pzc GEOGRAPHICA ANNONICA No6; p 29-37 gheni) comprised the Tulghes ‘plasa’ (or district) within Ciuc county, while the A Century of Rural Change larger depression to the west was divided between the Gheorgheni and Toplita districts (in Ciuc and Mures-Turda coun- in Northeastern Transylvania: ties respectively). But the Tulghes district was subsequently split between these Corbu and its Region two and this arrangement persisted into the communist period when Toplita district (now labelled a ‘raion’) included Bilbor, Borsec, Corbu, Galautas, Sarmas and Subcetate (Pufulete & Dumitrescu Muica, N.* & Turnock, D.** 1983); while Gheorgheni district included Ditrau, Lazarea, Remetea and Tulghes Abstract This is a study of a rural com- orbu is a Transylvanian village - all within the Hungarian Autonomous mune in the northeast of Transylvania in the Eastern Carpathians, Region based on Targu Mures. These which has attracted geographical on Clocated close to the border with arrangements gave way to the present several occasions during the last century Moldavia at an altitude of some 700m in situation in 1968 when districts were in such a way as to provide in-depth the Bistricioara valley (a tributary of the eliminated and counties restored: now perspectives on the progress of develop- Bistrita). Although it lies on the main the entire district comprises the north- ment in the context of a frontier region at road connecting Cluj-Napoca with Iasi ernmost part of Harghita county, with a the contact of Hungarian and Romanian (via Reghin, Toplita and Targu Neamt), large Hungarian majority, but it also lies settlement. Although private farming has the locality rather isolated by the lack of on the northeasterly limit of the territory persisted without the upheaval of collec- direct links northwards towards Bistrita where the Secui population mingled with tivisation, the area has been marginalised and Vatra Dornei. Moreover in this area Romanian pastoralists in the Medieval and continues to lose population with lies on Transylvania’s frontier with Mol- period and there is still a mixed Hungar- only limited prospects for diversifica- davia - historically separating the former ian-Romanian population. There are Ro- tion. But the community is both stable Habsburg and Ottoman Empires - with manian majorities in Bilbor, Corbu and and sustainable and, lying at the centre much evidence of military activity dur- Tulghes in the Bistricioara Valley and in of a scattered Romanian population in ing the First World War when the Central Galautas, Sarmas, Subcetate and Toplita the Bistricioara Valley, could expand Powers were trying to break through into in the Gheorgheni depression; with Hun- its cultural role into light industry to the then Romanian kingdom. However garian majorities elsewhere. complement the tourism in the nearby the boundary does not follow the prin- The long-term population trend shows Hungarian town of Borsec. cipal watershed lying to west, so that a transfer from rural areas to the three the partially-modernised roads into the towns of Borsec, Gheorgheni and Toplita upper Bistricioara from the Gheorgheni (Table 1). But data for 1966 and 1992 shows Depression (e.g. from Ditrau to Borsec growth in several commune centres - Bil- and Tulghes negotiate high passes (at bor, Ditrau, Galautas, Remetea, Sarmas 1259m and 1025m respectively), as does and Subcetate (and in these communes the main road already referred to (at the overall except for Subcetate). In terms of Borsec/Creanga pass: 1105m) and another ethnic balance only the town of Toplita modernised from Gheorgheni to Piatra and the villages of Galautas and Lacu Neamt (Bicaz Pass: 1256m) (Pisota et al. Rosu have changed from a Hungarian 1976). In geological terms there a contact majority in 1966 to a Romanian majority between the eruptive and crystalline-me- in 1992, but the Hungarian population sozoic rocks of the Eastern Carpathians has declined relatively in the majority and there is some rare vegetation on the of villages (and especially in the towns), southern flanks of the Bistrita Mountains, although Ditrau, Lazarea and Remetea including the limestone massif of Pietrele (and the towns of Borsec and Gheorghe- Rosii (Ghinea 1998 p.3-316). But there is a ni) are confirmed as Hungarian bastions tradition of unity through the Hungarian (Table 2). Natural increase among the district name ‘Gyergyo’ (lacking an exact Romanians has probably been greater: in- equivalent in Romanian) which is com- deed, Table 3 shows natural decrease for monly used as a prefix to the Hungar- 1998-2000 in all Hungarian majority areas ian names for the principal settlements whereas the balance is positive in all the * Nicolae Muica, Geography Institute, Str. (Figure 1). predominantly Romanian areas except Dimitrie Racovita 12, 70307 Bucuresti 20, When Romanian administration Corbu and Subcetate. But there would Romania began after the First World War the also appear to have been some consolida- ** David Turnock, Geography Depart- upper Bistricioara (Bilbor, Borsec, Corbu, tion of the Hungarian population given ment, The University, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom Tulghes and the Bicaz area of Gheor- the absolute growth in Ditrau and Reme- 29 GEOGRAPHICA ANNONICA pzc Figure 1 The ‘Gyergyo’ region of northeastern Transylvania. Note that the essentials of the river system my be inferred from the road system and especially the highlighting of watershed sections for forest roads. tea communes (as well as the towns) and the substantial decline in many other Corbu and its and Region Corbu places. However this phenomenon needs further research in conjunction with the rural planning strategy for Harghita dur- ing the communist period. Table 3 shows a positive migration balance in terms of permanent residence (domicile) in Laza- rea and Remetea (also Subcetate) during 1998-2000 which even the three towns cannot match. Migration for temporary residence is positive in Borsec and Gheo- rgheni and in the industrial zone of Ga- lautas-Sarmas. However, it is interesting to see that when the census returns for 1992 are compared with the data on reli- gion in 1857 (when the Romanians would A Century of Rural Change in Northeastern Transylvania: Change Rural A Century of have been Orthodox or Uniate) there is a slight tendency towards polarisation over the 135 year period and a more consistent Romanian advance in the eastern part of the region than the west (Table 1). But while ethnic relations are an im- portant element in the geography, with an emphasis on peaceful coexistence (with mixed communities in most vil- lages and good neighbourly relations which extend to business partnerships), this study is motivated primarily by the data available from published field stud- ies carried out in 1933 and 1977 which help in building a perspective extending through the last century. The Romanian author has carried out fieldwork in recent years along with the UK author Table 1 Population trends by towns and communes 1857-1992 who organised the 1977 project - under Population Households Romanians1 Area2 the auspices of British ‘Geographical 1857 1880 1910 1930 1966 1992 1930 1992 1857 1992 1977 Field Group’ (Turnock et al. 1980) - and Borsec 542 1416 1862 2166 2750 3074 1103 1133 12.4 19.8 8.75 subsequently researched the earlier pro- Gheorgheni 5539 5503 8905 10355 13828 21433 5376 7149 1.7 10.6 22.27 gramme organised by the Le Play Soci- Toplita 3117 4276 7388 8314 10993 17212 2075 5270 83.9 69.2 33.97 ety (Fleure & Pelham 1936). Pastoralism Bilbor 696 996 1351 1670 2732 2930 402 782 92.4 97.4 22.73 is dominant, for the upper Bistricioara is Corbu 902 1146 1396 1571 2125 1622 362 579 80.5 84.4 14.05 close to the limits of cultivation - with Ditrau 4404 5420 6144 6785 6476 6772 1561 2270 6.7 3 11.45 agriculture severely constrained by Galautas 7573 9713 12543 1591 2509 2771 389 829 88.5 72.1 2.94 relief as well as climate and necessarily Lazarea 2728 3216 4753 4889 4454 3727 1337 1157 3.1 1.2 8.09 limited largely to maize and potatoes Remetea 3316 4252 6207 6796 5830 6582 2251 1585 1.0 0.5 10.60 (the average annual temperature at Sarmas 1109 1123 1597 2066 4026 4283 477 1403 88.5 77.7 7.01 Bilbor - at the head of the Bistricioara Subcetate 8923 11413 14753 2297 2667 2347 578 759 98.2 94.7 5.11 - is 4deg.C (14deg in July and -6deg in Tulghes 1651 2501 3879 3883 4663 3780 872 686 44.2 64.3 22.67 January). This typical Carpathian valley Total 25653 31961 46211 52383 63053 76533 16783 23602 30.5 38.0 169.64 system contrasts with the extensive flat- 1 Percentage of the total population: 1857 by religion and 1992 by nationality; 2 thousand ha; 3 Until floored depressions threaded by Mures 1930 Galautas was included in Subcetate. The Geography Institute estimated Galautas share of the and Olt rivers in the west of the district. 1910 population to be virtually 46% of the total andthis proportion has been applied to the 1853 and And, links across to old frontier to Piatra 1880 figures; Note that Joseni (shown in Figure 1) is not coverd by the statistics Source: Census Reports (re-issued in the case of 1857 and 1880) Neamt notwithstanding, it is here where 30 pzc GEOGRAPHICA ANNONICA Turnock, D. Turnock, N.Muica, the principal markets and opportunities Table 2 Population in the towns, communes and principal villages 1966/92 for non-agricultural employment lie; Town / 1966 1992 Percentage 1966 - Ratio with the completion of the railway arc Commune and change Village Total A B C Total A B C 1992 1966 1992 Brasov-Miercurea Ciuc-Toplita-Reghin- BORSEC 2750 364 2375 11 3074 609 2451 14 +11.8 6.50 4.00 Targu Mures-Turda in 1909 an important GHEORGHENI 13828 956 12765 107 21433 2265 18946 222 +55.0 13.40 8.40 benchmark for economic diversification.