Contributiuni La Istoricul Tiganilor Dinromania

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Contributiuni La Istoricul Tiganilor Dinromania , , . CONTRIBUTIUNI LA ISTORICUL TIGANILOR DINROMANIA DE GEORGE POTRA DOCTOR IN LITERE BUCURESTI FUNDATIA REGELE CAROL I 1, Strada Wilson, 1 1 9 3 9 a A www.dacoromanica.ro CONTRIBUTIUNI LA ISTORICUL TIGANILOR DIN ROMANIA DE GEORGE POTRA DOCTOR IN L1TERE .6)-4-±- ,41:197,, 147 de,sizitlwrc44 k.474( e4-41Dz41:2 a7 ,-I/ BUCURESTI FUNDATIA REGELE CAROL I I, Strada Wilson, I www.dacoromanica.ro INTRODUCERE De sigur ca toti cunoa§tem intr'o masurA oarecare, eine sunt 0 cum sunt tiganii, dar adevArata lor origine, rdspandirea §i vremea acestei raspandiri in Europa, este mai greu de §tiut, fiindca lipsesc izvoarele, iar studiile scrise despre ei au lost bazate in cea mai mare parte pe folclor §i legende. E dre pt &A au fost §i unii invatati, strAini, care au cAutat sA scrie mai §tiintific, studiindu-le limba §i asemAnArile ce prezinta cu alte popoare, deducand de aici locul de na§tere; drumul §i aproximativ data venirii lor in Europa, cat 0 rAspandirea in toate tarile. Asupra tiganilor din Europa 0 lumea intreaga s'au scris multe 0 interesante studii, totusi pand in a doua jumAtate a secolului trecut, nu li se stabilise documentar originea si nici pand acum, data precisci a venirii lor in Europa. Printre lucrarile de searna amintim cercetarile 0 studiile lui Paul Bataillard, nu numai pentru tiganii din Franta, care sunt putini la numár, in raport cu tiganii din alte tAri, dar chiar pentru tiganii din celelalte state ale Europei. El era acela care, acum cincizeci de ani, avea cuvant in orice chestiune referitoare la tigani; alte luerAri sunt ale lui F. Miklo- sick, Dr. H. Wlislocici §ii Ascoli care dupd mArturia lui Paul Ba- taillard era « savantul indianist, filologul 0 tiganologul cel mai competent ». , In ultimul timp s'a ocupat despre tigani, intr'un studiu foarte bine documentat, in special din punct de vedere antropologic, Dr. Eugene Pitiard, iar in Anglia apare inch' de multi ani o publi- catie (Journal of the Gyp sies lore Society) in care scriitorii de pre- tutindeni se ocupà cu istoricul, limba 0 intreaga literatura referi- toare la tigani. Studiul de fata este fAcut cu scopul de a contribui la cunoa§- terea cat mai exacta' a acestui « popor enigmatic » dupà cum il 1* www.dacoromanica.ro 4 INTRODUCERE numea B. P. Hasdeu, popor care in ultimul timp, in special la noi In tat* a inceput sa se organizeze in diferite asociatii ce urma- resc ridicarea lor moral5. si materiala. In primul rand, tiganii au trezit in mine un interes deosebit prin numdrul lor insemnat din tara noastra, prin contactul zilnic pe care il avem fiecare cu ei, prin tiganusii care vand ziare, lustragii, flordresele, lautaril si alte multe ocupatii cu care se indeletnicesc ei si de care noi avem nevoie ; iar in al doilea rand m'a indemnat numarul apreciabil al documentelor noastre, in legatura cu tiganii, care se refera la tot felul de tranzactiuni :vanzari, cumparari, schimburi, danii, etc. si fiindca tiganii din Romania au fost, dupa statisticile cunoscute, mai numerosi cleat in orice tail din Europa, se intelege ca si documentele au fost in proportie cu numarul lor. Aceste documente cat si. curiozitatea de a sti rostul poporului care pentru mine forma un semn de intrebare, Med un r5spuns precis si satisfacator, m'au Indemnat a ma ocupa de ei. 0 a treia cauza pentru care am scris acest studiu, e ca cerce- t'arile asupra tiganilor din Romania au fost si sunt nesatisfacatoare. Mai mult decat Românii, s'au ocupat de ei, stfainii, care ne-au vizitat tara si. despre care am scris un capitol special in aceasta lucrare ; amintesc de o misiune stiintifica in Dobrogea, pus5 sub conducerea doctorului Eugene Pittard I), cel pomenit mai sus, care In vara anului 1901, a facut cercetari antropologice asupra diferi- telor populatii care locuesc acest tinut si. in special asupra tiga- nilor, a cdror cutie craniana variaza intre forma hiperdolicocefala si hiperbrahicefala. Scriitorii romani care s'au ocupat de tigani sunt urmatorii: Mihail Kogálniceanu intr'o mica brosura (a se vedea lucrarea fiecàrui autor amintit, la bibliografie) a cautat &à schiteze vieata tiganilor din Moldova, sa redea cateva notiuni istorice si un numar oarecare de cuvinte tiganesti. Aceasta lucrare swig in fraquzeste a fost tradusd in roma- neste la 1906, de Gh. Ghibanescu. Barbu Constantinescu, un distins profesor, care s'a ocupat multa vreme cu studiul tiganilor, a publicat: # Probe de limba si literatura tiganilor din Romania », interesanta din punct de vedere 1) Dr. Eugene Pittard, Anthropologie de la Roumania. (Contribution a l'étude des Tsigaines dits Roumains). Biblioteca Acad. Rom. II, 126.606. www.dacoromanica.ro INTRO DUCERE 5 literar si al limbei i intentiona dupà cum se vede din manuscrisele pastrate la Academia Roma* sa publice un studiu intitulat: « Tiganii din Romania » 1), de altfel numai schitat in titlurile capi- tolelor care ar fi trebuit desvoltate in acea lucrare. Dirnitrie Dan, un preot din Bucovina, caruia i-a placut sa scrie diferite studii despre populatiile straine care locuiau impreuna cu Românii, a scris si despre « Tiganii din Bucovina », o lucrare mica dar interesantil, autorul cunostea si cateva din scrierile bune in limba germang, referitoare la tiganii din acea regiune. M. Statescu, un diletant, a scris de asemenea o brosura care cuprinde « Incercari asupra originei Tiganilor », lucrare slaba lipsità in intregime de documentare istoricd. 0 ultima lucrare, de intinde. e mai mare, scrisa in frantuzeste este a lui C. Pop ,erboiantt. In afard de acestea s'au mai scris diferite brosuri si articole 2) despre tiganii din Romania, insd un studiu bazat pe material istoric care sd arate felul cum au trait ei in decursul veacurilor, in tara noastra, nu exista. 1) Acad. Rom., ms. 3293. 2) Lorellino, Tiganii nostri. (Calendarul Minervei, Bucuresti, 1899). D. Anghel, Tiganii. (Articol in Flac6ra *I, lunie 1912). G. Galaction, Tiganii. (Articol in e Flacilra *,111.1913, p. 42-43. C. Nicolaescu-Plopsor, Din Istoria Tiganilor. (ZiarulStiintelor si Gam- toriilor *, Dec. 1921). G. Nicolaescu-Plopsor, Din Istoria .,si vieata figanilor nostri. (Rev.Socie- tttiiTinerimea Romând, anul III(1922), Bucuresti). C. Nicolaescu-Plopsor, Muzica Tiganilor. (Ziarul Stiintelor Populare si al cillätoriilor, o, din 29 M. i 1923). Articole in revistae Ilustratiunea RomAnd # pe anul 1931. Munte Suzana, riganii. (Almanahul ziarelorAdevarulsiDimineata *, 1932. Mihail Alex. F., «Poporul enigmatic)) in 4Realitatea Ilustratä *, Octom- vrie 1933. G. Potra, Tiganii románi vazufi de cideitori streini. (« Neamul Românesc *, 3si 5 Decemvrie 1933). G. Potra, Artisticul .,si pitorescul Tiganilor.Neamul Românesc 8, 14 si 15 Decemvrie 1933) si InGlasul Romiloridin 1 Mai 1937. P. Serboianu, Tiganii. (Articol in.Amicul Poporului * din Mai 1933). P. Serboianu, Copilul Tigan. (Articol de ziar). G. A. L'azurick Botezul figanilor.(« Universul * 7.1.1937). G. A. LAzuricd, Desrobirea figanilor.(# Universul , 26.1.1937). Gheorghe DrAgh ici, Origina minder. (0 Glasul Romilor *, II, 1937, nr. 5-6). www.dacoromanica.ro 6 INTRODUCERE Studiul de NO se bazeaza pe o bibliografie insemnata 0 un considerabil numar de documente, tiparite cat §i inedite, acestea din urma fiind mult mai numeroase. Am cautat sa dau in limita posibilitatilor o contributie la cunoa0erea acestui neam care a trait in Principatele romane0i in decurs de atatea sute de ani. Lucrarea cuprinde urmatoarele capitole:Bibliografie, intro- ducere, originea tiganilor stabilità astazi ca este din India 0 nu Egiptul cum s'a crezut multa vreme, venirea §i rdspandirea lor in Europa, apoi felul de trai al lor cat 0 categoriile de tigani robi, domne§ti, manastiresti §i boiere0i, felul cum au fost vanduti, schimbati sau daruiti ca orice obiect de negot, nereprezentand in ochii semenilor lor o fiinta umana care trebuia protejata, ci un animal bun numai pentru muncile cele mai grele. Se arata impresiile pe care le-au avut diferiti scriitori straini ce ne-au vizitat tara, fie in mod special, sau numai in trecere prin ea, spre Orient. Secolul al XIX-lea vine cu desrobirea lor 0 cu ridicarea tarii noastre pe planul tarilor civilizate, socptindu-se ca fiecare individ, indiferent de rasa sau rang social, trebue sa aibd libertate §i ace- 1ea0 drepturi ca toti ceilalti locuitori ai tarii. Primele drepturi au fost date tiganilor cu multà greutate, iar pada la eliberarea completa a trecut mult timp, deoarece proprietarii robilor cu greu se puteau lipsi de o parte din averea lor, tiganii. Starea lor actuala fiind cunoscutd de toti, deoarece traese in jurul nostru 0 ne izbim la orice pas de ei, am expus-o cat se poate de scurt ; am spus de asemenea cateva cuvinte despre artisticul si pitorescul tiganilor, fiindca prezinta mult interes 0 ne aratà o parte din caracterul lor original, importat din tara de baOind India. Am crezut necesar &à dau 0 un capitol de onomastica 0 topo- nimie in legatura cu tiganii, iar pentru a ne face o idee §i mai clara de limba lor, am fdcut un vocabular tigano-roman 0 romano- tigan, cu atat mai mult, cu cat pana acum, nu a dat nimeni in romaneste un vocabular complet al limbii tiganesti. La sfar0t, in wield, dau un numdr de 156 documente roma- ne0i, dintre care imensa majoritate sunt inedite. www.dacoromanica.ro INTRODUCERE 7 Imi dau seama ca lucrarea de NO are, evident, 0 lipsuri, voiu fi insd fericit dacg cetitorul va putea completa aceste lipsuri inerente unui astfel de studiu. Multumesc foarte mult 0 in acest loc, scumpilor mei magi§tri Constantin C. Giurescu 0 P. P. Panaitescu, profesorului N. Ionescu, fost Director al Liceului Matei Basarab, precum 0 tuturor acelora care prin fapta §i sfatul lor, m'au incurajat sa' termin volumul de fat:A. www.dacoromanica.ro ORIGINEAI NUMELE TIGANILOR ORIGINEA Tiganii cunoscuti in intreaga Europa prin vieata i moravurile lor, daca nu in directa opozitie cu cele ale locuitorilor bastinasi din biltra- nul nostru continent, totusi originali, sunt dintre ultimii navalitori in massa care au cautat un traiu mai usor prin aceste meleaguri.
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