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Assessment of Timber Harvest in Tropical Rainforest Ecosystem of South West Nigeria and Its Implication on Carbon Sequestration

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Assessment of Timber Harvest in Tropical Rainforest Ecosystem of South West Nigeria and Its Implication on Carbon Sequestration Regular Article pISSN: 2287-2396, eISSN: 2287-240X Journal of Forest Science J F S Journal of Forest Science Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 1-14, February, 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.7747/JFS.2014.30.1.1 Assessment of Timber Harvest in Tropical Rainforest Ecosystem of South West Nigeria and Its Implication on Carbon Sequestration Victor A. Adekunle, Amadu Lawal and Adewole O. Olagoke* Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure 340001, Nigeria Abstract Timber harvest in natural forests and its implications on carbon sequestration were investigated in the Southwestern Nigeria. Data on timber harvest from forest estates for a 3-year period were collected from the official record of States’ Forestry Department. The data registered the species, volume and number of timbers exploited during the study period. The data were analyzed accordingly for rate of timber harvest and carbon value of the exploited timbers using existing biomass functions. Values were compared for significant differences among states using one way analysis of variance. The results showed that the most exploited logs, in terms of volume and number of trees, have the highest amount of carbon removal. There was a variation in type of timber species being exploited from each state. The total number of harvested trees from Oyo, Ondo, Ogun, Ekiti and Osun were estimated at 100,205; 111,789; 753; 15,884 and 18,153 respectively. Total quantity of carbon removed for the 3-year period stood at 2.3 million metric tons, and this translated to 8.4 million metric tons of CO2. The annual carbon and CO2 removal therefore were estimated at 760,120.73 tons and 2.8 million tons/ year respectively. There were significant differences (p＜0.05) in the amount of CO2 removed from the five states. Based on our result, we inferred that there is increasing pressure on economic tree species and it is plausible that they are becoming scarce from the forests in Southwestern Nigeria.. If the present rate of log removal is not controlled, forests could become carbon source rather than carbon sink and the on biological conservation, wood availability and climate change may turn out grave. For the forest to perform its environmental role as carbon sink, urgent conservation measures and logging policies are needed to be put in place. Key Words: Logging, Timber harvest, Biomass removal, Carbon emission Introduction Wheeler and von Braun 2013). Changes in climatic con- ditions have significant impacts on the capacity of the forest Climate change is posing a dreadful threat to the devel- to provide vital ecosystem services and the well-being of opment and poverty reduction processes in the poorest and people in African countries where there are low adaptation most vulnerable regions of the world today. It is considered strategies and mitigation options are the most affected. The as one of the most serious threats to sustainable develop- low adaptation capacity is not unconnected with the extreme ment, with its adverse impacts expected on the environ- poverty, frequent natural disasters such as droughts and ment, human health, food security, economic activity, natu- floods and an agricultural system that heavily dependent on ral resources and physical infrastructure (IISD 2009; rainfall (Huq et al. 2003). For instance, the greatest pro- Received: December 3, 2012. Revised: November 25, 2013. Accepted: November 25, 2013. Corresponding author: Adewole O. Olagoke Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure 340001, Nigeria Tel: 2348102919537, Fax: 2348102919537, E-mail: [email protected] J For Sci 30(1), 1-14 1 Timber Harvest and Its Implication on Carbon Sequestration portion of Nigerian population lives in rural areas, and they focused on aboveground forest biomass (Aboal et al. 2005; depend solely on renewable natural resources for survival. Brown 1997; Kraenzel et al. 2003; Laclau 2003; Losi et al. The daily activities of this set of people in the forest are cul- 2003) because it accounts for the majority of the total accu- pable of leading to forest degradation and alteration in envi- mulated biomass in the forest ecosystem. Aboveground tree ronmental conditions. Houghton (1991) remarked that the biomass in turn is estimated using allometric equations estimates of carbon fluxes from deforestation, land cover (Hiratsuka et al. 2006). However, where allometric equa- change and other disturbances depend on the knowledge of tions are not available or feasible, Birdsey (1996) reported forest carbon stocks prior to the disturbance. that timber cruise estimates of merchantable volume could Logging has to do with the harvesting of tree species, be converted to biomass and weight by multiplying by a and consequently the removal of merchantable above- conversion factor for the corresponding region and forest ground wood biomass that acts as carbon sink from the for- type to determine the carbon mass in living standing trees. est for sawn wood production. Above-ground biomass con- Renasingbe and Abasari (2008) also estimated tree bio- sists of all living biomass above the soil such as stem, stump, mass, weight and carbon storage from volumes using the branches, bark, seeds, and foliage while below-ground bio- same conversion factor. In view of the above, this study fo- mass consists of all living roots excluding fine roots (less cuses on the assessment of above-ground forest biomass than 2 mm in diameter) (Drake et al. 2003; Samalca et al. from volumes of trees exploited between 2003 and 2005 to 2007). Therefore, estimates of the total above-ground bio- estimate the amount of carbon removed during the study mass in forest ecosystems are critical for carbon dynamics period. studies, as plant biomass is an important indicator in carbon sequestration. The amount of carbon sequestered can be in- Methodology ferred from the biomass change since 50% of the forest dry The study area biomass is approximately carbon (Losi et al. 2003; Montagu et al. 2005). For this purpose, one needs to know This study was carried out in Southwest (SW) Nigeria. how much biomass is lost or accumulated over time. These It is one of the six geographical zones of country. The zone estimates provide initial conditions for ecosystem and bio- lies between longitude 2o 31’ and 6o 00’ East and Latitude geochemical models that simulate the exchange of carbon 6o 21’ and 8o 37’N (Adekunle and Olagoke 2010) with a to- and energy between the atmosphere and biosphere (Potter tal land area of 77,818 km2 and a projected population of 1999). In addition, biomass estimation is very useful in 28, 767, 752 in 2002 (NPC 1991). SW Nigeria is bounded evaluating the amount of carbon sequestrated in the affor- in the East by Edo and Delta states, in the North by Kwara estation and reforestation Clean Development Mechanism and Kogi states, in the West by the Republic of Benin and in (AR-CDM) project under the Kyoto Protocol (Hiratsuka the south by the Gulf of Guinea. The region is made up of et al. 2004). There are two major methods of biomass esti- six states, out of the 36 states in the country, and is majorly mation (the destructive and non-destructive). The destruc- inhabited by the Yorubas, one of the major tribes in the tive method requires felling of trees but the non-destructive country. The climate of South West Nigeria is tropical in method does not require the trees to be felled (Montes et al. nature and it is characterized by wet and dry seasons. The 2000). For non-destructive method, tree growth variables temperature ranges between 21oC and 34oC while the an- are obtained for computing the total volume (m3). Wood nual rainfall ranges between 1500 mm and 3000 mm. The density of tree species, which are available from literature, wet season is associated with the South West monsoon wind proved valuable in converting the measured volume into bi- from the Atlantic Ocean while the dry season is associated omass estimate (Feamside 1997; Aboal et al. 2005). Such with the North East trade wind from the Sahara desert. estimate is used to quantify the amount of carbon removal Most of the soils in the study area developed from un- from the ecosystem from the general knowledge that carbon differentiated igneous and metamorphic, pre-cambrian is always 50% of biomass estimate (Samalca 2007). basement complex rocks such as granite, biotite, gneiss, bi- Many biomass and carbon estimation studies conducted otite schist, quartz schist and quartzite (Adesodun et al. 2 Journal of Forest Science http://jofs.or.kr Adekunle et al. 2007). The vegetation of South West Nigeria is made up of tween carbon content and carbon dioxide was used to con- fresh water swamp and mangrove forest at the belt, the low vert carbon in the wood to CO2. This represents the land in forest stretches inland to Ogun and part of Ondo amount of carbon the wood could sequestrate if they have state while the secondary forest is towards the northern not been logged or the amount of CO2 to be removed into boundary where derived and southern Savannah exists. the atmosphere if they act as carbon source. The relation- ship is given as follows: Method of data collection Secondary data for the reserved and unreserved forests 1tC = 3.67 t CO2 (NIACS 2008; Renasingbe and Abasari (free areas) were used for this study. Forest reserves are 2008). portion of forest estates constituted by law and gazette by state or local government. All other woodlands that are not The Carbon and CO2 contents of the individual trees under reservation are referred to as ‘free areas’ in this study. were estimated in metric ton (t).
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