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The Hotels of Old Point Comfort: a Material Culture Study W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1990 The Hotels of Old Point Comfort: A Material Culture Study Winifred Rebecca Dudley MacIntosh College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation MacIntosh, Winifred Rebecca Dudley, "The Hotels of Old Point Comfort: A Material Culture Study" (1990). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539625582. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-jtg4-0148 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Hotels of Old Point Comfort: A Material Culture study A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Anthropology The College of William and Mary In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Winifred R. Macintosh 1990 ProQuest Number: 10628285 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10628285 Published by ProQuest LLC (2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code M icroform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 - 1346 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts I— Theodore Reinhart Rita Wrig A a/ V - (g-- ( ^A/A,.y Virginia Kerns ii Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my parents, Joseph and Nancy Wilson. iii Table of Contents Page Dedication iii Acknowledgements v List of Figures vi Abstract ix Introduction 2 Chapter I Material Culture and Buildings 6 Chapter II Part 1 The Hygeia Hotel (1821-1862) 18 Part 2 The Hygeia Hotel (1863-1902) 65 Part 3 The Hotel Chamberlin (1896-1920) 100 Part 4 The Chamberlin Hotel (1928-1989) 147 Chapter III Hotels, Health Retreats, and Resorts: Their Origins, Reign and Decline 198 Conclusion and Summary 263 Bibliography 273 Vita 288 iv Acknowledgements The writer wishes to express her appreciation to Dr. Theodore R. Reinhart for his patience, encouragement and understanding throughout the course of this project. Additional thanks are extended to Dr. Virginia Kerns and Dr. Rita Wright for their editorial comments and thoughtful suggestions. The Syms-Eaton Museum, Fort Monroe Casemate Museum, and Mariners' Museum are to be thanked as well for their aid. The writer is especially indebted to Brett Burkhart for his generous loan of materials. In addition, a special thanks to Karla Borecky for her interest, support, and assistance. v List of Figures Figure Page 1. Proposed design of improvements to the Hygeia Hotel submitted in 1844 44 2. The Tremont House, Boston 4 5 3. Plan of the Tremont House published in 1830 45 4. The Hygeia Hotel and Fort Monroe about 1845 47 5. 1861 Sachse print of Fort Monroe, Old Point Comfort, and the Hygeia Hotel 52 6 . 1853 bill from the Hygeia Hotel 54 7 . The Hygeia Hotel as depicted in 1856 by Edward Beyer 55 8 . The Hygeia Hotel as a Hospital 1861-1862 60 9 . Aeriel drawing of Hampton Roads in 1862 62 10 . The Army of the Potomac passing the Hygeia Hotel at Old Point Comfort (1862) 63 11. The Hygeia Dining Saloon erected 1863 66 12 . The Hygeia Hotel, Clark and Wilson proprietors, 1872 72 13 . The Hygeia Hotel about 187 6 77 14. The Hygeia Hotel about 1880 80 15. The Hygeia Hotel Dancing and Concert Hall (n.d.) 82 16. The Hygeia Hotel enlargements from 1863-1881 86 v i 17. Glassed in veranda of the Hygeia Hotel about 1882 88 18. The Hygeia Hotel glassed-in veranda about 1882 89 19. The Hygeia Hotel Pier which ended in gazebo constructed in 1884 91 20. The Dining Room of the Hygeia Hotel about 1884 92 21. Bathing at the Hygeia Hotel (n.d.) 9 6 22. 1886 plan of the Hotel Chamberlin 107 23. The Hotel Chamberlin about 1898 108 24. Main entrance to the Hotel Chamberlin about 1900 115 25. View of the Hygeia hotel and Hotel Chamberlin from Baltimore wharf about 1900 116 26. The Rotunda of the Hotel Chamberlin (n.d.) 118 27. The Office and Lobby of the Hotel Chamberlin (n.d.) 119 28. The Dining Room of the Hotel Chamberlin (n.d.) 120 29. The Ballroom of the Hotel Chamberlin (n.d.) 122 30. The Palm Garden of the Hotel Chamberlin (n.d.) 123 31. Bowling Alleys of the Hotel Chamberlin (n.d.) 125 32. Billards at the Hotel Chamberlin (n.d.) 126 33. The rooftop of the Hygeia Hotel as seen from the from the Hotel Chamberlin 12 9 34. The Hotel Chamberlin facing Ingalls Road after the 19 02 removal of the Hygeia Hotel 13 0 35. Fort Monore Army Garrison on Parade (n.d.) 133 36. The Spout or Douche (n.d.) 13 8 37. Ionic medication (n.d.) 138 38. Aix treatment (n.d.) 139 v i i 39. Vichy treatment (n.d.) 139 40. Fire of March 20, 1920 144 41. Charred remains of the Hotel Chamberlin 146 42. The Chamberlin-Vanderbilt Hotel under Construction in 1928 156 43. The Chamberlin Hotel about 1930 159 44. The Chamberlin Hotel (1937-42) 174 45. North entrance to the Chamberlin Hotel prior to 1962 186 46. Remodeled north entrance to the Chamberlin Hotel 187 viii Abstract As objects of material culture, the hotels of Old Point Comfort are examined through aspects of their physical being, context, and usage. Material culture evidence is integrated with documentary evidence in examining who used and occupied the hotels, when and why they changed hands, why they were unusual, as well as the materials, construction, and architectural design. This approach establishes the hotels* historical context and it is learned what preceded each and how that influenced its successor. In addition, the material systems of the hotels are identified. The extreme complexity of these networks of interactions is revealed and integrated into the framework of the national resort culture. As a result, factors emerge whose examination leads to conclusions concerning the present hotel's dependency upon the past for survival. The Hotels of Old Point Comfort study presents a single building at a given point in time as an object of inquiry. An attempt is made to examine each hotel building within its whole social context in order to demonstrate how objects may outlive their prime meaning, lose their connotation, yet ix remain as lingering symbols. In addition, the relatively long span of time covered by the study allows the capability of identifying and communicating transforming influences. The dramatic extent to which each hotel was influenced by the advancements in technology and transportation, as well as social change, plays an especially powerful role. The study provides insights as to the adoption and spread of singular innovations which by gaining popular acceptance emerge as national trends and eventually are incorporated into culture. This process is exemplified by the resort phenomenon, a central theme of the study. The Hotels of Old Point Comfort study demonstrates the vast amount of cultural information which can be revealed in a study of a building. It adds to our understanding of cultural dynamics, the processes of adaptive usage, as well as demonstrating how objects may become symbols of something quite different than what they actually are. In addition, the study adds to the large body of empirical data which serves to document a culture and which itself forms a facet of material culture. x The Hotels of Old Point Comfort: A Material Culture Study Introduction Hampton Roads is formed by the emptying waters of three rivers, the James, the Nansemond, and the Elizabeth. From the Chesapeake Bay, the entrance to the road is marked by a finger of land formed by alluvial deposits of sand from these rivers. This strategic location, called Old Point Comfort, invited an early military occupation. Also occupying the site was a succession of four hotels that exhibited characters quite different from that of the adjacent military installation, although their histories are closely entwined. The presence of hotels of Old Point Comfort seems curious as one considers their location on a United States military reservation. However, when the factors influencing their development are taken into account, their presence is really not so peculiar. The last of the four hotels, the Chamberlin Hotel, today occupies a locality immediately adjacent to Fort Monroe on Old Point Comfort. Built on the water*s edge, the hotel’s silhouette was once the first landfall seen as one made an approach from the Chesapeake Bay. Today, in most cases, the the structure forms an impression as one crosses the Hampton 2 3 Roads Bridge Tunnel. The Chamberlin Hotel, with its nine stories in contrast to the low storied buildings of Fort Monroe, presents itself as an anomaly. However, as the following study contends, the Chamberlin Hotel is not just an object frozen in time but rather a symbol of something much greater than the physical structure itself. This concept is further addressed in Chapter 1 which provides a discussion of the definition, development, and contributions of the analysis of material culture.
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