and Geographical Stud- Archaeometry 3, pp. 3–11. ies 27, ed. A. Ben-Tor, J. C. Green- Betancourt, P. P., M. G. Ciaccio, field, and A. Malamat, Jerusalem, B. Crowell, J. M. Donohoe, and pp. 1–11. R. C. Green. 1983. “Ceramic Stands: Barrett, J. C. 1991. “Towards an Ar- A Group of Domestic and Ritual chaeology of Ritual,” in Sacred and Objects from Crete and the Near Profane. Proceedings of a Conference East,” Expedition 26, pp. 32–37. on Archaeology, Ritual, and Religion, Betancourt, P. P., V. Karageorghis, Oxford, 1989 (Oxford University R. Laffineur, and W.-D. Niemeier, Committee for Archaeology 32), eds. 1999. MELETEMATA: Studies ed. P. Garwood, D. Jennings, in Aegean Archaeology Presented to R. Skeates, and J. Toms, Oxford, Malcolm H. Wiener As He Enters His pp. 1–9. 65th Year (Aegaeum 20), Liège. Barrett, J. C., and P. Halstead, eds. Betancourt, P. P., and J. S. Silverman. 2004. The Emergence of Civilisa- 1991. The Cretan Collection in the tion Revisited (Sheffield Studies in University Museum, University of Aegean Archaeology 6), Oxford. Pennsylvania 2: Pottery from Gournia Baudy, G. 1995. “Cereal Diet and the (University Museum Monograph Origins of Man: Myths of the Eleu- 72), Philadelphia. sinia in the Context of Ancient Bevan, A. 2002. “The Rural Landscape Mediterranean Harvest Festivals,” of Neopalatial Kythera: A GIS in Food in Antiquity, ed. J. Wilkins, Perspective,” JMA 15, pp. 217–255. D. Harvey, and M. Dobson, Exeter, Beyer, I. 1976. Die Tempel von Dreros pp. 177–195. und Prinias A und die Chronologie der references 291

kretischen Kunst des 8. und 7. Jhs. v. from the Palaikastro Excavations, Historic Settlement in the Ziros Chr., Freiburg. 1902–1906 (BSA Suppl. 1), London. Region,” BSA 93, pp. 23–90. Bittel, K. 1976. “The Great Temple Bosanquet, R. C., R. M. Dawkins, ———. 1998c. “The Nearness of You: of Hattusha-Boğazköy,” AJA 80, M. N. Tod, W. L. H. Duckworth, Proximity and Distance in Early pp. 66–75. and J. L. Myres. 1902–1903. “Exca- Minoan Funerary Landscapes,” in Blackman, D. 1998–1999. “Archaeol- vations at Palaikastro, II,” BSA 9, Branigan 1998a, pp. 13–26. ogy in Greece 1998–99,” AR 1998– pp. 274–387. Braun, T. 1995. “Barley Cakes and 1999, pp. 1–124. Bottema S., and A. Sarpaki. 2003. Emmer Bread,” in Food in Antiq- Blackman, D., and K. Branigan. 1975. “Environmental Change in Crete: uity, ed. J. Wilkins, D. Harvey, and “An Archaeological Survey on the A 9000-Year Record of Holocene M. Dobson, Exeter, pp. 25–37. South Coast of Crete, between the Vegetation History and the Effect Brock, J. K. 1957. Fortetsa: Early Greek Ayiofarango and Christostomos,” of the Santorini Eruption,” The Tombs near Knossos (BSA Suppl. 2), BSA 70, pp. 17–36. Holocene 13, pp. 733–749. Cambridge. ———. 1982. “The Excavation of an Boulotis, C. 1982. “Ein Gründungsde- Brodie, N., and C. Hills, eds. 2004. Early Minoan Tholos Tomb at Ayia positum im minoischen Palast von Material Engagements: Studies in Kyriaki, Ayiofarango, Southern Kato Zakros: Minoisch-mykenische Honour of Colin Renfrew, Cam- Crete,” BSA 77, pp. 1–57. Bauopfer,” ArchKorrBl 12, pp. 153– bridge. Blackman, D., K. Branigan, A. R. Doe, 166. Broodbank, C. 2000. An Island Archae- D. C. Homes, and J. Bintliff. 1977. ———. 1985. “Μινωικοί αποθέτες ology of the Early Cyclades, Cam- “An Archaeological Survey of the θεμελίωσης,” in Πεπραγμένα bridge. Lower Catchment of the Ayiofa- του Ε΄ Κρητολογικού Συνεδρίου, Bryce, T. 2002. Life and Society in the rango Valley,” BSA 72, pp. 13–84. ed. T. Detorakis, Herakleion, Hittite World, Oxford. Blackman, W. 1922. “Some Occur- pp. 248–257. Burkert, W. 1985. Greek Religion, Cam- rences of the Corn-‘arûseh in An- Bousquet, J. 1938. “Le temple d’Aphro- bridge, Mass. cient Egyptian Tomb Paintings,” dite et d’Arès à Sta Lenikà,” BCH Cadogan, G. 1973. “Clay Tubes in JEA 8, pp. 235–240. 62, pp. 386–408. Minoan Religion,” in Πεπραγμένα Blake, E. 2005. “The Material Expres- Boyd Hawes, H., B. E. Williams, R. B. του Γ ΄ Διεθνούς Κρητολογικού sion of Cult, Ritual, and Feasting,” Seager, and E. H. Hall. 1908. Gour- Συνεδρίου A΄, Athens, pp. 34–38. in The Archaeology of Mediterranean nia, Vasiliki and Other Prehistoric ———. 1977–1978. “Pyrgos, Crete, Prehistory, ed. E. Blake and A. B. Sites on the Isthmus of Hierapetra, 1970–77,” AR 24, pp. 70–84. Knapp, Oxford, pp. 102–129. Crete: Excavations of the Wells-Hous- ———. 1981. “A Probable Shrine in Blomberg, M., and G. Henriksson. ton-Cramp Expeditions, 1901, 1903, the Country House at Pyrgos,” in 1996. “Evidence for Minoan Astro- 1904, Philadelphia. Sanctuaries and Cults, pp. 169–171. nomical Observations from the Bradfer-Burdet, I., and M. Schmid. ———. 1997. “The Role of the Pyrgos Peak Sanctuaries on Petsophas and 2004–2005. “Sanctuaire aux Cornes,” Country House in Minoan Society,” Traostalos,” OpAth 21, pp. 99–114. BCH 128–129, pp. 969–987. in The Function of the “Minoan Blome, P. 1982. Die figürliche Bildwelt Bradley, R. 2000. An Archaeology of Villa.” Proceedings of the Eighth Inter- Kretas in der geometrischen und früh- Natural Places, London. national Symposium at the Swedish archaïschen Periode, Mainz. Branigan, K. 1970a. The Foundations of Institute at Athens, 6–8 June, 1992, Boardman, J. 1961. The Cretan Collec- Palatial Crete: A Survey of Crete in ed. R. Hägg, Stockholm, pp. 99– tion in Oxford: The Dictaean Cave the Early Bronze Age, London. 103. and Iron Age Crete, Oxford. ———. 1970b. “Minoan Foot Amulets Cadogan, G., E. Hatzaki, and A. Vasi- Bonacasa, N. 1968. “Patrikies—una and Their Near Eastern Counter- lakis, eds. 2004. Knossos: Palace, City, stazione medio-minoica fra Haghia parts,” SMEA 11, pp. 7–23. State. Proceedings of the Conference in Triada e Festos,” ASAtene 29–30, ———. 1971. “Cycladic Figurines and Herakleion Organised by the British pp. 7–54. Their Derivatives in Crete,” BSA 66, School at Athens and the 23rd Epho- Bosanquet, R. C. 1905. “Excavations pp. 57–78. reia of Prehistoric and Classical at Palaikastro IV: The Temple of ———. 1972. “Early Minoan Figurines Antiquities of Herakleion, in Novem- Dictaean Zeus,” BSA 11, pp. 298– in the Giamalakis Collection,” BSA ber 2000, for the Centenary of Sir 308. 67, pp. 21–23. Arthur Evans’s Excavations at ———. 1909. “The Palaikastro Hymn ———. 1993. Dancing with Death: Knossos (BSA Studies 12), London. of the Kouretes,” BSA 15, pp. 339– Life and Death in Southern Crete, Calligas, P. G. 1992. “From the Amy- 356. c. 3000–2000 B.C., Amsterdam. klaion,” in ΦΙΛΟΛΑΚΩΝ: Lakonian ———. 1939–1940. “Dicte and the ———, ed. 1998a. Cemetery and Society Studies in Honour of Hector Catling, Temples of Dictaean Zeus,” BSA 40, in the Aegean Bronze Age (Sheffield ed. J. M. Sanders, London, pp. 31– pp. 60–77. Studies in Aegean Archaeology 1), 48. Bosanquet, R. C., and R. M. Dawk- Sheffield. Carinci, F. 2001. “La casa a sud della ins. 1923. The Unpublished Objects ———. 1998b. “Prehistoric and Early Rampa e il Medio Minoico III a 292 references

Festòs,” in I cento anni dello scavo di Coldstream, J. N. 1973. Knossos: The Festòs (Atti dei convegni lincei 173), Sanctuary of Demeter (BSA Suppl. 8), Rome, pp. 203–241. London. Carter, T. 2004. “Transformative Pro- ———. 1976. “Hero-cults in the Age cesses in Liminal Spaces: Craft as of Homer,” JHS 96, pp. 8–17. Ritual Action in the Throne Room ———. 1978. “Kythera and the South- Area,” in Cadogan, Hatzaki, and ern Peloponnese in the LM I Peri- Vasilakis 2004, pp. 273–282. od,” in Thera and the Aegean World I. Catling, E. A., H. W. Catling, and Papers Presented in the Second D. Smyth. 1979. “Knossos 1975: Scientific Congress, Santorini, Greece, Middle Minoan III and Late Mi- August 1978, ed. C. Doumas and noan I Houses by the Acropolis,” H. C. Puchelt, London, pp. 389– BSA 74, pp. 1–80. 401. Chadwick, J. 1976. The Mycenaean ———. 1984. “A Protogeometric World, Cambridge. Nature Goddess from Knossos,” Chaniotis, A. 2006. “Heiligtümer über- BICS 31, pp. 93–104. regionaler Bedeutung auf Kreta,” in ———. 2000. “Evans’s Greek Finds: Kult-Politik-Ethnos, ed. P. Funke, The Early Greek Town of Knos- Stuttgart, pp. 197–209. sos and Its Encroachment on the Chapman, J. 2000. Fragmentation in Borders of the Minoan Palace,” Archaeology: People, Places, and Bro- BSA 95, pp. 259–299. ken Objects in the Prehistory of South Coldstream, J. N., and H. W. Catling, Eastern Europe, London. eds. 1996. Knossos North Cemetery, Chapouthier, F., and P. Demargne. Early Greek Tombs (BSA Suppl. 28), 1962. Fouilles exécutées à Mallia IV: London. Exploration du palais: bordure méridi- Coldstream, J. N., and G. L. Huxley. onale et recherches complémentaires 1972. Kythera: Excavations and (1929–1935 et 1946–1960) (ÉtCrét Studies, London. 12), Paris. ———. 1984. “The Minoans of Ky- Charles, R.-P. 1965. Anthropologie thera,” in The Minoan Thalasso- archéologique de la Crète (ÉtCrét 14), cracy: Myth and Reality. Proceedings Paris. of the Third International Symposium Cherry, J. F. 1986. “Polities and Palaces: at the Swedish Institute in Athens, Some Problems in Minoan State ed. R. Hägg and N. Marinatos, Formation,” in Peer Polity Interaction Stockholm, pp. 107–112. and Socio-political Change, ed. A. C. Cole, S. G. 1994. “Demeter in the Renfrew and J. F. Cherry, Cam- Ancient Greek City and its Coun- bridge, pp. 19–45. tryside,” in Alcock and Osborne ———. 2003. “Archaeology Beyond 1994, pp. 199–216. the Site: Regional Survey and Its ———. 2004. Landscapes, Gender, and Future,” in Theory and Practice in Ritual Space: The Ancient Greek Mediterranean Archaeology: Old Experience, London. World and New Perspectives, ed. J. K. Collins, B. J. 1992. “The Puppy in Papadopoulos and R. M. Leventhal, Hittite Ritual,” The Oriental Los Angeles, pp. 137–159. Institute News and Notes 136, Christakis, K. S. 2003. “Pithoi and http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/ Staple Storage in the South House,” pubs/nn/win92_collins.html. in Knossos: The South House (BSA Conrad, G. W., and A. A. Demarest. Suppl. 34), ed. P. A. Mountjoy, 1984. Religion and Empire: The London, pp. 153–161. Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expan- ———. 2004. “Palatial Economy and sionism, Cambridge. Storage in Late Bronze Age Knos- Cosmopoulos, M. B. 1991. The Early sos,” in Cadogan, Hatzaki, and Bronze 2 in the Aegean (SIMA 98), Vasilakis 2004, pp. 299–309. Jonsered. Chryssoulaki, S. 2001. “The Traostalos Coulson, W., and M. Tsipopoulou. Peak Sanctuary: Aspects of Spatial 1994. “Preliminary Investigations Organisation,” in Laffineur and at Halasmenos, Crete, 1992–1993,” Hägg 2001, pp. 57–66. Aegean Archaeology 1, pp. 65–86. references 293

Craxton, J., and P. Warren. 2004. “A ary: The Case of Ayia Triada,” in to LM IIIC). Proceedings of the Inter- Neocycladic Harpist?” in Brodie and Post-Minoan Crete. Proceedings of national Workshop held at Athens, Hills 2004, pp. 109–113. the First Colloquium, London 10– Scuola Archeologica Italiana, 5–6 Crowther, C. 1988. “A Note on Minoan 11 November 1995 (BSA Studies 2), April 2003 (Tripodes 3), Athens. Dikta,” BSA 83, pp. 37–44. ed. W. G. Cavanagh, M. Curtis, Dalfes, H. N., G. Kukla, and H. Weiss, ———. 2000. “Dikte,” in MacGilliv- J. N. Coldstream, and A. W. John- eds. 1997. Third Millennium B.C. ray, Driessen, and Sackett 2000, ston, London, pp. 19–26. Climate Change and Old World pp. 145–148. ———. 1999a. “Defining a Pattern of Collapse, Berlin. Cullen, T., ed. 2001. Aegean Prehistory: Continuity during the Dark Age in Darcque, P., and A. Van de Moortel. A Review (AJA Suppl. 1), Boston. Central-Western Crete: Ceramic 2006. “Late Minoan I Architec- Cultraro, M. 2000. “La brocchetta dei Evidence from the Settlement tural Phases and Ceramic Chronol- vivi per la sete dei morti: Riconsid- of Thronos/Kephala (Ancient ogy at Malia,” in Πεπραγμένα erazione delle Camerette a Sud della Sybrita),” SMEA 41, pp. 181–218. του Θ ΄ Διεθνούς Κρητολογικού Grande Tholos di Haghia Triada,” ———. 1999b. Haghia Triada II: Sta- Συνεδρίου A΄1, ed. E. Tampakaki in Πεπραγμένα του H ΄ Διεθνούς tuine minoiche e post-minoiche dai and A. Kaloutsakis, Herakleion, Κρητολογικού Συνεδρίου A΄1, vecchi scavi di Haghia Triada (Creta) pp. 177–188. Herakleion, pp. 309–326. (Monografie della scuola archeo- Daux, G. 1966. “Chronique des fouilles Cunningham, T., and J. Driessen. 2004. logica di Atene e delle missioni et découvertes archéologiques en “Site by Site: Combining Survey italiane in Oriente 11), Padua. Grèce en 1965,” BCH 90, pp. 715– and Excavation Data to Chart ———. 2001. “Religion, Society, and 1019. Patterns of Socio-Political Change Ethnicity in Crete at the End of Davaras, C. 1972. “Two New Linear in Bronze Age Crete,” in Side-by- the Late Bronze Age: A Contex- A Inscriptions on Libation Vessels Side Survey: Comparative Regional tual Framework for LM IIIC Cult from Petsophas,” Kadmos 11, Studies in the Mediterranean World, Activities,” in Laffineur and Hägg pp. 101–112. ed. S. Alcock and J. Cherry, Oxford, 2001, pp. 345–354. ———. 1974. “Ἀνασκαφὴ ΜΜ ἱεροῦ pp. 101–113. ———. 2003. “LM IIIC–SM Pottery κορυφῆς Βρύσινα Ρεθύμνης,” AAA 7, D’Agata, A. L. 1989. “Some MM IIIB/ Sequence at Thronos/Kephala pp. 210–213. LM IA Pottery from Haghia Tri- (Ancient Sybrita) and Its Connec- ———. 1982. “Σπήλαιο Αγίου Χαρα- ada,” in Transition: Le monde égéen tions with the Greek Mainland,” λάμπους,” ArchDelt 37, B΄2, du Bronze moyen au Bronze récent in LH IIIC Chronology and Synchro- pp. 387–388. (Aegaeum 3), ed. R. Laffineur, Liège, nisms. Proceedings of the International ———. 1983. “Σπήλαιο Γεροντομουρί,” pp. 93–97. Workshop Held at the Austrian Acad- ArchDelt 38, B΄2, p. 375. ———. 1992. “Late Minoan Crete and emy of Sciences at Vienna, May 7th ———. n.d. Hagios Nikolaos Museum, Horns of Consecration: A Symbol and 8th, 2001, ed. S. Deger-Jalkotzy Athens. in Action,” in EIKON: Aegean and M. Zavadil, Vienna, pp. 23– Davaras, C., and I. Pini. 1992. “Aj. Niko- Bronze Age Iconography: Shaping 35. laos, Archäologisches Museum, Kat. a Methodology. Proceedings of the ———. 2006. “Cult Activity on Crete Nrs. 34–47,” in Kleinere griechische 4th International Aegean Conference, in the Early Dark Age: Changes, Sammlungen (CMS 5, Suppl. 1A), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Continuities, and the Development ed. I. Pini, Berlin, pp. 32–52. Australia, 6–9 April 1992 (Aegaeum of a ‘Greek’ Cult System,” in Ancient Davis, J. L. 1984. “A Cycladic Figure in 8), ed. R. Laffineur and J. Crowley, Greece from the Mycenaean Palaces Chicago and the Non-funeral Use Liège, pp. 247–255. to the Age of Homer (Edinburgh of Cycladic Marble Figurines,” in ———. 1997a. “Incense and Perfumes Leventis Studies 3), ed. S. Deger- Fitton 1984, pp. 15–21. in the Late Bronze Age Aegean,” in Jalkotzy and I. Lemos, Edinburgh, Davis, J. L., and E. Mantzourani. 1991. Profumi d’Arabia, ed. A. Avanzini, pp. 398–414. Landscape Archaeology as Long-Term Rome, pp. 85–99. D’Agata, A. L., and A. Hermary. History: Northern Keos in the Cycladic ———. 1997b. “The Shrines on the Forthcoming. “Ritual and Cult in Islands from Earliest Settlement to Piazzale dei Sacelli at Ayia Triadha: Crete and Cyprus in the Bronze Modern Times (Monumenta A Summary,” in Driessen and Far- and Early Iron Age: Towards a Archaeologica 16), Los Angeles. noux 1997, pp. 85–100. Comparative Framework,” in Par- Dawkins, R. M. 1905–1906. “Excava- ———. 1997–2000. “Ritual and Rub- allel Lives: Ancient Island Societies tions at Palaikastro, V,” BSA 12, bish in Dark Age Crete: The Settle- in Crete and Cyprus (BSA Studies), pp. 2–8. ment of Thronos/Kephala (Ancient ed. G. Cadogan, M. Iacovou, ———. 1907. “Archaeology in Greece,” Sybrita) and the Pre-Classical Roots K. Kopaka, and J. Whitley, London. JHS 27, pp. 284–299. of a Greek City,” Aegean Archaeology D’Agata, A. L., and J. Moody, eds. Dawkins, R. M., and C. T. Currelly. 4, pp. 45–59. 2005. Ariadne’s Threads: Connections 1903–1904. “Excavations at Palai- ———. 1998. “Changing Patterns in a between Crete and the Greek Main- kastro, III,” BSA 10, pp. 192– Minoan and Post-Minoan Sanctu- land in Late Minoan III (LM IIIA2 231. 294 references

Dawkins, R. M., C. H. Hawes, and ———. 1957. “Sanctuaire,” BCH 81, R. C. Bosanquet. 1904–1905. “Ex- pp. 695–700. cavations at Palaikastro, IV,” BSA Dickinson, O. T. P. K. 1977. The 11, pp. 258–308. Origins of Mycenaean Civilisation Dawkins, R. M., and M. L. W. Laist- (SIMA 49), Göteborg. ner. 1912–1913. “The Excavation of Dikaios, P. 1969–1971. Enkomi Exca- the Kamares Cave in Crete,” BSA vations 1948–1958, 3 vols., Mainz. 19, pp. 1–34. Dimopoulou, N. 1985. “Κρουσώνας,” Day, L. P. 1997. “The Late Minoan ArchDelt 40, Chronika, p. 297. IIIC Period at Vronda, Kavousi,” Dimopoulou, N., and G. Rethemio- in Driessen and Farnoux 1997, takis. 1978. “Ὑστερομινωικὸ νεκρο- pp. 391–406. ταφεῖο στὸ Μετόχι Καλοῦ Ἡρα- Day, L. P., W. D. E. Coulson, and κλείου,” ArchDelt 33, A΄, pp. 40–109. G. C. Gesell. 1986. “Kavousi, 1983– ———. 2000. “The ‘Sacred Conversa- 1984: The Settlement at Vronda,” tion’ Ring from Poros,” in Minoisch- Hesperia 55, pp. 355–387. Mykenische Glyptik: Stil, Ikono- Day, P. M., L. Joyner, V. Kilikoglou, graphie, Funktion (CMS 6), and G. C. Gesell. 2006. “Goddesses, ed. W. Müller, Berlin, pp. 39–56. Snake Tubes, and Plaques: Analysis ———. 2004. The Ring of Minos and of Ceramic Ritual Objects from the Gold Minoan Rings: The Epiphany LM IIIC Shrine at Kavousi,” Hes- Cycle, Athens. peria 75, pp. 137–175. Dinsmoor, W. B. [1950] 1975. Day, L. P., M. S. Mook, and J. D. The Architecture of Ancient Greece, Muhly, eds. 2004. Crete Beyond the 3rd ed., New York. Palaces. Proceedings of the Crete 2000 Doumas, C. 1968. The N. P. Goulandris Conference Held at the American Collection of Early Cycladic Art, School of Classical Studies at Athens, New York. 11–12 July 2000 (Prehistory Mono- ———. 1977. Early Bronze Age Burial graphs 10), Philadelphia. Habits in the Cyclades (SIMA 48), Day, L. P., and L. Snyder. 2004. “The Göteborg. ‘Big House’ at Vronda and the ———. 1979. Cycladic Art: Ancient ‘Great House’ at Karphi: Evidence Sculpture and Ceramics of the Aegean for Social Structure in LM IIIC from the N. P. Goulandris Collection, Crete,” in Day, Mook, and Muhly Washington, D.C. 2004, pp. 63–79. ———. 1992. The Wall Paintings of Day, P. M., and D. E. Wilson. 2002. Thera, Athens. “Landscapes of Memory, Craft, and Dowden, K. 2001. “West on the East: Power in Prepalatial and Protopala- Martin West’s East Face of Helicon tial Knossos,” in Labyrinth Revisited: and its Forerunners,” JHS 121, Rethinking ‘Minoan’ Archaeology, ed. pp. 167–175. Y. Hamilakis, Oxford, pp. 143–166. Driessen, J. 1990. An Early Destruction de Polignac, F. 1984. La naissance de la in the Mycenaean Palace at Knossos: cité grecque, Paris. A New Interpretation of the Field- ———. 1994. “Mediation, Competi- notes of the South-east Area of the West tion, and Sovereignty: The Evolu- Wing (ActaArchLov Monographiae tion of Rural Sanctuaries in Geo- 2), Leuven. metric Greece,” in Alcock and ———. 1994. “A Fragmentary Linear Osborne 1994, pp. 3–18. A Inscription from Petsophas, Palai- ———. 1995. Cults, Territory, and kastro (PKZa20),” Kadmos 33, the Origins of the Greek City-State, pp. 149–152. trans. J. Lloyd, Chicago. ———. 2001. “Crisis Cults on Minoan Deshayes, J., and A. Dessenne. 1959. Crete?” in Laffineur and Hägg Fouilles exécutées à Mallia: Explora- 2001, pp. 361–368. tion des maisons et quartiers d’habita- ———. 2002. “ ‘The King Must Die’: tion II (ÉtCrét 11), Paris. Some Observations on the Use of Dessenne, A. 1949. “Têtes humaines,” Minoan Court Compounds,” in BCH 73, pp. 307–315. Monuments of Minos: Rethinking references 295

the Minoan Palaces (Aegaeum 23), ———. 2004. “Gournia, Vronda Ka- tuaires crétois (suite),” BCH 93, ed. J. Driessen, I. Schoep, and vousi, Kephala Vasilikis: A Triad pp. 174–213. R. Laffineur, Liège, pp. 1–14. of Interrelated Shrines of the Ex- Felsch, R. C. S. 1996. Kalapodi: Ergeb- ———. 2004. “The Central Court of piring Minoan Age on the Isthmus nisse der Ausgrabungen im Heiligtum the Palace at Knossos,” in Cado- of Ierapetra,” in Day, Mook, and der Artemis und des Apollon von gan, Hatzaki, and Vasilakis 2004, Muhly 2004, pp. 81–90. Hyampolis in der antiken Phokis I, pp. 75–82. Erickson, B. 2002. “Aphrati and Kato Mainz. Driessen, J., and A. Farnoux. 1994. Syme: Pottery, Continuity, and ———. 2001. “Opferhandlungen des “Mycenaeans at Malia?” Aegean Cult in Late Archaic and Classical Alltagslebens im Heiligtum der Archaeology 1, pp. 54–64. Crete,” Hesperia 71, pp. 41–90. Artemis Elaphebolos von Hyampo- ———, eds. 1997. La Crète mycénienne: Evans, A. J. 1899–1900. “Knossos: lis in den Phasen SH IIIC– Actes de la table ronde internation- Summary Report of the Excavations Spätgeometrisch,” in Laffineur ale organisée par l’École française in 1900,” BSA 6, pp. 3–70. and Hägg 2001, pp. 193–199. d’Athènes, 26–28 mars 1991 (BCH ———. 1901. Mycenaean Tree and Fernandez, N. 1988. “Cult Places of Suppl. 30), Athens. Pillar Cult and its Mediterranean the Bronze Age: The Identifica- Driessen, J., and C. F. Macdonald. Relations, London. tion Problem,” in Problems in 1997. The Troubled Island: Minoan ———. 1903. “The Palace of Knossos: Greek Prehistory. Papers Presented Crete before and after the Santorini Provisional Report of the Excava- at the Centenary Conference of the Eruption (Aegaeum 17), Liège. tions for the Year 1903,” BSA 9, British School of Archaeology at Durkheim, E. 2001. The Elemen- pp. 1–153. Athens, Manchester, April 1986, tary Forms of Religious Life, ———. 1906. The Prehistoric Tombs of ed. E. French and K. Wardle, trans. C. Cosman, Oxford. Knossos, London. Bristol, pp. 229–234. Eder, B. 2001. “Continuity of Bronze ———. 1912. “The Minoan and My- Ferrari, C., and N. Cucuzza. 2004. Age Cult at Olympia? The Evi- cenaean Element in Hellenic Life,” “I cosiddetti kernoi di Festòs,” dence of the Late Bronze Age and JHS 32, pp. 277–297. Creta Antica 5, pp. 53–96. Early Iron Age Pottery,” in Laffi- ———. 1914. “The ‘Tomb of the Dou- Fitton, J. L., ed. 1984. Cycladica: Stud- neur and Hägg 2001, pp. 201–209. ble Axes’ and Associated Group, ies in Memory of N. P. Goulandris. Ekroth, G. 2003. “Small Pots, Poor and the Pillar Rooms and Ritual Proceedings of the Seventh British People? The Use and Function of Vessels of the ‘Little Palace’ at Museum Classical Colloquium, June Miniature Pottery as Offerings in Knossos,” Archaeologia 65, pp. 1– 1983, London. Archaic Sanctuaries in the Argolid 94. Forsdyke, E. J. 1926–1927. “The Mavro and the Corinthia,” in Griechische Evely, R. D. G. 1984. “The Other Spelio Cemetery at Knossos,” BSA Keramik im kulturellen Kontext. Finds of Stone, Clay, Ivory, Faience, 28, pp. 243–296. Akten des Internationalen Vasen- Lead, etc.,” in M. R. Popham, The Fotou, V. 1993. New Light on Gournia: Symposions in Kiel vom 24.– 28.9.2001, Unexplored Mansion at Knossos, Unknown Documents of the Excava- veranstaltet durch das Archäologische London, pp. 223–259, 288–300. tion at Gournia and Other Sites on the Institut der Christian-Albrechts- ———. 1993. Minoan Crafts: Tools and Isthmus of Ierapetra by Harriet Ann Universität zu Kiel, ed. B. Schmaltz Techniques. An Introduction 1 (SIMA Boyd (Aegaeum 9), Liège. and M. Soldner, pp. 34–37. 92.1), Göteborg. Frazer, J. G. 1911–1915. The Golden Eliopoulos, T. 1998. “A Preliminary ———. 1999. Fresco: A Passport into the Bough: A Study in Magic and Reli- Report on the Discovery of a Past. Minoan Crete through the Eyes gion, 3rd ed., London. Temple Complex of the Dark Ages of Mark Cameron, Athens. French E. 1971. “The Development of at Kephala Vasilikis,” in Eastern ———. 2000. Minoan Crafts: Tools and Mycenaean Terracotta Figurines,” Mediterranean: Cyprus-Dodecanese- Techniques. An Introduction 2 (SIMA BSA 66, pp. 101–187. Crete 16th–6th Cent. B.C. Proceedings 92.2), Jonsered. Function of the Palaces = The Function of the International Symposium, Exon, S., V. Gaffney, A. Woodward, of the Minoan Palaces. Proceedings of Rethymnon, Crete, May 13–16, and R. Yorston. 2000. Stonehenge the Fourth International Symposium 1997, ed. V. Karageorghis and Landscapes: Journeys through Real at the Swedish Institute in Athens, N. C. Stampolides, Athens, and Imagined Worlds, Oxford. 10–16 June, 1984 (SkrAth 4°, 35), pp. 301–313. Faure, P. 1965. “Recherches sur le ed. R. Hägg and N. Marinatos, ———. 2003. “Ο Υστερομινωϊκός ΙΙΙΓ peuplement des montagnes de Stockholm 1987. ‘ὀμφαλόεις’ βωμός της Κεφάλας Crète: Sites, cavernes, et cultes,” Gardner, E. A. 1911. “Presidential Βασιλικής,” in Αργοναύτης: Τιμη- BCH 89, pp. 27–63. Address,” JHS 31, pp. lii–lxi. τικός τόμος για τον καθηγητή ———. 1967. “Nouvelles recherches Gell, A. 1998. Art and Agency: An Χρίστο Γ. Ντούμα, ed. A. Vlacho- sur trois sortes de sanctuaires cré- Anthropological Theory, Oxford. poulos and K. Birtacha, Athens, tois,” BCH 91, pp. 114–150. Georgoulaki, E. 1990. “The Minoan pp. 389–408. ———. 1969. “Sur trois sortes de sanc- Sanctuary at Koumasa: The Evidence 296 references

of the Material,” Aegaeum 6, pp. 5– Revolution in Religion?” in Proceed- 23. ings of the 10th International Creto- Gesell, G. C. 1972. “The Archaeologi- logical Congress, Chania, Crete, cal Evidence for the Minoan House Greece, 1–8 October 2006. Cult and Its Survival in Iron Age Gesell, G. C., W. D. E. Coulson, and Crete” (diss. Univ. of North Caro- L. P. Day. 1991. “Excavations at lina, Chapel Hill). Kavousi, Crete, 1988,” Hesperia 60, ———. 1976. “The Minoan Snake pp. 145–177. Tube: A Survey and Catalogue,” Gesell, G. C., L. P. Day, and W. D. AJA 80, pp. 247–259. E. Coulson. 1988. “Excavations at ———. 1983. “The Place of the God- Kavousi, Crete, 1987,” Hesperia 57, dess in Minoan Society,” in Minoan pp. 279–301. Society, ed. O. Krzyszkowska and ———. 1995. “Excavations at Kavousi, L. Nixon, Bristol, pp. 93–99. Crete, 1989 and 1990,” Hesperia 64, ———. 1985. Town, Palace, and House pp. 67–120. Cult in Minoan Crete (SIMA 67), Gesell, G. C., and T. C. Saupe. 1997. Göteborg. “Methods Used in the Construction ———. 1987. “The Minoan Palace of Ceramic Objects from the Shrine and Public Cult,” in Function of the of the Goddess with Up-raised Palaces, pp. 123–128. Hands at Kavousi,” in Laffineur and ———. 1995. “The Goddesses with Betancourt 1997, pp. 123–126. Up-raised Hands from Kavousi, Getz-Preziosi, P. 1987. Sculptors of the Ierapetras,” in Πεπραγμένα του Ζ΄ Cyclades: Individual and Tradition Διεθνούς Κρητολογικού Συνεδρίου in the Third Millennium B.C., Ann A΄1, Rethymnon, pp. 349–351. Arbor. ———. 1999. “Ritual Kalathoi in the Gilbert, K. S., ed. 1976. Treasures of Shrine at Kavousi,” in Betancourt Tutankhamun, New York. et al. 1999, pp. 283–287. Girella, L. 2001. “Alcune considerazioni ———. 2000. “Popular Religion in in margine al MM III: Archanes e Late Minoan III Crete,” in Πεπραγ- Festòs,” Creta Antica 2, pp. 57–70. μένα του H ΄ Διεθνούς Κρητολογι- Glowacki, K. 2004. “Household Anal- κού Συνεδρίου A΄3, Herakleion, ysis in Dark Age Crete,” in Day, pp. 497–507. Mook, and Muhly 2004, pp. 125– ———. 2001. “The Function of the 136. Plaque in the Shrines of the God- Godart, L. 2001. “La Terre Mère et dess with Upraised Hands,” in le monde égéen,” in Laffineur and Laffineur and Hägg 2001, pp. 253– Hägg 2001, pp. 463–466. 258. Goodison, L. 1989. Death, Women, and ———. 2004. “From Knossos to the Sun: Symbolism of Regeneration in Kavousi: The Popularizing of the Early Aegean Religion (BICS Suppl. Minoan Palace Goddess,” in ΧΑΡΙΣ: 53), London. Essays in Honor of Sara A. Immer- ———. 2001. “From Tholos Tomb to wahr (Hesperia Suppl. 33), ed. A. P. Throne Room: Perceptions of the Chapin, Princeton, pp. 131–150. Sun in Minoan Ritual,” in Laffineur ———. 2006. “The Explosion of God- and Hägg 2001, pp. 77–88. dess Figures in LM IIIB and C: ———. 2004. “From Tholos Tomb to New Evidence of a Popular Revo- Throne Room: Some Considera- lution in Religion?” Abstracts of the tions of Dawn Light and Direc- 10th International Cretological Con- tionality in Minoan Buildings,” gress, Chania, Crete, Greece, 1–8 in Cadogan, Hatzaki, and Vasilakis October 2006, http://web.archive. 2004, pp. 339–350. org/web/20070623040531/http:// ———. 2009. “Gender, Body, and the www.chrysostomos-chania.gr/ Minoans: Contemporary and Pre- congress/abstsectional-english.htm historic Perceptions,” in FYLO: En- (abstract). gendering Prehistoric “Stratigraphies” ———. Forthcoming. “The Explosion in the Aegean and the Mediterranean. of Goddess Figures in LM IIIB Proceedings of the International Con- and C: New Evidence of a Popular ference, University of Crete, Rethym- references 297

non, 2–5 June 2005 (Aegaeum 30), Hägg, R., and G. C. Nordquist, eds. and R. Smetana, Vienna, pp. 273– ed. K. Kopaka and R. Laffineur, 1990. Celebrations of Death and 294. Austin, pp. 233–242. Divinity in the Bronze Age Argolid. ———. 2007b. “Neopalatial (MM IIIB– Goodison, L., and C. Morris, eds. Proceedings of the Sixth International LM IB): KS 178, Gypsades Well 1998. Ancient Goddesses: The Myths Symposium at the Swedish Institute at (Upper Deposit) and SEX North and the Evidence, London. Athens, 11–13 June 1988 (SkrAth 4°, House Groups,” in Knossos Pottery Gormley, A. 1994. Field for the British 40), Stockholm. Handbook 1: Neolithic and Bronze Isles, Llandudno. Haggis, D. C. 2001. “A Dark Age Age (BSA Studies 14), ed. N. Momi- Gormley, A., and C. Renfrew. 2004. Settlement System in East Crete gliano, London, pp. 151–196. “A Meeting of Minds: Art and and a Reassessment of the Defini- Hayden, B. J. 1981. “The Development Archaeology,” in Brodie and Hills tion of Refuge Settlements,” in of Cretan Architecture from LM 2004, pp. 9–29. Defensive Settlements of the Aegean IIIA through the Geometric Peri- Grove A. T., and O. Rackham. 2001. and the Eastern Mediterranean after ods” (diss. Univ. of Pennsylvania). The Nature of Mediterranean Europe: c. 1200 B.C. Proceedings of an Inter- ———. 1991. “Terracotta Figures, An Ecological History, New Haven. national Workshop Held at Trinity Figurines, and Vase Attachments Grove, J. M. 1997. “The Spatial and College Dublin, 7th–9th May, 1999, from Vrokastro, Crete,” Hesperia 60, Temporal Variations of Glaciers ed. V. Karageorghis and C. E. Mor- pp. 103–144. during the Holocene in the Alps, ris, Nicosia, pp. 41–59. ———. 1997. “Evidence for ‘Mega- Pyrenees, Tatra, and Caucasus,” Halbherr, F. 1888. “Scavi e trovamenti lithic Farmsteads’ of Late Minoan in Glacier Fluctuations during the nell’antro di Zeus sul monte Ida in III through Early Iron Age Date,” Holocene (ESF Project, “European Creta,” Museo italiano di antichità in Driessen and Farnoux 1997, Palaeoclimate and Man,” special classica 2, ed. D. Comparetti, Flor- pp. 195–204. issue 16, Paläoklimaforschung 24), ence, pp. 689–768. Haysom, M. 2005. “An Archaeology of Stuttgart, pp. 95–103. Hall, E. H. 1914. Excavations in East- Minoan Religion in the Neopalatial Grove J. M., and A. T. Grove. 2004. ern Crete: Vrokastro (University of Period” (diss. Univ. of Oxford). Little Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern, Pennsylvania, The Museum, An- Hemingway, S. 1996. “Minoan Metal- London. thropological Publications 3.3), working in the Postpalatial Period: GSE II = E. Hallager and B. P. Halla- Philadelphia. A Deposit of Metallurgical Debris ger, eds., The Greek-Swedish Excava- Hall, H. K. 1999. “Ritual in Neolithic from Palaikastro,” BSA 91, pp. 213– tions at the Agia Aikaterini Square, Crete” (M.A. thesis University Col- 252. Kastelli, Khania 1970–1987 II: The lege, Dublin). Herva, V.-P. 2005. “The Life of Build- Late Minoan IIIC Settlement (SkrAth Hallager, B. P. 2000. “Late Minoan ings: Minoan Building Deposits in 4°, 47.2), Stockholm 2000. IIIC Pottery,” in GSE II, pp. 135– an Ecological Perspective,” OJA 24, GSE III = E. Hallager and B. P. Halla- 174. pp. 215–227. ger, eds., The Greek-Swedish Excava- Hallager, E. 1987. “A ‘Harvest Festival Higgins, R. A. 1984. “Terracotta Fig- tions at the Agia Aikaterini Square, Room’ in the Minoan Palaces? An urines,” in The Minoan Unexplored Kastelli, Khania 1970–1987 and Architectural Study of the Pillar Mansion at Knossos (BSA Suppl. 17), 2001 III: The Late Minoan IIIB:2 Crypt Area at Knossos,” in Function ed. M. R. Popham, Oxford, Settlement (SkrAth 4°, 47.3), Stock- of the Palaces, pp. 169–177. pp. 197–202. holm 2003. ———. 2001. “A Waste Deposit from a Hodder, I. 1999. The Archaeological Hägg, R. 1981. “Official and Popular LBA Shrine in Khania?” in Laffi- Process: An Introduction, Oxford. Cults in Mycenaean Greece,” in neur and Hägg 2001, pp. 175–179. Hogarth, D. 1900. “The Dictaean Sanctuaries and Cults, pp. 35–39. Harrison, J. E. 1909. “The Kouretes Cave,” BSA 6, pp. 94–116. ———. 1986. “Die göttliche Epiphanie and Zeus Kouros: A Study in Hood, S. 1977. “Minoan Town- im minoischen Ritual,” AM 101, Pre-historic Sociology,” BSA 15, Shrines?” in Greece and the Eastern pp. 41–62. pp. 308–338. Mediterranean in Ancient History and ———. 1990. “Cretan Hut-Models,” Hatzaki E. M. 2005. Knossos: The Little Prehistory. Studies Presented to Fritz OpAth 18, pp. 95–107. Palace (BSA Suppl. 38), London. Schachermeyr on the Occasion of His ———. 1997. “Religious Syncretism at ———. 2007a. “Ceramic Groups of Eightieth Birthday, ed. K. H. Kinzl, Knossos and in Post-palatial Crete?” Early Neopalatial Knossos in the Berlin, pp. 158–172. in Driessen and Farnoux 1997, Context of Crete and the South ———. 1989. “A Baetyl at Gournia?” pp. 163–168. Aegean,” in Middle Helladic Pottery Ariadne 5, pp. 17–21. Hägg, R., and N. Marinatos. 1991. and Synchronisms. Proceedings of Hood, S., P. Warren, and G. Cadogan. “The Giamalakis Model from Arch- the International Workshop Held at 1964. “Travels in Crete, 1962,” BSA anes,” in La transizione dal Miceneo Salzburg, October 31–November 2, 59, pp. 50–99. all’alto Arcaismo: Dal palazzo alla 2004 (Contributions to the Chro- Horden, P., and N. Purcell. 2000. The città, ed. D. Musti, Rome, pp. 305– nology of the Eastern Mediterra- Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediter- 308. nean 14), ed. F. Felten, W. Gauss, ranean History, Oxford. 298 references

Houlihan, P. F. 1996. The Animal World II. Proceedings of the SCIEM 2000 of the Pharaohs, London. EuroConference, Haindorf, 2nd of Huaizhi, Z., and N. Yuantao. 2000. May–7th of May 2001, ed. M. “Techniques Used for the Prepara- Bietak, Vienna, pp. 513–538. tion and Application of Gold Pow- Kanta, A., and L. Rocchetti. 1989. der in Ancient China,” Gold Bulletin “La ceramica del primo edificio,” 33, pp. 103–105. in Scavi a Nerokourou, Kydonias 1, Isaakidou, V. 2004. “Bones from the Rome, pp. 101–280, 293–328. Labyrinth: Faunal Evidence for the Karageorghis, V., M. Matthäus, and Management and Consumption of S. Rogge. 2005. Cyprus: Religion and Animals at Neolithic and Bronze Society from the Late Bronze Age to Age Knossos, Crete” (diss. Univer- the End of the Archaic Period. Proceed- sity College, London). ings of an International Symposium on Isaakidou, V., P. Halstead, J. Davis, and Cypriote Archaeology, Erlangen, 23–24 S. Stocker. 2002. “Burnt Animal July 2004, Erlangen. Sacrifice at the ‘Palace of Nestor,’ Karantzali, E. 1996. Le bronze ancien Pylos,” Antiquity 76, pp. 86–92. dans les Cyclades et en Crète (BAR-IS Isaakidou, V., and P. Tomkins, eds. 2008. 631), Oxford. Escaping the Labyrinth: The Cretan Karetsou, A. 1976. “Ἱερὸν κορυφῆς Neolithic in Context (Sheffield Γιούχτα,” Prakt 1974, pp. 228–239. Studies in Aegean Archaeology 8), ———. 1977. “Τὸ ἱερὸ κορυφῆς τοῦ Oxford. Γιούχτα,” Prakt 1975, pp. 330–342. Isthmia VIII = C. Morgan, The Late ———. 1980. “Τὸ ἱερὸ κορυφῆς Bronze Age Settlement and Early Iron Γιούχτα,” Prakt 1978, pp. 232–258. Age Sanctuary, Princeton 1999. ———. 1981. “The Peak Sanctuary of Johannowsky, W. 2002. Il Santuario sull’ Mt. Juktas,” in Sanctuaries and Cults, acropoli di Gortina 2 (Monografie pp. 137–153. della Scuola Archeologie di Atene ———. 1982. “Το ιερό κορυφής e delle Missione Italiane in Oriente Γιούχτα (1979–1980),” Prakt 1980, 16), Rome. pp. 337–353. Johnson, G. 1982. “Organizational ———. 2003. “Juktas Peak Sanctuary: Structure and Scalar Stress,” in Notes on 12th-Century Material,” Theory and Explanation in Archaeol- AM 118, pp. 49–65. ogy, ed. A. C. Renfrew, New York, Karetsou, A., and G. Rethemiotakis. pp. 389–422. 1990. “Κόφινας,” ArchDelt 45, B΄2, Jones, D. W. 1999. Peak Sanctuaries p. 429. and Sacred Caves in Minoan Crete: ———. 1991–1993. “Επαρχεία Μονο- A Comparison of Artifacts (SIMA-PB φατσίου. Ιερό κορυφής Κόφινα,” 156), Jonsered. Κρητική Εστία 4, pp. 289–292. Joyce, R. 1993. “Women’s Work: Kavousi I = D. C. Haggis, The Archaeo- Images of Production and Repro- logical Survey of the Kavousi Region duction in Pre-Hispanic Southern (Prehistory Monographs 16), Phila- Central America,” CurrAnthr 34, delphia 2005. pp. 255–274. Kelly-Buccellati, M. 2002. “Ein hurri- Kahn, C. H. 2001. Pythagoras and tischer Untergang in die Unterwelt,” the Pythagoreans: A Brief History, MDOG 134, pp. 131–148. Indianapolis. Kenna, V. E. G. 1960. Cretan Seals with Kanta, A. 1980. The Late Minoan III a Catalogue of the Minoan Gems in Period in Crete: A Survey of Sites, the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Pottery, and their Distribution (SIMA Kilian, K. 1988. “Mycenaeans up to 58), Göteborg. Date: Trends and Changes in ———. 2003. “The First Half of the Recent Research,” in Problems in Late Minoan IIIC: Correlations Greek Prehistory. Papers Presented among Cretan Sites with Reference at the Centenary Conference of the to Mainland and Cypriote Develop- British School of Archaeology at ments,” in The Synchronisation of Athens, Manchester, April 1986, Civilisations in the Eastern Mediter- ed. E. French and K. Wardle, ranean in the Second Millennium B.C. Bristol, pp. 115–152. references 299

———. 1990. “Patterns in the Cult ———. 2006. Aegean Bronze Age Rhyta, Laffineur, R., and R. Hägg, eds. 2001. Activity in the Myceanaean Argolid: Philadelphia. POTNIA: Deities and Religion in the Hagia Triada (Klenies), the Profitis Kommos I.1 = J. W. Shaw and M. C. Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the Elias Cave (Hagios Hadrianos), and Shaw, eds., The Kommos Region and 8th International Aegean Conference, the Citadel of Tiryns,” in Hägg and Houses of the Minoan Town, Prince- Göteborg, Göteborg University, 12–15 Nordquist 1990, pp. 185–197. ton 1995. April 2000 (Aegaeum 22), Liège. Kilian-Dirlmeier, I. 1990. “Remarks Kommos I.2 = J. W. Shaw and M. C. Lambeth, M. 1974a. Straw Craft: More on the Non-military Functions of Shaw, eds. The Kommos Region and Golden Dollies, London. Swords in the Mycenaean Argolid,” Houses of the Minoan Town 2: The ———. 1974b. Discovering Corn Dol- in Hägg and Nordquist 1990, Minoan Hilltop and Hillside Houses, lies, Aylesbury, Bucks. pp. 157–161. Princeton 1996. Langdon, M. K. 1976. A Sanctuary of Kirsten, E. 1940. “Dreros” (RE Suppl. Kommos II = P. P. Betancourt, The Final Zeus on Mount Hymettos (Hesperia 7), pp. 128–149. Neolithic through Middle Minoan III Suppl. 16), Princeton. Klein, N. L. 2004. “The Architecture Pottery, Princeton 1990. ———. 1997. “Cult in Iron Age Atti- of the Late Minoan IIIC Shrine Kommos III = L. V. Watrous, The Late ca,” in New Light on a Dark Age: (Building G) at Vronda, Kavousi,” Bronze Age Pottery, Princeton 1992. Exploring the Culture of Geometric in Day, Mook, and Muhly 2004, Kommos IV = J. W. Shaw and M. C. Greece, ed. S. Langdon, Columbia pp. 91–101. Shaw, eds., The Greek Sanctuary, Mo., pp. 113–124. Knappett, C. 2000. “Middle Minoan 2 vols., Princeton 2000. La Rosa, V. 1997. “Haghia Triada à III at Knossos—Was Evans Right?” Kourou, N., and A. Karetsou. 1994. l’époque mycénienne: L’utopie d’une BICS 44, pp. 230–231. “Τo ιερό τoυ Ερμoύ Κραναίου στην ville capitale,” in Driessen and Far- ———. 2004. “Technological Innova- Πατσό Αμαρίoυ,” in Sybrita: La valle noux 1997, pp. 249–266. tion and Social Diversity at Middle di Amari fra bronzo e ferro (Incu- ———. 1999. “Nuovi dati sulla tomba Minoan Knossos,” in Cadogan, nabula Graeca 96), ed. L. Rocchetti, del sarcofago dipinto di H. Triada,” Hatzaki, and Vasilakis 2004, Rome, pp. 81–164. in Ἐπὶ πόντον πλαζόμενοι: Sim- pp. 257–265. Krzyszkowska, O. 2005. Aegean Seals: posio italiano di studi egei, dedicato ———. Forthcoming. “Meaning in An Introduction, London. a Luigi Bernabo Brea e Giovanni Miniature: Semiotic Networks in Kuniholm, P. I. 1990. “Archaeological Pugliese Carratelli, ed. V. La Rosa, Material Culture,” in Excavating Evidence and Non-evidence for Cli- D. Palermo, and L. Vagnetti, Rome, the Mind: Cross-sections Through matic Change,” in Earth’s Climate pp. 177–188. Culture, Cognition, and Materiality, and Variability of the Sun Over Recent ———. 2000. “Baetyls: Between Fu- ed. M. Jessen, N. Johanssen, and Millennia, ed. J.-C. Pecker and S. J. nerary Rituals and Epiphanies,” JPR H. J. Jensen, Aarhus. Runcorn, London, pp. 645–655. 14, pp. 36–37. Knappett, C., and T. F. Cunningham. Kuniholm, P. I., B. Kromer, S. W. Man- ———. 2001. “Minoan Baetyls: Be- 2003. “Three Neopalatial Deposits ning, M. Newton, C. E. Latini, and tween Funerary Rituals and Epipha- from Palaikastro, East Crete,” BSA M. J. Bruce. 1996. “Anatolian Tree nies,” in Laffineur and Hägg 2001, 98, pp. 107–187. Rings and the Absolute Chronol- pp. 221–227. Koehl, R. B. 1981. “The Functions ogy of the Eastern Mediterranean, La Rosa, V., and N. Cucuzza. 2001. of Aegean Bronze Age Rhyta,” in 2220–718 b.c.,” Nature 381, pp. 780– L’insediamento di Selì di Kamilari nel Sanctuaries and Cults, pp. 179–187. 783. territorio di Festòs (Studi di archeo- ———. 1990. “The Rhyta from Akro- Kunze, E. 1931. Kretische Bronzereliefs, logia cretese 1), Padua. tiri and Some Preliminary Observa- Stuttgart. Lebessi, A. 1973. “Ἱερὸν Ἑρμοῦ καὶ tions on their Functions in Selected Kyriakidis, E. 2000–2001. “Pithos or Ἀφροδίτης εἰς Σύμην Βιάννου,” Contexts,” in Thera and the Aegean Baetyl? On the Interpretation of a Prakt 1973, pp. 188–199. World III: Proceedings of the Third Group of Minoan Rings,” OpAth ———. 1973–1974. “Ἀρχαιότητες καὶ International Congress, Santorini, 25–26, pp. 117–118. μνημεῖα κεντρικῆς καὶ ἀνατoλικῆς Greece, 3–9 September 1989 1. Ar- ———. 2001. “The Economics of Pot- Κρήτης,” ArchDelt 29, B΄3, pp. 885– chaeology, ed. D. A. Hardy, C. G. nia: Storage in ‘Temples’ of Prehis- 887. Doumas, J. A. Sakellarakis, and toric Greece,” in Laffineur and ———. 1976. “A Sanctuary of Hermes P. M. Warren, London, pp. 350– Hägg 2001, pp. 123–129. and Aphrodite in Crete,” Expedition 362. ———. 2005. “Unidentified Floating 18, pp. 2–13. ———. 2000. “Minoan Rhyta in Objects on Minoan Seals,” AJA 109, ———. 1977. “Ἀρχαιότητες καὶ μνημεῖα Egypt,” in Κρήτη-Αίγυπτος: Πολι- pp. 137–154. κεντρικῆς καὶ ἀνατoλικῆς Κρήτης,” τισμικοί δεσμοί τριών χιλιετιών Laffineur, R., and P. P. Betancourt, eds. ArchDelt 32, B΄2, pp. 314–316. (Exhibition catalogue, Archaeological 1997. TEXNH: Craftsmen, Crafts- ———. 1981. “Ἡ συνέχεια τῆς Κρητο- Museum of Herakleion), ed. A. Ka- women, and Craftsmanship in the μυκηναϊκῆς λατρείας. Ἐπιβιώσεις retsou, M. Andreadaki-Vlazaki, and Aegean Bronze Age (Aegaeum 16), καὶ ἀναβιώσεις,” ArchEph 1981, N. Papadakis, Athens, pp. 94–100. Liège. pp. 1–24. 300 references

———. 1985. Το ιερό του Ερμή και Immediate Vicinity,” in Minotaur της Αφροδίτης στη Σύμη Βιάννου and Centaur: Studies in the Archae- I.1: Χάλκινα κρητικά τορεύματα ology of Crete and Euboea Presented (Βιβλιοθήκη της εν Αθήναις Αρχαιο- to Mervyn Popham (BAR-IS 638), λογικής Εταιρείας 102), Athens. ed. D. Evely, I. S. Lemos, and ———. 2002. Το ιερό του Ερμή και S. Sherratt, Oxford, pp. 17–26. της Αφροδίτης στη Σύμη Βιάννου ———. 2002. “The Neopalatial Pal- III: Τα χάλκινα ανθρωπόμορφα aces of Knossos,” in Monuments of ειδώλια (Βιβλιοθήκη της εν Αθήναις Minos: Rethinking the Minoan Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας 225), Palaces (Aegaeum 23), ed. J. Driessen, Athens. I. Schoep, and R. Laffineur, Liège, Lemerle, P. 1937. “Chronique des pp. 35–54. fouilles 1937,” BCH 61, pp. 474– ———. 2003. Rev. of M. Panagiotaki 475. 1999, in JHS 123, pp. 244–245. Lerna IV = M. H. Wiencke, The Archi- ———. 2004. “Ceramic and Contex- tecture, Stratification, and Pottery of tual Confusion in the Old and New Lerna III, Princeton 1999. Palace Periods,” in Cadogan, Hat- Leroi-Gourhan, A. 1974. “Les voies de zaki, and Vasilakis 2004, pp. 239– l’histoire avant l’écriture,” in Faire 251. de l’histoire 1: Nouveaux problèmes, Macdonald, C. F., and C. Knappett. ed. J. Le Goff and P. Nora, Paris, 2007. Knossos: Protopalatial Deposits pp. 134–150. in Early Magazine A and the South- Levi, D. 1925/1926. “Le Cretule di west Houses (BSA Suppl. 41), Lon- Haghia Triada,” Annuario 8/9, don. pp. 71–156. MacGillivray, J. A. 1998. Knossos: Pot- ———. 1927–1929. “Arkades: Una tery Groups of the Old Palace Period città cretese all’alba della cività (BSA Studies 5), London. ellenica,” ASAtene 10–12. MacGillivray, J. A., and J. Driessen. ———. 1976. Festòs e la civiltà minoica 1 1990. “Minoan Settlement at Palai- (Incunabula Graeca 60), Rome. kastro,” in L’habitat égéen préhisto- Levi, D., and F. Carinci, eds. 1988. rique, ed. P. Darcque and R. Treuil, Festòs e la civiltà minoica 2: L’Arte Paris, pp. 395–412. festia nell’età protopalaziale. Ceramica MacGillivray, J. A., J. M. Driessen, and ed altri materiali (Incunabula Graeca L. H. Sackett, eds. 2000. The Palai- 77), Rome. kastro Kouros: A Minoan Chrysele- Long, C. R. 1974. The Ayia Triada phantine Statuette and its Aegean Sarcophagus: A Study of Late Minoan Bronze Age Context (BSA Studies 6), and Mycenaean Funerary Practices London. and Beliefs (SIMA 49), Göteborg. MacGillivray, J. A., L. H. Sackett, and Longo, V. 1956. “Un’interpretazione J. Driessen. 1999. “‘Aspro pato’: di Omero,” in Antidoron Hugoni A Lasting Liquid Toast from the Henrico Paoli oblatum: Miscellana Master-builders of Palaikastro to philologica (Pubblicazioni dell’ Isti- their Patron,” in Betancourt et al. tuto di filologia classica 8), Genoa, 1999, pp. 465–468. pp. 183–203. ———. 2007. Palaikastro: Two Late Mi- Loukatos, D. 1979. Χριστουγεννιάτικα noan Wells (BSA Suppl. 43), London. καὶ τῶν γιορτῶν, Athens. MacGillivray, J. A., L. H. Sackett, J. M. ———. 1981. Τὰ καλοκαιρινά, Athens. Driessen, R. Bridges, and D. Smyth. ———. 1982. Τα φθινοπωρινά, Athens. 1989. “Excavations at Palaikastro ———. 1985. Συμπληρωματικά του 1988,” BSA 84, pp. 417–445. χειμώνα και της άνοιξης, Athens. MacGillivray, J. A., L. H. Sackett, J. M. Maass, M. 1977. “Kretische Votivdrei- Driessen, A. Farnoux, and D. Smyth. füsse,” AM 92, pp. 33–59. 1991. “Excavations at Palaikastro Macaulay, D. 1979. Motel of the Mys- 1990,” BSA 86, pp. 121–147. teries, Boston. MacGillivray, J. A., L. H. Sackett, J. M. Macdonald, C. F. 1996. “Notes on Driessen, and S. Hemingway. 1992. Some Late Minoan IA Contexts “Excavations at Palaikastro 1991,” from the Palace of Minos and its BSA 87, pp. 121–152. references 301

MacGillivray, J. A., L. H. Sackett, J. M. από την εξέταση μιας κεραμικής ———. 2005b. “‘Drought and the Driessen, and D. Smyth. 1987. κατηγορίας,” in Ημερίδα για τα 30 Decline of Mycenae’ Updated,” “Excavations at Palaikastro 1986,” χρόνια της ανασκαφής Ακρωτηρίου in Autochthon: Papers Presented to BSA 82, pp. 135–154. Θήρας, ed. C. Doumas, Athens. O. T. P. K. Dickinson on the Occasion Mallwitz, A. 1981. “Kritisches zur Mazarakis Ainian, A. 1997. From Rul- of his Retirement, ed. A. Dakouri- Architektur Griechenlands im ers’ Dwellings to Temples: Architecture, Hild and S. Sherratt, Oxford, 8. und 7. jahrhundert,” AA 1981, Religion and Society in Early Iron Age pp. 126–133. pp. 599–642. Greece (1100–700 B.C.) (SIMA 121), Moody, J., A. Peatfield, and S. Markou- Manning, S. W. 1995. The Absolute Jonsered. laki. 2000. “The Ayios Vasilios Chronology of the Aegean Early McEnroe, J. 1996. “The Late Minoan Valley Archaeological Survey: A Bronze Age (Monographs in Medi- Period,” in Kommos I.2, pp. 199–235. Preliminary Report,” in Πεπραγ- terranean Archaeology 1), Sheffield. McInerney, J. 1999. The Folds of Parnas- μένα του H ΄ Διεθνούς Κρητολογι- ———. 1997. “Cultural Change in sos: Land and Ethnicity in Ancient κού Συνεδρίου A΄2, Herakleion, the Aegean c. 2200 b.c.,” in Dalfes, Phokis, Austin. pp. 359–371. Kukla, and Weiss 1997, pp. 149– Merkelbach, R., and M. L. West, eds. Moody, J., and O. Rackam. 1996. The 172. 1967. Fragmenta Hesiodea, Oxford. Making of the Cretan Landscape, Marcus, J. 1998. Women’s Ritual in For- Mersereau, R. 1993. “Cretan Cylindri- New York. mative Oaxaca: Figurine-making, cal Models,” AJA 97, pp. 1–47. Moody J., O. Rackham, and G. Rapp. Divination, Death, and the Ancestors, Michaelidou, A. 1987. “Το δωμάτιο 1996. “Paleoenvironmental Studies Ann Arbor. με τον κίονα στο μινωικό σπίτι,” in of the Prehistoric Akrotiri Penin- Marinatos, N. 1984. Art and Religion Αμητός: Τιμητικός τόμος για τον sula, Crete,” JFA 3, pp. 273–297. in Thera: Reconstructing a Bronze Age καθηγητή Μανόλη Ανδρόνικο 1, Moody J., and L. V. Watrous. 2009. Society, Athens. Thessaloniki, pp. 509–526. “Climate Change and the Aegean ———. 1986. Minoan Sacrificial Ritual: Milner, N. P. 1998. An Epigraphical Bronze Age,” in Proceedings of Cult Practice and Symbolism (SkrAth Survey in the Kibyra-Olbasa Region the Second International Congress 8°, 9), Stockholm. Conducted by A. S. Hall (British on the Archaeology of the Ancient ———. 1987. “Public Festivals in the Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Near East, Copenhagen 2000 1, West Courts of the Palaces,” in Monograph 24), London. ed. I. Thuesen, Winona Lake, Ind., Function of the Palaces, pp. 135– Mochlos IA = J. S. Soles, Period III: Neo- pp. 73–84. 143. palatial Settlement on the Coast. The Mook, M. S., and W. D. E. Coulson. ———. 1989. “The Tree as a Focus of Artisans’ Quarter and the Farmhouse 1997. “Late Minoan IIIC Pottery Ritual Action in Minoan Glyptic at Chalinomouri. The Sites, Philadel- from the Kastro at Kavousi,” in Art,” in Fragen und Probleme der phia 2003. Late Minoan III Pottery: Chronology bronzezeitlichen ägäischen Glyptik. Mochlos IB = K. A. Barnard and T. M. and Terminology (Monographs of Beiträge zum 3. Internationalen Brogan, Period III: Neopalatial Set- the Danish Institute at Athens 1), Marburger Siegel-Symposium, 5.– tlement on the Coast. The Artisans’ ed. E. Hallager and B. P. Hallager, 7. September 1985, ed. W. Müller, Quarter and the Farmhouse at Chali- Athens, pp. 337–370. Berlin, pp. 127–143. nomouri. The Neopalatial Pottery, Moore, A., and W. Taylour. 1999. The ———. 1993. Minoan Religion: Ritual, Philadelphia 2003. Temple Complex (Well Built Myce- Image, and Symbol (Studies in Com- Monro, D. B., ed. 1888. Homer: Iliad nae 10), Oxford. parative Religion), Columbia, S.C. Books XIII–XXIV, Oxford. Morgan, C. 1994. “The Evolution of a Marinatos, N., and R. Hägg. 1983. Moody J. 1987. “The Environmental Sacral ‘Landscape’: Isthmia, Pera- “Anthropomorphic Cult Images in and Cultural Prehistory of the chora, and the Early Corinthian Minoan Crete?” in Minoan Society: Khania Region of Northwest Crete” State,” in Alcock and Osborne 1994, Proceedings of the Cambridge Collo- (diss. Univ. of Minnesota, Minnea- pp. 105–142. quium 1981, ed. O. Krzyszkowska polis). ———. 1996. “From Palace to Polis? and L. Nixon, Bristol, pp. 185–201. ———. 2001. “Holocene Climate Religious Developments on the Marinatos, S. 1936. “Le temple geo- Change in Crete: An Archaeolo- Greek Mainland During the Bronze métrique de Dréros,” BCH 60, gist’s View,” in Landscape and Land Age/Iron Age Transition,” in Reli- pp. 214–285. Use in Postglacial Greece (Sheffield gion and Power in the Ancient Greek ———. 1955. “Ἀνασκαφαὶ ἐν Λυκάστῳ Studies in Aegean Archaeology 3), World. Proceedings of the Uppsala καὶ Βαθυπέτρῳ Κρήτης,” Prakt ed. P. Halstead and C. Frederick, Symposium 1993 (Boreas, Uppsala 1955, pp. 306–310. Sheffield, pp. 52–61. Studies in Ancient Greek and Marinatos, S., and M. Hirmer. 1960. ———. 2005a. “Unravelling the Near Eastern Civilization 24), Crete and Mycenae, New York. Threads: Climate Changes in ed. P. Hellström and B. Alroth, Marthari, M. Forthcoming. “Αγροτική the Late Bronze III Aegean,” Uppsala, pp. 41–57. οικονομία και αγροτική λατρεία in D’Agata and Moody 2005, ———. 2003. Early Greek States beyond στο Ακρωτήρι Θήρας: Στοιχεία pp. 443–468. the Polis, London. 302 references

Morris, C. E. 2001. “The Language of Prepalatial and Protopalatial Peri- Gesture in Minoan Religion,” in ods,” in The Archaeology of Cult Laffineur and Hägg 2001, pp. 245– and Death. Proceedings of the Session 251. “The Archaeology of Cult and Death” ———. 2004. “‘Art Makes Visible’: Organized for the 9th Annual Meet- An Archaeology of the Senses in ing of the European Association of Minoan Elite Art,” in Brodie and Archaeologists, 11th September 2003, Hills 2004, pp. 31–43. St. Petersburg, Russia, ed. M. Geor- Morris, C. E., and A. A. D. Peatfield. giadis and C. Gallou, Budapest, 1995. “Pottery from the Peak Sanc- pp. 81–111. tuary of Atsipadhes Korakias, Murray, G. 1909. “The Hymn of the Ay. Vasiliou, Rethymnon,” Πεπραγ- Kouretes,” BSA 15, pp. 357–365. μένα του Ζ ΄ Διεθνούς Κρητολογι- Mylona, D. 2000. “The ‘Fishermen’ κού Συνεδρίου A΄2, Rethymnon, Frescoes in the Light of the Fish pp. 643–647. Bone Evidence,” in The Wall Paint- ———. 2002. “Feeling through the ings of Thera 2, ed. S. Sherratt, Body: Gesture in Cretan Bronze Athens, pp. 561–567. Age Religion,” in Thinking through Mylonas, G. E. 1973. Ὁ ταφικὸς the Body: Archaeologies of Corporeal- κύκλος Β τῶν Μυκηνῶν (Βιβλιο- ity, ed. Y. Hamilakis, M. Pluciennik, θήκη της εν Αθήναις Αρχαιολογικής and S. Tarlow, New York, pp. 105– Εταιρείας 73), Athens. 120. Myres, J. L. 1902–1903. “Excavations Morris, I. 2000. Archaeology as Cultural at Palaikastro II: The Sanctuary Site History: Words and Things in Iron Age at Petsofa,” BSA 9, pp. 356–387. Greece, Oxford. Nagy, G. 1973. “Phaethon, Sappho’s Morton, J. 2001. The Role of the Physi- Phaon, and the White Rock of Leu- cal Environment in Ancient Greek kas,” HSCP 77, pp. 137–177. Seafaring, Leiden. Niemeier, W.-D. 1989. “Zur Ikonogra- Mu II = B. Detournay, J.-Cl. Poursat, phie von Gottheiten und Adoranten and F. Vandenabeele, Fouilles exécu- in den Kultszenen auf minoischen tées à Mallia: Le quartier Mu II und mykenischen Siegeln,” in Fra- (ÉtCrét 26), Paris 1980. gen und Probleme der bronzezeitlichen Mu III = J.-Cl. Poursat, Fouilles exécu- ägäischen Glyptik: Beiträge zum 3. tées à Mallia: Le quartier Mu III: Internationalen Marburger Siegel- Artisans minoens. Les maisons-ateliers Symposium, 5.–7. September 1985, du quartier Mu (ÉtCrét 32), Paris ed. W. Müller, Berlin, pp. 163–186. 1996. Nilsson, M. 1927. The Minoan-Myce- Mu IV = J.-Cl. Poursat and C. Knap- naean Religion and Its Survival in pett, Fouilles exécutées à Mallia: Le Greek Religion, Lund. quartier Mu IV: La poterie du minoen ———. 1950. The Minoan-Mycenaean moyen II. Production et utilisation Religion and Its Survival in Greek (ÉtCrét 33), Paris 2005. Religion, 2nd ed., Lund. Muhly, P. M. 1981. “Minoan Libation Nixon, L. 1991. “Minoan Settlements Tables” (diss. Bryn Mawr College). and Greek Sanctuaries,” in Πεπραγ- ———. 1984. “Minoan Hearths,” μένα του ΣΤ ΄ Διεθνoύς Κρητoλoγι- AJA 88, pp. 107–122. κoύ Συνεδρίoυ A΄2, Khania, pp. 59– Murphy, J. M. 1998. “Ideologies, Rites, 67. and Rituals: A View of Prepalatial ———. 1995. “The Cults of Demeter Minoan Tholoi,” in Branigan 1998a, and Kore,” in Women in Antiquity: pp. 27–40. New Assessments, ed. R. Hawley and ———. 2003. “Changing Roles and B. Levick, London, pp. 75–96. Locations of Religious Practices in ———. 2006. Making a Landscape South Central Crete during the Pre- Sacred: Outlying Churches and Icon palatial and Protopalatial Periods” Stands in Sphakia, Southwestern (diss. Univ. of Cincinnati). Crete, Oxford. ———. 2006. “Religion and Wealth: Nowicki, K. 1987. “The History and Aspects of the Social Dynamic in Setting of the Town of Karphi,” South Central Crete during the SMEA 26, pp. 235–256. references 303

———. 1994. “Some Remarks on the Pappalardo, E. 2002. “Il ‘Tripillar Shrine’ ———. 1982. “L’épée à l’acrobate et la Pre- and Protopalatial Peak Sanctu- di Kommos: Alcune considerazioni,” chronologie maliote,” BCH 106, aries in Crete,” Aegean Archaeology 1, Creta Antica 3, pp. 263–274. pp. 165–190. pp. 31–48. Paribeni, R. 1904. “Ricerche nel sepol- ———. 1988. “L’autel minoen,” Ae- ———. 2000. Defensible Sites in Crete creto di Hagia Triada presso Phaes- gaeum 2, pp. 31–46. c. 1200–800 B.C. (LMIIIB through tos,” MonAnt 14, pp. 677–756. ———. 1992. Guide de Malia: Le pa- Early Geometric) (Aegaeum 21), Parke, H. W. 1967. Greek Oracles, Lon- lais, Athens. Liège. don. Pendlebury, J. D. S. 1939. The Archaeol- ———. 2001. “Minoan Peak Sanctuar- ———. 1977. Festivals of the Athenians, ogy of Crete, London. ies: Reassessing Their Origins,” in London. Pendlebury, J. D. S., H. W. Pendlebury, Laffineur and Hägg 2001, pp. 31–37. Parker, R. 1996. Athenian Religion: and M. C. Money-Coutts. 1937– Onassoglou, A. 1985. Die talismanishen A History, Oxford. 1938. “Excavations in the Plain of Siegel (CMS Suppl. 2), Berlin. Paschalides, C. 2006. “Στοιχεία μυκη- Lasithi III. Karphi: A City of Ortner, S. B. 1972. “Is Female to Male ναϊκού χαρακτήρα στην ανατολική Refuge of the Early Iron Age in as Nature Is to Culture?” Feminist Κρήτη κατά το τέλος της εποχής του Crete,” BSA 38, pp. 57–145. Studies 1, pp. 5–21. Χαλκού: Νέα Μέγαρα στο Χαλα- Pernier, L. 1902a. “Lavori eseguiti dalla Owens, G. A. 1996. “New Evidence σμένο Ιεράπετρας,” Πεπραγμένα Missione Archaeologia Italiana nel for Minoan ‘Demeter,’” Kadmos 35, του Θ ΄ Διεθνούς Κρητολογικού palazzo di Festòs,” RendLinc 5.11, pp. 172–175. Συνεδρίου A΄1, ed. E. Tampakaki pp. 511–536. Palaiokrassa, L. 1989. “Neue Befunde and A. Kaloutsakis, Herakleion, ———. 1902b. “Scavi della Missione aus dem Heiligtum der Artemis pp. 219–232. Italiana a Festòs 1900–1901: Rap- Munichia,” AM 104, pp. 1–40. Payton, R. 1991. “The Ulu Burun porto Preliminare,” MonAnt 12, Paley, F. A., ed. 1884. The Iliad of Writing-Board Set,” AnatSt 41, pp. 5–144. Homer, Books XIII–XXIV, London. pp. 99–106. ———. 1904. “Scavi della Missione Palio, O. 2001a. “I vasi in pietra dei van Peatfield, A. A. D. 1983. “The Topog- Italiana a Festòs 1902–1903. Rap- 8–11 del palazzo di Festòs,” Creta raphy of Minoan Peak Sanctuaries,” porto preliminare,” MonAnt 14, Antica 2, pp. 79–90. BSA 78, pp. 273–280. pp. 313–500. ———. 2001b. La casa tardo minoico I ———. 1987. “Palace and Peak: The ———. 1906. “Scavi e scoperte: Creta,” di Chalara a Festòs (Studi di archeo- Political and Religious Relationship Ausonia 1, pp. 109–120. logia cretese II), Padua, pp. 243– between Palaces and Peak Sanctuar- ———. 1907. “Lavori eseguiti dalla 422. ies,” in Function of the Palaces, Missione Archaeologia Italiana in Panagiotaki, M. 1993. “The Temple pp. 89–93. Creta,” RendLinc 5.16, pp. 256–305. Repositories of Knossos: New ———. 1990. “Minoan Peak Sanctuar- ———. 1914. “Templi arcaici sulla Information from the Unpublished ies: History and Society,” OpAth 18, patela di Prinias: Contributo allo Notes of Sir Arthur Evans,” BSA 88, pp. 117–132. studio dell’arte dedalica,” ASAtene 1, pp. 49–91. ———. 1992. “Rural Ritual in Bronze pp. 18–111. ———. 1998a. “Dating the Temple Age Crete: The Peak Sanctuary at Pernier, L., and L. Banti. 1935–1951. Repositories’ Vases,” BSA 93, Atsipadhes,” CAJ 2, pp. 59–87. Il palazzo minoico di Festòs: Scavi e pp. 185–198. ———. 1994. “After the ‘Big Bang’— studi della Missione Archeologica Itali- ———. 1998b. “The Vat Room De- What? Or, Minoan Symbols and ana a Creta dal 1900 al 1934, Rome. posit at Knossos: The Unpublished Shrines beyond Palatial Collapse,” Persson, A. W. 1942. The Religion of Notes of Sir Arthur Evans,” BSA 93, in Alcock and Osborne 1994, Greece in Prehistoric Times, Berkeley. pp. 167–184. pp. 19–36. Pilafidis-Williams, K. 1998. The Sanc- ———. 1999. The Central Palace Sanc- ———. 2000. “Minoan Religion for tuary of Aphaia on Aigina in the tuary at Knossos (BSA Suppl. 31), Ordinary People,” in Πεπραγμένα Bronze Age, Munich. London. του Η ΄ Διεθνoύς Κρητoλoγικoύ Συ- Pini, I. 1972. “Weitere Bemerkung zu Papadopoulos, J. K., and R. M. Leven- νεδρίoυ A΄3, Herakleion, pp. 9–15. den minoischen Fussamuletten,” thal. 2003. “Engaging Mediterra- ———. 2001. “Divinity and Perfor- SMEA 15, pp. 179–187. nean Archaeology: Old World and mance on Minoan Peak Sanctuar- ———. 2000. “Eleven Early Cretan New World Perspectives,” in Theory ies,” in Laffineur and Hägg 2001, Scarabs,” in Κρήτη-Αίγυπτος: Πολι- and Practice in Mediterranean pp. 51–55. τισμικοί δεσμοί τριών χιλιετιών Archaeology: Old World and New Pelon, O. 1966. “Maison d’Hagia Var- (Exhibition catalogue, Archaeological Perspectives, ed. J. K. Papadopoulos vara et architecture domestique à Museum of Herakleion), ed. A. Ka- and R. M. Leventhal, Los Angeles, Mallia,” BCH 90, pp. 552–585. retsou, M. Andreadaki-Vlazaki, and pp. 4–32. ———. 1970. Fouilles exécutées à Mal- N. Papadakis, Athens, pp. 107–113. Papathanasopoulos, G. 1981. Neolithic lia: Explorations des maisons et quar- Platon, L. 1997. “Caractère, morpho- and Cycladic Civilization, trans. tiers d’habitation (1963–1966) III logie, et datation de la bourgade A. Doumas, Athens. (ÉtCrét 16), Paris. postpalatiale de Képhali Chondrou 304 references

Viannou,” in Driessen and Farnoux Ruins in Early Iron Age Crete,” in 1997, pp. 357–373. Archaeologies of Memory, ed. R. M. Platon, L., and Y. Pararas. 1991. Pedes- Van Dyke and S. E. Alcock, Ox- talled Offering Tables in the Aegean ford, pp. 81–103. World (SIMA-PB 106), Jonsered. ———. 2004a. “Cult Activities at the Platon, N. 1951. “Τὸ ἱερὸν Μάζα Palace of Knossos from the End of (Καλοῦ Χωρίου Πεδιάδος) καὶ τὰ the Bronze Age: Continuity and Μινωικὰ ἱερὰ κορυφῆς,” CretChron Change,” in Cadogan, Hatzaki, and 5, pp. 96–160. Vasilakis 2004, pp. 411–419. ———. 1952. “Χρονικά: Ἡ ἀρχαιο- ———. 2004b. “Sanctuaries and Cults λογικὴ κίνησις ἐν Κρήτῃ κατὰ τὸ in Crete from the Late Minoan ἔτος 1952,” CretChron 6, pp. 471– IIIC to the Archaic Period: Con- 481. tinuity and Change” (diss. Univ. of ———. 1954. “Χρονικά: Ἡ ἀρχαιο- Amsterdam). λογικὴ κίνησις ἐν Κρήτῃ κατὰ τὸ ———. 2005. Cretan Sanctuaries and ἔτος 1954,” CretChron 8, pp. 428– Cult: Continuity and Change from 483. Late Minoan IIIC to the Archaic ———. 1957. “Ἀνασκαφὴ Χόνδρoυ Period (Religions in the Graeco- Βιάννoυ,” Prakt 1957, pp. 136–147. Roman World 154), Leiden. ———. 1971. Zakros: The Discovery of Preston, L. 1999. “Mortuary Practices a Lost Palace of Ancient Crete, New and the Negotiation of Social Iden- York. tities at LM II Knossos,” BSA 94, Platon-Mandi, M. 1981. “Τελετουργι- pp. 131–143. κὲς σφῦρες καὶ ρόπαλα στὸ μινωικὸ Preziosi, D., and L. A. Hitchcock. κόσμο,” ArchEph 1981, pp. 74–83. 1999. Aegean Art and Architecture, PM = A. J. Evans, The Palace of Minos Oxford. at Knossos, 4 vols., London 1921– Price, S. 2004. “Local Mythologies in 1935. the Roman East,” in Coinage and Popham, M. R. 1970a. “A Late Minoan Identity in the Roman Provinces, Shrine at Knossos,” AAA 3, pp. 93– ed. C. Howgego, V. Heuchert, and 94. A. Burnett, Oxford, pp. 115–124. ———. 1970b. “A Late Minoan Shrine Pseira I = P. P. Betancourt and C. Dava- at Knossos,” BSA 65, pp. 191–194. ras, eds., The Minoan Buildings on ———. 1970c. The Destruction of the the West Side of Area A, Philadelphia Palace at Knossos: Pottery of the Late 1995. Minoan IIIA Period (SIMA 12), Pseira III = C. Floyd, The Plateia Build- Göteborg. ing, Philadelphia 1998. ———. 1974. “Trial KV (1969): A Pseira IV = P. P. Betancourt and C. Da- Middle Minoan Building at Knos- varas, eds., Minoan Buildings in sos,” BSA 69, pp. 181–194. Areas B, C, D, and F, Philadelphia ———. 1977. “Notes From Knossos, 1999. Part I,” BSA 72, pp. 185–195. Rahmstorf, L. 2005. “Ethnicity and ———. 1984. The Minoan Unexplored Changes in Weaving Technology in Mansion at Knossos (BSA Suppl. 17), Cyprus and the Eastern Mediter- London. ranean in the 12th century b.c.,” in Popham, M. R., E. A. Catling, and Karageorghis, Matthäus, and Rogge H. W. Catling. 1974. “Sellopoulo 2005, pp. 143–169. Tombs 3 and 4: Two Late Minoan Randsborg, K. 1995. Hjörtspring: War- Graves near Knossos,” BSA 69, fare and Sacrifice in Early Europe, pp. 195–258. Aarhus. Poursat, J.-C. 1966. “Un sanctuaire du ———. 2002. Kephallenia: Archaeology Minoen Moyen II à Mallia,” BCH and History. The Ancient Greek Cit- 90, pp. 514–551. ies, 2 vols. (ActaArch 73.1–2, Suppl. ———. 1992. Guide de Malia au temps IV.1–2), Copenhagen. des premiers palais: Le quartier mu, Rappaport, R. A. 1999. Ritual and Athens. Religion in the Making of Humanity Prent, M. 2003. “Glories of the Past in (Cambridge Studies in Social and the Past: Ritual Activities at Palatial Cultural Anthropology), Cambridge. references 305

Reese, D. S. 1982. “Recent and Fossil Renfrew, C., and A. Snodgrass. 2004. ———. 1987. “The Temple at Karphi,” Shells from Tomb XVIII, Gypsades “Future Strategies for Aegean Pre- SMEA 26, pp. 257–279. Cemetery, Knossos, Crete,” BSA 77, history” (paper, London 2004). ———. 1988. “Minoan Peak Sanctuar- pp. 249–250. Rethemiotakis, G. 1997. “Minoan Clay ies: The Topography and Architec- ———. 1987. “The EM IIA Shells Figures and Figurines: Manufac- ture,” Aegaeum 2, pp. 71–99. from Knossos, with Comments on turing Techniques,” in TEXNH: ———. 1991. Petsophas: A Cretan Peak Neolithic to EM III Shell Utiliza- Craftsmen, Craftswomen, and Crafts- Sanctuary, Warsaw. tion,” BSA 82, pp. 207–211. manship in the Aegean Bronze Age Sackett, L. H. 1996. “A Bull’s Head ———. 1995. “The Marine Inverte- (Aegaeum 16), ed. R. Laffineur and Rhyton from Palaikastro,” in Mino- brates,” in Kommos I.1, pp. 240–273. P. P. Betancourt, Liège, pp. 117– taur and Centaur: Studies in the Rehak, P. 1984. “New Observations on 121. Archaeology of Crete and Euboea Pre- the Mycenaean ‘Warrior Goddess,’” ———. 1998. Ανθρωπoμoρφική πηλo- sented to Mervyn Popham (BAR-IS AA 1984, pp. 535–545. πλαστική στην Κρήτη από τη Νεo- 638), ed. D. Evely, I. S. Lemos, and ———. 1995. “The Use and Destruc- ανακτoρική έως την Υπoμινωική S. Sherratt, Oxford, pp. 51–58. tion of Minoan Stone Bull’s Head περίoδo (Βιβλιoθήκη της εν Αθή- Sackett, L. H., M. R. Popham, and Rhyta,” in POLITEIA: Society and ναις Αρχαιoλoγικής Εταιρείας 174), P. M. Warren. 1965. “Excavations State in the Aegean Bronze Age. Athens. at Palaikastro, VI,” BSA 60, pp. 248– Proceedings of the 5th International ———. 2001. Minoan Clay Figures and 315. Aegean Conference (Aegaeum 12), Figurines: From the Neopalatial to Sakellarakis, J. A. 1987. “Αρχαιολογική ed. R. Laffineur and W. D. Nie- the Subminoan Period (Archaeologi- έρευνα για μια αρχαιοκαπηλία το meier, Liège, pp. 435–460. cal Society at Athens Library 219), 1949 στην Κρήτη,” in Φίλια έπη ———. 1999. “The Mycenaean ‘War- trans. A. Doumas, Athens. εις Γεώργιον Ε. Μυλωνάν διά τα 60 rior Goddess’ Revisited,” in POLE- ———. 2002. “Evidence on Social and έτη του ανασκαφικού του έργου MOS: Le contexte guerrier en Égée Economic Changes at Galatas and (Βιβλιoθήκη της εν Αθήναις Αρχαιo- à l’âge du Bronze (Aegaeum 19), Pediada in the New Palace Period,” λoγικής Εταιρείας 103), Athens, ed. R. Laffineur, Liège, pp. 227–239. in Monuments of Minos: Rethinking pp. 31–70. Rehak, P., and J. G. Younger. 1995. Minoan Palaces (Aegaeum 23), ———. 1988. “Some Geometric and “A Minoan Roundel from Pyrgos, ed. J. Driessen, I. Schoep, and Archaic Votives from the Idaean Southeastern Crete,” Kadmos 34, R. Laffineur, Liège. Cave,” in Early Greek Cult Practice. pp. 81–102. Rice, P. M. 1987. Pottery Analysis: Proceedings of the Fifth International ———. 1998. “Review of Aegean A Sourcebook, Chicago. Symposium at the Swedish Institute in Prehistory VII: Neopalatial, Final Richards, C. C., and J. S. Thomas. Athens, 26–9 June 1986 (SkrAth 4°, Palatial, and Post-palatial Crete,” 1984. “Ritual Activity and Struc- 38), ed. R. Hägg, N. Marinatos, AJA 102, pp. 91–173. tured Deposition in Later Neo- and G. C. Nordquist, Stockholm, ———. 2001. “Review of Aegean lithic Wessex,” in Neolithic Studies: pp. 173–193. Prehistory VII: Neopalatial, Final A Review of Some Current Research ———. 1996. “Minoan Religious Palatial, and Postpalatial Crete,” (BAR-BS 133), ed. R. J. Bradley Influence in the Aegean: The in Cullen 2001, pp. 383–473. and J. Gardiner, Oxford, pp. 189– Case of Kythera,” BSA 91, pp. 81– Relaki, M. 2004. “Constructing a Re- 218. 99. gion: The Contested Landscapes of Rizza, G., and V. Santa Maria Scrinari. Sakellarakis, J. A., and E. Sapouna- Prepalatial Mesara,” in Barrett and 1968. Il santuario sull’acropoli di Sakellaraki. 1973. “The Adorant Halstead 2004, pp. 170–188. Gortina 1 (Monografie della scuola of Myrsine,” Antichità Cretesi: Studi Renfrew, C. 1969. “The Development archeologia di Atene e delle missione in onore di Doro Levi I (Cronache di and Chronology of the Early Cycla- Italiane in Oriente 2), Rome. Archeologia 12), Catania, pp. 122– dic Figurines,” AJA 73, pp. 1–32. Rohling E. J., P. A. Mayewski, R. H. 126. ———. 1972. The Emergence of Civili- Abu-Zied, J. S. L. Casford, and ———. 1991. Archanes, Athens. sation, London. A. Hayes. 2002. “Holocene Atmo- ———. 1997. Archanes: Minoan Crete ———. 1984. “Speculations on the Use sphere-ocean Interactions: Records in a New Light, 2 vols., Athens. of Early Cycladic Sculpture,” in from Greenland and the Aegean Sanctuaries and Cults = Sanctuaries and Fitton 1984, pp. 24–30. Sea,” Climate Dynamics 18, pp. 587– Cults in the Aegean Bronze Age. Pro- ———. 1985. The Archaeology of Cult: 593. ceedings of the First International The Sanctuary at Phylakopi (BSA Ruipérez, M. S., and J. Melena. 1996. Symposium at the Swedish Institute in Suppl. 18), London. Οι μυκηναίοι Έλληνες, Athens. Athens, 12–13 May, 1980 (SkrAth 4°, ———. 1994. “The Archaeology of Rutkowski, B. 1972. Cult Places in the 28), ed. R. Hägg and N. Marinatos, Religion,” in The Ancient Mind: Aegean World (Bibliotheca antiqua Stockholm 1981. Elements of Cognitive Archaeology, 10), Warsaw. Sapouna-Sakellaraki, E. 1990. “Archa- ed. C. Renfrew and E. B. W. ———. 1986. Cult Places of the Aegean, nès à l’époque mycénienne,” BCH Zubrow, Cambridge. New Haven. 114, pp. 67–102. 306 references

Sarpaki, A. 1987. “The Palaeoethno- ———. 1996. “Domestic Economy botany of the West House, Akrotiri, and Site Development,” in Kommos Thera: A Case Study” (diss. Univ. of I.2, pp. 379–400. Sheffield). ———. 2000a. “The Architecture of ———. 1992. “A Palaeoethnobotanical the Temples and Other Buildings,” Study of the West House, Akrotiri, in Kommos IV, pp. 1–100. Thera,” BSA 87, pp. 219–230. ———. 2000b. “Ritual and Develop- ———. 2001. “Processed Cereals and ment in the Greek Sanctuary,” in Pulses from the Late Bronze Age Kommos IV, pp. 669–731. Site of Akrotiri, Thera: Prepara- ———. 2004a. “Kommos: The Sea- tions Prior to Consumption. A Gate to Southern Crete,” in Day, Preliminary Approach to Their Mook, and Muhly 2004, pp. 43–51. Study,” BSA 96, pp. 27–40. ———. 2004b. “Temple B at Kommos, Sarris, A., K. Bichta, M. Giasta, Crete: A Response (con appendice A. Giourou, E. Karimali, V. Kevgas, di E. Pappalardo),” Creta Antica 5, K. Margetousakis, E. Peraki, S. Soe- pp. 199–204. tens, K. Tzaneteas, S. Topouzi, and Shaw, J. W., and A. Lowe. 2002. “The A. Tripolitsiotis. 2002. “A Web- ‘Lost’ Portico at Knossos: The Cen- based Digital Archaeological Map tral Court Revisited,” AJA 106, of Lasithi, E. Crete,” in Archaeologi- pp. 513–523. cal Informatics: Pushing the Envelope. Shaw, M. C. 1996a. “The North House CAA 2001: Computer Applications and Peripheral Areas,” in Kommos and Quantitative Methods in I.2, pp. 17–59. Archaeology. Proceedings of the 29th ———. 1996b. “The Terracotta Sculp- Conference, Gotland, April 2001 ture,” in Kommos I.2, pp. 282–302. (BAR-IS 1016), ed. G. Burenhult, ———. 1996c. “Town Arrangement Oxford, pp. 309–323. and Domestic Architecture,” in Savignoni, L. 1904. “Scavi e scoperte Kommos I.2, pp. 345–377. nella necropoli di Phaistos,” MonAnt ———. 2004. “Religion at Minoan 14, pp. 501–675. Kommos,” in Day, Mook, and Schachter, A. 1992. “Policy, Cult, and Muhly 2004, pp. 137–150. the Placing of Greek Sanctuaries,” Sherratt, E. S. 1990. “‘Reading the in Le sanctuaire grec (Entretiens Texts’: Archaeology and the Ho- sur l’Antiquité classique 37), meric Question,” Antiquity 64, ed. A. Schachter and J. Bingen, pp. 807–824. Geneva, pp. 1–57. ———, ed. 2000. The Wall Paintings Schoep, I. 1994. “Ritual, Politics, and of Thera. Proceedings of the First Scripts on Minoan Crete,” Aegean International Symposium, 30 August– Archaeology 1, pp. 7–25. 4 September 1997, 2 vols., Athens. ———. 2002. “Social and Political Siebenmorgen, H. 2000. Im Labyrinth Organization on Crete in the des Minos: Kreta, die erste europäische Proto-Palatial Period: The Case of Hochkultur. Catalog of an Exhibi- Middle Minoan II Malia,” JMA 15, tion Held at Badisches Landesmuseum pp. 101–132. Karlsruhe, Jan. 27–Apr. 4, 2001 Schürmann, W. 1996. Das Heiligtum (Archäologische Veröffentlichungen des Hermes und der Aphrodite in Syme des Badischen Landesmuseums 2), Viannou 2: Die Tierstatuetten aus Munich. Metall (Βιβλιοθήκη της εν Αθήναις Sillar, B. 1994. “Playing with God: Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας 159), Cultural Perceptions of Children, Athens. Play, and Miniatures in the Andes,” Scurlock, J. A. 1988. “Magical Means in Archaeological Review from Cam- of Dealing with Ghosts in Ancient bridge: Perspectives on Children and Mesopotamia” (diss. Univ. of Chi- Childhood 13.2, pp. 47–63. cago). Simon, E. 1983. Festivals of Attica: Seiradaki, M. 1960. “Pottery from An Archaeological Commentary, Karphi,” BSA 55, pp. 1–37. Madison. Shaw, J. W. 1989. “Phoenicians in South- Sjögren, L. 2003. Cretan Locations: Dis- ern Crete,” AJA 93, pp. 164–183. cerning Site Variations in Iron Age references 307

Crete (800–500 B.C.) (BAR-IS 1185), national Symposium organized by the Proceedings of the Third International Oxford. University of Crete, Rethymnon and Congress, Santorini, Greece, 3–9 Snodgrass, A. 1980. Archaic Greece: The the A.G. Leventis Foundation, Nico- September 1989 1. Archaeology, Age of Experiment, London. sia, Rethymnon 13–16 May 1997, ed. D. A. Hardy, C. G. Doumas, Soetens, S. 2006. “Minoan Peak Sanc- ed. V. Karageorghis and N. Stampo- J. A. Sakellarakis, and P. M. Warren, tuaries: Building a Cultural Land- lides, Athens, pp. 175–185. London, pp. 309–326. scape Using GIS” (diss. Univ. of Stampolides, N., and A. Karetsou, eds. Thimme, J. 1965. “Die religiose Bedeu- Louvain, Belgium). 1998. Ανατολική Μεσόγειος: Κύπρος- tung der Kykladenidole,” AnK 8, Soetens, S., J. Driessen, A. Sarris, and Δωδεκάνησα-Κρήτη. 16ος–6ος αι. pp. 72–86. S. Topouzi. 2001. “The Minoan π.Χ., Herakleion. Thommeret, Y., J. J. Labborel, L. F. Peak Sanctuary Landscape through Stampolides, N., A. Karetsou, and Montaggioni, and P. A. Pirazzoli. a GIS Approach,” http://www.ims. A. Kanta, eds. 1998. Eastern Medi- 1981. “Late Holocene Shoreline forth.gr/peak_sanctuaries/peak_ terranean: Cyprus–Dodecanese–Crete, Changes and Seismo-tectonic sanctuaries_articles.html. 16th–6th cent. B.C., Herakleion. Displacements in Western Crete,” Soetens, S., A. Sarris, S. Topouzi, and Stanford, W. B., ed. 1962. The Odyssey Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie N.F., A. Tripolitsiotis. 2001. “GIS of Homer 2, London. Suppl. 40, pp. 127–149. Modeling of the Minoan Peak Steele, J. F. 1997. “Cave Rituals in Thorne, S. M. 2000. “Diktaian Zeus in Sanctuaries of East Crete,” http:// Oaxaca, Mexico” (paper, Nashville Later Greek Tradition,” in MacGil- www.ims.forth.gr/peak_sanctuaries/ 1997). livray, Driessen, and Sackett 2000, peak_sanctuaries_articles.html. Stewart, A. 1990. Greek Sculpture: An pp. 149–164. Soetens, S., A. Sarris, K. Vansteen- Exploration, New Haven. Thorne, S. M., and M. Prent. 2000. huyse, and S. Topouzi. 2003. “GIS Stewart, S. 1993. On Longing: Narra- “The Sanctuary of Dikataean Zeus Variations on a Cretan Theme: tives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, at Palaikastro: A Re-examination Minoan Peak Sanctuaries,” in the Souvenir, the Collection, of the Excavations by the British METRON: Measuring the Aegean London. School in 1902–1906,” in Πεπραγ- Bronze Age (Aegaeum 24), ed. K. P. Stocker, S. R., and J. L. Davis. 2004. μένα του H ΄ Διεθνούς Κρητολογι- Foster and R. Laffineur, Liège, “Animal Sacrifice, Archives, and κού Συνεδρίου A΄2, Herakleion, pp. 483–488. Feasting at the Palace of Nestor,” pp. 169–178. Soles, J. S. 1992. The Prepalatial Cem- in The Mycenaean Feast, ed. J. C. Tournavitou, I. 1992. “Practical Use eteries at Mochlos and Gournia and Wright, Princeton, pp. 59–75. and Social Function: A Neglected the House Tombs of Bronze Age Crete Stuiver, M., and R. S. Kra, eds. 1986. Aspect of Mycenaean Pottery,” (Hesperia Suppl. 24), Princeton. “Proceedings of the Twelfth Inter- BSA 87, pp. 181–210. Sourvinou-Inwood, C. 1971. “On the national Radiocarbon Conference, ———. 2000. “Μινωϊκό ιερό κορυφής Authenticity of the Ashmolean Ring June 24–28, Trondheim, Norway,” στα Κύθηρα: Η κεραμεική,” in Πε- 1919.56,” Kadmos 10, pp. 60–69. Radiocarbon 28(2B), pp. 805– πραγμένα του Η ΄ Διεθνούς Κρητολο- ———. 1973. “On the Lost ‘Boat’ 1030. γικού Συνεδρίου A΄3, ed. A. Karetsou, Ring from Mochlos,” Kadmos 12, Swindler, M. H. 1913. “Cretan Ele- T. Detorakis, and A. Kalokairinos, pp. 149–158. ments in the Cults and Ritual of Herakleion, pp. 297–316. Speziale, A. 2001. “Il MM II: La casa Apollo” (diss. Bryn Mawr College). ———. 2006. “Ρυτά στα Μινωϊκά ιερά LXXXI–LXXXV, XCIV–XCV,” Symington, D. 1991. “Late Bronze Age κορυφής. Η περίπτωση των Κυθή- in I cento anni dello scavo di Festòs: Writing-Boards and Their Uses: ρων,” in Πεπραγμένα του Θ ΄ Διε- Accademia nazionale dei Lincei, Atti Textual Evidence from Anatolia and θνούς Κρητολογικού Συνεδρίου A΄1, dei convegni lincei 173, Rome, Syria,” AnatSt 41, pp. 111–123. ed. E. Tampakaki and A. Kaloutsa- pp. 157–167. Talalay, L. E. 1987. “Rethinking the kis, Herakleion, pp. 391–408. Sporn, K. 2002. Heiligtümer und Kulte Function of Clay Figurine Legs Treuil, R. 2005. “La Crète minoenne: Kretas in klassischer und hellenistischer from Neolithic Greece: An Argu- Encore un paradis perdu!” in Mythos: Zeit (Studien zu antiken Heilig- ment by Analogy,” AJA 91, pp. 161– La préhistoire égéenne du XIX e au tümern 3), Heidelberg. 169. XXI e siècle ap. J.-C. Actes de la table Stamatakis, P. 2003. “Τα ιερά μήλα του ———. 1993. Deities, Dolls, and De- ronde d’Athènes, novembre 2002 Κόφινα. Από την Μινωική δεντρο- vices: Neolithic Figurines from Franch- (BCH Suppl. 46), ed. P. Darcque, λατρεία στο πανηγύρι του Τιμίου thi Cave, Greece (Franchthi 9), M. Fotiadis, and O. Polychrono- Σταυρού,” Κρητικό Πανόραμα 2, Bloomington. poulou, Athens, pp. 131–139. pp. 28–71. Tawney, R. H. 1926. Religion and the Tsipopoulou, M. 1984. “Τάφοι της Stampolides, N. 1998. “Imports and Rise of Capitalism: A Historical Study, Πρώιμης Εποχής του Σιδήρου στην Amalgamata: The Eleutherna Expe- New York. ανατολική Κρήτη: Συμπλήρωμα,” rience,” in Eastern Mediterranean: Televantou, C. A. 1990. “New Light on ArchDelt 39, A΄, pp. 232–245. Cyprus-Dodecanese-Crete, 16th– the West House Wall-paintings,” ———. 1987. “Τάφοι της Πρώιμης Επο- 6th cent. B.C. Proceedings of the Inter- in Thera and the Aegean World III: χής του Σιδήρου στην ανατολική 308 references

Κρήτη,” in ΕΙΛΑΠΙΝΗ: Τόμος τιμη- Flavours Of Their Time, Athens. τικός για τον καθηγητή Νικόλαο Tzonou-Herbst, I. N. 2002. “A Con- Πλάτωνα, Herakleion, pp. 253–269. textual Analysis of Mycenaean ———. 2001. “A New Late Minoan Terracotta Figurines” (diss. Univ. IIIC Shrine at Halasmenos, East of Cincinnati). Crete,” in Laffineur and Hägg 2001, Ucko, P. J. 1968. Anthropomorphic pp. 99–101. Figurines of Predynastic Egypt and ———. 2005. “‘Mycenoans’ at the Neolithic Crete with Comparative Isthmus of Ierapetra: Some (Prelim- Material from the Prehistoric Near inary) Thoughts on the Foundation East and Mainland Greece (Royal of the (Eteo)cretan Cultural Iden- Anthropological Institute Occa- tity,” in D’Agata and Moody 2005, sional Paper 24), London. pp. 303–333. Vallianou, D. 1997. “The Potters’ ———. Forthcoming. “Mycenaeaniz- Quarter in LM III Gouves,” in ing or Not at the End of the Bronze Laffineur and Betancourt 1997, Age: A Comparative Study of pp. 333–343. Houses B1 and B2 with Megara A2 Van de Moortel, A. 1997. “The Transi- and A3 at Halasmenos, Ierapetra,” tion from the Protopalatial to the in STEGA: The Archaeology of Houses Neopalatial Society in South-Cen- and Households in Ancient Crete, tral Crete: A Ceramic Perspective” ed. N. Vogeikoff-Brogan and (diss. Bryn Mawr College). K. Glowacki, Princeton. ———. 2006. “A Re-examination Tsipopoulou, M., and K. Nowicki. of the Pottery from the Kamares 2003. “Μινωίτες και Μυκηναίoι στo Cave,” in Pottery and Society: The τέλoς της επoχής τoυ Χαλκoύ στην Impact of Recent Studies in Minoan ανατoλική Κρήτη,” in Second Inter- Pottery. Gold Medal Colloquium in national Interdisciplinary Colloquium: Honor of Philip P. Betancourt, New The Periphery of the Mycenaean Orleans 2003, ed. M. H. Wiener, World, 26–30 September, Lamia J. L. Warner, J. Polonsky, and E. E. 1999, ed. N. Kyparissi-Apostolika Hayes, Boston, pp. 73–93. and M. Papakonstantinou, Athens, van Effenterre, H. 1948. Nécropoles du pp. 561–580. Mirabello (ÉtCrét 8), Paris. Tyree, E. L. 1974. “Cretan Sacred ———. 1980. Le palais de Mallia et Caves” (diss. Univ. of Missouri, la cité minoenne: Étude de synthèse Columbia). (Incunabula Graeca 76), Rome. ———. 2001. “Diachronic Changes in van Effenterre, H., and Y. Tzedakis. Minoan Cave Cult,” in Laffineur 1977. “Matériel inédit des pre- and Hägg 2001, pp. 39–49. mières fouilles au palais de Mallia,” ———. 2006. “Minoan Sacred Caves: ArchDelt 32, A΄1, pp. 156–181. The Natural and Political Land- van Effenterre, H., and M. van scape,” in Πεπραγμένα του Θ ΄ Διε- Effenterre. 1976. Fouilles executées θνούς Κρητολογικού Συνεδρίου A΄2, à Mallia. Exploration des maisons et ed. E. Tampakaki and A. Kaloutsa- quartiers d’habitation (1956–1960) kis, Herakleion, pp. 329–342. IV. Le quartier Thêta (ÉtCrét 22), Tzedakis Y. 1967. “A Minoan ‘Goddess’ Paris. Idol from Sakhtouria,” BSA 62, Vanschoonwinkel, J. 2004. “La double pp. 203–205. hache minoenne et l’Anatolie,” ———. 1969. “Ἀρχαιότητες καὶ μνη- Res Antiquae 1, pp. 409–428. μεῖα δυτικῆς Κρήτης,” ArchDelt 24, Vasilakis, A. S. 1988. “Τρυπητή,” B΄2, pp. 428–436. Κρητική Εστία 2, pp. 331–332. ———. 1970. “Ἀρχαιότητες καὶ μνη- ———. 1989. “Ο Πρωτομινωικός οι- μεῖα δυτικῆς Κρήτης,” ArchDelt 25, κισμός Τρυπητής,” Αρχαιολογία 30, B΄2, pp. 465–478. pp. 52–56. ———. 1971. “Ἀρχαιότητες καὶ μνη- ———. 1990a. “Προϊστορικές θεσεις μεῖα δυτικῆς Κρήτης,” ArchDelt 26, στη Μονή Οδηγήτριας Καλοί Λιμέ- B΄2, pp. 508–517. νες,” Κρητική Εστία 3, pp. 11–80. Tzedakis, Y., and H. Martlew, eds. ———. 1990b. “Τρυπητή,” Κρητική 1999. Minoans and Mycenaeans: Εστία 4, p. 287. references 309

———. 1995. “Τρυπητή 1986–1991. λoγικoύ Συνεδρίoυ A΄, ed. V. Niniou- Objects: Archaeological Joke or Ζητήματα του προανακτορικού, Kindeli, Khania, pp. 353–363. Neglected Evidence?” in Approaches μινωικού πολιτισμού στη νότια ———. 1991. “A New Minoan Deposit to the Study of Ritual: Italy and the κεντρική Κρήτη και η ανασκαφή του from Knossos, c. 1600 b.c., and Its Ancient Mediterranean (Accordia οικισμού Τρυπητής,” in Πεπραγμένα Wider Relations,” BSA 86, pp. 319– Specialist Studies on the Mediter- του Z ΄Διεθνούς Κρητολογικού Συνε- 340. ranean 2), ed. J. B. Wilkins, Lon- δρίου A΄1, Rethymnon, pp. 69–74. ———. 1999. “LM IA: Knossos, Thera, don, pp. 9–30. Ventris, M., and J. Chadwick. 1973. Gournia,” in Betancourt et al. 1999, Whitelaw, T. 2001. “From Sites to Documents in Mycenaean Greek, pp. 893–903. Communities: Defining the Human 2nd ed., Cambridge. ———. 2001. Rev. of Panagiotaki Dimensions of Minoan Urbanism,” Verbruggen, H. 1981. Le Zeus crétois 1999, in AntJ 81, pp. 422–433. in Urbanism in the Aegean Bronze (Collection d’ études mytholo- ———. 2004. “Terra Cognita? The Age (Sheffield Studies in Aegean giques de l’Université de Paris 10), Territory and Boundaries of the Archaeology), ed. K. Branigan, Paris. Early Neopalatial Knossian State,” Sheffield, pp. 15–37. Verlinden, C. 1984. Les statuettes an- in Cadogan, Hatzaki, and Vasilakis ———. 2004. “Estimating the Popula- thropomorphes crétoises en bronze et en 2004, pp. 159–168. tion of Neopalatial Knossos,” in plomb du III e millénaire au VII e siècle Warren, P., and V. Hankey. 1989. Ae- Cadogan, Hatzaki, and Vasilakis av. J.-C., Providence. gean Bronze Age Chronology, Bristol. 2004, pp. 147–158. Vermeule, E. 1964. Greece in the Bronze Watrous, L. V. 1995. “Some Observa- Whitley, J. 1998. “From Minoans to Age, Chicago. tions on Minoan Peak Sanctuaries,” Eteocretans: The Praisos Region Vermeule, E., and V. Karageorghis. in POLITEIA: Society and State in 1200–500 b.c.,” in Post-Minoan 1982. Mycenaean Pictorial Vase the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings Crete. Proceedings of the First Collo- Painting, Cambridge, Mass. of the Fifth International Aegean quium, London 10–11 November Walberg, G. 1987. “Early Cretan Tombs: Conference, University of Heidelberg, 1995 (BSA Studies 2), ed. W. G. The Pottery,” in Thanatos: Les cou- Archäologisches Institut, 10–13 April, Cavanagh, M. Curtis, J. N. Cold- tumes funéraires en Egée à l’âge du 1994 (Aegaeum 12), ed. R. Laffi- stream, and A. W. Johnston, Lon- Bronze. Actes du colloque de Liège, neur and W.-D. Niemeier, Liège, don, pp. 27–39. 21–23 avril 1986 (Aegaeum 1), pp. 393–403. ———. 2001. The Archaeology of ed. R. Laffineur, Liège, pp. 53–60. ———. 1996. The Cave Sanctuary of Ancient Greece (Cambridge World Wall, S. M., J. H. Musgrave, and P. M. Zeus at Psychro: A Study of Extra- Archaeology), Cambridge. Warren. 1986. “Human Bones from Urban Sanctuaries in Minoan and ———. 2003–2004. “Sklaverochori, a Late Minoan IB House at Knos- Early Iron Age Crete (Aegaeum 15), Kastelli,” AR 2003–2004, pp. 79– sos,” BSA 81, pp. 333–388. Liège. 80. Wallace, S. 2005. “Last Chance to See? ———. 2001a. “Review of Aegean Whitley, J., M. Prent, and S. Thorne. Karfi (Crete) in the Twenty-first Prehistory III: Crete from Earliest 1999. “Praisos IV: A Preliminary Century: Presentation of New Archi- Prehistory through the Protopalatial Report on the 1993 and 1994 tectural Data and Their Analysis in Period,” in Cullen 2001, pp. 157– Survey Seasons,” BSA 94, pp. 215– the Current Context of Research,” 215. 264. BSA 100, pp. 215–274. ———. 2001b. “Addendum: 1994– Whittaker, H. 1996. “Catalogue of Warren, E. 1970. “A Late Minoan 1999,” in Cullen 2001, pp. 216–223. Miscellaneous Finds: Stone Slabs Figurine from Kritsa,” CretChron Watrous, L. V., and D. Hadzi-Vallia- with Depressions,” in Kommos I.2, 22, pp. 344–346. nou. 2004. “Palatial Rule and Col- pp. 321–323. Warren, P. 1969. Minoan Stone Vases lapse (Middle Minoan IB–Late ———. 1997. Mycenaean Cult Build- (Cambridge Classical Studies), Minoan IIIB,” in The Plain of Phais- ings: A Study of Their Architecture and Cambridge. tos: Cycles of Social Complexity in the Function in the Context of the Aegean ———. 1972. Myrtos: An Early Bronze Mesara Region of Crete, ed. L. V. and the Eastern Mediterranean Age Settlement in Crete (BSA Suppl. Watrous, D. Hadzi-Vallianou, and (Monographs of the Norwegian 7), London. H. Blitzer, Los Angeles, pp. 227– Institute at Athens 1), Bergen. ———. 1981. “Knossos: Stratigraphical 304. ———. 2002. “Minoan Board Games: Museum Excavations 1978–1980, Weber, M. 1968. Economy and Society, The Function and Meaning of I,” AR 1981, pp. 127–192. ed. G. Roth and C. Wittich, trans. Stones with Depressions (So-called ———. 1988. Minoan Religion as E. Fischoff, New York. Kernoi) from Bronze Age Crete,” Ritual Action (SIMA-PB 72), Weingarten, J. 1989. “The Noduli, Aegean Archaeology 6, pp. 73–87. Göteborg. a Sealing, and a Seal,” BSA 84, Wide, S. 1901. “Mykenische Götter- ———. 1990a. “Of Baetyls,” OpAth 18, pp. 438–444. bilder und Idole,” AM 26, pp. 247– pp. 193–206. West, M. L., ed. 1966. Hesiod: Theog- 257. ———. 1990b. “Of Baetyls,” in Πε- ony, Oxford. Willcock, M. M. 1976. A Companion to πραγμένα του ΣΤ ΄ Διεθνoύς Κρητo- Whitehouse, R. D. 1996. “Ritual the Iliad, Chicago. 310 references

Wright, J. C. 1994. “The Spatial Con- Period,” in Kommos I.2, pp. 140– Cemeteries of Southern Crete, figuration of Belief: The Archaeol- 199. trans. J. P. Droop, London. ogy of Mycenaean Religion,” in ———. 2004. “The Emergence of Zeimbeki, M. 2004. “The Organiza- Alcock and Osborne 1994, Leadership and the Rise of Civiliza- tion of Votive Production and pp. 37–78. tion,” in Barrett and Halstead 2004, Distribution in the Peak Sanctu- ———. 1995. “The Archaeological pp. 64–80. aries of State Society Crete: A Correlates of Religion: Case Stud- Xanthoudides, S. A. 1900. “Μῆτραι Perspective Offered by the Juktas ies in the Aegean,” in POLITEIA: ἀρχαῖαι ἐκ Σητείας Κρήτης,” Animal Figurines,” in Cadogan, Society and State in the Aegean Bronze ArchEph 1900, pp. 26–50. Hatzaki, and Vasilakis 2004, Age. Proceedings of the 5th Interna- ———. 1906a. “Cretan Kernoi,” BSA pp. 351–361. tional Aegean Conference, University 12, pp. 9–23. Zervos, C. 1956. L’art de la Crète néo- of Heidelberg, Archäologisches Institut, ———. 1906b. “Ἐκ Κρήτης,” ArchEph lithique et minoenne, Paris. 10–13 April 1994 (Aegaeum 12), 1906, pp. 117–155. Zois, A. 1996. Κνωσός: Το εκστατικό ed. R. Laffineur and W.-D. Nie- ———. 1918. “Ἀρχαιολογικὴ περιφέ- όραμα. Σημειωτική και ψυχολογία meier, Liège, pp. 341–348. ρεια. Δρῆρος,” ArchDelt 4, pp. 9–32. μιας αρχαιολογικής περιπέτειας, ———. 1996. “The Central Hillside at ———. 1924. The Vaulted Tombs of Herakleion. Kommos 2: The Middle Minoan Mesara: An Account of Some Early