IENTIFI( MERI£AN

[Entered at the Post 01llce ot New York, N. y" as Second Class Matter. Copyright. l!lO4. by Munn &; Co.)

Vol. XCI.-No. CEN'J'S A COPY EilTABLlSHED 1845.18'J NEW YORK, OCTOBER 29, 1904. ls$3.00 A YEA K.

Bottom View of One of the New All·Steel Cars. One of the Engines, Showing the Barometric Condensers.

The Great Subway Power Station with Five of the Eleven Engines and Generators in Place. Ultimate Capacity, 182,000 Horse-Power.

OPENING or TD NEW YORK RAPID TRANSIT SUlWAY.-[See J1R&e 297.] Scientific American OCTOBER :29, I9Q4.

Battery, and under the East River to Flatbush Avenue, rect-connected generatorf; of 800 k.ilowatts total ca· SCIENTIFIC AMER.ICAN Brooklyn, will be completed; and in anticipation of va city, and with a traveling crane overhead. l<�or the ESTABLISHED 1845 this, work will be begun at an early date upon the ex­ real estate, the construction of the dam, canal, and tension of this road by way of �''latbush Avenue to the !Jower house, and the complete equipment of the latter Ocean Parkway. With these three extensions under to develop SOO kilowatts, the all proximate cost was $190 MUNN 6. CO., Editors and Proprietors way, Greater New York should be in a fair way to keep per kilowatl of generator capacity. On another pace with the increasing traffic of the city for several small river a head of 23 feet waH created in part by a years to come. natural fall in the bed rock of the stream, and in part Published Weekly by a masonry dam. From one end of this dam a steel at ,...... penstock was carried to a brick power house nearby. COST OF ELECTRIC WATER POWER PLANTS. No. 361 Broadway, New York This power house was equipped with direct-connected The cost of water-driven electric plants per kilowatt water wheels and generators, and with transformers capacity varies much with the nature of the fall, the for an output of 1,500 kilowatts. For this complete TERJIIIS '1'U S(JBSUR1BERS type of the hydraulic development, and the amount of hydraulic and electric plant the approximate cost was One copy� one year for the United.. States. Canada. or Monco ...... $3.00 Olle copy, one year. to any foreign country� postage prepaId. £0 168. 5d. 4.00 head. $160 per kilowatt of generator capacity. THE SUIEN1'IFIU llME1'lOAN PUBLICATIONS. For a given head of water the natural, vertical fall For a hydro-electrie plant of 800 kilowatts oopacity, 30 Scientific Amer�can \Estab1ished 1�4b) .. .. " .. \;'" ...... $�.OO a ��ar costs least to develop per unit of power. Next in with a water head of feet. the total cost will be (}�...Jstabhshed: 18;6) "...... d'UO 8CIentitic AmerlCan Supplement . . economy of construction is a plant whose head of $175 SCientific American Building �o.nthJy c�st�b1ished}885) " �. .1U :: about per kilowatt, as it now appears when lliJstabhshed 18.8)...... •. . u.OU SCientIfic American Export J:jJda,lDll . water is derived from a short series of steep rapids. 'l'he combined subscription rates and rates to fOrelgn countries w1U nearly completed. In this case a concrete dam cre· be furnished upon application. r C For either of these cases the only dam necessary is Remit by postal or express m d r a ates the smaller part of the head, and the greater part �u�W 1 'co.?K6r ; O � ;: ·ork. : � �!. ��:' � a low one at the head of the falls or rapids, to gather is due to a natural fall and rapids in the river bed. the water into penstocks that drop to the generating To connect the water behind the dam with the power 29, 1904. NEW YORK, SATURDAY, OCTOBER station. house below these rapids, a canal more than 1,000 feet If the fall is vertical, the length of penstock need long is employed. The power house is of masonry con­ The Editor is always glad 10 receive for examination illustrated he little more than the height, and the generating struction. the wheels and generators are direct con· articles on snbjects ot timely interest. If the photograph" are station may be close to the foot. Even in the case 8/1arp, the artIcles short, and the facts authentic, the contri lJutions nected, and there are no step-up transformers. In will receive special attention, Accepted artICles will be paid for of steep rapids the length of penstocl, from their head at regular space rates. contrast with the above figures. a certain plant with a to the power house at the foot may be on'1y a few rods. head of about 450 feet'is reported to have cost about - -_--=---=------____ -_ --cc===== As the rapids or low falls are scattered from several $30 per kilowatt capacity, exclusive of the electrical INAUGURATION OF THE RAPID TRANSIT SUBWAY. thousand feet to several miles along a stream, the equipment. With the opening of the Rapid Transit Subway, New necessary penstock, to bring water from their head York city is placed in possession of what is undoubted· and deliver it to a power house at their foot, lengthens TO STIMULATE CHEMICAL DISCOVERY. $25,000 ly,the most complete and up·to·date system of rapid into a pipe line. In such a case a canal may be used The California Grape' Acid Association offers transit to be found in any part of the world. This is instead of a pipe line, and the penstock may still be to any person who will devise a process to utilize due to the fact that it was planned on an ambitious a short pipe, that connects the end of the canal with grapes for grape acid, and in evidence of good faith scale, that the engineers were not hampered by any the power hOUF:e. Whether the canal or the pipe line has deposited this amount in the hands of a San Fran· exacting considerations of economy, and that being the is used, the cost of the development per' unit of power cisco banker, to be paid to the successful discoverer 0) latest of the great subway systems to be opened, it has will increase materially with the length. the process. tht advantage of the experience that has been gained If the bed of the stream has only a moderate de­ On the Pacific coast, especially in California, are un· in London, Budapest, Paris, and Berlin. scent of five or ten feet per mile, it will probably be limited tracts adarted to the profitable CUltivation of To the SCIENTIFIC AMERICA:N the auspicious inaugu­ cheaper to build a comparatively high dam and set gT'apRS, only a small proportion being employed at this ration of this great work is peculiarly gratifying; for the water back a few miles, than to dig a canal or lay time. owing to the limited demand in the United States from the time that the present plans took practical a pipe line to carry the discharge of the stream over for products of the vineyard. It is estimated that shape, this journal has been a most earnest advocate the same distance. Near the foot of such a dam at California alone could easily, were all the land avail­ of the construction of just such a road as has now one end, a power house may be located and supplied able planted to grapes, supply twenty times the present been opened. There is also a sentimental interest at­ with water through short penstocl,s much as in the demand for fruit, wine. brandy, or raisins. Compared taching to the event, in the fact that the very first case of a natural, vertical fall. with Europe, the consumption of wine in the United attempt at the construction of an underground system, For a given head of water, the erection of a dam to States is infinitesimally smalL California, for instance, and the plans therefor, were due to the initiative of one create that head" or the construction of a long pipe produces 30,000,000 gallons of wine yearly, which would of the Editors and proprietors of this journaL Indeed, line or canal for the purpose of maintaining a head, supply only two-thirds of the annual consumption of sE,veral hundred feet of subway was constructed and are the most costly types of development. If, however, the 450,000 inhabitants living in Rome; the capital of still exists below Broadway at City Hall Park. That the pipe line, though several miles in length, supplies Italy. early effort, made in the year 1870, was doomed to fail· water to the wheels at a very high head, 'the cost of the In all vineyard products the normal market condi· ure, mainly because the electric motor had not yet development may be very moderate per horse-power. tions of the country indicate an over-supply; but could made its appearance, and' the public was not educated This fact is illustrated in many of the California the list of products of the vine be increased in num· up to the advantages of subway traveL plants, at one of which a head of more than 1,900 feet bers, the advantage both to the country and to agricul· On an occasion like the present, with the road actu­ on the wheels is maintained by a pipe line several ture would be great. The United States is now, prac· ally completed and in successful operation, we are apt miles long. tically dependent upon European chemists and wine to accept the result with but little consideration of the Perhaps the most important single factor bearing on countries for its supplies of cream of tartar and tar· vast amount of patience, technical skill, far-sighted the cost of water power development is the available taric acid, both derived from argol, which is the lees prescience, and unbounded faith, that were necessary head. As a rule, the cost of the development per unit of wine, and imported in great quantities. Cream of on the part of the sponsors of this great engineering oj' power will increase as the head decreases, other tartar is an essential element in the manufacture of and financial undertaking. Acknowledgments are cer­ factors remaining the same. The lower the head, the the best qualities of baldng powder. No substitute "has tainly due to the members of the Rapid Transit Com­ greater must usualiy he the mass of the dam, the yet been discovered that does not deteriorate the qual­ mission, with Alexander K Orr at their head, for the larger must be the canal, penstocks, and power house, ity of baking powder made from it. rc therefore, large amount of time that they have given, entirely and the heavier must be the water wheels and electric cream of tartar could be manufactured' direct ''from w'ithout compensation, to serving the best interests of generators, per horse-power developed. For wheels grape juice, instead of from wine lee's, this eotmtry ' the city; to William Barclay Parsons, the Chief Engi­ a'nd generators the weight per unit of output de­ would at once become independent of Eu�ope, and in neer of the Commission, and his staff of assistants, creases as the speed of revolution increases, and this time an exporter. The vineyardists would find' an out· for having shown such good judgment in the planning speed goes up with the head of water. The mass of let for all the grapes they could raise, and lahh�' now and carrying out of this great piece of engineering the dam, and the sizes of the canal andpehstocks, in­ unproduetive could be made to yield vrofitable hops. work under conditions that were extremely trying, and crease with the volume of water to be handled, and To stimulate this important discovery, the associktiOll in many cases entirely without precedent in their pro­ this volume grows larger as the head decreases per offers the large reward, to the end that California ' 20 fession; to John B. Macdonald, who provided the plant horse-power of capacity. grapes, now worth ten dollars a ton, and contairifng and vast organization for the execution of the work, With heads that range from as low as 10 up to nearly per cent of saccharine, may be utilized to produce gl'apf' and has redeemed his pledge to complete this $35,000,- 2,000 feet, created in some cases by natural falls, in acid. The association realizes also that if a 'Jheap 000 contra.ct practically within the contract time; and others by canals or pipe lines miles in length, and method of producing grape acid is discovered, other la­ finally, to August Belmont and his associates, who, at in still others entirely by dams, the cost of hydro-elec· tent products, now unl,nown or unsuspected,- may be a time when the Rapid Transit Commissioners were tric plants is subject to wide variations. In a' very evolved that will be of benefit to the agriculttii;isf very doubtful as to whether they could secure a bidder general way it may be said that a complete water Prof. Hilgard, director of the Agricultunil ' peri­ :with the courage and 'the resources necessary for such power development with its eleetric generating station ment Station at the University of California, El:� writes a gr�at and comparatively untried piece of work, step­ will cost anywhere from $50 to more than $300 per that "the possible production of tartaric acid from ' ped into the' breach, and provided the vast sums of kilowatt of capacity. Somewhere about midway be­ grape juice by means of the act on 'of a special fer­ 'i money that were called for. tween these extremes the cost of the majority of hydro­ ment I regard as one of the most hopeful methods for It is gratifying to know that at the very time when electric plants will be found. The figures just named the attainment of the end in view, even thollgh no these twenty-one miles of additional transit facilities tJave nothing to do with the cost of transmission or such ferment has as yet been discovered. A close are being opened to the public, the Rapid Transit Com­ distribution lines, which depends on factors that are investigation of the manner in which tartaric acid is missioners ' have elaborate plans made for further ex­ but little influenced by the type of water ower devel­ formed in the grape itself would be an importaIit step p ' tensions of the system. The growth of New York city, opment. While these very general statements of cost toward the desired result." and the increasing percentage of its inhabitants that for water power plants have a limited value, a knowl· As the consumption of wine and raisins in the nse the various systems of transportation, render neces­ edg-e of costs under definite conditions of develorment United 13tates is now below the normal production of sary further extensions ofOthe Subway, in order to is much more useful. Several examples are therefore these articles, the discovery of processes in whjch a cope with the steadily increasing volume of traveL given of the costs of plants that have been constructed wider diversity of products of the vineyard mi?ht re­ ]i'irst in order of importance comes the projected line and are in operation, but the names of these plants are sult would 'extend vine planting to a much greater Ilelow Lexington Avenue, which will give to the east withheld for obvious reasons. humber of. acres and encourage the development of ' side of New York facilities similar to those enjoyed In one case a head of 14 feet was created almost regions now practically unproductive. The offer of the by the west side. With this should be named the line entirely by the erection of a stone masonry dam across association has excited the attention of a large number beneath Broadway from Forty-second Street to the a small river. From one end of this dam a short canal of European scientists, who have submitted papers de­ Post Office; or if that is not deemed advisable, the several hundred feet long conveys the water to the scriptive of the methods they advocate. All such will line down Seventh Avenue, intersecting the new Penn­ electric generating !'Itation on the river bank below. be carefully demonstrated by the committee to whictl sylvania station at Thirty·third Street. Within two The station building is constructed of stone, concrete, they have been referred. A conclusion will he an­ year�' time t.1l� extension from t\:l,e City Hall to the brick. and steel, with a. fioor area. suflicient for two di- nounced before the close of the year 1904 Scientific America.n. OCTOBER 29, 1904·

A NEW PROCESS OF MAKING TRICHROMATIC LANTERN two arc specially interesting, as they are also variable the interval, it will then appear about twicc as bright SLIDES. stars. But the observations of greatest immediate as it does now. Mr. Fred E. Ives, president of the Camera Club in interest deal with a star whose name is familiar to Following it back III the same way, we find that this city, recently explained his new method of mak· all-Alpha Centauri-and advance our knowledge of 100,000 years ago it was three times as far off as it is ing tricolored slides in a simple way, which would its system to a point hardly reached in any other now, and only one-tenth as bright as at present. cause the picture on the screen to appear in the colors case. The present pre-eminence of Alpha Centauri is there­ of nature. He stated that it was an improvement over Alpha Centauri is a remarkable object in many ways. fore only a short-lived affair, if we count time by the the process he employed in 1891, in which gelatine· It is one of the very brightest stars in the sky­ lives of stars, and not of men. An average star prob­ coated celluloid films were used, each colored and then coming next after Sirius and Canopus-and has a ably keeps shining for many millions of years, and combined to form one slide. larger proper motion than any other bright star. It is long before this time has passed. Alpha Centauri will The new way was styled a compromise process, be· also a fine double, whose components are at a greater have disappeared so far into the depths of'space, that cause it combined certain features of the half-tone apparent distance than those of any other known thousands of stars will then be nearer the solar sys­ process with pure photography. binary system; and,' as is well known, it is nearer the tem, and appear brighter, than it will. In order to show that the same coloring as sun than any other star yet investigated. Encke's comet-remarkable for its very · short· period was obtained on celluloid could be obtained Summarizing what is known from observations of of 3 1-3 years-is due to return this winter, and was with prints made directly on glass by printing this system, we may say: The system of Alpha "picked up" telescopically last month.:; It is now from half-tone process negatives, he threw on the Centauri consists of two stars, of the first and second rapidly approaching the earth and sun, and' will be screen a photomicrographic enlargement of a portion magnitudes, which revolve about one another or, brightest early in December, ,when it may be visible of a half-tone trichromatic print, and blended the colors strictly speaking, about their common center of grav­ to the naked eye. On October 20 it was noC far from into smooth tints by throwing it out of focus on the ity, in a decidedly elliptical orbit, highly inclined to Alpha Andromeda), while early in December it will screen, stating that it would only be necessary to the line of sight, with a period of 81 years, and at a be near Altair. We hope to be able to give a more make the line and dot structure sUfficiently fine, in mean distance of 17.7 seconds of arc, while the whole accurate account of its motion next month. order to obtain the optical effect of such continuous system has a rectilinear proper motion of 3.68 sec. Tln� HEAV�;NS. shading without throwing the image out of focus. per year. The familiar winter constellations are now return­ In the new process, the peacock blue print is made From the relative distances of the two components ing to our evening skies. At 9 P. M. on November 15 with smooth shading, in the manner originally pro­ from the center of gravity, it is found that they are Orion has just risen, and is almost due east. About posed by him in .1889, described as "A New Principle very nearly equal in mass, though one is twice as it is Taurus, with the bright red star Aldebaran, and in Heliochromy;"· but the crimson and yellow prints bright as the other. the Pleiades higher up. Gemini lies low on the hori­ are made from half-tone process negatives, in bichro­ The careful determinations of this star's parallax zon north of Orion, and Auriga is above it. mated fish glue, by a very quick and simple process. made at the Cape Observatory enable us to translate Following the Milky Way from this, we reach Commencing with a trichromatic negative obtained by these dimensions into miles, and compare them with Perseus, then Cassiopeia, and, passing over the in­ the use of his one-plate one-exposure cameras, he makes, corresponding ones in our own system. conspicuous Cepheus, come to Cygnus, in the north­ by contact with the negative image produced through Using the value 0.75 sec. for the parallax, resulting west. Aquila is below this on the left, and Lyra on the the red screen, a positive on a bichromated gelatine from all the Cape observations, we find that the dis- right . lantern slide plate, ·and tints it a peacock blue by im­ . tance of Alpha Centauri from the sun is 275,000 astro­ The slluthern RIdes are less brilliant, except fol" mersion in a blue aniline dye solution. nomical units (that is, 275,000 times the distance of Jupiter and Saturn. The former is in Pisces, almost From the negative images made through the green the earth from the sun), a distance which it takes due south and pretty high up, and the latter in Capri­ and blue screens are made half-tone process negatives, light fOllr and one-third years to travel. cornus, low in the southwest. 200 lines to the inch, and from these are made prints The mean distance of the two components is 23.6 Andromeda is directly overhead, and Pegasus south­ in bichromated fish glue, by exposing a few seconds astronomical units, so that their orbit is a little larger west of it. The bright star low down in the S.S.W. is in sunlight and then washing in cold water, after than that of Uranus. As it is highly eccentric, the Fomalhaut. The southern and southeastern skies are which they are colored respectively by immersion in distance of the two stars varies from 11 to 36 astro­ occupied by Cetus and Eridanus, two of the dullest of crimson and yellow dye solutions. nomical units, so that sometimes they are almost as the constellations. Ursa Major is low on the northern The yellow print is made directly upon the surface near together as Saturn and the sun, and again a horizon, and Draco and Ursa Minor are below and to of the blue print, after the latter is dried and protected good deal farther apart than the sun and Neptune. the left of the pole. by a waterproof varnish, by coating it with a sensi­ The mass of the system comes out from these data THE PLANET8. tized bichromated gelatine film and printing in the as a little less than twice that of the sun. As the Mercury is evening star in Libra and Scorpio. He usual way, but the crimson print is made on the inner two stars are almost equally massive, either one of can only be seen in the latter part of the month, when side of what forms the cover glass of the finished Ian" them singly is very nearly the sun's equal in mass. he sets about an hour after the sun. Even then he tern slide, only the image is reversed as to position, When it comes to brightness, we find that the brighter is so far south that he will be hard to see. in order to have it blend or register when placed in one gives just about as much light as the sun, and Venus is evening star in Scorpio and Sagittarius, contact with the other two images. the fainter one less than half as much. As the spec­ and is visible in the southwest after dark. By the The coating of bichromated fish glue is spread and trum of the brighter component is exactly like the end of the month Bhe sets more than two hours after dried in a "whirler," making a very thin and even film, sun's, it is not unreasonable to suppose that it is really sunset, and is a conspicuous object, though not nearly and as the prints are developed from the face (unlilw almost a duplicate of our luminary. The fainter one as illuch so as she will be in the spring. carbon. prints), the .development is completed in from shows differences which indicate either that it is Mars is morning star in Virgo, crossing the me­ ten to thirty seconds, so that the process is a very cooler or that its atmosphere absorbs more of its light. ridian at 4:15· A. M. on the 15th. On the 26th he quick and reliable one. Finally, from the observed proper motion, we know passes very near the fourth-magnitude star 17 Virginis, As the films are all attached to glass, there is no that the velority of the system at right angles to the the distance of the two objects being about one-fourth danger of injury by the heat of the lantern, which is line of sight is 4.6 astronomical units a year, or about of the moon's apparent diameter. one of the objections to the celluloid film process. It 13 V:! miles a second. .Jupiter is in Pisces, and is conspicuous all the i� also not necessary to seal the films with balsam, How fast the motion is in the line of sight was not evening. He is due south about 10: 45 P. M. on the as was formerly required. known until the recent Lick observations were made. 1st, and 8: 40 on the 30th. His satellites are visible Considering the effect of the half-tone screen struc­ They show that both stars are approaching us, one with the smallest telescope; in fact, a good field-glass ture on the quality of the slide, it was explained that at 111/� miles a second, and the other at 15. will show them all when they are not too near the it is much less in evidence than it would be if the It might seem at first sight that if they were mov­ planet. blue image were made in that way, and that it was not ing at different rates, they must ultimately become Saturn is evening star in Capricornus. On the 7th likely to be noticed unless a person was very close to widely separated; but the observed difference is due he is in quadrature with the sun, and is due south at the lantern screen. Several slides made by the im­ to their orbital motion about one another. In fact, 6 P. M. proved process were projected upon the screen, and it enables us to get a new determination of the star's Uranus is in Sagittarius, too near the sun to be th�ir clearness and transparency were quite notice­ distance; for we know how fast the stars are moving seen. Neptune is in Gemin'i, and will be in opposition able. (relatively to one another) and how long they take next month. ' THE l\100N. Since the process required the making of dUplicate to go round. Consequently, we can find the size of half-tone negatives, Mr. Ives thought it was not adapt­ the orbit and, since we know how big it looks, how far New moon occurs at 10: 28 A. M. on the 7th, first ed for the amateur, but it would be useful in a com­ off the system is. quarter at 7: 27 P. M. on the 14th, full moon at 10: 04 mercial sense. The method was less expensive than This calculation has been made by one of the Lick P. M. on the 22d, and last quarter at 2: 30 A. M. on hand coloring now in vogue. astronomers, with the result 0.76 sec. for the parallax the 30th. The moon is nearest us on the 5th, and He exhibited one colored slide· of a farm scene, hav­ of the system. The agreement with the value 0.75 sec., farthest away on the 17th. She is in conjunction with ing much green foliage, brilliantly sunlit, the nega­ found at the Cape in a wholly different way, is ex­ Mars on the 3d, Mercury on the 7th, Venus on the tive of which he said was made in one second with a tremely satisfactory, and satisfies us that the distance 9th, Uranus on the 10th, Saturn on the 14th, .Jupiter new camera. The colors were very well rendered, and of this system is now known within one or two per on the 19th, and Neptune on the 25th, none of the con­ it was an interesting example of the improved sensi­ cent, and that the numbers given are approximately junctions being notably close. tiveness to colors of the later trichromatic dry plates. correct. .. � ... These observations also enable us to predict the ROMANCE OF A SCIENTIFIC AGE. THE HEAVENS IN NOVEMBER. future motion of the star. Th e system as a whole is RY HENRY NOltRIS RtrS1:'IELL, PIl.D. approaching us at about 13¥! miles a s�cond, and also Mr. Robert Bridges, in an article on "Is Poetry to One of the most interesting astronomical items of moving sidewise at nearly the same rate. Have a Chance?" in Collier's, says: the last month has been the first bulletin of results It follows that its actual motion relative to the sun "To sail under the sea or through the air, to talk from the Lick Observatory expedition to Chili. This takes place along a line making an angle. of 45 deg. through space, to see thrdugh flesh and bone, to make enterprise owes its existence to the generosity of Mr. with the line at present joining the sun ·and star, at light out of darkness, to harness Niagaras, to make Mills, who, not contented with presenting to the ob­ the rate of 19 miles a second, or 61A.astronomical units wax speak and pictures move-these have been the servatory the spectrograph with which so many valu­ a year. Calculation shows that the effects of the sun's deeds of the poets of our generation. The things that able observations of the northern s':ars have been attraction are small enough to neglect, so that we can 'V.'lre dreamed of in the 'Arabian Nights' have become made, has duplicated his gift, so that the work could assume as a good approximation that the star will realities-and yet they say this is a prosaic age! It is be carried on simultaneously in both hemispheres. keep on moving uniformly in this line indefinitely. seething with romance; young men talk the impossible An observatory has been built on a hill near Santiago, Now the nearest point, in this line to the sun is on street corners and across little tables-and then and work has been going on for about a year, directed about 200,000 astronomical units ahead of the present wake it come true. The spirit of achievement is the principally to measurement of the motions of stars in position of Alpha Centauri. Theretore the star will spirit of imagination and hope. These men delight to the line of sight. approach the sun for about 30,000 years more, when live, delight to plan, and dream, and hammer out re­ The recent communication announces the discovery it will be at its least distance (about 200,000 astro­ sults. Nothing staggers them-and failure or suCoeSIl of a number of spectroscopic binaries, among whiCh nomical units). It its brightness has not changed in is greeted with Ii, smiliui face:' Scientific American OCTOB�R �9, t904·

DEVICE FOR PULLING TACKS AND NAILS :FROM PNEU· from side to side The rays from these reflectors all may be discharged. The burning chamber Is connect· . MATIC TIRES. converge to the one steel crucible furnace set in their ed by means of a number of gas entrances, D, with an The accompanying illustration shows a useful little common focus,' and Prof. Himalaya is perfectly satis­ annular gas conduit, E, formed in the wall of the kiln. device for aiding in protecting automobile and carriage fied that he Will secure temperatures higher than This conduit communicates with a number of gas­ tires from puncture. The idea und-erlYin� the con­ 3,500 deg. C. This is the fourth apparatus of the kind generating furnaces, F. In operation th� gas gener­ struction of the device is to withdraw a tack or nail that he has built, although none of the predecessors ated passes into the burning chamber, to burn therein immediately after it is picked up by the tire, and have been so ambitious. The first was erected at and thus reduce the limestone to produce lime. The Paris in 1900, the second at Lisbon in 1902. lime g"'adually settles downward into the cooling With the Lisbon apparatus, which was much chamber, from which it may be removed through the smaller than the one at St. Louis, a tempera­ openings, C. In the meantime lime can be continually ture of 2,000 deg. C. was obtained. fed into the upper end of the stack. In case it is de­ ••• I .. sired to stop the burning of the lime in any portion A NeW" Alloy. of the kiln, the gas is cut off from the corresponding Details have now been published of the new gas entrance by means of a valve, preferably a fire- metal alloy which has been discovered by two Tuscan engineers named Travaglian and Fabi· ani, and been duly patented. The new metal is called by the discoverers "radium argenti­ ferum," and is composed of copper, iron, and infinitesimal portions of silver, radium, and phosphorus, though the fundamental secret of the invention lies in the. phosphorus. The principal advantages of this alloy are claimed to be greater strength than steel, freedom from oxidation, while it is a better conductor NAIL-PULLING DEVICE FOR PNEUMATIC TIRES. than copper, and can be manufactured in large quantities at one-tenth of the cost of before it has had time, during several revolutions of bronze. The discovery was mainly the result of aIL the wheel, to become deeply, imbedded. A wire frame, accident. The inventors had made ceaseless experi­ bent to conform to the contour of the tire, is sup­ ments at a cost of $20,000, and were practically im­ ported upon a suitable bracket mounted on the chassis. poverished, when Travaglian, exasperated by' the de­ A small, flat spring presses the wire frame lightly but lay in the fusing of the metal after hours of boiling, firmly against the tire, with the result that when a threw a two-franc piece into the crucible. His im­ nail or tack sticking in the tire strikes it, such nail or petuosity solved the problem, for the addition of the tack 'is likely to be quickly pulled out before it has silver in the coin brought about the desired fusion. done serious damage. The device is very useful to •. e.a automobilists for protecting their tires from puncture. IMPROVED,LIME KILN. • An improved lime has recently been invented, • • kiln A SOLAR REDUCING FURNACE. which allows of continuous working, and also is so ar­ BY THE s't'. LOUIS CORRESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC A')fERICAN. ranged that the burning of the limestone may be shut Not far from the Horticultural Building there stands off for a time without requiring that the fires be drawn a massive framed steel structure, which, during its in the furnaces. The stack of the lime kiln is lined with erection, was the subject of much speculative comment firebrick, and in the upper portion is provided with among visitors to the fair. It was designed and erect­ charging doors for the introduction of the limestone. IMPROVED LIME KILN. ed by Prof. M_ A. Gomes Himalaya. and its object is In the accompanying engraving, which shows a sec­ to obtain extraordinarily high temperatures by utiliz­ tion of the kiln, one of these doors is indicated at Lt, brick, G, which closes communication between the gas ing the reflected heat of the sun. Its object, indeed, and the top of the stack is closed by a cover. The entrance and "the conduit, E. If it is desired to stop is the direct opposite to that of the low-tempera­ cover may be raised to discharge the gases by drawing the burning completely, for a day, or a few days, with­ ture exhibit of the British Royal Commission, the cord shown, which extends to the ground. In the out drawing the fires on the grates, it is only necessary which is to be found at the opposite end of the lower portion of the stack is a "entral distributer, B, to close all the valves, thus preventing the draft from grounds. The inventor hopes to secure temperatures which forms with the wall of the kiln an annular passing up through the grates and causing the fuel far beyond any that have yet been recorded; these passage. The upper portion of the passage is the thereon to burn slowly without generating much gas. -tilmperatures to be utilized inside of a reducing fur­ burning chamber, and the lower portion constitutes A number of peepholes are provided in the sides of nace for experimental purposes. It is expected that the cooling chamber. Air passages extend through the kiln, to permit inspecting progress of the burning, temperat1:tr-es even hibher than those obtained in the the distributer, as shown, for regulating the heat in and to allow of introducing stirring rods in case the electrical furnace will be secured. According to Prof. the stack. The cooling chamber is provided with a material becomes choked in the stack. Mr. D. H. Gib- Himalaya 3,500 deg. C. is the highest recorded tempera­ number of outlets, 0, through which the burnt lime 50n, of Seattle, Wash., Box 1516, is the inventor of ture, this having been ac­ this improved lime kiln. tually measured by Prof. .." . Violle. This is the normal �-fl-e-Wound Wooden temperature of the ebulli­ PIpe. tion of carbon, just as 100 Last April the Canadian rleg. C. is the normal tem­ Pipe Company installed a nerature of the ebullition new plant for the manu· of water. facture of wire-wound The structure consists wooden pipe, since which of a L1assive A-frame, the time between thirty and apex of the frame being forty carloads of pipe supported axially near the have been shiPped to the ground level, and the base Nort h west· Territories, supported axially at its cen­ Manitoba, and Vancouver ter on a stiff latticed col­ Island, and other orders umn. Within this frame are on hand which will be and capable of adjustment filled within a very short at right angles to its axis time. It is claimed that is a second latticed frame, this pipe is superior, for at one end of which is a water-supply purposes, to large reflector, and at the iron pipe and can be fur­ other end, in the focus of nished at less than half the reflector, a steel cruci­ the price. Besides this, it b
e or box in which the sub­ is much lighter to handle stance to be reduced is and is not so liable to placed. The top of the re­ burst upon freezing as flector is 42 feet above the pipe made of iron. Large ground. The width along quantities of this pipe are the top edge is about 35 being put into use by mill feet, the depth along each owners and mining engi­ side is 35 feet, and the neers in lieu of flumes, as width across the base is its use results in the sav­ 18 feet. ing of water and repair. The reflector is built up This new industry seems of 6,170 elementary re­ to have a good future b& flectors, each of which fore it. measures 122 millimeters .. I • r. by 100 millimeters. These Although iron pYrites reflectors are arranged and copper pyrites are die­ side by side in parallel ficult to distingUish under· rows, being attached' by ground by candle light they threaded standards to a are separated visually by series of parallel angle the use of the bluish-white irons, Which run hori· CHEMICAL EUBNACE FOR OBTAINING HIGH TEMPERATURES BY CONCENTRATING THE REFLECTED flame of. magnesium wire lWntaUy_aeross the frame ltAYS OF THE SUN. or the acetylene light. Scientific American

PASSENGER LOCOMOTIVE WITH VANDERBILT TENDER. measuring 5� inches by 10 inches. In a light condi· OPENING OF THE NEW YORK RAPID TRANSIT One of the novel features that arrested immediate tion the tender weighs 46,740 pounds. Fully loaded SUBWAY. attention in the Transportation Building at the with coal and water, its weight is 136,450 pounds, or On October 27 the Rapid Transit Subway of this city World's Fair, was the new type of locomotive tender, 68 tons, which, by the way, was the weight of a good­ was formally opened with simple but dignified cere­ designed by Cornelius Vanderbilt, which was shown sized locomotive not so very many years ago. The monies that took place in the City Hall. Mr. Alexander on several fine locomotives of modern design. The one water capacity is 7,000 gallons, and the coal capacity E. Orr, representing the Rapid Transit Commission, herewith selected for illustratioh was built by the 14 tons. formally handed over the road to the Mayor, and after Baldwin Locomotive Company for the Union Pacific The advantages of the Vanderbilt tender are many. a party of invited guests had made a trip over the sys­ Railroad Company, and is known as the Pacific tyP€. For its capacity and weight the cylindrical form is the tem, the sale of tickets commenced at seven o'clock The locomotive has cylinders 22 inches in diameter strongest that can be used. Its transverse strength is in the evening, and the citizens of New York were by 28 inches stroke, connected to the middle pair of so great that, in spite of its length of over 26 feElt, the thus placed in possession of this splendid addition the six-coupled to its travel- driving wheels, ing facilities. 77 inches in di­ In our issue ameter. Th e of September total weight of 10 we gave an the engine is illustrated de­ 222,520 pounds. scription, deal­ It is carried as ing with the 141,- follows: general f eat - 290 pounds on ures of the the d r i v in g road, its route, 37,330 wheels, can struction, pounds on the equipment, and front t r u c k, method of op­ 43,900 and eration, and to pounds on the t hat article trailers. The re f e r ence is boiler is of the now made for straight type, the fuller de­ with a diam­ tails which it 70 e t e r 0 f is not neces­ inches and a sary to elabor· working pres­ ate here. 200 sure of For_the same capacity there is a saving of 7� tons on a Standard 'l3·ton tender. In no city' pounds to the of the world square inch. PASSENGER LOCOMOTIVE WITH THE VANDERBILT CYLINDRICAL TENDER. is there an The total heat- undergr 0 u n d ing surface is 3,053 square feet, and the grate area tank is quite capable of carrying its load of 29 tons of railroad that can compare in size, capacity, and speed 49.5 square feet. water without any center support, and, consequently, with this. The total length of the line is 24.7 miles, It will be seen from this description that the engine the underframe can be made very much lighter than of which 19 miles is underground and 5.7 miles is is of a standard type. The tender, however, departs would be necessary in a tender of the same capacity carried on an elevated structure. It includes 6.7 very broadly from the old lines with which we are but of the rectangular shape. The frame need only be miles of four-track, 7.4 miles of three-track, and 10.6 familiar. The water tank, instead of being of the rect­ made strong enough to withstand the p.ulling and push­ miles of two-track road. If we include 5 miles of angular pattern, is cylindrical. It is built of 14-inch ing stresses of the engine, and, as compared with the switches and sidings, there is a total track mileage steel, and measures 8 feet in diameter by 23 feet in standard type of frame, it is remarkably narrow and of 70 miles. The contract was let four years ago for length. It is carried on a narrow frame, which for light. In a comparison of two tenders, one rectangular $35,000,000, this being the amount necessary for the reasons given below is much lighter than that of the and the other cylindrical, and each carrying 7,000 gal­ construction of the road. The equipment, power sta· ordinary type of tender. The length over bumpers is lons of water and 14 tons of coal, there is a saving at' tion, etc., cost $12,000,000 more, making the total cost 26 feet 3% inches. At about the mid-length of the about 7� tons of weight in favor of the Vanderbilt $47,000,000. tank there is a plate-steel saddle, which serves to sup­ type. A further advantage is that the fuel is located TherEl are two classes of service, express and local; port the rear end of the coal hopper. The latter occu· at the forward end of the tank, immediately at the the former using the two inside tracks, and the latter vies the space above the forward half of the tender, back of the foot·plate, and, therefore, in the most con­ the two outside tracks of the four-track road. Ex­ and it is of a general rectangular form, with a sloping venient position for the firemen. press trains, which will run at a speed of about 25 bottom arranged at the proper pitch to give a free de­ • • • miles an hour including stops, are made up of eight livery. of the coal to the foot-plate. The trucks are of The British consul at Bahia states that ropes made cars, of which five are motor cars. The local trains, the arch-bar, simplex bolster type, with cast·iron, steel­ from the fiber of the caroa plant will soon rival the which will have a speed of about 16 miles an hour, in· tired wheels, 3iVh inches in diameter, the journals best manila. cluding stops, are made up of six cars, four of which

SECTIONAL VIEW OF THE SUBWAY POWER STATION.

Width, 200 teet; length, 694 feet. Scientific American

are moter cars. The motor cars carry two 200-horse­ citeI' engines, which would bring up the total horse­ Automobn.. Note•.

power motors each. or 400 to the car, or 2,000 for the power for this station to a maximum capacity, when One of the automobile novelties at the St. Louis fair express trains. On tangents the expresses will attain pushed to the utmost, of 132,000. is a self-moving lunch wagon. Besides the usual a maximum speed of about 50 miles an hour. Special The main engines are each made up of two compon­ cooking paraphernalia of a lunch wagon, this one is precaution has been taken to safeguard the passengers. ent compound engines, driving a common sllaft, upon fitted with a 25-horse-power gasoline motor and trans­ The wooden cars have steel underbodies, and these which is carried the :i ,OOO-kilowaU generator. The mission, and is mounted on rubber-tired artillery will gradually be replaced by all-steel cars, built with high-pressure cylinders are placed horizontally and wheels, on which it rolls about at from four to ten a view to rendering them both fireproof and collision the low pressure vertically, each pair connecting to a miles an hour. The wagon is illuminated at night proof, the cars being of a modified vestibuled type, with common crank pin. The high-pressure cylinders are by thirty electric lights. special construction at the ends to prevent telescoping. 42 inches in diameter, the low-pressure 86 inches in An interesting motor-boat race is scheduled to take A block signal system, which includes the latest re­ diameter, and the common stroke is 60 inches. This place on Saturday, October 29, on the Hudson River, finements in the way of automatic stops at the signals, is for each cylinder, as compared with the Manhattan when Mr. Frank Croker's new boat, which was built absolutely preventing a train running into a block engines, a reduction in diameter of 2 inches, the stroke by the Herreshoffs and has been fitted with a 90- when the signals are against it, has been installed, being the same and the revolutions per minute, 75, horse-power Mercectes engine, will race the "Challen­ and it is likely that the enviable record of the ele­ being also similar. The steam pressure of the Rapid ger"-the boat which went to England to race for the vated roads in respect of the small number of acci­ Transit Subway engines is 175 pounds, as against Harmsworth cup. The race is to be run from New dents, will be surpassed on the Subway system. 150 pounds for the earlier engines. The low-pressure York to Poughkeepsie and back, a total distance of The present article is devoted more particularly to and the high-pressure piston rods are both 10 inches 140 miles. As it is the first long-distance event of this the great power stat ion, which has been built at in diameter, and the crankpin is 20 inches in diameter. character to be held in America, it will no doubt be Fifty-ninth Street and the North River, the spot being an increase of 2 inches over the dimensions of the watched with great interest by many. chosen for its central location with regard to the dis­ Manhattan engines. The low-pressure valves are tribution of the current, and because of the facilities single-ported Corliss, and the high-pressure valves are Two handbooks that will be found very useful to afforded for water transportation, and transportation of the poppet type. At the journals the shaft is 34 the intending purchaser of an automobile and the by rail on the New York Central Railroad tracks, which inches in diame ter, and the length of the journals is confirmed user respectively are the "Handbook of run past the power house. The building occupies an 60 inches. Gasoline Automobilel1" and , the "Automobile Laws of entire block, and measures 200 feet in width by 694 The guarantees of the engines specify that they All the States." In the former book no less than sev­ feet in length. It is divided longitudinally by a cen­ must be capable of operating continuously, when enty-six of the latest types of leading American anfl tral wall into two portions. The northern half, 117 indicating 11,000 horse-power, without producing ab­ foreign gasoline motors are illustrated. and their main feet in width, is known as the operating room, while normal wear, jar, noise, or other objectionable results. specifications given, thus making it possible to readily the southerly half, 83 feet in width, is the boiler house. They are to be so proportioned that if desired they compare them and rletermine which one suits a person As will be seen from our accompanying sectional draw­ can be operated with a steam pressure at the throttle the best. The pamphlet of State laws regulating auto­ ing, the operating room or engine house is built with of 200 pounds above atmospheric pressure. They must mobiles has been compiled by the Automobile Club of galleries extending the whole length on each side, also operate successfully under 175 pounds pressure, America. It contains the laws of all those States those on the northerly side containing the electrical should the temperature of the steam be maintained at which have passed legislation on this subject, and it apparatus, those on the southerly side being occupied the throttle at from 450 to 500 degrees. Finally, the will consequently be found very useful to tourists, as " chiefly by the steam-pipe equipment. When the plant engine must not require more than 121,4 pounds of dry it will aid them in determining in advance whether it is entirely completed, it will contain six sections. steam per indicated horse-power per hour when indi­ is necessary to procure a license and number before Each section, with the exception of the turbine cating 7,500 horse-power at 75 revolutions per minute, traveling through a given State. The necessity of section, consists of twelve boilers, two engines, with a vacuum of 26 inches at the low-pressure cylin­ having a separate number for each State (which is the each connected to a 5,000-kilowatt alternator, together ders, with a steam pressure at the throttle of 175 law in several of our principal States ) has ' become with the necessary condensing and boiler feed equip­ pounds, and with saturated steam at the normal tem­ such a nuisance to tourists that the National Associa­ ment, and a chimney, there being six chimneys in all. perature due to its pressure. tion of Automobile Manufacturers is about to take A novelty in respect of the last named is that they The turbo-generators for electric lighting consist of steps to stop it and to make one number with the are carried on the steel structure of the building, upon four Westinghouse-Parsons mUltiple-expansion, par­ initial letter of the home State serve for ali States a platform at an elevation of 76 feet above the base­ allel-flow turbines, each consisting of two turbines through which a car may pass. It is to be hoped that ment floor. The supporting columns for carrying the arranged in tandem-compound. The alternators will the Association will succeed in bringing about such a chimneys form part of the regular system of columns run at a speed of 1,200 revolutions per minute, and result. of the boiler house. The top of each chimney is 225 produce current at a pressure of 11,000 volts. Each The New York Juvenile Asylum, which now is lo­ feet above the gratebars, or 162 feet above the top of unit will have a normal output of 1,700 horse-power, cated in the Borough of Manhattan, will soon move to the supporting platform, and each weighs 1,200 tons. and it is guaranteed to operate under 450 degrees of a site on the Hudson River near Dobb's Ferry, when The obvious advantage of this arrangement is that superheat. The guarantee under a full load of 1, 250 a change will be made in the manner of housing the the brick portion of the chimney extends only from kilowatts is 13.8 pounds per electrical horse-power children in its care. The y will be placed in "homes" about the level of the roof upward, the interior of the hour, which, it will be seen, is considerably lower than where a group or about twenty children will constitute boiler house being thus entirely free from brickwork, the guarantee for the reciprocating engines. There a "family," and as the inmates of the asylum are very and the space thus saved is available for boilers. This are also two exciter engines of the compound type, di­ numerous, there will necessarily be several of these cna\Jles the line of boilers to extend continuously rect-connected to 250 kilowatt generators. houses. The cooking will be done in one kitchen, and through the whole length of the house, and preserves In view of the fact that the efficiency of the engines it has been decided by the management that in order the general symmetry of the installation. Above the depends so largely on the vacuum, particular care was that the delivery of food to the different homes shall boiler house, extending the full length thereof, is a given to the design of the condensing plant. Each be done with as ,little delay and as economicall;Y as coal bunker capable of holding 18,000 tons of coal. Im­ engine is supplied with two Alberger barometric con­ possible, an automobile shall be made use of. Before mediately below the bunkers, and all on the same densing chambers, each attached as closely as possible coming to a final conclusion in this matter the opin­ floor, are the boiler economizers, and below these again to its respective low-pressure cylinder. The circulat­ ions of a number of builders of automobiles were are the boilers, which are arranged in two long lines ing pumps are vertical, cross-compound, Corliss en­ sought, and all regarded the scheme as not only feasi­ confronting each other, with a central platform be­ gines. Their foundations are on the basement floor ; ble but desirable for the purpose. A vehicle will be tween them, from which they are fired. The ashes are but their steam cylinders are above the engine floor built for the special work and will be heated in some dumped by gravity into hoppers, which deliver them and are, therefore, under the eye of the engineer. The manner so that the fo()d will be delivered hot. While to small ash dump cars running on tracks in the base­ normal capacity of each pump is 10,000,000 gallons per the general plan has been decided upon the details ment. The cars are drawn out by a small electric day ; therefore, the total pumping capacity of the sta­ remain to be worked out, and several designers and locomotive to the water front, where they are dumped tion is 120,000,000 gallons per day. builders or automobiles have promised to consider the into a 1,000-ton bin, to be subsequently disposed of by The 5,000-kilowatt alternators, like the engines, matter and submit plans for this novel vehicle. barge or otherwise. closely resemble those of the Manhattan Railway Com­ The coal is brought in barges or ,vessels to a pier pany. They deliver 25-cycle alternating three-phase Automobile affairs are not far behindhand in India, on the water front, where it is unloaded by coal-un­ current at a pressure of 11,000 volts. The revolving if we are to judge by the 833-mile reliability run which loading towers, crushed, weighed, and carried by belt­ part is 32 feet in diameter, and it weighs 332,000 is to be held between Delhi and Bombay. It is organ­ conveyors to a system of 30-inch elevating be it-con­ pounds. The machines stand 42 feet in height, and the ized by the Motor Union of Western India. The trip veyors, by which it is elevated to the top of the boiler total weight of each is 889,000 pounds. The revolving is to be made in eight days, comprising stages between house and delivered to a system of 20-inch, horizontal parts have been constructed with a view to securing the large to,wns varying from 147 to 71 miles. The belt-conveyors, for even distribution throughout the ample ability to resist the centrifugal forces which run begins 011 the 26th of December, starting from bunkers. would be set up should the engines, through some acci­ Delhi, and ends at Bombay on January 2. This is the The boiler room will ultimately contain seventy-two dent, run away. The hub of the revolving field is of first contest of the kind which has been held in India. Babcock & Wilcox boilers, with an aggregate heating cast steel, and the rim is connected to the hub by two It should be remarked that that country offers a wide surface of 432,5,76 square feet. They will operate at huge disks of rolled steel. The alternators have forty field for the automobile industry, both for transporta­ a working steam pressure of 225 pounds to the square field poles, and they operate at 75 revolutions per min­ tion of freight and voyagers, as well as for postal ser­ inch. It is ultimately intended to apply superheaters ute. Field magnets form the periphery of the revolv­ vice and agricultural work. The present test is not a to the whole boiler plant, but before doing so a trial is ing field, the poles and rim of which are built up of speed trial, as the minimum is fixed at 12 miles an being made of two well-known makes of superheaters steel plates, dovetailed to the driving spider, The hour and the maximum at 30 miles, which is not to be built in this country. Special attention has been paid armature is carried outside of the field and is sta­ exceeded. The object is to determine the best type of to the design of the steam piping, and all fittings an tionary. car, the one which will be in the best condition after made somewhat heavier than is customary in ordinary Current is delivered at 11,000 volts to eight sub­ the run and which has the least number of stops and practice, and they are all of special design. The line stations, where it is transformed and converted to accidents. The prize consists of a cup of high artistic and bent pipe is of wrought iron, with loose flanges direct current at a potential of 625 volts, at which value, which is offered by the Kaikwar of Baroda. made of wrought steel rolled at the Krupp works. The it is delivered to the third or contact rails. As ex­ Different Indian princes have offered prizes for other engine equipment when all is completed will consist plained in our article of September 10, the third rail tests which are to be held at the same time. These of eleven 7,500-horse-power Allis-Chalmers engines of is protected by a lateral and overhead shield, which will bear upon the type of car which is best adapted the same general type as those installed in the 76th should prove fully effective in safeguarding the work­ for road use in agricultural districts that have no rail­ Street power station of the elevated road of this city, men or passengers from injury. road facilities ; for carrying passengers, freight, and which have already been described in this journal. As We take this opportunity to express our indebtedness mail matter, besides motor bicycles and quadricycles. these are capable of working at overload up to 11.000 to Mr. George S. Rice, the Chief Assistant Engineer For the Delhi-Bombay contest the cars must be pre­ or 12,000 horse-power, the total horse-power of the or the Rapid Transit Commission, for his invariable sented by amateurs. Entries are received up to the plant for traction purposes alone wil l aggregate say courtesy and assistan ce in the preparation of the 15th of December, and information can be obtained 121,000 horse-power. To this must be added four many articles that we have published during tb e con­ from the secretary of the Motor Union of Western steam turbines used for electric lighting and two ex- struction of the Subway. India, Bombay. Scientific AInerican

trip and will give many valuable points which can be lau gh Miller's fine house at Morristown, N. J., is illus­ turned to account in making the longer sea voyage. trated and described, and other important houses are those of E. R. North at Montclair, N. J., Albert B. Vestibuled Day Coa"hes. The course from Algiers to Toulon is not of an unrea­ sonable length, in view of the present capabilities of Davies, Netherwood, N. J., Thomas H. Wales, Chest· To the Editor of the SCIENTIFIC AIVmRICAN : the racers, but is long enough to give the pilots an nut Hill, Mass., Robert C. Walsh, Morristown, N. J., I have read with much interest your article in a re­ idea of how to navigate during the night. Besides, a cottage at Springfield, Mass., and a stable at Rose­ cent issue on "The Menace of the Pullman Car," and the region which will be traversed has the advantage mont, Pa. "Sun Parlors" is .the subject chosen for also the letter of Mr. Clark on the Southern Railroad of offering different places of refuge in case of a mis­ topical illustrations. The departments treat of "The accident. There is something to be said in favor of hap, namely, the Balearic Islands on the west, Corsica Country House," "The Household," "The Garden," the railroads in this matter, for there is a disposition and Sardinia on the east. The boats could reach any "New Books," "The Chimney, " etc. An article Gli on their part to use a type of day coach on through of these different points by using a sail. Most of the "Nathaniel Hawthorne on Architecture" is timely L1 trains ' which does not easily admit of being crushed different sportsmen who have already entered for the view of the Hawthorne centennial. or telescoped. There are three solid Pullman trains Atlantic race think the idea is an excellent one, and ------�.�,�.�, �.�------running in each direction between Boston and New some of them have already engaged for the event. Engineering Notes. York, and several Qthers that include day coaches of Among these are M. Charley with two Mercedes racers heavy , vestibuled type. The New York Central western With a view of ascertaining the advantages of elec­ and one cruiser, Fournier with a Hotchkiss racer, and trains are practically all vestibuled coaches, and the tricity over gas in lighting railway carriages, a num­ Dalifol with an Abeille 80-horse-power motor. M. Lake Shore Limited and Twentieth Century are, of ber of the dining and sleeping cars on the E'ast Coast Charley proposes to found a Mediterranean Cup valued course, all Pullman. The same thing applies on the companies have been fitted at the Doncaster works of at $2,000. M. Gaston Menier, the well-known sports­ Pennsylvania, and their standard day coach gives every the Great Northern Railway Company with an electric man, also favors the idea and will help it along. In appear.ance of solidity and of standing up under a heavy lighting and ventilating apparatus. a recent interview M. Daymard, who is one of the lead­ strain. All the evening trains from Chicago to St. The Norwegian government has decided to put ing naval authorities and designed many of the trans­ Paul are of the solid vestibule variety, likewise the into execution the project of establishing an important atlantic liners, among others the "Lorraine" and the different roads to California, with their Overland and naval base on the northern coast. The site will he "Savoie," gave his opinion upon the subject of the Sunset Limited. I am aware of the fact that a few strongly fortified. Melbie has been suggested as the long-distance races. He is convinced of the utility of trains are composed of a mixture of combination most suitable site for the new base, and fortifications these events. As to the length of the racer, expe­ smokers, ordinary day coaches of the older type, and a will be constructed all along the coast line. rience alone will tell whether a short boat 40 feet in Pullman or two at the rear end. This is a dangerous length, or a longer one of 75 or 80 feet should be used. Two new bridges are now being erected across the combination ; but such trains as a rule run on much Before making the run from Algiers to Toulon it Seine for the Paris Metropolitan, which crosses th() slower scheriule, and do not average much more than might be preferable to begin with a shorter distance, river twice, once in the eastern and again in th" thirty or thirty-five miles an hour. In the districts Nice-Bastia, for instance, which could be made in 10 western part of the city. Both these bridges will be around Boston the railroads are gradually withdraw­ hours. But this is not a sine qua non, and he thinks of considerable size. Wagon tracks and footway will ing the light day coaches and placing them in the the 24 hours' trip from Algiers to France will be an occupy the first platform, and upon this the railroad suburban service, they being supplanted on the through excellent preparation for the Atlantic trip. As to speed, tracks will be upheld by iron columns. In 1 Dth eases expresses by the heavy, wide-vestibuled type. Of he favors a moderate speed of 20 miles an hour. It the Metropolitan line runs for a considerable dis­ course such a change cannot be made in a month or would no doubt be better to have the racers accom­ tance upon an overhead structure before coming to a year, but it does seem as if the railroads are show- panied during the passage. However, the boats should the bridge. After crossing the bridge it en tel'S a t nn­ ing a progressive spirit. W. M. SNELl�. be obliged to make the trip without taking on supplies nel and connects with the existing subway. A third Melrose, Mass., October 14, 1904. of gasoline en ronte. bridge is to be constructed shortly to provide for the ,. .. As to the Atlantic trip, many additional en­ The Romance of Light. north-south line, which runs directly across the center tries have been received up to the present. Baron of the city. The line will lie mostly in subway, but To the Editor of the SCIENTIFIC AlVlERICAN: Henri de Rothschild announces that he expects to will come out flt a point near the river. The con­ I have just been reading in your issne of August 27 make the trip with a boat which will be built accord­ struction of the new bridge in the central part of a most interesting article entitled "The Romance of ing to some new ideas he has. Among the other en­ the city is a matter of some importance, and the Light," by Fred Hovey Allen. He shows that man tries are Dalifol (ALcille 80-horse-power motor ); Tou­ council has recently opened a concourse for the best commenced with the pine torch, and says: "The ex­ rand & Co. (Vantour 80-horse-power ); Leon BoWie 1. design, as well as for the execution of the project. pression that mankind was plunged in darkness dur­ (BoWie 120-horse-power ) ; Leon Bolltle 11. (80-horse­ This concourse closes November 8. ing the early ages is true in every sense." It seems power ); Henri de Rothschild, and "Satan," belonging to me that exception must be taken to this sweeping A new system of manufacturing peat fuel in the to M. de la Heuliere. It may be added that the rules remark in the case of the andent Egyptians. So far form of briquettes by a chemical process has been de­ for the event will be drawn up so as to exclude any as I am aware, no lamps ha ve ever been found there vised. The raw peat is intimately mixed with lime, rash attempts which are not well planned and whose which could be p'roved to be older than the period of nitrate of potash, soot, and saccharine matter, by failure would bring discredit upon the enterprise. the Roman conquest ; and yet if one grants that they which means the water set free from the cellular tis­ ------.��.�.�------­ had the common smoky little clay hand lamps for use sues of the peat fiber by the action of th� lime and 'I'he Cu ....ent Supplement. above �r ound, how did they manage underground? nitrate of potash is absorbed by the lime, while the A splendidly-illustrated description of the new fast In the Valley of the Tombs at Luxor there are num­ soot absorbs the oil of the peat. The saccharine mat­ protected Turkish cruiser "Abdul Hamid" opens the erous tunneled t,Qmbs, that run for hundreds of feet ter, while strengthening the action of the lime by current Sl'l'I'LK!lIE); T, No. 1504. The Han . Charles A. into the side of the mountain. They are anywhere rendering it more soluble in the moistul"8, also causes Parsons, of steam-turpine fame, contributes a paper on from eight to say fifteen feet in average diameter, the blocks of treated peat to dry . thoroughly from the Invention that will doubtless be read with interest by square in cross section, and vary to the right and left center throughout. The chemicals required cost ] 8 inventors as well as by engineers. Mr. Joseph Horner's and up or down during their length, so that to reflect to 25 cents per ton of dried peat, and . only a slight practical and thorough discussion of "Modern Meth­ light from 111e mouth by means of mirrors would have mechanical pressure is required, while the result is a ods of Steel Casting" is concluded. The amount of been" quite impossible, especially with workmen con­ fuel of density and calorific value equal to the best valuable information contained in this one instalment tinualiy passing in' and out. coal, free from sulphur, and suitable for domestie of his series will be appreciated at its true worth by Now ' the walls of these tombs are literally covered use, for gas making, steam raising, or conversion into practical foundrymen. Prof. Simon Newcomb opened with the finest hieroglyphics, either incised or sten­ charcoal for the iron smelters. By erecting the neces­ the St. Louis International Congress of Arts and ciled in red and black, and in a new tomb these are as sary machinery at the side of the bog, the cost of Sciences with a scholarly address on he Evolution fresh and clean as the pages of your paper. In old � production is estimated to amount to $1.25 a ton. of the Scientific Investigator." The address is pub­ tom]]" they are more or less smoked by the torches of The machinery devised is simple and completely auto­ lished in full. In accordance with our promise to pub­ th e guides. matic, so that there is no handling from the time the lish in each issue of the SUPPLElVlENT an article on the I have thought of phosphorus lamps ; but they would raw peat is fed into the hopper at one end until the World's Fair at St. Louis, there appear two admirably hardly give general illumination enough to follow briquettes emerge from the cutter at the other side illustrated descriptions of the Italian and Belgian ex­ out a large design. Possibly bottled fireflies, as in of the machine. hibits, from the pen of our St. Louis correspondent. southern India, or beetles, as in South America, might Mr. Charles Ray contributes a thoughtful article on A cruising gasoline motor propelled boat is being be utilized ; but both methods seem tOG primitive. "The Education of Blind Deaf Mutes, with the Cas() constructed by the S. F'. Edge Company, of London, to Could they have had electricity ? I saw it stated of Helen Keller." M. Emile Guarini, a frequent the order of a wealthy American, which, when com­ some time ago that some English electrician was going contributor to these pages, writes on the "Siemens­ pleted, will be the largest of this type of craft that to deliver a lecture at St. Louis on "Electricity Among constructed. Schuckert Continuous Current Wattmeter." Mr. Day has yet been The boat i13 essentially in­ the Ancient Egyptians ;" but I have seen no reference Allen Willey discusses the proposed canal to connect (ended for cruising purposes, and therefore it will be to it since. Montreal with the head of Lake Huron, both from built upon "ubstantial lines. It is to measure 65 I am very much interested in all that pertains to ca rrying the engineering and commercial standpoints. The feet in length, and to have a capacity of the mechanical or rather the physical triumphs of the "Origin and Manufacture of Lakes" is a subject . ably six passengers and a crew of . two men. The appOint­ ancient Egyptians, and have done some little work in handled by .Dr. Robert Rl'ebenkamn from (he chemical­ ment" of the boat will be carried out upon a luxurious that direction. If Mr. Allen or any of your other read­ in dustrial point of view. Dr. Max Einhorn, in an excel­ seale. It will be propelled by gasoline motors aggre­ ers have any information or ideas on th i:; particular ap­ lent paper, makes some contributions to the method gating 340 horse-power. There will be two sets of plica'tion of the light problem, I woulei much like to of radium treat men L in medicine, its physiology, its engines each of 150 horse-power, placed on either hear them. L .. W. BAlmEH, diagnostic value, and its therapeutic results in car­ side, and a smaller one of 40 horse-power placed Commander U. S. N., retired. cinoma of the (esophagus. centrally. This latter engine is specially intended 14 Rue Cimarosa, Paris. .. . . for cruising at fl low speed, starting the boa.t, and The S{'jt� lItHi(' ;\ulf'rican Bnilding Monthly for bringing it alongside the anchorage, where the higher­ PI'oposed Moto .. Boat Race ACI'oss the Novelnber. powered engines could not be easily or economically Mediterranean. The Scientific American Building Monthly for No­ handled. At the same time it will be possible to em­ The proposition which has been made by ,Le Matin, vember is a superbly illustrated number. The beauti­ ploy it for augmenting the 150 horse-power engines one ,of the leading Paris joumals, to hold an auto­ ful house of Her.man B. Duryea, Esq.. at Old West­ at high speed, though it is not anticipated that it boa,t raC3 from Algiers to Toulon across the Medi­ ,bury, New York, forms the subject of the series on will afford much assiRtance in this direction. The terranean, has awakened considerable enthusiasm boat will have an average speed of 20 miles per hovr. ; "Notable American Houses, " by Barr Ferree, and is among sportsmen. The idea seems to be a very prac- shown for the first time, the many illustrations in­ and will carry sufficient fuel for ten days' continuous tical one, as it affords an intermediate distance be­ cluding exteriors, interiors, and gardens, the latter running at full speed. One of the terms of the con­ tween Calais-Dover and Paris-Trouville and the pas­ embracing some unique and especially interesting feat­ tract is th at the boat must cross the Atlantic under sage from Havre to New York, for which M. Charley ures. "Old·Time Gardens" is the subject of an appre­ her own powAr, and be delivered at New York upon offered his $10,000 prize. The intermediate course ciative article, accompanied with illustrations of old her own keel. It is expected that the journey will will afford a more gradual transition to the Atlantic gardens in New Bedford, Mass. Mr. George McCul- occupy from six to seven days. Scientific American

EFFECT OF SHELL FIRE ON THE RUSSIAN CRUISER through, or if it was worsted in the engagement, it thorities ordered the disarmament of the vessel. "ASKOLD." was to make for the German port of Kiauchau, and The "Askold" was under hot fire from the Japan­ To many of our readers the accompanying series of avail itself of the temporary refuge thus offered. There ese fleet during the time she was within range, and views, taken by our correspondent at Shanghai, of the is little doubt that this matter had been arranged be­ she received many hits from shells, big and little. badly-battered Russian cruiser "Askold," will strongly forehand with the German government, which through- Our illustrations shqw very graphically the destructive out the whole of this war has stretched to its uttermost limits the meaning of the term "benevo­ lent neutrality." If the Port Ar­ thur fleet suffered a reverse, it was well understood that such ships as gained this German port could at least be saved from destruction by following the course that was ulti­ mately pursued, and disarming. It

is a matter of history how the ma­ jority of the fleet was driven back in confusion into Port Arthur, and the rest of it scattered, some of the ships taking refuge at Kiauchau, and others making for the Chinese port of Shanghai. Among the lat· ter was the fast 23-knot protected cruiser "Askold." On reaching Shanghai, the "Ask old" was docked at once, and imme diate repairs were commenced. Admiral Metzenstein Complimenting Crew on Their Bravery, The stay of the vessel was pro­ Smokestack Wrecked by Shell Fire. Effect of Fragments as and Announcing Birth .of the Heir to the Throne. longed considerably beyond the pe� They Passed Out of the Stack. riod allowed by international law, call to mind the photographs which we published in and the Chinese government ordered her to vacate effect of the fire, and none more so than the near view 1898 showing the effect of shell fire on the Spanish her moorings by August 23, when she was to leave the of a portion of one of the smokestacks. This stack cruisers. The sortie of the Port Arthur fleet was made port or disarm. To this order she paid no attention, was hit near the base, and the lower portion of it was in response to orders sent from St. Petersburg, in ac­ and as she had overstayed the time limit, it was practically blown to pieces, being so completely shat­ cordance with which the Russian admiral was to endeav· feared that serious international complications would tered that the smokestack sank in upon itself, so that or to break through the Japanese line of blockade and, if be precipitated by the Japanese violating Chinese neu­ when the vessel entered the harbor it looked as though sllccessful, steam to the northward, making all possible trality, and entering the harbor to capture or destroy she had four smokestacks of even height, and a fifth speed for Vladivostock. The fleet was to be assisted in the vessel. Finally, on August 26, the Russian au- �.tack that was only about three-quarters as tall as the this by the armed cruisers of the Vladivostock others. When the shell struck the nearer side of the squadron, which were to steam south and effect a smokestack, it burst, and the fragments, big and junction, presumably in or near the Straits of little, passed out through the opposite side, tearing Corea. If the Port. Arthur fleet failed to break several large. gaping holes and hundreds of sl"laller

Damaged Plating Removed Preparatory to Hole at Waterline Made by Shell that IJodged The Russian Cruiser .. Askold " in Drydock for , Replating. in the Coal Bunkers. Repairs.

Base of Smokestack Blown to Piece� Hole Made by Large Shell Just Below Portion of Wrecked Smokestack Lying on the Dock. 12.Inch Shell. Main Deck.. by "ASKOLD," WRECKED BY JAPANESE SHELLS, AT SHANGHAI FOR REPAIRS. Scientific American OCTOBER 29, 1904. · 301

Trader and Mail Bicycle Equipped with Mexican Saddle Drawn by A Group of Eskimo, Showing the Skillful Manner in Which Their Eskimo Dogs 700 Miles Through Alaska. Sealskin Garments are Cut and Decorated.

rents. As will be seen from the illustrations, some of it, blew out a large portion of the opposite bulwark, mirror. The captain has in his possession a number these were large enough to admit a man's body, while leaving the great rent shown in one of our illustra­ of photographs which were taken by this means, and others wer� an inch or less in diameter. We have tions, the view being taken from the opposite side of these are said to be quite satisfactory, although they never seen a photograph of the destructive effect of a the ship from which the shell entered. Another big were made in the early spring, when the water was bursting shell that was so eloquent as this one, and it shell passed through the vessel between the main and clouded with dirt washed down into it. These boats iA easy to picture the terrific slaughter that must take gun decks, badly wrecking the interior of the vessel. will be used on Lakes Mona and Muskegon during the Another shell struck the "Askold" at the waterline and lodged in the coal bunkers. The repairs to the ship consisted in replacing the funnels, cutting out the damaged portions of the shell of the vessel, and building in new plating in its place. An interesting ' photograph is the one showing Admiral Metzenstein complimenting the crew of the "Askold." The sailors and officers seen in this cut are the survivors that passed unharmed through the fight. The "Askold," which was built at Krupp's in 1900, is a protected cruiser of 6,500 tons displacement and 23 knots speed. She carries twelve 6-inch, 45-caliber rapid-fire guns, twelve 3-inch rapid-fire guns, and ten smaller rapid-fire pieces, besides two submerged tor­ pedo tubes and four above-water tubes. She is one of a half-dozen vessels of similar speed and type, among which was the ill-fated "Variag," which was sunk by gun fire in the harbor of Chemulpo at the commence­ ment of the war.

• • •

A Ne"W F'orlD 01' Pleasure Boat. Capt. Louis Larsen, of Muskegon, Mich., a well­ known sailor of the Great Lakes and formerly master of the steamer "Charles B. Hackley," has recently re­ ceived patent papers on a new form of pleasure boat which will have many attractive features for tourists and excursionists. In this 'craft there are not only means for constantly surveying the floor of the stream immediately under the boat, but also for making pic­ tures of the same. The latter will open a new field for "Mac," the Wise Bear from the Yukon, Half-Breed Eskimo Girl. and an Eskimo Boy. the amateur photographer, if the captain's scheme proves entirely practica.ble. The boat as designed by summer season. Boats of this type have long been place in a crowded battery when a shell of this kind Larsen is supplied with a glass bottom, and under the used in Florida and. California waters. bursts, and the thousand flying fragments sweep across bottom of the craft is an electric light which will • • • the inclosed space. The funnel that was so badly illuminate the water and the bed of the stream for ESKIMO VILLAGE AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. crippled that it feH in upon itself was the fifth and some distance around. A hooded reflector makes it BY THE eT. LOUIS CORRESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN". last. The fourth funnel was also so much shattered possible to sit comfortably in the boat 'and witness the The St. Louis F'air is particularly rich in subjects that it had to be taken out and repaired. The big shell curious things in the water below with great ease, of ethnological interest, and tribes from almost every; that passed through the fifth funnel, after wrecking and pictures may be taken also through means of the corner of the earth are gathered within its inclosure.

CoPYright 1904 tJyLouisiana Purcha8e Exposition COlUpany. Eskimo Village and .Natives. with Dogs, Showing the Topeks or Huts " Mac," the Wise Bear, Driven by Eskimo Children. Made of Sealskin. ESKIMO VILLAGE AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. Scientific America.n OCTOBER 2Q. 190�.

ell. of ' the best exhibits of this kind is the Eskimo PREPARATIONS FOR THE AIRSHIP CONTEST AT Carl Myers balloon farm at Frankfort, N. Y., and oper­ ' Village, : the inhabitants of which, representing two ST. LOUIS. ated there until its evolution qualities were proven saf.� tribes, one from Labrador and the other from Alaska, The first attempt in the history of aeroplanes to oper­ is factory. This is all ready for the contest, being 'kept localities that are 2,700 miles apart, have been brought ate a flying 'machine , of that type carrying a man inflated with hydrogen gas, which it holds for [my ' to the fair by "Dick" Crane, a pioneer Alaskan ex­ through the air was ma.de 'on Thursday, the 6th instant, length of time by means of a special machine varnish ' plorer and trader, whose picturesque history is well ' in the Stadium at the 'World's Fair by experts in invented and used by Prof. Myers. " known throughout the' new gold fields. After mariy aeronautics, and ' was ,considered by all of them a re­ Mr. Benbow's airship is driven by a 4-cycle . gasoline years' residence among these people, he had so 'far '. ' markably successful veriture. Among those who wit­ motor of 10 horse-power and weighs 110 pounds, actuat­ won th�ir confidence that he was able to persuade nessed Mr. Avery's triall performances were Major ing four side-wheel propellers, with four blades each, several families, nine in all, to come to St. Louis. Baden-Powell, Mr. Chanute, Mr. Baldwin of San Fran­ which open and close at any point desired, so as to im­ With them he brought twenty-six Eskimo dogs, a cisco, Prof. Carl Myers and wife, M. Hippolite FranQois pel the gas spindle up, down, forWard, bac){ward, to large number of sleds, native implements of the chase and party, Mr, J. E. Sullivan of the Washington Uni- the right or the left at the option of the operator. This and of domestic use, and a museum of articles iHus- versity, Lieutenant-Colonel Capper of the British Army gas spiridl� is 74 feet long and 21 feet in di�ineter, trative of Eskimo life. The whole exhibit is one Balloon Corps and Mrs. 'Capper, Mr. W. F. Reed of contains 14,000 cubic feet of hydrogen, and will sup­ ' of the most genuine of its lcind, and the American " London, England; and Captain Von Tschudi of the port a weight of 900 pounds, The vessel made a very citizen may see these strange people from the North German Army Balloon Corps. Encouraged by the successful' flight of several hundred feet two weeks housed in their summer tents of sealskin or their win­ plaudits of the scientists who witnessed his initial ven­ ago, and now awaits participation in the contests. ter "igloos" or snow houses, and engaged, the women ture, Mr. Avery awaits the time of the great aero­ The second airship to arrive here was that of Mar· in their domestic duties of sewing, cooking, etc., and nautic contest for which the Exposition Company has cellus McGary, of Memphis, Mo., which has not yet the men in their various feats of skill, whether ' in offered the $100,000 prize, Mr. Avery's machine, which been assembled or supplied with gas, and consequently the hunt or in their pastimes, of which they are uri­ was built by himself, assisted by his brother Frarik, in has as yet made no trial performances here. usually fond. Mr. Crane has made a careful study 'of the Aerodrome at the Fair, is made upon Plans fur­ A third ship to arrive here was that of Mr. T. S. the Eskimo, and has formed a high opinion of his nished by Mr. Chanute, the man who built the first Baldwin, of San Francisco, Cal. This ship has just Idndly disposition and sturdy qualities. He is satis­ bridge over the Mississippi River. Mr. Chanute fur­ been assembled in the workshops of the Exposition fied that it is a mistake to suppose that because of cer­ nishes original plans free of all cost to any bona-fide Aerodrome, but has not yet been inflated. It has a 5- tain facial similarities, these people are of Japanese aspirant for aeronautical achievements. The Avery horse -power engine, and is of the same type as the or other Asiatic origin ; rather he is disposed to think machine is especially interesting because of its light­ Benbow ship, consequently many who have been favor­ that they are a branch of the North American Indian, ness, being perhaps the lightest structure of equal sur­ ably impressed with the preliminary flights of the whose peculiarities of physical and facial make-up are face area ever built for actual man flight, as it weighs former are expecting great things of Mr. Baldwin's due to climatic and other formative influences. They but 18 pounds all told. It consists of a light frame­ vessel. This ship will be propelled by a two-bladed are a people that use the upper part of the body far work supporting two aerocurves, each 18 feet wide by 5 screw in the bow and guided by a rudder, a feature more than they do their lOWEr limbs, consequently feet deep, one placed 4 feet above the other, Behind which the Be nbow airship has had added to its facili­ they are enormously strong in the arms, shoulders, this is a cross-bladed rudder for balance and safety of ties for steering since its experimental flight two weeks and back, a fact which is ago, Another vessel which proved by various feats of awaits assembling in the lifting and carrying that workshops of the Aero­ they perform in their na­ drome is that of M. Hippo· tive vill age. The cold cli­ lite FranQois, from Paris, mate and the complete iso­ France, which consists of lation of the reople have a framework built some­ combined to produce that what like a farmer's hay exceedingly kindly and rack, which supports ma­ friendly disposition which chipery operating two shows in the genial coun­ pa'frs of screw propellers tenance of the Eskimo, and upon each side, making is evidenced by the win­ four in all. A 30-horse­ ning smile and outstretch­ power automobiie motor ed hands with which they s ftly revol v.e s these �;' come out of their tents scr ews by pulle'y �nd belt and greet the visitor. connection, p�ovide � with They live four or five to­ loose pulley and .cl utch 'for gether during the wintet, starting and stopping. This in their igloos, which ' they' vessel has no rudder, and can build in from twenty is dependent upon ile vari­ m,ln utes to half an hour, able action of thef screws For a window they use a on each side to direct its block of transparent ice. course as well as to regu­ Four or five will crowd late its speed. As the time into one of these warm for the final contests be­ abodes, with a whale or tween these five vessels seal oil lamp, consisting approaches, interest on the of a hollow dish with a part of the general public li ttle moss for a wick, increases perceptibly, and which serves to give them already crowds fill the both light and heat. The Stadiu'm to watch the trial temperature, when the flights of the different lamp is lighted, will soon ships. run up to ninety degrees. SAILING 50 FEET FROM THE GROUND SUSPENDED FROM AN AEROPLANE AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. The sociability of the Recent large conflagra- Eskimos has won them many friends among fair-gae l's; . evolution. The machine is propelled by the force of tions in the business sections of several large cities their abodes are sweet and whOlesome, and they may gravity acting upon it, the weight including that of the have been the means of booming metal office furniture. be seen continually washing their clothes, while in operator and the machine,. which falls or glides from a Some desks and racks of metal, which underwent a spite of their close quarters i;here is no offensive odor height downward and forward through t e air to a severe experience at the Baltimore fire, were found to ' h noticeable. landing on the ground. This height is attained by rap­ be practically uninjured after tl,te fiery visitation but One of the most interesting of our photographs idly pulling the vessel forward by means of a copper also to have preserved their contents. All of the shows what is neither more nor less than a "dogma· wire attached to a small motor, until the machine rises troubles with the wooden furniture are said to arise bile." It seems that a few years ago, when Crane was gracefully in the air like a kite, carrying the man in from the warping and twisting . of the wood entering carrying mail and other matter over a 22-mile route its flight. The latter rests along two horizontal bars into its composition. It is this and nothing more that on the Dawson trail, a "tenderfoot" came into the under his armpits and forearms, permitting a free puts a wooden desk out of service, the joints parting country bringing with him, of all things in the world, movement of the body backward or forward, and a and the drawers becoming all awry. This cannot a bicycle, which he quickly discarded. It occurred to swinging of the lower limbs in any direction to coun­ happen to the metal furniture and therefore its life of the trader that in the summer months this might tE'rpoise the machine or balance any irregularities of usefulness is said to be without end.' Desks and cab­ make an excellent substitute for his dog sled ; accord­ the wind currentB. It is interesting to note in this inets of metal are claimed to take the place" of the ingly solid tires were put on, a huge Mexican saddle connection that before taking up the study of aero­ safe to a very great de gree. It is not necessary for took the place of the bicycle saddle, a whiffletree of nautics, Mr. Avery was for many years a sailor. While the bookkeeper to put his books all in the safe every bone was constructed, and with a team of four Eskimo at sea he made a close study of the effect of wind cur­ night but simply to stow them away in his desk. This dogs this novel conveyance served for journeyings rents upon sails, and is thus enabled to meet or resist is not only a convenience but a saving in the matter over the trail, which aggregated between 700 and 800 the aGtion of the current as he glides through the air. of safes. The simple lines of these pieces are very miles in a single summer. Before making the start, the kite-like glider rests upon pleasing and are approved frum the sanitary stand­ a 'small platform, which is mounted upon four wheels point. The articles are now made up in all the de­ It is stated that the French colonial party have in­ on a small rail track, and it is upon this platform that sirable shapes for general office use, including the structed M. Leroux to submit a proposal to the Em­ the glider is drawn forward until sufficient speed is at­ desks of different shapes for various purposes and also peror Menelik to bring about internationalization of all tained to lift the whal e thing aloft and send it scud­ cabinets of different shapes for filing dra'wers. royal lines for wh ich concessions had been or might ding through the air. The operator releases the cop­ • • • be granted in Abyssinia. The Negus approv�d the per cable at any desired point, allowing the machine to Luciano Buttf, an Italian inventor, has designed a proposal on the condition that a preliminary agree­ glide forward and downward to the ground. The entire photographic apparatus by means of which it is possi­ ment should be concluded between the three powers in­ operation is based upon exactly the same principle as blE; to record 2,000 photographic impressions per sec­ terested in the question. Negotiations have conse­ the flying of a kite. ond. This discovery will prove of inestimable value QuelltJy been opened between the British, French, and There are four other airships in the Exposition Aero­ for the minute observation of insects and other crea­ It alian governments. As soon as agreement is reached drome which will be entered in the forthcoming con­ tures in rapid motion. The cost of the films approxi­ work on the construction of the railways will be reo' tests. The first of these to arrive here was the T. C. mates $10 per 2,000 impressions, so that the apparatus sumed. Benbow airship, which was built and assembled at the will be somewhat costly in operation. Scientific American TlIE Mo-UNTING OF BUTTERFLIES to pass betwQen the cOJ"ruga­ FOR NATURE STUDY. tions, and in a few hours the The collecting of insects and plant is ready to be mounted. butterflies has had its devotees The butterflies themselves are since ancient times, but few peo­ merely dried with great care, ple have allY concer:tion of the pinned upon a special drying magnitude of the industry called board. In this board there is a forth by it. In recent years, cnannel in which the body or moreover, the addition of nature the butterfly is placed, so th:lt study to the courses of the pub­ the wings may be pinned abso­ lic educational system in the lutely flat. This method leaves United States has largely aug­ the specimen rather brittle, but mented the trade in collecting, with care it may be preserved preparing, and distributing in­ indefinitely. The cocoons anc\ sect specimens. These are gath­ small insects like the parasite ered all over the world by coi· shown in the photograph are lectors-sometimes exclusively prepared in a similar manner, and sometimes incidentally in­ but the method of preserving the sect gatherers-and shipped for caterpillars is different. The in­ preparation and export to dis­ terior portion of the caterpillar tributing centers, which are is removed by carefully pressing found in nearly every large city it out, and the empty skin then here and abroad. For the in­ inflated with hot air and allowed formation herein in regard to to dry. This preserves the true this trade we are indebted to form and color and prevents de­ Mr. O. Fulda, of New York. cay. The specimens are mount· The prepared butterflies are ed in an excellent manner by be­ sold for educational and decora­ ing placed in shallow cardboard tive purposes, and to private and boxes, filled with cotton and professional collectors. The last covered with , glass lids. two deal almost entirely in the The butterflies are sent by the single specimens shown in the gatherers to the distributing photograph, and for their con­ centers in squares of paper venience a list is kept of the folded to form a triangle, as constantly changing stock. For shown in the illustration. The educational purposes the speci­ specimen dries out fairly well mens are prepared and mounted in this way, and may be l{ept for in such a manner that they will years before being mounted. It preflent not only the butterfly is only necessary to place it in itself, but also its entire life, wet sawdust for a few hours to egg, caterpillar, cocoon, butter­ soften it, and it may be pinned fly, its food and method of pro­ in the regular manner upon the curing it, the plants on which it Mounted Specimens for Educational and Decorative Purposes. mounting or drying board. exists, and frequently its parasites. For While the rarer butterflies or those ex· ' decorative purposes the butterflies and isting in wild countries are taken ill plants or flowers are chosen for the ar­ their natural state, the commoner varie­ tistic effect and color scheme, and are ties are to-day raised by the thousand handsomely framed. The results as upon farms especially ' devoted to their shown in two of the photographs are culture.

freqnently of great beauty. ... . The introduction of plants into the Father Joseph Murgas, of the Sacred mounting of these specimens has Heart Church of Wilkesbarre, Pa., is brought into being an industry of some the inventor of a wireless system of size in itself in collecting and preparing communication on which he has been them. That the plants may retain their working for seven years. He was re­ natural colors, they must be pressed al­ cently granted the seventh patent cov' most immediately after they are gath­ ering the different features of the sys­ ered ; and to accomplish this, Mr. Fulda tem. He says he has conducted com­ uses a special press of light weight and munication with a station located two easily carried, in which the plants are miles from his workshop. The latter placed between sheets of cotton, these is in the rear of the rectory, and he between pieces of cardboard, and these says that any money he derives from again between sheets of corrugated his work will be turned over to the cardboard, and the pressure then ap­ church. Father Murgas took degrees in plied. If it is necessary to dry the flow­ electrical science in Vienna eighteen ers or foliage quickly, the hot air from years ago, and has kept abreast of all a lamp placed under the press is allowed developments in eleetrieity ever since.

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Educational Uroup, :Showing Complete Life of Mounting the Butterfly Upon the Drying Board. Stng'" ;::,p""lIuem; lSoh1 \;llleny to Butterfly, Its Mode of Living, and Its Parasite. Collectors. THE MOUNTING OF BUTTERFLIES FOR , NATURE STUDY. Scientific American

Air humidifying und cleansing apparatus, J. W. 11' l'ies 772,655- Air moi8tptlillg . ,apparatus, •...... Q.••.. N. .•.••.••..•Evans 772,:)47 Buslnus and Pnsonal Wants. Air tempering apparatus, J. & W. Titus .••..... 772,387 HEAD THIS COLUMN ' CAREFULLY.-You Alarm, D. N. Smith 772,480 will lind inquiries for certain classes of articles Ammonium sulfate, saturating...... •.•.•....•..•... apparatus fur 772,:.)90 numbered in consecutive order. If manu· recovering, K. Zimpell you ...... ••••.••. facture these goods write us at once and we will Arc light distributor, H. J. Palmer . . 772, 745 ...... 772,883 send he name and address of the party desir· Armature truck, J. fl' . Hines ...... you t Atomizer, G. F. Hawley ...... 772,802 inrrtbe mformation. ill every ease it is neces· Bag or case handle, J. S. •.....••..••Isidor •.•••• 772,GlH sary to give the nUlIlber of the inquiry. Baling press, J. J. Day •..•..••.•• 772,790 MUNN &: CO. Barrel boring machine, Driver...... • & Norman .. 772,70G a Battery holder, F. Jackson ...... 772,415 Beet puller, M. W. Palmer ...... 772,S1 :J liarme Iron Works. ChlCa�w. Catalogue free. Belt coupling, T. F. Smithson ...... 772,:)85 $1,200 •• •••• ••• 772,595 Bicycle frame, motor', E. Y. White Tnqllil'Y No. 610:J.-For an air cleaning apparatus Bicycle handle bar support, G. S. Tiffany...... •. 772,750 :for removing l1irt Hnn dust from automobile floors, Billiard cue tip and fastener, A. G. Brandt..• 772,552 t.usbiuns. tonneaus, etc. BilHier, file, R. A. Oakley ...... 772, 4�rJ Blast furnace, Latta & Callan ...... 772,72:) AUTOS.-Duryea Power Co., Reading, Pa. . Year fo r Life Blf'ck. See Building block. . . . 772,665 Tuquiry Block signal, Morse & HopewelL No. 61 06.-1:1'01' makers of electrical floor ....•..••• sanders ur floor cleaners. SECURED BY SMALL MONTHLY PAYMENfS Block signal systems, signal mechanism for, J. Weatherby, Jr...... 712,54S F'or hOisting engines. J. S. Mundy, Newark, N. J. Boat and propelling means therefor, Jr. W. The Mutual Rubber Production Company offers to the readers of this Smith ...... 772,3S4 Boats from one body. of.. water to allother, InfJ uirY No. 6 l0'1 .-lP or manUfacturers of modern magazine an opportunity to become associated in an Germany. we are changing the production of crude rubber from the uncertain method Burlap bag, T. G. Palmer ...... 772, 629 Button, cuff, E. F. H. Gage ...... ' . 772,41:; TnfJuirv 6t information concerning a heretofore employed-that 6f reckless and destructive tapping by improvi­ �o. l3.-lPnr Button making machine, A. Ph elps ...... 772, 669 school of instruction in engraving. dent natives-to the most solid and permanent basis known to modern scien­ Cake mixing machine, J. C. Gautier ...... 772,797 Olt y BATTERIES.-How to make and use them. Prac­ tific fo restry, and under Anglo_Saxon supervision. No industry ever under­ Calculating machine, M. Mayer ...... 772,623 Calculator, J. E. Duncan ...... 772,792 tical, with original drawings. Mailed for 25 cents. Spon went so radical a development ber from virgin trees scatter­ guud-selling specialty, damples and fUll particulars. to Car brake, emergency, W. M. Rynerson ... . 772,536 ed here and there in the tropical jungle, are as nothing compared the sure Car coupling, E. C. Washburn ...... 772,445 Patented inventions of brass, bronze. compflsitioll or and permanent incomes to be derived frora this new industry. Car dog for cable mine hauls, automatic, C. aluminum construction placed on market. Write to W. Damron ...... 772,555 Car door retainer, F. Lane ...... 772,464 American Brass Foundry Co., Hyde Park, Mass. J. Car draft gear, railway, H. 1\'1. Pflager .... . 772,370 IUfJ1Iiry No. 6l1a.-For manufacturers of SUl­ Five Acres. or Shares. in our Rubber Cat' extension step, railway, E. Sirois .... 772,8:!9 . phuric aCtd. Orchard. planted to Rubber trees. Car fender, W. T. ¥l atson ...... 772;851 1.000 ('aI', hopper, G. I. King ...... 772,518 The celebrated Hornsby-Akroyd " Patent Safety Oil J H �ill at Dlaturityyield you a sure and cer­ Car, passenger, O'Leary ...... 772,74l Enlline is huilt by the De La Vergne Machine Company, Cal', railway, O. W. Meissner ...... 772,572 tain incoDle of" a Dlonth f"or Dlore . Foot of East l38th Street. �ew York. $100 Cal', railway, H .1. Bayard ...... 772,90{l years than you can possibly live. Your Cal', railway passenger,. J. O 'LpuI'Y ...... 772,740 Inquiry No. 6116.-For makers of wooden dowels Car replacer, H. II. Rippe ...... 772, 4:l2 and bc:Llis, also gray iron toy castings. dividends average per cent. during the Car seat, J. O'Leary ...... 772,742 25 Cal', Any m,eta), sheet, band. rod, bar, wire ; cut, bent period of"sDlall Dlonthly paYDlents. stock, E. B. Gilleland ...... 772,565 Car ventilator, M. H. Hirshon ...... 772,355 crimped punched, stamped, shaped, embossed, letter­ Cars, apparatus for replacing derailed, J. ed. Dies made. Metal Stamping Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. G. McNichols ...... 772,575 Cars or other electrically. propelled.. vehicles,. . Tnquiry 6ll'.-��or ring' buoy life preserver No large cash down payment is required to secure thes� shares, as they No. a life guard for tram, W. Simm ...... 772,8:18 which. when thrown into the water, emits Ji,.!ht from work of development. .pro­ are paid for in smaH monthly installments, as the Cars, sadQ.le for tallk, A. Christianson ... . 772,49U Beveral candles. gresses. For $20; as the first monthly payment, you can secure five shares. Carboy, inclinator, J. lP. rn aherty ...... 772,461 We manufacture gasoline motor and high-grade rna.. Then you pay $20 a month .for II more months, then, $15 for 12 months, Carbureter, A. Akeson ...... 772,551 chinery, castings best quality gray iron. Select pat· $1,410, Carbureter, Roebuck & McMillan ...... 772,6n then $10 a month for a limited period, until you have paid the full Carbureter, E. L. Dow ...... 77:.!,7DI terns, and Jet us quote prices. Wrontier Iron Works, price for five sh;l.res ($282 each in the present series). But, meantime, you Carbureter, gasolene engine, J. A. McGee .. 772, 5;)0 Buffalo, N. Y. Carding and cleaning machine, wet moss, M. will have receivt;'d dividends amounting to $1,050, or $210 per share, so that C. Moliere· ...... 772, 365 Inquiry No. 61 1S.-For makers of water tube . . Bteam bOllers. the actual net cost of the five shares in this remarkably safe' and profitable Carding machine lap feeding device, Scho· 772,832 investment will be only $360 of your own money, or $72 per share. Then, field & Reeder ...... Damper regulator patent for sale, cash or royalty. Carpet fastener, J. D. Cox . . ..772,fi01 yeur five shares, or acres, will yield you ...•...... Just out. Small but powerful, cheap, neat. Also suited from the maturity period onward, Carriage top, J. S. Draper ...... 772.645 Cartridge loatlel', E. E. Breckenridge...... 772,865 govern e>r for pumps and compressors. Re!lulator. or your heirs $1,200 a year for more years than you can possibly live. for Case. See Display case. . to death " 400 of the 600 829 18th Street, Denver, Colo. Early dividends are provided by "tapping Caster, F. F. Bischoff ...... 772,�6:1 originally plant to each acre, and the 200 trees remaining for per­ Casting metals, C. S. Szekely, Sr . . . 772,440 InfJ11h'Y No. 61 1 9.-For a small, cheap, portable trees we Castings, mold for making brass, . Frie.•...... se -& saw mill, for use with tracl ion engine. manent yield will produce< every year at least two pounds of rubber each, at Gilbert ...... 712,712 Manufacturers of patent articles, dies, metal stamp· a net profit of 60 cents a pound. These statistics are vouche(i for by the Cattle guard, S. H. Summerscales ...... 772,71)4 lng, screw machine work, hardware speCialties, machin­ Government reports of the United States and Great Britait,-·-the most reliable Cement, A. Lamanna ...... 77!:!,f,2>: Cement brick making machine, ..Staley ... 772,6:;;) ery and toois. Quadriga Manufacturing Company, 18 O. . sources of information in the world. Chain and wheel, drive, S. F. Clouser 772, 501J South Canal Street, Chicag"o. This means, on your five-share investment, a permanent and certain in­ Chuck, G. R. Rich ...... ••... 772,5;H . 772,737 TnfJuh-r ti120.-F'or manufacturers of lumi­ $2, 400 still, twenty­ Chuck, lathe and drill, O. M. Mowat ...... No. come of $1,200 a year, or a year on ten shares, or better . nous pain . Cigar box, Tisch & Waters ...... 772,3RB five shares will yield you $6,000 a year. Of course, a single share can be Cigar holder and vender, C. M. Dodson 772,00:) •... PATENTS F'OR SALE.-Cantwell & Co., patent agents, secured on the same advantageous basis. Here is the opportunity for < people Clapboard marker, E. B. Shepardson ...... 772,677 Calcutta, India, has now for sale several valuable Clay grinding pun, D. F. Lepley 772,621 of moderate means to secure an investment 1Il a new and immensel)' profit­ Clean out, backwater trap and cellar...... • drain, patents, principally for railway improvements. E'uIl , able industry, that is already attracting the attention of great capitalists. combined, F�. Shay ...... 772,58:J particulars on applicatIOn. Closing device, automatic, J.. W. . Watkins. .. 772,4R:; fnfJuiry N9. ti12t.-lfor automatic table fans t r n g]g���s� �tc.� �:�� 1'O/·d��i.'''��SF: Miil�;': worKed by clock principle. Already over shares in this CODl­ m:��� 4.000 Clothes tongs. C. O. Hollowell ...... 772,5(l(l INHt eAI",E.-Canadian p:ltent No. 83,867. dated Nov. pany have been sold. and reDleDlber. Coa1ing', mold, C. S. Szekely, Sr ...... 772, 4:m 10, m03 C'/vering vital point� III telephone d�,velolJ­ Coffee or tpa pot, Chapman & Kooman...... 772,49S there are but shares altogether. Coffee pot, D. H. Talbert 772,481 ment. Impurtant subsequent improvements free to 6.000 ...... •.... The �ork at the plantation. owing to the Collar, split, D. B. Snyder ...... 772.6:a purchaser. Addresl Dennis O'Brien, ' Combustion of fuel, promoting, I. A. Timmis 772, 7tiU Limestone. New York. even and unchanging cliDlafe of" the seDli­ Concentrator, C. A. Smith ...... 772,540 Concrete building block forming machine,. R. 6122a-For makers of po�ket novel- Shares Inquiry No. ' tropics. is progressing rapidly. 772,56;) ties, 8ucb as match safes, etc. T. Frost ...... �ill positively not be sold at the present Concrete constructions, ..adjustable mold for Adding, multiplying and dividing machine, all in one. reillforced, A. Bentley ...... 772,398 price af"ter those in the present series are 772.42H E�e]t & 'rarrant Mfg. Co., Chicago. Condf'nsing apparatus, C. W. Nason ...... closed out. Then a sharp rise in price ('Oll\'f',\'Ol', O. I{ling ...... 772,nfJU or make s of drop forgings, Copy holder, E. W. E'dmonston .'...... 772,7\\'3 �l �:' ·��� r Bulclh�:! iJ:nrarfo e �ill be Dlade �ithout f"urther notice. Cork extractor, J. Kaiser ...... 77'2,88� Counting device, C. Pidgin ...... 772,:171 PATENT FOR SALE.-]mproved fire �scap�, simple in F. Coupling sleeve, I. E. Palmer ...... 772,578 eODstrUClion and operation, and especially w�ll adapted Every possible safeguard surrounds this investment. The State Street Crank, variable throw, M. Barr ...... 772,494 to its purpose. A modern, practical fire escape. Plans Cravat or necktie, C. Groll ...... 772,801 Trust Co. of Boston holds the title to our property in Mexico as trustee. 772,597 can be seen. Answer by lett�r to E. E. Johnson, 220 Curu and gutter former, J. M. Williamson . with them the money paid in for shares, and we file ellI't'ent motor, alternating, W. A. Layman.. 772,465 :Madison Avenue, New York City. We agree to deposit Curl'ent �aving and spark reducing device with them sworn statements as to the development of the property. This Inquiry No. 612tl.-lt'or parties to manufacture for electromagllf'ts, G. H. Davis ...... 772, >'72 a"basin holder." company also acts as registrar of our stock. You are fully protected from Curtain pole, J. J. Russell, J 772.R2il fixture. 1'. • ••••••••••• 712,448 loss in case of death or in qtse of lapse of payment, and we grant you a sus­ Curtain pole C. B. Wilkins ...... ItTSend for new and complete catalogue of Scientific Curtain stretcher structure, J. C. Whipple. 772,6R7 Furthermore, we and other Books for sale by Munn & Co .. 361 Broadway, pension of payments Jor 90 days any time you may wish. Cyclorama, moving spiral, L. H. l\Iartin .. 772,57rJ 772,756 New York. Free on application. agree to loan you money on your shares. Dairy product O. �� hibault ...... Deutal draw press,('over, H. E. Reynolds ...... 772,907 We can prove to you that the five shares in this investment, paid for in JUfJuiry 'Sf). 612�'j.-}1'or .a lump that burns kero­ D(�rrick, lifting, H. C. Sr., & H. C. Stone, S"T1e oil and uses a mantle, 'similar to the Welsbach small monthly installmeuts, will bring you an ave,.age ,.etu,.n of twen­ .fr...... 772,586 montle. of payment. Discus. Holland & .McLean...... 772,356 tyJive pe,. cent. on you,. money du,.ing the pe,.iod Display case or rack, L. M. Siersdorfer ... . 772,837' $100 a month fo,. mo,.e than a lifeti_. >;';t and will then bring you Display raCk, J. g. RODS 772,375 is far better a Door ('h pck, R. W. Hubbard••••.• ...... •••••••••••• . 772,514 This opens the door for yourself, not to wealth, but to what � Door hangimf., ':U . F' prt'ul'a ...... 772, 61.1 OF INVENTIONS for future years, when perhaps you will not be able to earn it. INDEX competency Door opprating devicE', jail, L. Mayer .... . 772. 469 For which Lett6rs Patent of the Payments of $4.00 per month the first year and smaller payments thereafter Draft ri8'ging, H. rr, Krakan, reissue .... . 12,275 Draw bH r guiding and resistallce mechanism, will secure you one share. United States w�re Issued G. H. l!' orsyth ...... 772, 65;� If you will write us at once,

Electrical conduit, A. Fellheimer 772,350 " Foot and Merry-go·round, C. F. Weidner 772,549 Electrical currents, transforming, •••A.•••••• L. Power Mill heater, centrifugal, C. J Jeppesen.•....•••••• . . 772,617 Parcelle .. . . . 772,630 Screw Cutting Milking device support, F. Ljungstrom.• . . 772,421 Electrical machine,... ..Bragstad...... & La Cour... . 772,400 Milling machines, means for mounting worm-...• E'mbalming apparatus support, portable, •.•T. " St ar gearing In, Le Blond & Groene 772,894 J. Gallagher ...... 772,564 A1�tiC Mines or tunnels, electrically controlled...... trap- Engine sparking plug,. . combustion,.. .. C. . H. I door for, Krzyzanowski & Wysocki. 772, 661 Wisner ...... 772,856 Lathes Mixing machine, Ounningham & McPherson.... 772,697 ...... Eraser cle,aner, blackboard, P. A. Peterson 772,822 Mold, Brudewold & Wood .. 772,497 Extension table, A. F. Zochert ...... 772,770 Mold, O. A. Stempel ...... 772,845 Fan, horse, H. Ketterer ... . . 772,889 Molds, skim gate for, ...... A. Ladwig ..... 772,720 Fasteni.ng appliance, detachable,•...... F. X... •.•••.Gart- MOl) head and implement clamp, S...... C. Law- land ...... 772,351 lor . . . 772,524 Fepd box, ...... W. G. Haas...... 772,.713 Moth and...... Insect trap,...... H...... G. Nlda ..... 772,429 Feed water heater and ..•...... •purifier, .T... N.•.••..• Bar- Mounting machine, White & Watson...... • ...... 772,SG:: num ...... 772,774 Multiple cylinder expansion fluid engine, J. Feeding mechanism,...... boiler, E. F...... Field . 772,410 'I'. Halsey ...... 772,35;; 1< 'Pl1ce building apparatus, Lindsey & Finley•.•• 772,810 Needle threader,. A...... L. Peck. 772,821 Fence loom, Willmarth & Barnes 7.72,449 Net support, trap, T. E. P. Keegan••.••.••...... 772,618 Fellee machine, wire, J. M. Denning....•.• •••• 772,405 Nozzle, E. E. Ritter ...... ••.••...... 772,827 Fence post, J. S. Hannon •••••• 772,614 Nut lock, A. C. Lukehart...... 772,81 1 ••••••....•••••• .. . . I·'ence post, N. A. Field ...... 772,795 on burner, J. Brening, .Jr 172,496 J1�iber decorticating machine,. ... G. M...... E. Pos.. 772,823 Oil burner, H. H. Watts . .••••••. . ••..••••••.•. ... 772,546 I,'i1ter press, J. W. Neill 772,472 Veeder Orange w,ashing machine, ..A. ..Taplin. ... . 772,441 Fire alarm system, W. L...... Denio .••••.••..• 772,644 Ordnance, breech loading, A. H. Emery.••••• 772,345 Fire alarm, thermo-electric, H. Barditzky...... • 772,772 Counters Ore drainage and leaching tank, J. F. Webb.. 772,389 Firearm, E. E. Redfield •• 772,746 Packaging machine, H. D. Winton 772,855 Ii'irpurm, ....•.•••••.•••••• ...... I. Weisnek 772,764 to register reciprocating Packet fiats, manufacture of, H. G. Eckstein 772,406 ...•.....••.••.••...• l·' i"h hook, L. Biersach 772,333 movements or revolu­ Packing case or the like fastening, J. Ir- ...... •.••••• Fish hook, W. R. Ketchum 772,807 tions. Cut full size. Set of castings and vine ...... 772,659 Fish storage and assorting net,...... C. Jensen...... 772,360 Packing, metalliC,...... J. Jacobson...... 772,714 • parts for the Ii'iRhing tool, A. H. Brandon ' .• 772,864 Booklet Free $3 00 Packing, metallic, B. W. Cribb . . 772,788 Floor and ceiling, A. Probst ...... •. 772,372 Packing, piston rod, W. W. B"nson...... 772,640 ...... VEEDER MFG. CO. Fluid pressure brake, G. Westinghouse 772,852 MODEL Paper box, J. T. Craw ...... 772,694 Fluid pressure brake, G. Oppermann, ••.. Hartford. Conn. DYNAMO Paper boxes, covering, P..... S...... Smith 772,750 772,903, 772,904 with blue-prints and full directions for Paper, cloth, etc., drier, C. H. Crowell...... 772, 6t15 machining and windlng-. 10 -volts. .. Fluid pressure systems, double acting equal- amperes. Speed. 3,000 r. m. Des­8 Paper cutting machine, D. T. Wudhams 772,544 izing cylinder for, Spencer & Grellner . 772,842 criptive circular for the asking.p. Photo­ Paper holding device, C. Zitko .. 772,769 Folding and wrapping machine, C. Owens ..., 772,474 Pea sheller, F. H. Chase ...... ••...• graph, 4 cents stamps. 772,691 I·'olding box, C. H. Seegmiller 772,381 Peat, apparatus for removing...... water from, WalthalR Supply Co. Force feed lubricator, G. W. Mosel'...... 772,427 Model B. Kittler .... 772,717 Fmge, folding field, K. F. Schaller ...... 772,675 WALTHAM, MASS. Peat, removing ...water...... from, B. Kittler 772,891 ...... Lowest Rates and many unusual privileges. Special FI'p.neh rolls, mold for making, B. Ycre 772,688 Peel blade tip, A. H. Swan, et al...... •. 772,755 $1.1.00 rate on certain dates. Full informatiOn on appli- Fnpl feeding device, powdered, C. Bross-,.... A Trne and Tri­ Pen , fountain, J. H. Bullard 772,554 t e mann, Jr nmphant answer to ...... •...• 772, 606 t . u . . c o ; Patent Pen, self-filling fountain, R. G. I,ockwood . 772,467 . ...••...... :�� r� � �w.�� �:re,;� J.� �� the demand for the Fumigating device, J. Hurley . . . 772,359 385?i\'i ��i�Broadway, New1fa \Cork.'¥��;. Applied for o ly Phonograph, Weber & Hibbard 772,485 FnI'nace draft governor, boiler, ...E. B..... Kirby.... 772,519 n PhotographiC film for moving picture...... •..•.ma- FnJ'nace gas seal, metallurgical, Stewart & chines, T. A. Edison 772,647 A GOOD INVESTM ENT •..•.••.•••••.••.• Hughes ...... 772,846 e Automatic PhotographiC printing device, J. S. Cum- Furnaces, mixing. and. .. distributing. . chamber.. For �o'i n�i�t., ��J:ditWt�rthnf�Jf:'t���. mings ...... 772,342 for gas fired, G. R. Hislop . $1.7:> ...... 772,511 tions for learning , Hand Winder Plano action, upright, M. Steinert ...... 772, 683 Fuse for explosive projectiles, ...mechanical...... ' ever (Iroduced. Winds . . TELEGRAPH Piano pedal action, W. E. Cleveland 772,693 time, Meigs & Gatbmann . 772,470 tbe llnestwlre. Perfect adaptability for hand or power Picture frame puttying machine, etc., •....•C. OPERATING. work with mandrel in vise or lathe. Mude in two sizes: R. Gaining, routing, or mortising...... machine, ....W. Sandstrom ...... 772,433 No. 1, capacity to 3-32, No. 2, capacity to 3-16, . fasC1nating study $1.25; ...... S. Williams . . 772,5!J6 A $1.75, By mall, postpaid. Pin. See Hair pin. Game apparatus, E...... J. Dupeire...... 772,344 that will enable you Pin, L. E. Johnson . 772,887 •...... ••. r earn THE BEST TOOL CO., 75 Sherman St., Boston, Mass. Garment fastener, F. Smith . .. . 772,385 to good wages. Pinions, sprocket wheels...... or the like,...... :weans Garment fastening, W. Becker...... 772, ;;:\2 Send for our catalog. for cutting toothed, R. W. Smith . 772,841 ...... OaJ'ment holder, J. S. Alexander 772,601 Established 1879. Pipe and tobacco box, B. F. McIntosh 772, 627 Garment supporter, O. Kraus .•...... 772,620 Pipe wrench, D. Noyes ...... 20 Park Place New York J. 712,576 Garment supporter, F. W. Bickford...... 772,777 Pipes, tubes, etc., sheet metal...... band for Garment supporter clasp, J. C. Downey...... 772,875 shoes of, Garrett & Schaffer 772, 412 .... Garments and catamenial sacks, combined A new power that can be ,applied Piston, hydrostatic or pneumatic,...... J. H. support for, E. H. Johnson 772,806 Theto foot Kickdrive Cramer . .. 772,457 all machinery. A kick starts the Gas burner, acetylene, R. H. Walter...... •. 772,GM light keeps Plait raiser, . W...... A. Zeidler ...... 772,491 as rge ...•. machine and an occasional kick it Planter, W. T. Arnold ....•...... � 772,779 772,329 .. K: .. ii � ...... e t��aR� t� m��, l k� FOR LIGHT WO RK. g ing. Send for (jUT Booktet. Plates, dishes, etc., machine for washing, g�� ;:, �i�� : Hal!! These Great Advantage!:': O land 772,802 FRICTION DISK DRILL P. C. M. J. Hedon ...... 772,567 .•...... •....••.•...... •... The speed can be instantly changed from 0 to 1600 without ...... Gate. See Gravity gate. !(l'adua�ed SLOTKIN &. PRAOLIN Plow brace, W. H. Thomas 772,757 Gate, J. W. Barnhill 772, 397 stopp�ng or �hiftmg belts: Power appJ1ed can be Plow or cultivator clamp, C. •.....••...•Grabe ••• a r 145A Mulberry SI. New York 772,613 Gear, transmission, A...... Farnsworth 7?,3 8 s Plunger elevator, F. A . .Jones •...... • . . :T. Z � �t�r�Vits ';�:g:�: ���d!ifl)th���o ------772,361 ...... ��� rn o;i�� ��� GearIng, varIable speed, J. S. Pletts . . t 72,5 1 saving drill breakage. � Send tor Drill Catalogue.�� Poison distributor, P. Brandt ....•.•.•••. 772,454 Glass drawing machine, G. H. H .e ... •• m ELECTRIC AUTOMOBILE. DIREC- Portable light, G. M. Brill •...••...... •... 772,401 2 W. F. & JNO. BARNES CO., �� §09 772 51U a i] n Post anchor, W. J. Jackman ...... 772,515 E.tablj,h,d !O Glass, fire polishing, C. J. Nolan ..... : : 772 902 1872. ����'�� �� o� �{; o li��f� �:e ���e�� lu� Potato digger an(l picker, T. P...... Theriault...... 772,637 ; 1999 Ruby Street, oekford. I?f:J��� Glass fire polishing apparatus, C. J. Nolan... . 772,901 R Ill. No. 1195. Tbe motor and battery are also treated of Powder holding and delivering device, C... • • in detail. Price cents. ]'or sale by Munn Co. and Grai d P a , p rtabI . 10 & Turner . . . . 772,443 all newsdealers. �. �� ��;��� ; ��� .. .� . . . . : .� . 772,834 Powder press,... A...... I. Du Pont ...... 772,670 : : • � ..� ...... Gravity gate, ,mtomatic, G. P. Kidd . . 772,417 MACHINES FOR ROLLINC Power fransmission device, A J. Farnsworth 772,349 Grinding mill, ball, M. J. Da vldsen .... 772,699 Printer's quoin, J. B. Martin.• 772,526 i di c •••. ... I SCR.EW DRIL IIIG Printing compound of orthonitrophenyl...... lac- ���, ��tor:�ti�� �i���� � �ii��r���::::: ���:�g� toketone, S. Eichhart 772,560 Gun safety attachment, W. M. Bethune 772.495 TH READS. � Printing device, hand, C. F..... Haller...... • 772,352 .... Any size up to 1" diameter, 3" Machmes ....••• Guns, explosive [,hell for ritled, A. H. Emery. 772,346 Over sizes and styles, for drilling either deep or Printing press, A. W. Proctor . 772,632 70 ...... Guns, singJe trigger mechanism for double long. Foursizes of machineH. shallow wells in any kina of soil or rock. Mounted Printing press throw-out mechanism, T. C. barrel, S. S. Leach , ...... 772.809 W' Send for Catalogue. on wheels or on sills. With engines or norse powers. Dexter ...... 772,705 ...... W E L L- Hair pin, O. Hennig . . . 772,881 Strong, simple and durable. Any mechanic can PrOj ectile, A...... Wakefield ...... 772,850 ...... Handcuff, L. F. Maftby ...... 772,468 operate them easily. Send for catalog. Pulley device, automatically.••.•.. locking,...... J. C...... BLAKE & JOHNSON, Harrow, W. P. McCain, 772,529 WILLIAMS BROS., I c , Houghton ...... 772,885 ...... ••...... P. O. Box 7, Waterbury, Conn. tha a N. Y. Harvester, M. Patterson 772, 820 Pulley, split, G. ...F. McI.ynn...... 772,739 Harvester, corn, Benjamin.•...... & Pridmore 772,452 Pulp and paper stock, centrifugal... machine...... Harvesting machine, W. N. Whitely 772,486 for screening, Qvil1er & Stub 772,373 Hat fastener, M. M. Britton ...... 772,605 Pump, S. M. Fulton . . •.•••...... 772,880 Hat machine, G. W. Chamberlain 772,869 Pump, centrifugal or Similar,...... F. Ray. ... 772,532 Heating' s-ystem, hot water, R. B. Teachout...... 772,848 Pumping jack, J. W. Knight ••••. 772, 418 Heating systems, fitting for steam, C. A. Punch controlling device, Reynders.....• & .....Sears. 772,826 Ball . . . . 772,859 Punching machine, H. L. Zeigler . . .. 772,550 Heel building...... mach!.n�,...... T. Bostock...... 772,335 Radiator, H. K. Austin .....•• ; . .. 772,858 Heel chamfering machine, boot or shoe,...... J. Men of husiness prefer The Radiator air valve, T. Wheatley...... 7,72,766 W. Snell ...... 772,541 Rail for combined third and traction·•...•.... rail Hoisting engine,. J. N. Wright . 772,639 switching systems, throw, J. H. Morgan 772,735 Hooks, making garment, H. Kerngood...... 772,619 Rail joint, W. F. Burrows ...... 772,455 •... Horn, campaign, I. R. Fox 772. 411 Rail jOint, J. Ellmore ...... 772�650 ...•....••.•••...... Horseshoe cushion, 'F. Symons 772,685 Rail jOint, F. Finger ...... , ...... 772,652 Hose nozzle, H. E. McKechney...... •... 772,910 Rail jOint, Regdon & Makroczy.. . 772,825 I1n1l and axle. vehicle, W. L. Saunders....•..•... 772,537 Rail jOint lock, N. G. Vosler . •••.••..•...... 772.543 Ice cream or the like, making, H . .J. Gerner.... 772,656 Rail joint �upport, C. A. Erickson...... 772, 610 Ice creeper, G. P. Browning ...... 772,778 Rail lock, R. H. Reid . •...... 772,671 Ice cutter, H. M. Hunt ...... 772,805 Rail, locomotive raek, E...... A. Sperry...... 772.0RO Igniter, sparking, E. Eisemann...... 772,649 Califo rnia Rail SYStE'IDS, switching or crossover..... de.. .. Images, forming, U. Nehring •••••.•••• 772,471 vice for traction rack, J. H. Morgan 772,7an J1H'irlPrating furmice, F. I". Stearns.•••••••••.••. 772,681 Railway barriers or the like, electrical time.. Incnbator or brooder and heat controlling••••... cut out for controlling, 1<� . Neugebauer . 772,368 device therefor, H. A. Brooks 772,866 Railway carriages, wagons, or such like ve- Imloxylic compounds, making, Behaghel....•.... & hicles, automatic coupling for, A. A. l'lchumann . . .. 772,775 Rose . . 772,�76 Induction coil, R...... Varley...... 772,590 to 772,592 The train W'ears W'ell "; mainly Railway signal...... apparatus,...... M. R. Brown..... 772,607 Inking machine inking attachment,...... auto� Limited Railway system, plectri(', E. A. Sperry .. 772,67fl matic, J. Oertly ...... 772,577 because the service is faultlessly good. Railway system, f'lectric, E. C. Morgan .... 772,7.10 , ...... Jnst,( tif'hlp apparatus, O. Berger 772,776 Railway train braking system, J. A. Field..... 772,4HO ••.••..•.. every mile and. every minute. Insulator pin. J. H. Bullard . . 772, 553 Railways, automatic, counterbalancing sys- ...... Ironing machine, collar or cuff, W. A. Zeid· tem for inclined, E. C. Morgan 772,7:1:1 ]er ...... 772,490 Santa Fe All the Way--that's the Railways, electrical conductor for ...... electriC, .rf"wf"lry fastf'ning device, R. Fischer 772,711 reason. T. P. Chandler . . 772,456 Journal box, A. H. Lewis .•..•.. 772.725 Railways. 8witehillg..... system. .... for...... combined Knit fabric, Rogers & Schuyler...... 772,478 Daily service will be resumed November third and traction rails for electriC, E...... 13, Knittrd fabric, machine for unraveling, H. C. & J. H. :\Iorgan .. . 772 ,7:12 Curtis 772,458 superseding present semi-weekly schedule, Railways, traction rack rail.. for,...... E. C. Mor-.... LalH'ling machine,•...... L. C. Crmvell . ..•..... 772,241 gan ...... 772,7:11 ...... Chicago to Los Angeles and 'Frisco. Lu('e fastener, shoe, F. Wilehart ...... 772,85'1 Receptacle,..... W. .J. Connell...... 772,787 LUf'ing, E. S. Chandler ...... 772,338 ...... 1\1. For pamphlet of the train. and California trip book, addre Gen. Pa Office. Refrigeration, coil for stills for absorption, L:l ddpl' and ironing board, combination step,.. N. W. Condict ...... 772,3:19 Ry" Chicago •• ••. W. C. Moore ...... 772.815 A. T. & S. F. Regi"ter, I. S. Dement...... '...... 772,64:1 . Ln

�pludles, bobbin clutching means for rotat- able, J. A. York ...... 772,599 Spillnil1g ring tJ�3velel', L. Mellett ...... 772,527 Rvoke, met:l1lic whepl, T. Midgley ...... 772,814 �praye ', dmrr, Graves & Fry ...... 772,508 Spring lwheel, B. T', Robbins ...... 772,374 Square, try, A. "V . Benskin ...... 772,861 �tackt'l' atta('hment, lmpumatic, G. r.r. �iCOSOll 772,81 7 Stamp 0)' label.•••••••••....•••....•••••..•.• aftixing devicl'", G. L. Kem- peI' ...... 772. 660 Stanchion, E. J. Kirk ...... 772,520 Steam boilel', H. E. Moffat...... 772,729 Steam boiler, A. B. C. & ,J. A. Danks ...... 772',789 Steam ,generating systems, means fOl' regu- latmg, H. Lemp ...... 772,420 I S Steam generator, M. W. Sewall ...... 772,435 L ND AY Steam, means for r�gulating the production ! OUR CIGAR BOOK of, H. S. Baldwlll ...... 772,392 : L G T Send for it to-da:y Steam trap, rronge & Butterworth ...... 772,589 I S I"'t�r�otype block, r" . A. BeITY···· ...... 772,453 H equal in candle-power three Y J. 772,701 00 YOl1 want an automObile you can drive EVER Ulan who has seen it says it Stlrrmg apparatus, S. Deal...... in is the most valuable ptblication on Stock guard, P. "Iallia ...... 772.364 ordinary incandescent gas lights on one- year and year out WIthout cODstant Smokes and Smoking ever produced.l Stom-> gathering machine, . G. I.entz ...... 772:721 . worry? Do you want a machine that has is Stove attachmcnt, K. A. Duff 772,558 thIrd the consumption. They MUST have few partt5,and all of them instantly accessi­ It magazine size, handsomely printed ...... ble? Do you want to understand intelli­ 50 772,727 . . in colors, and costs us cents to prodl.ce Stove fire box attachment, A. Markoff..... me t. 6 January 1st, 1904, gently the operation of every part in an and mail each copy-btlt comes to you Stud, metal, E. A. Mallory ...... 772,662 n on,OU() sold SInce hour's time? Then, you want to buy any S. Kenll." lpetric h'am cars, W. Th e Ideal Encyclopedia .for your Willenbucher ...... 772,638 Send for samples, enclosing 8c. for postage, and Trolley switch for block signal systems, we will send them, free of charge, with a hand, J. Weatherby, Jr...... 772,547 des k, ez'ther z'n OtJice or Ho me Truck, ,,'. T. & G. S. Hunt ...... 772,358 some engraver's proof of the most beautiful te view of the St. Louis Exposition, size 14 x 20, i �����; rr �. ����o�·::::::::::::::::::: I�"'. ::: 772,664m:�� F -V l paper 20 x 24, ready to frame. Truss, L. Molyneux ...... A ive olun e Encyclcpedia l ube fastening, O. Carr ...... 772,641 !l;!�� rI''l' ubes, ('tc., apparatus foe loosening adhel'- ' I��;!;l;��!l;!�!a:�;!;l;��!l;!�!a:�;!;l;�� t • f m .l ed by a fi e yea rs l .. ;� !. t I V Free �;:; 172,414 U $ 5 to Valve, F. W. Hodges ...... : p ( oO) . . Valve, air, T. ,\Vheatll?Y ...... 772,765 THE COSMOPOLITAN. �:::::: I � ���� f:: 10'" [�l �l[�M �l�M�' Valvetr� controlling;:�\��t:;f:t;t��!ri��'�:�f���:l:�?; devicf', A. I'� . Donaldson. 772,874 . , Valve, engineer's brake, J. C. Lyons ...... 772, 422 1 Valve for tanks, discharge, C. W. Schultz .. 772,4�4 $ Will pulverize all kinds of mllllnJl Valve gE'ar, engine, E. A. Rix ...... 772, 5:m ore. It is economical in the use of Valve, governor or regulating, J. E. Parrish 772,3fjO WE SEN D THE power i will rflduce to forty mesh ValvE', self-closing and siphon, A. O'Brien. 772,668 5 0 t ra t l er 772,378 o ��S f� � 2 !�:�50r ��!�����J �fr� (�:� �� ����� !�S���O:;�:� ic ���:;u��, �pp��� 0 r e======COSMOPOLITAN in,talled at small cost. Is equally producing, A. J. Detweiler ...... 772,704 F FOR ONE YEAR efficient for large or fl.wall plant. Vapor at atmospheriC pressure, producing Prospects can quickly be made superheated, A. J. Detweiler ...... 772,703 f paying properties by the use of Vapor generator, G. E. Witt ...... 772,488 and The Ideal Stamp Vaporizer, J. M. Lockey ...... 772,466 and mitable 77 , 01 1 l t ' e al s l n ooncentrating table. �:�����l�� ����e� �� £. tio�!�y�·. �� .�'�·� :: � � THE IDEAL COMPANY , topping A. lD. Vrooman 2 :7 Vegetable machillc, �� gJ: 89 State St., Boston, Mass. l C o z al 2 8 4 : i�g\�l:: :1�� t�;� 'm�to�; M. � ��;"·i�: '�t' '0'1: ��2:: 71 7-� . 2 h 1 d · The Hendrie .tHolthoff Vehicle, motor, W. F. Kramer...... 1,,0 1'. 2, �:1 M,t(J. and Supply 00., Vehicle or other wheel, S. Felmlee ...... t g e · l l � � ,280 Denver, Col., General Agents �����l� :v�:!I� V\.r� ��rc� .�' ..�{. � ����: ::::: 772,573 e n e la Ychicle wheel, T. A. Edison ...... 772,648 T E 772,813 eye 0 p Sl'EAM TURBINES. - THEIR CON- w e ta id ���\�I�s �; �t::'e�. ���'a�tl�, ��%t/7l��;'7� Over Three Thousand Pages strllctioD, Qper&tion and Commercial Af.lication. for, G. H. Fraspr' ...... 772, 654 lUI,f��'1E:f�.lf3,.�.13�l� Vpnding machine, R. E. Reardon ...... 772,533 i'ii�A;'li�fia e�� ti-riOi�e ar s a en n i f e i e fO ' ��t�rA:�r�n;. �j! lR g:�fS :a�h?Yb:x��Ij. l�:�� & v ��Jtr�f�� ll�:: ����e1�e���� �. .. . �. ���� 772,512 ('0 361 Ventilators. See Car ventilator. .. Rrnadway, New York City�and all newsdealers. 772,676 Vessels, sound indicator for, J. Schiessler .. 772,438 Vibrator, C. F. Splltdorf...... 772, 528 Vise, H. R. Myers ...... 772,876 Vitreous ware, deeorating, R. K. Duncan .. • Voting machine, W. Langrill ...... 772,721 FIVE HANDSOME VOLUMES Don'tLet us prove to youWaste by loaning for a freeFuel trial a ! Wagon bed, N. H. Larry ...... 772,722 Dean Boiler Tube Cleaner Warper comb, illl:ltal, A. E. Rhoades ...... 772,582 Washing machine, J. W. Balfour ...... 772,493 Full Cloth Bound Washing machine gearing, M. A. Basley .... 772,451 Watch sb?m wInding and setting mechanism, G. Favre·Ja('ot ...... 772,409 Gold Lettering Water closet seat protective covering, P. Michaels ...... 772,425 "" att"r motor, H. J. M. Siemers ...... 772,383 that the compounds you use do not remove Bcale from T. 772;416 Distinctly Printed in Plain Type your bOilers. We have taken hundreds of pounds of Water purifier, D .. Just ...... scale from boilers thol1ght clean and have reduced coal 'Yatf'f purifying appaJ'atu�, A. Sorge, Jr .. 772,678 consumption one-balf. Water tube boiler. .r. Covvan ...... 772,340 \V eighillg apparatus, T. R. Weyant ...... 772,446 THE WllI. B. PIERCE (JO. \Veighbg' machine, coin operated, G. A. A Necessity for Every Office Washington Street, Bull'alo, N. V. 772,426 19 Moore ...... 3 machine, R. Reach ...... 77'lLOO6 Weight. chest ... 772,692 DY NAMO CAS TI NGS Well attu('hm('nr, H. W. Clark ...... And Every Ho e Parts of the Franklin Dynumo 772,728 m Well packer, oil, J. E. Merritt ...... output of 5 amperes and 10 volts, (urnishe-d to put ...... 772,843 with for amateurs Rough Wt�ll SC'J'PPl1, G. W. Stancliff . 772,804 tog,,�her. Will drive small lathe or ltght six ti ca dle lamps. Well stand pipe connection, oil, J. A. Hooper d ; t��� �No�l��dt r eady to as- ...... 772,663 zn such /orm as to be h:jJt OJ? j j:[{IJir���: �:d�or e Wheel, H. March ...... 772,587 Th e One Comprehensive Encyclopedia �:�t���'$���gg?I>AR�ELL & WEED, 129·131 W. Slot �t" New York Whiffletree plate, W. F. Stuart...... u . . . 772,831 Willow, C. Schofield ...... a desk ready Jor constant re.ference. & Gregory 772, 603 Winding machine, cop, Bentley .. 772,786 Windmill, W. P. Clifford ...... S. Ragona ...... 772,580 Window, . Man and No Home Should Be Without These Five Window, sliding and swinging sash, E. H. 772, 686 No Business Volumes, UllnE'l" ...... 772,716 ST RIP Window wHsher, W. H. Kidder ...... · fORD'S WEATHER Wire gratillg, J. Melles ...... 772,424 SOLD TO EVERY NEW OR OLD SUBSCRIBER TO THE COSMO- YO U SEE Wire stretchE'r, Dpnison ...... 772, 556 Wire stretching E. implement. 1. Smith ...... POLITAN MAGAZINE for $2.50, including one year's subscription to Woven fabric. double faced, J. Elias ...... m,�t�. A GLANCE Wrapping devicp, mag-wzhw, C. Owens ...... either THE COSMOPOLITAN or THE TWENTIETH CENTURY Pord's Weather Strip Wrench, Reel & Audley ...... that is different Wrench, E. SOrenSE'll ...... 772,751m:��� f rom all others. Its peculiar cunstruction Wrench, W. !" . Carlberg ...... 772,781 HOME For $3.00 you can have the Encyclopedia and both THE TWEN­ renders it absolutely air·tight It is made Wrench, H. Stein ...... 772,844 • oil, Wrench, J. F. Clark ...... 772,870 entirely of Southern pine, treated with X-ray tube, C. H. F. Muller ...... 772,667 TIETH CENTURY HOME and THE COSMOPOLITAN for one year. and will neither wear out nor rust out. It is Yoke attachment, safety neel" W. G.. inexpensive and easily applied to all doors , ...... 772,835 THE FIVE VOLUMES OF THE ENCYCl:-0PEDIA ARE SENT BY EXPRESS. THE CHARGES CAN BE PAID or Schulz •...... and windows. Will not warp. shrink bind. BY THE RECEIVER. IF YOU WISH THEM BY MAIL, "END 80 CENTS FOR l>OSTAGE. Send for FREE sample and prices. Agents Wanted Everywhere DESIGNS. Address : THE COSMOPOLITAN MAGAZINE CHARLES J. FORD . Buildt»&,. HolYoke, GlaaB dlBb, J. Ill. Miller . . . . No. ��:J8en101' Mass...... ,...... �'.l.l!8 Matdl lI&fe 01' I1l11llar article, G. Ill. BOUler. ..'r.1ar IRVINGTON, NEW YORK OCTOBER 29, 1904. Scientific AInerican

L MEN PRA CT/CA BOO s O ll ha . . � d � <:('l. 'tain e •.�: SHOULD HA VI: Building matl�rials for Ham d pur� e 43, 25 C t , �� ���;�:.�: 1 iga � ���;::�o::.::::::,:::::::::::::: 5 CIgars,f�� E.: �'.RE'gE'lIsbUI� & SOllS 43,549 o Bo'ok Clocks, Angelus: Angelus Prayer.•....•.•••.•• Clock e echn -Chem,'cal Recel' pt C011- 43,531 T495h pagesT of the best proved receipts for every cern . . 43,501 purpose. needs at his elbow. Coffee, ...... • ...... ••• :fBelfast .mesb What eve�y man D. C. ,J ohnson ...... ConfeetiollPries, chocolates, and candies, D. 43,571 ONL.Y $2. 00 POSTPAID Auerbach & Sons 43,562 Pascal!..•...... t .•••• ConfectionelT, .Tames Limi d Send it slips e e ....•.• now before your mind. Dentrifrice, II. B. " 'pll('om 43.532 ...... S...... • Dress goods. certain nnmed, Pearsall 43,533 HENRY CARE Y BA HtD & CO. thE' piece, ...• Dresl':! goods ilt Holz & Hayes , ... 43,559 812 Walnut St PbHa(lelphia� Pal Drugs and chemicals for human and v[lterin- .• 43,528 ary H. K \Y l' llcome USi�, 43,552 Drugs and t:h('mic-als for human aud vetel'ilt- . p ' [l lUti0l1S e HOW WHY of Electricity ·::�i� U (� �� � : 0f' .....�I...... 4:l,fi60 Th and � ...... � :;j,�i The sales of woolen underwear are growing . . By CHAR LE� TR1PLEll CUII.O flll('k andp dl'ess goods, Lowell Wl'aving. 4 ('0.: FasteLH.'t'S, metal! Bridgeport Chain Co .... smaller every year, because A 43, 5(i� book that all may read with un";'er�tand in'!. rrhe Finger rings, Radium . �tory Manufacturing Co ... 43,527 of electricity stripped ot torrr�ulru and written for i e tinguishers, Gr::laff " . Priee $1. F n' x ('hpmicaJ. & Co 4;�, 54R tilt se who wlsh to learn, postage prepaid. t Ch H If You Wear Wool You Catch Cold ' ' ' 4��,f):1 l that gIves so 1(' d :� ��� �; ��"�{��1�1 . It �18 New York Sun: .. We know not hing oodG�� dl i es nd ���;: ����dies, i seems unreasonable to some that a mesh of linen is as warm and protecting a much real help so short a space." . III Food Co, 4 �,574 t it is ELECTRICAL C nouhry, National .. closely woven wool undergarment, bu so--th(,m�ands have prO\Ten it so, and have Published by PUB. O. Food pl'odncts, c"l'tuil1 l1amed, Reiss & Belfast Ill esh." E n REVIEW : found constant health, unknown before wearing '" ve a loosely 13 Park Row, New Beady ...... ,.,."...... ,, 4;),541 York . . Fruits and v(�gptalJlf's. certain namL�d, 'Y il- woven wool garment (such as a muffler) is warmer than the same weight of wool in tight K't mple Re'lIiew Jl'REE, if . . . .. if Oats," or rolled oats, Albel·s 11.')lI2 1 WO K. lIi�hest Award, dIrect coupled Bl'os. n ODElS M illi g C/) ...... 11,11 ,-I�O9 venti dev pe . Special �Iachinery. i s n i Generf\tor Se�, Paris Exposit On 190U h'm fatiC'o." 4 fJ ll °llS �lu � l "1�1 for eigars, O. L. Sehwend{e ME. V LLA I , F g Fran kllO SQuare. New York. C(��U�I�'11r gs t��re�� ��4c �:f��z� 6� � Gold Medal. Pan .Arnerica� Ex: _ BI AR D ox B ld . . � by Lithograph iC' Co...... ins. Sent mail for 25c. po l�ion, Medal, Charleston, S. Exposition, 190�. '\lO N'l'GOMERY & CO., s 1901. Gold C., "Enelid Butter Cracker�. " for baker�T nets, . . pl'od-... 100 Fulton St.., New York City. Ohio Baking Co...... , 11,·W5 "Yavoriff' Seal," . . Complete ElectricUghting Plant for cigars, B. Zipfl'l & !\TAME PLATES-STEEL S(jll:� . ... . 11 ,491 STMtIP� Price, $34.00 ... , .... , •...... , - �� "Gol(!pn R(}d," for spices, Pac].:::ard & llJ ':EM PLOYEE atECKS,KEYTAGS &BADGES ' V Crescent �achinery Dynamo only; for eight 16-c.p. 'l'racy,...... I J.ROBBINS MF'G.Co. 58 KNEELAND S'r. am}Js $21.'0.00; lamps, wire, I-Iuntoon " ' ,.," "",., ...... 11,492 , and I , " SCNl; FOR CA'fJfi:oGI.IE . . ···BOSTON, MASS. Qua!ity Price, both right fixtures, ek $8.00 ; just suit.. "Hi,g·h Gl·ade Havana FilIP! ." fot· CigIUS, �tLle for residE'nces.•• small fac- Gilt Edge Cig-ar Box Factory ...... ]11 1. 489 , - .-.-- -- lories, yachts etc. stri ")'Tothf'r'R ReRt,'· �--. ---�- �--.------�-----.-. � BAND SAWS, JOINTERS, SAW , A ctly for salvE', O. Winzel'ling . tirst-classguaranteed outfit. We "Pn1'it�·," fol' cigars, O. L. Schw('ncke BAND SAW BLADES Willri for any special putpose .. , . .. . . ,49:� ELECTRlnlTY Lithographic Co. . . . . , .. . 11,500 :g fto��e l'li��r�:1.0c. 'l'!ie�la�'ti to l'uler, usually without extra . .. . . 5 ]\'0. "Rhl'ffipld's Blue Band Coffee," for coffee, instrument, Electric Bell, Motor. Books, each. eost. Send for Bulletm il. CO., S. MASS; T. A. Shpffield & Co ...... BUBIER PUBLISHING Box LYNN, The Elbr!dge E ect·r c 11,494 Catalogue tells the rest l i l . Mfg. Co.'. Water Street, "Sheffield's Gold Band Coffee," for coffC'c, CRESCEN'l' MM'IIINE CO. A. Sheffield & Co ...... 230 Elbridge, N. Y , U. S. A. a T. 1],485 S. E. WORR�1LL MoJll Street, Lt'" to lia, 0., U. S. A. "Shpffipld'� Old HompstE'ad lava and Mocha Hannibal, Mu. Coj'fpc, " for coffee, A, Sheffield & Co. DRYING MACHINES. TH E NEW T, 11,486 GAS ENGINE DETAILi:'i.-A VALUA- WORKS ble and fully illustrated article nn this subject is con� 11,481 MODEL in SUPPLF-MENT 1292. 10 en s 11'01' 179 £. MA DISON SrCHICA GO IL L tatned No. Price c t . � Clip ESTABLISHED 1887 & a11 If best in LSICHICAGO sale by Munn Co. and newsnealer:' 8&-1\1FIn" AVEl', . . . MODEL AND EXPERIMENTAL WORK. which Washburn, Crosby Co...... 1,129 �� Iexible cord attached and contact spur iI)ease, . . , . is dr'awn back into ca!!!e, when canied in pocket. "Shower ' �tnd Mili y Backs, Congress Electrical and Mechanical Instruments. HmaJ1 Mach'y. tar EDWARD KLEINSCHMIDT. W. Broadway, New York Size oE watch and -very lightweight. 0an be lIsell in Playfpg Cards, " for playing cards, United 1,128 82 a.ny poslticu Particularly designed for Auto. use. States Plftying Card Co ...... ••...... ' I'rice tf!;a.OO. We an fa re AL [fiE ll' u ctu MET SPE. Jo:L UREHGE ELECTRIC 1l1'G. CO. of all kinds. order ; 221' Main St., Springfield, Ma��. 1,131 CIALTIES A p inted copy of the spedfication and largest equipmeIit-j lowest0 pric� r drawing' es. Send sample or f)f in the foregoing li�t, or .l'VPE WRITEFt any patent any patent model for low estimate and best expert advi e 50 Years' issued sin e will c in print c be furnished from THE EAGLE TOOLRS CO. W. FREE pro ided the O office for 10 v T this cents, name and NVEN Dept. Cin'ti, O E�CHANGE the patent desired and the be nu e of 186il, date I mb r Address C ., !!iven. Munn & o Broadway, New York. 361 THE MOST POPULAR CHRISTMAS SOUVENIR Canadian patents may now be obta!n�d by the In· e ns rs a f t nv i l��t n;'� r: � t ;�r�� r r s ��d ���:� �a��rC !l!:; Munn & Co., 3�1 Yorl: oddre•• Broadway, New

A TOB.Y BALANCE. Trade Marks. SENSITIVE LABOR Designs, N. This built-up " laboratory By Monroe Hopkins.one, H Copyrights. Etc. balanee will rveigh np to pound and will turn with a of can be made ,Anyone sending'a sketch. and (]e�criDtion may quarter a postage stamp. The balance free pf quickly ascertain our opinion whetlier an by any amateur skilled in the UBe tonls.l aud it will invention is probably pat entable, Communica- i is ����sf�t�!�t\)l�fe������:��' a 8 work as welt as a balance. The art c e accom.. f r panied by detailed working drawings showing various lJ �g����&� Co.�� !t����� $125 SCIEN Patents taKen throufIh MUNN receive stages of the work. This article is contained in .. Special /iotic,e, without charge"m the 1184. 10 TH'IC . AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, NO. PrIce & Co . cents For .sale by MUNN . B,oadway, New or sd al York City. or any bon\Igeller new e er. 361 .. ._.- cir­ --- -.� -�-, ASci handsomelyenti illustratedfiC Americanweek1y. Largest ----�, - ,$8 'r�a;r_ulloltioc; �OUI''of any scientifiC$l. journat.�,all vewsaeale,Terms, a UNTIL YOU INVESTICATE . months, Sold b� •. ,. €I "THE MASTER WORKMAN," , a two-cylinder g soline engine superior to all one cylinder engines; tevolutlonizingza,s power. CostsLe.1 tolSuJaodLela BlIIL to Quickly. ea. S!lY_Sttuted No Vibra ion. Can bemounted on any wagon at small cost-portable, sta­ . _ _ MUNN·& CO,3SI'Broadway, New York tlQlWY OIIPCII. ... U... tlOII dlls llli*. SIIND POa CATALQGlIlI. TllBTUPLBP11¥P �O.. au:re...... ••Ia 1"" ''',O'''''",S TH1S IS QVa Fll'TY·l'llI.ST y� '1inMla0-...... 8" WMIIlq\Oll.D. c. DOtl-T BUY' G�SO'-lN'E �'MG�NE 308 Scientific American OCTOBER � 1904.

C\O LD GALVANIZING. AMERICAN PROCESS NO ROYALTIES. 1854 -1904 SAMPLES AND INFORMATION ON APPLICATION. NICKEL AND Electro-Platin g WALTHAM WATCHES ApparalDI IDd Material. HAVE STOOD THE TEST OF TIME...... Hanson & VanWinkle co., 'S ,,.. iu'k. S 1. .# m ic Wa tch, Dook 92 .. ••N. Y. Th e Pe rfeded A er an " . an if{usfrafed uf' William�t. . 30 & 32 R. Cana.l St. "interesting infomUliion about cwafche�, free upon ,equesf.> ChlCallo. If you do not Investigate the WINTON before you buy a motor car you will not get its equal. Completely 82,000 eqUIpped, f. o. b. Cleveland ; without top, (AMERICAN WALTHA,M WA TCH COMPA NY, LIGHT $2.300. Prompt deliveries. THE WINTON MOTOR CARRIAGE CO., Cleveland, 0 .. U.s.A. WAL THAM, MASS. TREATMENT THEFOR SKINFIN DISENSEASES AND CANCER 8O pa e illustrated bOOB: UR - � ��:::::::::::::::::�::::::::::::::::� O describing the treatment that The Orient Surrey ! is indorsed and enduwed by rulers of" four nationM tells bow cancer and all skin di.:'!eases are cured without surgical operation. medi- cine or pain. I L It shows the lar!Z"e FINSEN Lamps and gives photos of cured patients. Wnte to-day. DeSCribe Your cabe and get book and <: : vice fr ee. NIELS R. FINSEN The Finsen Light Institute of America Sutte O. 78 State Street, Chicago. Speed about twenty miles per hour. Will climb all or­ dlDllry �radeB. Write for catalogue SHOE� dBLACKING.- !<'ORMULAS FOR hquid n solid b.1acklng are 8UPPLEME�T WALTHAM MANUFACTURING CO. I -Hiven in nts each. For sale I n r'; �:J �: � ce Waltham. Mass_ 't 1 &� �!d2a� �� J� 1 e le s ------

PROMPT DELIVERIEti Packard Motor Car Co., Dept. 5, Detroit, Mich., U.S. A� NEW YORK AGENTS [M.A.L.A.M. Packard Motor Car Co" of New York. 317-319 W. 59th St.

GA!S and GASOLINE ti;For All f!1;ii#t;Work. ) St.ationaries. Portables, HOlsLers. Pump .. is sold more largely to Portland Cement WorkS than any other make. Here's the ers.Send Sawing for Oatalogue& Boat Outfits. rond Te stimon'iats proof conclusive : 579 Mills sold inMIL the past two years toL following works : ��:�rI:J:�������tS!ritme;sC��D�llaBI �tate Your Power Needs. t:�f�� :g�:l:�: 8::::nnlc� :'3rt���& in� . Texas. CHARTER GAS E IIIGIIliE Box STERLlIliG.ILL. d hio. t CO., t 48. �����t c2�II(j:J�:'fa.ellston, O �l �o� ��� �� :dm� ����Jg:,��l�: Ind. �:�1¥!\ N. Y. a Kansas, GleneFaUs Portland Cement Co.• Glens Falls, Kansas Portb;L nd Cement Co., lola, a l *�h���L;;r�l��d���e�t ��., l)��ha�, Onto ���t��! ic�:e�\ ���'��\�n Mich. Wh t rS Daus '�i p-To p? Sandusky Portland Cement Co., Syracuse, Ind. Penn-Allen1��� PQttland Cement Co., Ailentown,Pa. '1'0 I·UOVE, that Daus' "Tip.Top " is n Marg��k����: Portland Cement Co., Martins b s es or il��YWo:;��l� �O�I��dt &>;;!.tWC��0rI';li3!in, �OO e��;i:s ��: ;e:.�;1�te� a:.�k;6 n n o f.Ch.. copieM from tvp:ewrlttenoriginal, we will Midra��hPort1and Cement Co., Bedford, Ind. fr����� �!rl�!d �e���nJo�, Br�������'c ship complete duplicator, cap size, Bonneville Portland Cement Co" Siegfried, Quaker Portland Cement Co., Sandts Eddy, Pa .. ulthout deposit. on ten (tV) c Pa. ])iamondIll. Cement& Lithogra.phStone Co" Chi ago, lell� Iroquois Portland Cement Co., Caledonia, �>�r:: :: �� Net N. Y. Mif3sissippi Valley Portland Cement Co., Louisiana, trade. db�coullt of' Alph� Portland Cement Co., Alpha, N. J. Mo. 88% per cent, 55 l Portland Cement Co., Cementon, n o l ' rc\; 01' W11w:,al ¥�I���l���l���t

Strong, accurate,Our with perfect lining centers. A profit creator for Auto Fur Coats, up - - $20.00 your tool room or general machine shop. You will find it aha nc1ytool. Auto Rubber Coats, up Do You Ever Use a Bench Shear? 'f ry ours. Has com­ - - 6.00 pound gearing giving lots of power and no friction. The prices are Auto Cravanette Clothing. right, too. Cata10gue free for the asking. Yankee Spark Plugs, 2.00 THE W. W. OLIVER MFG. CO. Yankee Electrical Cut-Out Switches, - 1.50 Big Free Catalog

____ �._l WIJ- L\S CQ 2 Park Place, N •. _Y. When a ..man's sick, Surely insured he'd be. When a man's well, Lantern for �howlng- Engrav_ A l'i. alli� ll t £l��It'l;���s, S����en� �� [l�;iS��ee� Rarely insured is he. " previolls preparation, r lliantly ��a��l�t natural color . Sendb fori dlcular,hghted and in s HIS adaptation of an old Williatn8� Brown & Earle Dept. 6, 918 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. saw tells the whole Opaque Projector story of the average AMERICAN JUMP SPARK IGNITION OUTFITS man who puts off hav­ MARINE STATIONARY ing his life insured. We have a little .• . AUTOMOBILE MOTORCYCLE In tbe shop (� A"'ls to be tbe booklet "The H()w Predominant Power. AlnER reAI\" Somprville, Hass. SEE CATALOGUE.. W_ eon. (10MPANY. s and The Why ," which tells of the g : "TRUE" GAS ENGINE for speed. power and economy. ease of insured by mail. Four cycle. VertIcal type. being Runs aFl smooth as a OUR. NEW new pack of card� READY FOR. SKELETOl'/" 10. 15. 20-H.P.-30. 40. 60, 100 DELIVERY PENN MUTUAL LIFE INS. CO. Bupplied at once, others un de­ WATCH PHILADELPHIA mand. OCTOBER 1st FRANK RIDLON CO. Summer 200 St. Boston, Mass VV E S Our New Skeleton Watcb not onlyAT sbows youe)o( tbe time, bnt bow time is made. Accurate C9 time at tbat. Ready for delivery October 1st. For ";ale by all Jewelers. ''li= ,,£.n.1I TRYIT (·H·B ESLY. a eel NE.W ENGLAND WATCH CO_. 37 en 39 Maiden Lane. New Yorh IF·Vollo KA:- '" lIDHOW eHICA60'1",1J"� MFR� OF CRUCIBLE SHEET STEEL THE n • ESSWAOPSH INGTON.STEEL PA . , Snow Hill, London, ED�land If· · IIU11",0ETilIL 81 ()J1D�OIlJpl :� 8�reet. �:T.re� J