A Universal Formula for Avian Egg Shape
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Incubating and Hatching Eggs
EPS-001 7/13 Incubating and Hatching Eggs Gregory S. Archer and A. Lee Cartwright* hether eggs come from a common chicken Factors that affect hatchability or an exotic bird, you must store and incu- W Breeder Hatchery bate them carefully for a successful hatch. Envi- Breeder nutrition Sanitation ronmental conditions, handling, sanitation, and Disease Egg storage record keeping are all important factors when it Mating activity Egg damage comes to incubating and hatching eggs. Egg damage Incubation—Management of Correct male and female setters and hatchers Fertile egg quality body weight Chick handling A fertile egg is alive; each egg contains living cells Egg sanitation that can become a viable embryo and then a chick. Egg storage Eggs are fragile and a successful hatch begins with undamaged eggs that are fresh, clean, and fertile. Collecting and storing fertile eggs You can produce fertile eggs yourself or obtain Fertile eggs must be collected carefully and stored them elsewhere. While commercial hatcheries properly until they are incubated. Keeping the produce quality eggs that are highly fertile, many eggs at proper storage temperatures keeps the do not ship small quantities. If you mail order embryo from starting and stopping development, eggs, be sure to pick them up promptly from your which increases embryo mortality. Collecting receiving area. Hatchability will decrease if eggs eggs frequently and storing them properly delays are handled poorly or get too hot or too cold in embryo development until you are ready to incu- transit. bate them. If you produce the eggs on site, you must care for the breeding stock properly to ensure maximum Egg storage reminders fertility. -
Mercury and Selenium Contamination in Waterbird Eggs and Risk to Avian Reproduction at Great Salt Lake, Utah
Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Mercury and Selenium Contamination in Waterbird Eggs and Risk to Avian Reproduction at Great Salt Lake, Utah Open-File Report 2015–1020 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover: Franklin’s gulls nesting at Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge, Great Salt Lake, Utah. Photograph taken by Josh Ackerman in 2012. Mercury and Selenium Contamination in Waterbird Eggs and Risk to Avian Reproduction at Great Salt Lake, Utah By Joshua T. Ackerman, Mark P. Herzog, C. Alex Hartman, John Isanhart, Garth Herring, Sharon Vaughn, John F. Cavitt, Collin A. Eagles-Smith, Howard Browers, Chris Cline, and Josh Vest Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Open-File Report 2015–1020 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior SALLY JEWELL, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Suzette M. Kimball, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2015 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. -
FINITE FOURIER SERIES and OVALS in PG(2, 2H)
J. Aust. Math. Soc. 81 (2006), 21-34 FINITE FOURIER SERIES AND OVALS IN PG(2, 2h) J. CHRIS FISHERY and BERNHARD SCHMIDT (Received 2 April 2004; revised 7 May 2005) Communicated by L. Batten Abstract We propose the use of finite Fourier series as an alternative means of representing ovals in projective planes of even order. As an example to illustrate the method's potential, we show that the set [w1 + wy' + w ~y' : 0 < j < 2;'| c GF(22/1) forms an oval if w is a primitive (2h + l)sl root of unity in GF(22'') and GF(22'') is viewed as an affine plane over GF(2;'). For the verification, we only need some elementary 'trigonometric identities' and a basic irreducibility lemma that is of independent interest. Finally, we show that our example is the Payne oval when h is odd, and the Adelaide oval when h is even. 2000 Mathematics subject classification: primary 51E20, 05B25. 1. Introduction In any finite projective plane of order q, an oval is a set of q + 1 points, no three of which are collinear. In the classical plane PG(2, q) over GF(g), a nondegenerate conic is the prototypical oval. If the order of a plane is even, then the tangents to an oval all pass through a point that is called the nucleus of the oval. We call an oval together with its nucleus a hyperoval. During the 1950s Beniamino Segre proved that in PG(2, q), (1) when q is odd, then there exist no ovals other than the conies, and (2) when q — 2\ coordinates may be chosen so that the points of a hyperoval are the elements of the set {(*, f{x), 1) | JC G GF(<?)} U {(0, 1,0), (1,0, 0)}, where / is a permutation polynomial of degree at most q — 2 for which /(0) = 0, /(I) = 1, and with the additional property that for all 5 in GF(^), the function /,. -
Embryonic Exposure to Oestrogen Causes Eggshell Thinning and Altered Shell Gland Carbonic Anhydrase Expression in the Domestic Hen
REPRODUCTIONRESEARCH Embryonic exposure to oestrogen causes eggshell thinning and altered shell gland carbonic anhydrase expression in the domestic hen C Berg, A Blomqvist1, L Holm1, I Brandt, B Brunstro¨m and Y Ridderstra˚le1 Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Norbyva¨gen 18 A, 753 36 Uppsala, Sweden and 1Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7045, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden Correspondence should be addressed to C Berg; Email: [email protected] Abstract Eggshell thinning among wild birds has been an environmental concern for almost half a century. Although the mechanisms for contaminant-induced eggshell thinning are not fully understood, it is generally conceived to originate from exposure of the laying adult female. Here we show that eggshell thinning in the domestic hen is induced by embryonic exposure to the syn- thetic oestrogen ethynyloestradiol. Previously we reported that exposure of quail embryos to ethynyloestradiol caused histo- logical changes and disrupted localization of carbonic anhydrase in the shell gland in the adult birds, implying a functional disturbance in the shell gland. The objective of this study was to examine whether in ovo exposure to ethynyloestradiol can affect eggshell formation and quality in the domestic hen. When examined at 32 weeks of age, hens exposed to ethynyloestra- diol in ovo (20 ng/g egg) produced eggs with thinner eggshells and reduced strength (measured as resistance to deformation) compared with the controls. These changes remained 14 weeks later, confirming a persistent lesion. Ethynyloestradiol also caused a decrease in the number of shell gland capillaries and in the frequency of shell gland capillaries with carbonic anhy- drase activity. -
Consumption of Bird Eggs by Invasive
WWW.IRCF.ORG/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANSJOURNALTABLE OF CONTENTS IRCF REPTILES IRCF& AMPHIBIANS REPTILES • VOL &15, AMPHIBIANS NO 4 • DEC 2008 • 19(1):64–66189 • MARCH 2012 IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS CONSERVATION AND NATURAL HISTORY TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCED SPECIES FEATURE ARTICLES . Chasing Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) in Wisconsin: On the Road to Understanding the Ecology and Conservation of the Midwest’s Giant Serpent ...................... Joshua M. Kapfer 190 . The Shared HistoryConsumption of Treeboas (Corallus grenadensis) and Humans on ofGrenada: Bird Eggs A Hypothetical Excursion ............................................................................................................................Robert W. Henderson 198 byRESEARCH Invasive ARTICLES Burmese Pythons in Florida . The Texas Horned Lizard in Central and Western Texas ....................... Emily Henry, Jason Brewer, Krista Mougey, and Gad Perry 204 1 2 3 . The Knight Anole (Anolis equestrisCarla) inJ. Florida Dove , Robert N. Reed , and Ray W. Snow .............................................Brian J. Camposano, Kenneth L. Krysko, Kevin M. Enge, Ellen M. Donlan, and Michael Granatosky 212 1 SmithsonianCONSERVATION Institution, Division ALERT of Birds, NHB E-600, MRC 116, Washington, District of Columbia 20560, USA ([email protected]) 2U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, 2150 Centre Ave, Bldg C, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526, USA ([email protected]) . World’s Mammals in Crisis ............................................................................................................................................................ -
Dissertation Hyperovals, Laguerre Planes And
DISSERTATION HYPEROVALS, LAGUERRE PLANES AND HEMISYSTEMS { AN APPROACH VIA SYMMETRY Submitted by Luke Bayens Department of Mathematics In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Spring 2013 Doctoral Committee: Advisor: Tim Penttila Jeff Achter Willem Bohm Chris Peterson ABSTRACT HYPEROVALS, LAGUERRE PLANES AND HEMISYSTEMS { AN APPROACH VIA SYMMETRY In 1872, Felix Klein proposed the idea that geometry was best thought of as the study of invariants of a group of transformations. This had a profound effect on the study of geometry, eventually elevating symmetry to a central role. This thesis embodies the spirit of Klein's Erlangen program in the modern context of finite geometries { we employ knowledge about finite classical groups to solve long-standing problems in the area. We first look at hyperovals in finite Desarguesian projective planes. In the last 25 years a number of infinite families have been constructed. The area has seen a lot of activity, motivated by links with flocks, generalized quadrangles, and Laguerre planes, amongst others. An important element in the study of hyperovals and their related objects has been the determination of their groups { indeed often the only way of distinguishing them has been via such a calculation. We compute the automorphism group of the family of ovals constructed by Cherowitzo in 1998, and also obtain general results about groups acting on hyperovals, including a classification of hyperovals with large automorphism groups. We then turn our attention to finite Laguerre planes. We characterize the Miquelian Laguerre planes as those admitting a group containing a non-trivial elation and acting tran- sitively on flags, with an additional hypothesis { a quasiprimitive action on circles for planes of odd order, and insolubility of the group for planes of even order. -
Ready Player One by Ernest Cline
Ready Player One by Ernest Cline Chapter 1 Everyone my age remembers where they were and what they were doing when they first heard about the contest. I was sitting in my hideout watching cartoons when the news bulletin broke in on my video feed, announcing that James Halliday had died during the night. I’d heard of Halliday, of course. Everyone had. He was the videogame designer responsible for creating the OASIS, a massively multiplayer online game that had gradually evolved into the globally networked virtual reality most of humanity now used on a daily basis. The unprecedented success of the OASIS had made Halliday one of the wealthiest people in the world. At first, I couldn’t understand why the media was making such a big deal of the billionaire’s death. After all, the people of Planet Earth had other concerns. The ongoing energy crisis. Catastrophic climate change. Widespread famine, poverty, and disease. Half a dozen wars. You know: “dogs and cats living together … mass hysteria!” Normally, the newsfeeds didn’t interrupt everyone’s interactive sitcoms and soap operas unless something really major had happened. Like the outbreak of some new killer virus, or another major city vanishing in a mushroom cloud. Big stuff like that. As famous as he was, Halliday’s death should have warranted only a brief segment on the evening news, so the unwashed masses could shake their heads in envy when the newscasters announced the obscenely large amount of money that would be doled out to the rich man’s heirs. 2 But that was the rub. -
Expanding the Eggshell Colour Gamut: Uroerythrin and Bilirubin from Tinamou (Tinamidae) Eggshells Randy Hamchand1, Daniel Hanley2, Richard O
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Expanding the eggshell colour gamut: uroerythrin and bilirubin from tinamou (Tinamidae) eggshells Randy Hamchand1, Daniel Hanley2, Richard O. Prum3 & Christian Brückner1* To date, only two pigments have been identifed in avian eggshells: rusty-brown protoporphyrin IX and blue-green biliverdin IXα. Most avian eggshell colours can be produced by a mixture of these two tetrapyrrolic pigments. However, tinamou (Tinamidae) eggshells display colours not easily rationalised by combination of these two pigments alone, suggesting the presence of other pigments. Here, through extraction, derivatization, spectroscopy, chromatography, and mass spectrometry, we identify two novel eggshell pigments: yellow–brown tetrapyrrolic bilirubin from the guacamole- green eggshells of Eudromia elegans, and red–orange tripyrrolic uroerythrin from the purplish-brown eggshells of Nothura maculosa. Both pigments are known porphyrin catabolites and are found in the eggshells in conjunction with biliverdin IXα. A colour mixing model using the new pigments and biliverdin reproduces the respective eggshell colours. These discoveries expand our understanding of how eggshell colour diversity is achieved. We suggest that the ability of these pigments to photo- degrade may have an adaptive value for the tinamous. Birds’ eggs are found in an expansive variety of shapes, sizes, and colourings 1. Te diverse array of appearances found across Aves is achieved—in large part—through a combination of structural features, solid or patterned colorations, the use of two diferent dyes, and diferential pigment deposition. Eggshell pigments are embedded within the white calcium carbonate matrix of the egg and within a thin outer proteinaceous layer called the cuticle2–4. Tese pigments are believed to play a key role in crypsis5,6, although other, possibly dynamic 7,8, roles in inter- and intra-species signalling5,9–12 are also possible. -
Isoptics of a Closed Strictly Convex Curve. - II Rendiconti Del Seminario Matematico Della Università Di Padova, Tome 96 (1996), P
RENDICONTI del SEMINARIO MATEMATICO della UNIVERSITÀ DI PADOVA W. CIESLAK´ A. MIERNOWSKI W. MOZGAWA Isoptics of a closed strictly convex curve. - II Rendiconti del Seminario Matematico della Università di Padova, tome 96 (1996), p. 37-49 <http://www.numdam.org/item?id=RSMUP_1996__96__37_0> © Rendiconti del Seminario Matematico della Università di Padova, 1996, tous droits réservés. L’accès aux archives de la revue « Rendiconti del Seminario Matematico della Università di Padova » (http://rendiconti.math.unipd.it/) implique l’accord avec les conditions générales d’utilisation (http://www.numdam.org/conditions). Toute utilisation commerciale ou impression systématique est constitutive d’une infraction pénale. Toute copie ou impression de ce fichier doit conte- nir la présente mention de copyright. Article numérisé dans le cadre du programme Numérisation de documents anciens mathématiques http://www.numdam.org/ Isoptics of a Closed Strictly Convex Curve. - II. W. CIE015BLAK (*) - A. MIERNOWSKI (**) - W. MOZGAWA(**) 1. - Introduction. ’ This article is concerned with some geometric properties of isoptics which complete and deepen the results obtained in our earlier paper [3]. We therefore begin by recalling the basic notions and necessary results concerning isoptics. An a-isoptic Ca of a plane, closed, convex curve C consists of those points in the plane from which the curve is seen under the fixed angle .7r - a. We shall denote by C the set of all plane, closed, strictly convex curves. Choose an element C and a coordinate system with the ori- gin 0 in the interior of C. Let p(t), t E [ 0, 2~c], denote the support func- tion of the curve C. -
Birds and Mammals)
6-3.1 Compare the characteristic structures of invertebrate animals... and vertebrate animals (...birds and mammals). Also covers: 6-1.1, 6-1.2, 6-1.5, 6-3.2, 6-3.3 Birds and Mammals sections More Alike than Not! Birds and mammals have adaptations that 1 Birds allow them to live on every continent and in 2 Mammals every ocean. Some of these animals have Lab Mammal Footprints adapted to withstand the coldest or hottest Lab Bird Counts conditions. These adaptations help to make Virtual Lab How are birds these animal groups successful. adapted to their habitat? Science Journal List similar characteristics of a mammal and a bird. What characteristics are different? 254 Theo Allofs/CORBIS Start-Up Activities Birds and Mammals Make the following Foldable to help you organize information about the Bird Gizzards behaviors of birds and mammals. You may have observed a variety of animals in your neighborhood. Maybe you have STEP 1 Fold one piece of paper widthwise into thirds. watched birds at a bird feeder. Birds don’t chew their food because they don’t have teeth. Instead, many birds swallow small pebbles, bits of eggshells, and other hard materials that go into the gizzard—a mus- STEP 2 Fold down 2.5 cm cular digestive organ. Inside the gizzard, they from the top. (Hint: help grind up the seeds. The lab below mod- From the tip of your els the action of a gizzard. index finger to your middle knuckle is about 2.5 cm.) 1. Place some cracked corn, sunflower seeds, nuts or other seeds, and some gravel in an STEP 3 Fold the rest into fifths. -
Ellipse and Oval in Baroque Sacral Architecture in Slovakia
Vol. 13, Issue 1/2017, 30-41, DOI: 10.1515/cee-2017-0004 ELLIPSE AND OVAL IN BAROQUE SACRAL ARCHITECTURE IN SLOVAKIA Zuzana GRÚ ŇOVÁ 1* , Michaela HOLEŠOVÁ 2 1 Department of Building Engineering and Urban Planning, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia. 2 Department of Structural Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia. * corresponding author: [email protected]. Abstract Keywords: Oval, circular and elliptic forms appear in the architecture from the Elliptic and oval plans; very beginning. The basic problem of the geometric analysis of the Slovak baroque sacral spaces with an elliptic or oval ground plan is a great sensitivity of the architecture; outcome calculations to the plan's precision, mainly to distinguish Geometrical analysis of Serlio's between oval and ellipse. Sebastiano Serlio and Guarino Guarini and Guarini's ovals. belong to those architects, theoreticians, who analysed the potential of circular or oval forms and some of their ideas are analysed in the paper. Elliptical or oval plans were used also in Slovak baroque architecture or interior elements and the paper introduce some of the most known examples as a connection to the world architecture ideas. 1. Introduction Oval and elliptic forms belonged to architectural dictionary of forms from the very beginning. The basic shape, easy to construct was of course a circle. Circular or many forms of circular-like, not precisely shaped forms could be found at many Neolithic sites like Skara Brae (profane and supposed sacral spaces), temples of Malta and many others. -
A Comparison of Brown-Headed Cowbirds and Red-Winged Blackbirds
The Auk 115(4):843-850, 1998 TEMPERATURE, EGG MASS, AND INCUBATION TIME: A COMPARISON OF BROWN-HEADED COWBIRDS AND RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS BILL g. STRAUSBERGER • Departmentof BiologicalSciences, University of Illinoisat Chicago, 845 WestTaylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA ABSTRACT.--Eggsof the parasiticBrown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) often hatch be- forethose of its hosts.I artificiallyincubated the eggsof the cowbirdand the taxonomically relatedbut nonparasiticRed-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) to determine if cowbird eggshave unique adaptations. To determine if cowbirdshave a wider toleranceof acceptable incubationtemperatures, the eggsfrom both specieswere incubatedat 35, 38, and 40øC. Neitherspecies' eggs hatched at 35 or 40øC,whereas 24 out of 42 cowbirdeggs and 19 out of 36 redwing eggshatched at 38øC.When correctedfor differencesin mass,cowbird and redwingeggs hatched 10 and 15%, sooner than expected, respectively, suggesting that cow- birds do not have an acceleratedrate of embryonicdevelopment. Cowbirds may be adapted to lay smallereggs that generallyhatch sooner. Using values obtained from allometricequa- tionsthat relatebody mass and eggmass, cowbird and redwingeggs were 25 and4% small- er,respectively, than expected. For cowbirds, there was no correlationbetween egg mass and length of incubationperiod, whereasthere was a positive(but not significant)correlation forredwings. Additional cowbird eggs were incubated at 36and 39øC to determinethe effect on the length of the incubationperiod. The incubationperiods of individual cowbirdeggs rangedfrom 10.49 to 14.04days at 39 and36øC, respectively, whereas eggs incubated at 38øC had a meanincubation period of 11.61days (n = 24), suggestingthat cowbirdscan tolerate somevariation in incubationtemperature and indicatinga strongtemperature effect. I found evidencethat internalegg temperature varies with clutchcomposition. This may partially explainthe variation in cowbirdincubation periods and why cowbirdeggs often hatch before hosteggs.