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at Post of York, Y., ao Claso Matter. Copyright. 1903. by Munn CO.J ·IENTIFI£.LEntered the Ofllce New N. Second MERI{)AN&; Vol. LXXXIX.-No. A ABLISHED 6'J NEW YORK, 8, 1903. s CENTS COPY E8T ) 845. AUGUST L $3.00 A YEA R.

[See page 99.]

over 37,000 hor�e power, or nearly six hundred per cent that are more or less hilly must necessitate extremely SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN more power. Moreover, the model of the transatlantic fast running over certain portions of the road. ESTABLISHED 1845 liner is designed specially for high speed; for with a Although the meet for the Gordon Bennett cup, MUNN Editors and Proprietors beam of 68 feet she has a length of over 680 feet, a recently chronicled in this journal, did not witness IS. CO., ratio of beam to length of 1 to 10; whereas the "Kear· any such high average speed as was achieved in sarge," with a beam of 72 feet, has a length of only France, the spee trials for short distances were the Published Weekly at 308 d No. Broa.dwa.y, New York feet, a ratio of 1 to The finer lines of the merchant most successful ever held. Although it is true that 3&1 5. vessel and her high freeboard are not only conducive the course in Phoonix Park is an ideal one for speed TERMS TO SUBSCRIBERS to speed in ordinary still water, but they are especia'lly ing, we must' admit that the performance of Baron One copy. one year for the United States. Canada. or MeXlco ...... $3.00 One one year. to any foreign country. postage prepaId. 168. ad. 4.00 helpful when driving into a head sea. We have trav: de Forest, when he lowered the world's record for a COPY. £0 THE SCIENTIFIO AMERICAN PUBLIOATIONS. eled on the "Deutschland" when with 35,000 horse kilometer to 26 3-5 seconds, which is equal to a speed

Scientific AmerIcan (Established 1845) ...... $3.00 a year power she was maintaining 21 knots an hour in the of 86% miles per hour, is truly astonishing. No less . . . .. Imentitlc American Supplement (Established 1876) .. lJcientitic American Building Month1y (Established ...... 1885) .. fl.OO teeth of a heavy southwesterly gale. The "Kearsarge," astounding, either, is the record of Barney Oldfield, •. •• _ . 2.W .. Scientific Ameriean Export Edition t.Established 1878) ...... S.OO 'llhe combined subscription rates and rates to foreign countries will on the other hand, was obliged to slow down at times made recently on an oval track, of a mile 'in 55 4-5 furnished upon application. _ Remit by postal or express money order. or by bank draft or check. to 10 knots an hour on the same western trip, because seconds, or at a rate of 64% miles an hour.

.. Broadway. New York. she was taking green water over her forward turrets. As far as we are able to ascertain, the highest MUNN & co 361 The run of the "Kearsarge," therefore, was high'ly speed attained by a railroad train on a tria'l that was NEW YORK, SATURDAY, AUGUST 8, 1903. creditable, and had it not been for obstructions of fogs, prO'perly tested by competent time-keepers, was a frac

for on icebergs, and heavy weather, it is likely that the ves tion of over 90'miles per hour, so that the automobile is The editor is always glad 10 receive exami nati illu,trated articles on subjects ot timely interest. If the photographs are sel would have about maintained her tria'1 speed to-day practically as fast as the locomotive. Of course, h the contributions e articles short. and the facts authentic, O'f �rp,r te Httention. be lor ec i e special Accepled artIcles will paid 14.1 knots per hour. it is a very different proposition to run a single rrrtt· willregular v space rates. at chine capable of carrying only two persons at high •••• THE TRANSATLANTIC RUN OF THE "KEARSARGE." THE BEHRING STRAIT TUNNEL AGAIN. speed, and to do the same thing with a train capab'le The notoriety given by the public press to the re Once more the chimerical scheme for building a of carrying three or four hundred people. "fhe fact cent run of the battleship "Kearsarge" across the At· railroad from the Pacific coast terminus of the trans· that nearly 90 miles an hour has been achieved by an lantic at an average speed of 13.1 knots an hour, and continental railroad systems to Alaska, and carrying automobile proves that it is merely a question of the mutual felicitations indulged in thereat, must the road beneath the Behring Strait by a tunnel to weight and horse power before these machines will have proved somewhat puzzling to the average lay connect with an extension of the Siberian Railroad, be running a trial mile at the rate of one hundred man, who is accustomed to read on any day of the il> being agitated. The improbability of such a rail miles an hour or over. Such performances, however, week that such and such transatlantic liner has are merely sensational and spectacular; they have a road being built, or if built, being made financially come into port after making the same transatlantic successful, can only be understood by taking a map no practical value, except so far as they may afford run at an average speed of 23 knots an hour or over. of North America and tracing the proposed course of data to the automobile makers on the action of the ':Why," he must have said to himself, "all this jubila the line. It will then be seen at a glance how more delicate and sensitive parts of the engines wh'im tion because a first-class battleship has sailed the vast are the distances which this proposed road must they are pushed at their utmost 'limit. seas at a speed which would be only respectable for cover. From Vancouver on the Canadian Pacific line ••••• MARVELOUS PRODUCTION OF IRON AND STEEL. one of the better class tramp steamers?" Not only to Behring Strait is at least 2,500 miles. The Behring must the average speed seem to be in itself very low, Strait would involve tunnel nearly sixty miles in In spite of the fact that during the past twelve a but he will probably have in mind the fact that four length, that woU'ld have to descend several hundred months the iron and steel industry has been ham years ago, when the "Kearsarge" underwent her offi· feet below sea level to find a stratum suitable for tun pered by a long coal strikE), and by something of a cial tria'ls, she maintained for four hours an average nel operations; then on reaching the Asiatic shore, deadlock in transportation facilities, the total produc speed of 16.84 knots an hour. "Why, then," he will there would be anO'ther stretch of about 2,700 mi'1es to tion of iron and steel in the United States has grown say, "must we have all this mutual congratulation be surveyed and constructed before connection was to truly enormous proportions. Probably in' the ' over a United States battleship which, on a speciany made with the present Trans-Siberian system. The dif whole history of the world there has never been a period when single industry witnessed such a phe ordered sea voyage, cannot come within four knots ficulties in locating and building such a line can only a per hour of the speed she made on her a:cceptance bE' understood by engineers who are familiar with the nomenal deve'lopment as that of the American iron and steel trade. We have been accustomed to regard trials?' physical and climatic obstacles to be overcome. No And yet, in spite of the apparent discrepancy, this mere hasty reconnaissance would be sufficient to give the great industrial establishments of the country, run of the "Kearsarge" was a really creditable per· even an approximate estimate of the cost of the Trans and particularly those identified with the steel indus formance, since it was made entirely under natural Alaskan portion of the route. As to the construction try, as more than equal to any possible demands of draft and at an average speed only one knot lower' of the tunnel, the mere preliminary borings to ascer the home market, yet so great has been our prosper than her natural draft speed at the time she was built. tain the character of the material to be encountered ity that our great blast furnaces and steel mills have Battleships and cruisers are designed to steam at would be an enormously formidable task in itself, been unable to cope with the demand, and it has been varying rates of speed according to the particular and when this was successfu'11y completed, there .necessary to import a certain amount of pig iron from abroad. needs of the occasion. For cruising purposes and would still be grave element of doubt as the a to making such long runs as that which she has just com practicability of keeping. the tunnel free from an in During the last year the total production of pig iron was 17,821,307 tons, an increase of over two pleted, the "Kearsarge" was given sufficient motive rush of water which, if it should occur under the million tons on the preceding year and a gain of four Jlower to enable her, when steaming under natural pressure due to the great depth, could not fail to be draft, to maintain a speed under favorable conditions disastrous. mi'llion tons over the year 1900. Perhaps these fig ures are best understo'od when it is stated that last 14 knots an hour; and in order to give the vessel a We are aware that the enthusiastic promoters set of year's production was nearly double that of the year reserve of speed which she can call upon when she is down the cost of the 60-mile tunnel at twenty mil'lion 1897. ehasing or being chased by an enemy, or when she dollars; but when we consider that the twenty miles wishes to avoid torpedo attack or to make some sud of subway tunnel in this city are to cost thirty-five • • • THE SLAUGHTER GOES ON. den change of position in a naval engagement, she million dollars, it is pretty safe to say that the twenty earries set of blowing engines by which the rush would not be sufficient to cover the The rate at which our railroads are killing and a million dollars of air through the furnaces can be speedily augmented, cost of the tunnel and the surveys, to say nothing of maiming people continues steadily to increase. Ac and the steam-raising power of the boilers and the the 5,000 miles of connecting railroad that would be cording to the report of the Interstate Commerce Com horse power of the engines proportionately increased. necessary. Even if the engineering difficulties could mission on Railroad Accidents in the United States, Under the latter conditions, the speed increases nearly be O'Vercome (as undoubtedly they could with suffi within the three months ending March 31 last, 300 three knots an hour; and as a matter of fact, on her cient time and capital), where is to be found a body people were killed and 2,834 injured in train acci· ' trials carried out in 1899, the "Kearsarge" during a of financiers to put through an undertaking which dents. Other kinds of accidents, including those sus forty-hour continuous run under natural draft, main could not· possibly render any return on the invest· tained by employes while at work, run up the total tained an average speed of 14.1 knots an hour, and ment for many a decade to come, if ever it did? casualties to 827 ki'lled and rtl,481 injured. That during a forced-draft trial of fouroohour duration, she Moreover, even if the road were built, it is pretty these accidents cannot be put down entirely to the showed an average speed of 16.84 knots per hour. ,.;afe to say that it would have to depend almost en· fault of the passengers and employes themselves is will be seen, then, that on the recent run across the tirely upon the passenger and loca'! traffic for its de shown by the fact that during the quarter under con It A,tlantic, the performance of the ship was within one velopment; for it could not possibly hope to compete sideratiO'n, 1,650 trains were in collision and 1,181 knot per hour' of the speed achieved under natural in the carriage of freight with the large merchant trains were derailed. draft during the highly favorable conditions of an ·offi· steamships that are being built for the Trans-Pacific •••• • cial trial. trade. The idea of an all-rail route from Paris to MORE NEWS ABOUT EDISON'S STORAGE BATTERY. Unfortunately for the subsequent reputation of bat New York is picturesque, sentimental, and quite The latest authentic data concerning Mr. Edison's tleships and cruisers, the maximum forced-draft speed impractical. It is certain that in the present stage storage battery are found in the following interview achieved under exceptiona'lly helpful conditions is in of development of Northwestern America and North published in the New York Times: variably taken as being the speed of that ship; that eastern Asia, the scheme will never get beyond the "The popular impression seems to be that my new is to say, she is credited, not with the speed which paper stage. storage battery was more or less a possibility, but that it began and ended there. That is not so-one she will show for 360 days out of the 365 of the year, ------..�.�, �.�, ..------but with a speed which she may not use more than THE SPEED OF THE of them has been in operation for the last three weeks AUTOMOBILE. two or three times in the year, and which she can There is something in high-speed travel that appeals, in one of Altman's delivery wagons, and is doing all only reach when she has the best of coal in her bunk with the strongest fascination, to. the general pubUc. that I expected and claimed for it. ers, and when the boiler-room crew is in a state of Just why a record-breaking run should have such "There is a great deal to be said for the new bat· .first-class efficiency. fascination, it is difficult to determine; but perhaps tHY, and all in its favor. It will average more than . Hence it is misleading to talk of the 18-knot "Maine" it is that, unconsciously, we realize that every mile a third greater mi'leage for half the weight than will and the 17-knot "Kearsarge." It would be nearer the per hour added to our high-speed records is another the old lead battery. It has an additional advantage truth to call them respectively 15-knot and 13.knot evidence of the gradual victory of man over that all inasmuch as it can be recharged at a much faster vessels. pervading inertia which it is his constant effort to rate tha.n the old battery. As much electricity as ""ill Furthermore, the wide difference in speed between overcome. send the motor forty miles can be put in it in less naval and merchant vessels, or say between a "Kear The present year has witnessed some remarkable than an hour. "Ever since took up this problem of the greater Imrge" and a "Deutschland," is not in any sense due feats of speed, particular'ly in the field of the au I to imperfect design or poor handling in the former. tomobile. Unquestionably, the most astonishing per capacity battery I have worked with the idea of using for street locomotion-in automobiles and trolleys. For we must remember that while the "Kearsarge" re formance was that of Gabriel, the winner of the first it quired during her transatlantic run only about 6,500 stage of the Paris-Madrid race, who covered a stretch And now the auto battery is finished. Last Monday hor�e power to drive her knots. the "Deutsch of 331.2 miles at an average speed of 56.25 miles per three friends and myself took trial run to Atlantic at 13.1 a hour. To maintain such a high average aver roads City in a car consisting of a Mors frame and one land" in making her record trip at 23.5 ·knots, required of

© 1903 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC Scientific Alllerican AUGUST 8, 1903- 95 my batteries. We wished to attain great veloGities and 17 feet draft. Both canals are seriously incum feet-and side slopes varying the nature the with of over rough surfaces, and we succeeded beyond any bered by numerous locks. material. The locks will be capable of passing the of our expectations. The idea was to find any defects "At present all vessels bound from the east to the largest vessels afloat, or about 600 feet in length and in either the frame of the car or the battery and west coast of Britain, or have to pass 80 feet in width, with smaller 'locks alongside for vice versa, motor. 'l;'he 'latter two were entirely successful, but around the end of the island, through the Pentland smaller vessels. there are a few things which can be bettered in the Firth, with its rapid tide and dangerous sea:, com "It would have been desirable to have proposed a car. bined with deceptive currents and prevalent f6gs, or canal of sufficient width to allow two of the largest "My experience shows me that we have much to 'south about' through the overcrowded English Chan vessels to pass each other at any place on the route; learn from the French makers-they have been at it nel, so frequently the scene of disastrous collisions. but in roughly estimating the cost it was found that longer than we have, and are still several years ahead. It cannot be doubted that a ship canal through the this would involve so large an expenditure as to make Several of the auto makers in this country have sent narrow neck of land which separates the east and west it doubtful whether such a work wou'ld, in the mean for my battery specifications and are begimning to coasts of Scotland, capab'le of carrying the largest time, prove remunerative. Frequent passing places, make types of their machine in which it �s� to be vessels, would not only obviate all the dangers and de however, will be made at suitable intervals. used. lays incident to the 'north about' andl 'south about' "There are no very serious difficulties to be over "I have been experimenting with an electric coach routes, but would effect much saving in time, in the come; though the cutting is no doubt a heavy one. to-day, and it is surprising. how well it showed up. cost of insurance, in wear and tear of vessels and There are few railways or road crossinges of any im We climbed Eagle Rock, where the hill-climbing con their engines, and hence in the cost of transit; It portance, and the excavations are largely in soft ma tests are held, with the greatest ease, and we really would also for strategical pu rposes be of the greatest terial and the disposal of the excavations could be did not dare to attain our maximum speed. importance. easily effected, owing to the proximity to the canal "We cannot put the new battery on the market in "In deSigning such a canal the first points to be set· banks of waste ground. any quantity as yet. The best we can do now is to tled were, What are the essential requisites? These "A ship canal of these dimensions wou1d not only make one a day. By October we wHI make af least may be stated as follows: accommodate merchant vessels, but would prove of the six daily, and about Christmas we will be in shape to "1. That it should be of such dimensions as to ad greatest advantage to His Majesty's navy, as the larg meet any demand. The trouble has been that special mit ships of the 'largest class of merchantmen, and est ships of war at present in existence could pass machines had to be built, but the last of these will be also vessels of the royal navy, passing freely and with through from the one coast to the other in about eight completed next week. Another disadvantage I have to perfect safety from sea to sea, practically at all times. hours, and thus the facility for defending the coast contend with is paying 40 per cent duty on a certain "2. That it should be as free as possible from locks, in time of war would be very much increased. sheet steel that must be imperted frem England or hydraulic lifts, or other mechanical appliances, In "It is believed that the route suggested through the Germany, and then in only limited quantities. By volving possible delay or risk to ships using it. Forth Valley would prove the most satisfactory for Christmas three rolling mil'ls will be able to make it "Having assumed these, as I think, indispensab'le a ship canal. Both approaches are in smooth water for me here in this country, and then the present high conditions, the next question for solution was, Can a and free from every danger to navigation. The west price for the batteries will be reduced. route be formed from the German Ocean to the At ern outlet into Loch Long is exceedingly favorable, as "This 'battery will drive all ether methods ef loco lantic which fulfills them, and also can the canal be ships of the 'largest class could at once proceed to sea metion out of business, and in less than ten years the formed at a cost which will prove remunerative? quite free from the interruption and liability to herrible edor ef gasoline en the public highways will "After careful study of the country and the levels, grounding which they would meet with had the canal be unknewn. As fer lack of recharging statiens, that the conclusion was arrived at tll.at a route along the debouched into the River Clyde. The entrances to the is nensense. In the last menth ferty-five new ones valley of the Forth gives the only practical solution Forth and Clyde are now so well marked by light· have been insta'lled in the New England States alone, of the problem. There is, as is well known, a tract of houses and fog signals that vessels of any burden can and this is going en all over the country. country, extending from Alloa, on the Forth, west run for these waters with the most perfect confidence. "Next year will wager that I can take a car of ward along the vaIley of the Forth to within about 10 "When considering the best route for the canal after I my own deSign, fitted with my motor and battery, miles of Loch Lomond, where the surface of the ground vessels enter Loch Lomond, two other routes were and go to Chicago and return in less time and with is only from 30 to 50 feet above mean sea level and feasible besides that already described: more pleasure than any other machine in existence. the stratum is an alluvial deposit. Between this and "1. Across Lock Lomond to the' opposite shore near There will be no breakdewn, no explosion of gas or Loch Lomond the ground rises rapidly and attains a Arden and then by a cut about 4 mi'les in length, part gasoline, ana: the trip will be made at an even twenty maximum height 'of 236 feet above mean sea level and ly ,?pen and partly in tunnel, to the Clyde to the north five miles an hour. dips again to the south end of Loch Lomond, the sur ward of Ardmore Head. "Another thing, the battery will be made in four face of which is only 22 feet above mean sea level. "2. Along Loch Lomond to its southern end and sizes, so that whenl'fully charged it wil'l run 25, 50, 75, The distance across this higher ground, from the 5(1- through the vale of Leven to the Clyde at Dumbarton. or 100 miles, and if wanted, they will be made any foot contour on the one side to the 50-foot contour on "The relative merits of the different routes from size larger or smaller. Of ceurse, the running power the other, is abeut 8 miles, 1 % miles of it being above Loch Lomond to the sea, so far as distance is con the battery will depend to a certain extent on the the 200-foot line. cerned, are as follows : of work it is called upon to do. If the roads are rough "Loch Lomond (which has ample depth for vessels Miles. and there are many hills, a charge will 'last a shorter of the largest draft) is to be utilized as canal toward Tarbet route (Endrick to mouth of Loch Long) . 28 time than if the conditions were such as are found the north end of the lock to Tarbet, and thence across Arden route ...... • 14 in the city. Hut taking the maximum of bad going, to Loch Long there is only a distance of 1 % miles, Dumbarton route ...... 20% the battery will only be exhausted about 25 per cent the ground attaining a maximum height of 130 feet "The Arden route is therefore the shortest, but it sooner than it would be under favorable conditions." above the mean sea level. Loch Long is practically the would be the most expensive, owing to a length oJ In looking up the official test made of the new bat Atlantic Ocean, and the navigation of it is safe and the tunnel of 1% miles, which could not be overcome by tery in the delivery wagon at Altman's, the books water of ample depth. This, then, is the route pro open cutting, as it passes under land about 300 feet showed that the ·old lead battery weighed 1,260 posed by my firm, and the surface of Loch Lomond, in height. The Dumbarton route is shorter than the pounds and liad a maximum of 25 miles, whi'le the Edi which as I have said ii;, only 22 feet above the mean Tarbet route by about miles, but as the Dum 7% son battery which replaced it weighed 650 pounds and level sea, is th9 proposed summit level barton route invo'lves 5 miles additional canal, where of the of the drove the wagon 36.8 miles. Besides which the old canal, and having a water area of 21,000 acres and vessels could only go about 5 miles an hour, and 6 battery occupied 12.8 cubic feet, while the EdisQu took ample gathering ground-290 square miles-it would miles of the Clyde, where the speed will probably be up enly 8.5 cubic feet. This comparison was made by form an inexhaustible reservoir for supplying the restricted to about 8 miles an hour, the time occupied the Times. locks with water. Only two locks at either end, at A:} by the journey either way will be about the same. In loa and Loch Long, would be required, as the [evel of . " .. steaming up Loch Lomond and also down Loch Long PROPOSED FORTH-CLYDE CANAL. the canal is only 13 feet and 17 feet above� high-water vessels may go at full speed, and there would be no SHIP 'The feasibility of a ship canal between the Forth level at these places, respectively. The exact route interruption from river traffic. and Clyde has been for many years a subject of discus to be chosen will, of course, depend upon more minute "The cost of the undertaking cannot be more than sion in shipping and commercial circles in Scotland. inquiry than has yet been made. approximately estimated 'without particular investiga Several routes were suggested at various times, but "The eastern approach to the canal, which will be tion as to the nature of the strata in the line of the no definite steps have been taken toward the. prepara tidal, will be formed by deepening the Forth or mak canal ; but my firm estimate the cost of the Tarbet tion of plans. 'At present the prospect of the con ing a cut inland, w'ith a depth of 25 feet at a low-water route, with their present knowledge derived from the struction of such a waterway .js, however, considera spring tides, from opposite Grangemouth to the locks ordnance and geological surveys, and including inter is which it is proposed should be placed about 2 miles est during construction, at 10,000,000 ($48,665,000). bly brighter. A company of Londen financiers £ taking an active interest in the project, and has, it is above Alloa. This will give a depth of 43 feet at high .The costj of the management and maintenance my firm ' Messrs. D. water spring and 38 feet at neap tides. The distance estimate ,'at 60,000 ($291,990). said, adopted the scheme put forward by £ and C. Stevenson, a prominent firm of harber engi from Grangemouth to A'lloa is 6 miles. From Alloa "The �aving in distance that would be effected may neers of Edinburgh. Messrs. Stevenson surv�yed the the canal will pass to the north of the links of Forth be stated thus: route some years ago from Al'loa, on the Forth, to and to the northward of the town of Stirling, then "1. From the Clyde to ports on the east coast of Arrochar, on Loch Long, and are now making a fur along the valley of the Forth to Gartmore anq. enter Scotland, northeast of England, and northwest of Eu An Edin Loch Lomond near the .mouth of the Endrick, a dis rope the distance saved would be from 529 miles ther survey in detail, preparing plans, etc. to burgh committee or syndicate is acting in conjunction tance of 29 miles. 238 miles, in the majority of cases the distance being with the London prometers, and the sum o "Near the Loch Lomond end there are 5 miles of much more than halved. � £10,- on condi high ground, which, according to the geological sur From the Forth to ports on the west coast of 000,000 ($48,665,000) has be�n pledged, "2. dstone formation. This part of Scotland, northwest of England, Ireland, America nd tion that Parliament shall guarantee interest liP capi vey" is the 01d red-san , a tal. The promoters are confident that Parliament will the work will be open cutting. The distanbe from the the Mediterranean the distance saved wou1d be from junction of the loch and canal to Tarbet is 14 miles, to 141 miles; in all cases, except the American aid the enterprise to this extent, in view of (the im 487 and across the neck of land to Loch Long 1 miles. and Mediterranean route, the distance being more portance of the canal for naval purposes. % In regard to this proposed �eep-water canal across Loch Long is 15 miles in length to its junction with than halved. Scotland, David Alan Stevenso , C.E., sayS' : , the Firth of Clyde. The total distance from Grange "3. Tyne ports to the St. Lawrence River, the dis nI . ' "The east and west coastsi of Scotland are now, mouth to the Firth of .Clyde is 65% miles. tance saved would be 150 miles. Forth and Clyde, "Regarding the dimension's of the canal, it is essen West of Britain and northeast of Ireland to mid connected by two canals, name'ly, the "4. from Grangemouth, on the Fo�th, to BowlIn'g, on the tial to its success that it be made ona large scale and dle western ports of the Continent, the distance saved Clyde, and the Caledonian, constructed at national free from locks, exce'pting at the !Seaward extremities. would be from 377 to 98 miles." As the 'level of the water of the canal will be only The canal will affect enormous tonnage, esti expense, between Inverness and F:ort William. Both an of these canals are quite inadequate to meet the pres about 13 feet above high water, one lock will be suffi mated by the sanguine engineers at 9,500,000 tons per . ent wants of shipping, as they can only accommodate cient at high water, but two may be necessary at other annum. At an average rate per ship and cargo of first named is mainly times of tide. It is proposed to make the canal cents) per ton, this would yield a revenue vessels of a small class. The 1s. 6d. (36 by barges, while the Caledonian can only be used throughout with a depth of feet, with a width at of about £700,000 ($3,406,550). -Rufus Fleming, used 30 U. S. feet iJ.ength, feet beam, the bottom the same as the Suez- Canal -namely, Consul t Edinburgh. Oy veesels of about 150 in 38 72 a

s ra ng its practicability for touring, to be able to end. steady, smooth, quiet running of RECENT AUTOMOBILE TRACK RECOBDS. t ti win it to the The The midsummer automobile race meet at the Em against one of the fastest French light cars of equal this car is remarkable, and stamps it at once as a pire City Track, Yonkers, on the 25th ultimo, was de power in a race 10 miles in length. perfect piece of mechanism. It reeled off the miles voted exclusively to the lowering of records by gaso A 10-mile race for machines under 1,800 pounds was at the steady pace of 1: 04 3-5 with but fractions of a line racers, although several of. the events were open won by a 40 horse power Darracq in 10: 52 4-5-a second variation, save once or twice. The first, sixth, world's record for this class. 40 horse power De to machines of any kind of power. A and eighth miles were the slowest, being run in Barney Oldfield, on the Ford-Cooper racer with which cauville came in second in 11 minutes, 26 seconds. 1: 10 2-5, 1: 05 1-5, and 1: 05, whi'le the twelfth and thir he has been steadily lowering track records since he Both of these cars were survivors of the Paris-Madrid teen th were each covered in 1: 03 4-5, and the four first drove it mile in minute, 11-5 seconds on race, and were run on this occasion by the same chauf- teenth and fifteenth in 1: 04 and 1: 03 2-5 respectively. a 1 December 1, 1902, once more reduced The times for the last five miles were by three-fifths of a second his previous al,! world's track records. With the com record of 56 2-5 seconds, made on the p'letion of the 15 miles in a total time 4th of Ju'ly last, at Columbus, Ohio. of 16 : 10 4·5, Fournier's record for this His new time is accordingly 55 4-5 sec distance was beaten by 3 minutes. The onds, or a rate of speed of 64% French Decauville finished second, tie· miles an hour. This is faster than ing Fournier's old record of 19 : 10 4-5, most express trains go on a straight I after having made as good a perform line of rails, and what it means to ance as the Mercedes in proportion to ride on a machine that turns sharp its power. The highest-powered car of corners while going at this rate, can all took third place, and was beaten a scarcely be imagined by one who has full mile by the winner. It seemed to not seen actually done. Every time miss fire considerably, and consequent ·it Oldfield's racer started to make a turn, ly did not have very much speed. even though he kept close to the out The second great event of the day Side fence and turned the front wheels was two 5-mile heats between Oldfield very gradually, the rear end of the on his Ford-Cooper racer and F. A. La machine would skid around so far that Roche on an American-built Darracq. the whole car appeared for the mo The machines were started at the half ment to be aiming straight for the in and mile posts respectively. They had ner fence. In an instant it would Barney Oldfleld on the r o r Racer, which made Recont Mile to be started a second time, owing to 4'0 H. P. fo d-CO pe a straighten out again, however, skim 55! Seconds. the engine . of Oldfield's racer missing In round the bend, and dart along the fire badly in the first mile. The latter farther side of the course at more than express train feurs who drove them in that event. A 35 horse finally won both heats in 5: 09 1-5 and 4: 55 respective speed, on'ly to be seen a few seconds later making its power Darracq and 'a 35 horse power Panhard were ly, for, although La Roche's machine was a fast one, last turn amid a cloud of dust, and then its final rush third and fourth respectively. it seemed not to be in the same class with the Ford down the home stretch. Recognizing the tremendous One of the most interesting events of the afternoon Cooper racer as run by its dare-devil chauffeur. speed at which Oldfield was running his machine, was an international 15-mile race, in which Mr. O. The final race was a 15-mile one for machines of any the spectators cheered him as he finished, and a W. Bright's new 60 horse power Mercedes-a dupli weight or .motive power. It was won by the 40 horse moment later, when the time was announced, all cate of the machine that. won the Gordon Bennett race power Decauville, driven by Henri Page, who brought present realized that they had seen a new world's -represented Germany ; the 40 horse power Paris-Ma it again to the finishingpost in the fast time of 16: 39 2-5. record made. Oldfield rounded the course a second drid Decauville racer, France ; and Louis P Mooers' 35 horse power Darracq came in second, and . A time at high speed and coasted up to the starting 80 horse power Gordon Bennett cup racer, America. 40 horse power Darracq third. The latter stood a point. This was invariably the custom, in bringing The Mercedes took first place at the start and held every chance of winning the race when M. C. Her- the fast machines to a stop. man's 70 horse power Pan The new record was made, hard dropped out on ac of course, with a flying count of a loose valve start, the racer having spring, ' after leading dur I been first towed back ing the first mile, until a. ward to the end of the punctured' rear wheel tire track, where the motor gave out during the sixth was started and the ma mile and caused it to fall chine got up to speed in behind. Jules Sincholle, the quarter of a mile be its driver, pluckily finish· fore it crossed the line. ed the race, however, wit.h Oldfield's race against the spectators fearing an time was the second event accident every moment of the meet, the first be from the rapidly demolish ing a five-mile race for ing tire. machines of any motive The mile speed trla�s, power weighing 'less than made 'from flying start, a 1,200 pounds. This concluded the meet, and brought to view another resulted as follows : 60 American triumph in the r s e power Mercedes, h 0 perfecting of automobiles, 03 1-5 ; 70 horse power 1: in the shape of a Frank .Panhard, 1: 05 2-5 ; 40 horse lin 10 horse power, four power Decauville, 1: 07 1-5; cylinder, air-cooled racer 80 horse power Peerless, of 900 pounds' weight, 09 3-5 ; 35 horse power 1: which won easily in 6: 54 Darracq, 1: 15 2-5 ; 10 horse 2-5, making the fastest power Franklin, 1: 20 2.-5. time on the third mile, The races were the which was covered in most successful yet held in Bright'S Mercedes Car lIlaliing 1: 21 3-5. The time for O. W. 60 H P. jj, WOUU'lj &cord ot 15 li.1lei in 1611U1l1Ues, 10. SecODdao this country. Five or six each mile and for the en- thousand 'people witnessed tire distance was new them from the grand a world's track record stand, and many rode to for light - weight . machines. the. track in their automo Darracq racing. cars· of 16 biles, and viewed the and 12 horse' power were' events from the seats of second and third respec their vehicles, which filled ' tively, w ile the little the lawn near the track. h ort... ent buckboard, propelled' Over three hundred ma : by a 4 horse power air- chines were present in the cooled motor, took fourth inclosure, and the only place, .All the Franklin, ,horses seen were attached driven . by . John' Wi1kin-' to two watering carts, son, its. designer, also won which slowly sprinkled the a 10-mile race from Jos course before the bi g eph Tracy in. a 10 horse' events. It seems quite

power Renault ( time time for the firm that 15 : 50 1-5 ) besides making manufactures. these ma a mile from a flying start chines to make them selt in 1: 20 2-5, it can easily be propelling, now that auto seen that the day was one mobile lawn mowers, etc�, of victory in the racing are on the market,. and line for the air-cooled mo this it ought easily to d'J, tor, which., ttough iii!:: as it is turning out elec carded by its originators, tric automobiles already. the French, has been Then, in future meets, the bro)lght to such a state of horse will have vanished Large Assemblage of Automoblles seen trom the Grand Stand. perfection in America as, The entirely, and none of the completely demon· animals wil'l be present aftar. tHE MIDStTMMER AUTOMOBILE RACE' MEET AT TaE EMPIRE CIn TRACK. to

© 1903 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC AUGUST 8, 1903. Scientific American. 97 remind enthusiasts in the sport that the horse not Is matrices. Both of these magazines are controlled sembling belt, from which they are delivered into the yet a back number and may some day be needed to from the ordinary single keyboard. By simpl.y throw assembling elevator. help them. ing a lever, the operator is enabled cause the dis As shown in the accompanying illustration, the to Complete illustrated descriptions of the Ford-Uooper charge of matrices at will from either the upper or lower magazine delivers its matrices through guide racer and of the Franklin car have already been pub the lower magazine. The magazines may contain two channels to a second carrier belt, which, in turn, de lished in our issues of January 31 and April and 11; fonts of similar face differing in size, or fonts of the livers them through a special guide or channel into by reference to these numbers, any of our readers in same size and different faces; or one may carry a font the assembling elevator. After being used in front terested in the construction the machines can ob af of the mold, the matrix lines are Hfted to' the level oI tain full particulars concerning them. the upper distributor. Matrices belonging in the up per magazine pass through this distributor to the ••••• magazine in the usual manner. On the other hanU. A MULTIFACE LINOTYPE MACHINE. matrices belonging in the lower magazines are per The original linotype machine, illustrated in the mitted to. fall from the line to a lower distributor, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, vol. LXX., page 17, is adapted for which delivers them to a second distributor overlying composing solid matter in One face or style of type the lower magazine, to which they are delivered. The only, without italics or small capitals, and to this end two distributors are alike in all respects. The mat it contained a single set or font of matrices, each rep rices for the lower magazine differ from those of the resenting a single character. These matrices were se upper on'ly in having a distinguishing notch in the lected by means of a finger-key mechanism, assembled lower end_ in line with expanding spacers, in the order in which The linotype machine is so complicated, both as to the characters were to appear in print; the composed its construction and operatiO'n, that we have not at lines were transferred to the front of a . slotted mold tempted in the limits this article to do more than of and there justified by adjusting the spacers through outline the new features of the machine. the line to' increase their thickness; the mold was • '. t... closed at the front by the line of matrices, and was The MonDlDent of Mont Pele. filled from the back with molten type metal issuing Prof. Angelo Hei'lprin, whose work in studying., the from the mouth of a melting pot provided with a Martinique eruptions is doubtless well known to our pump or plunger. The result was a slug, or linotype readers, announces a most curious and wonderful phe bearing on its front edge in relief the characters nomenon which he had the opportunity of studying on formed thereon by the matrices. Mont Pele. He states that from the crater of the vol ARRANGEMENT THE MAGAZINES. After the casting of a slug the matrices were lifted OF cano titere has been forced up a column 840 feet high, to' the tO'p of the machine, and returned through dis having a diameter of about 300 feet at the base. Prof. tributing mechanism to the upper ends of the chan of matrices for body faces and the other an assortment Heilprin asserts that he himself witnessed part of the nels in the magazine from which they were delivered. of black letters, arbitrary characters, etc. Matrices upward movement of this enormous mass. He noted In the progress of the art it became necessary to for three hundred and sixty characters are carried at that in the space of four days there had been an ele adapt the machines to produce italics and small caps one time in the machine, and the operator is thus vation of feet. seemed to him, however, that 21 It or black faces, in connection with the body fa�es. enabled to set matter in one face or another at will. the upward movement of ,the mass had slightly sub This was in order to adapt them for the demands of The matter may be composed wholly of characters .sided, and that it had at one time been very great. the book offices. This result was accomplished by rEpresented in the upper magazine, who'lly of those This natural mO'nument, according to' Prof. Heilprin,' providing each matrix with two characters, separately represented in the lower magazine, or in part of each. must have been twice as high and at least four times usable. A switch under the control of the operator By means of this remarkable machine, it becomes pos as thick as the WashingtO'n MO'nument. was provided for the purpose of directing the matrices sible to set a page' of any ordinary book, including a Just what caused the upward projection of this ma large bOdy face, a different face for foot notes, ex terial cannot very wel'l be explained. Prof Heilprin to the composed line, at a higher or It lower leve'l, in . order to cause the presentation of the upper or the tracts, etc_, or chapter heads, side heads, etc., together suggests that the internal stresses of the earth have lower character to the mold. By this simple modifica with italics and small capitals, at approximately the forced out molten lava, which cooled sufficiently to tion of the original machine, it became possible to speed of ordinary or straight composition. In short, solidify when it emerged. The phenomenO'n was all introduce italics small capitals, or black letters, this is the first and only machine by which compU- the more remarkable because no lava whatever. was : In

J[ACHINE. DOUl3LE MAGAZINE LINOTYPE COMPOSING· REAR VIEW OF DOUBLE MAGAZ.iME LINOTYPE COllU'OSIBG :IIAOJW(E.

Connection with the body without 'cated compOSition, involving a combination of differ ejected account then published simply matter, appreciabl� in 1902. The of time. ent sizes or styles of type, ordiI:rarily known as "two stated that ashes, rocks, steam, an.D. gas had been loss ye linotype of radically new price"· matter, may be composed "continuously and vomited. It is not, however, impossible that there Within the present ar C\ at design has been developed. This machine is provided approximately the speed of straight compOSition. may have been a slight ejection of lava then, and that with two magazines, each of which is adapted to carry The matrices from the upper magazine are delivered, the present manifestation is simply proof that the dis complete font of either single 'letter or double letter usua�, through tic l channels to the inclined as- turbances have not reached �ow levels 'of lava. a as ver a

ECCENTRICITIES OF THE STATIC DISCHARGE. this authority, the ultra-violet rays increase or de densed the aqueous vapor and left a very good vacuum.

BY WALTON HARRISON. crease the leaping distance of the static dis�harge On now examining the scintillations, they were, if In Fig. is represented one of the fundamental accordingly as the normal difference of potentia'l may anything, brighter and more vigDrDus than at first. 1 experiments of Hertz. Two RuhmkO'rff coils, and be impulsive, as in a coil, or steady, as in a static When liquid hydrDgen CODling was used instead Df A of different sizes, are so connected that their pri- machine. liquid air the action was equally marked, showing that D, In Fig. 3 is illustrated a modification, by the writer, the highest vacuum that can be obtained by the actiDn of Hertz's experiment. A coil is provided with the Df cold dDes not diminish the scintillations. usual knobs and with an interrupter. Two pieces In the upper part Df the tube, away from the radium A, of thin bare wire are mounted upon the knob stems, and screen, two platinum wires were sealed to show a C the state of the vacuum. The spark passed �asilY at the Drdinary temperature, showing a reddish line of aqueous vapDr. When the other end Df the tube was in liquid air the spark refused to pass. It was thought that perhaps the passage of the in duction spark might have liberated sO'me DCcluded hy (irogen, so another tube simiIar to the foregoing was G made without the platinum wires. Here also immer siDn in liquid air, if it had any effect, brightened the COIL scintillations, and on replacing the liquid and cooling by liquid hydrogen no change was Dbservable. In Drder to test the activity Df radium in rendering air electrically cDnductive, llome radium bromide was Fig. 4. sealed up in a glass tube and heated to' the highest and bent into the conformity indicated. The adjust temperature the glass would stand, during tne produc ment is such that sparks are normally just able to leap tion of as high a vacuum as the mercurial pump the gap between the terminals but that no sparks wDuld give. The whole tube was then immersed in A, can pass between the points The plate now being liquid hydrogen contained in a vacuum vessel. On C C. D Fig. 1. inserted between and not only does the spark bringing the radium in such a vessel intO' a room in A B, discharge at cease, as might be expected from Hertz's which a charged electroscDpe was placed, it began to mary windings are in series with a single interrupter A C experiment, but a continuous discharge is now abrupt leak when the tube Df radium surrounded with liquid and a battery The secondary winding of the larger E. ly set up between the points Withdrawing the plate hydrogen was some 3 feet away, and was very rapid coil is provided with ordinary spark terminals C C. A B, causes this discharge to disappear, and the discharge in its action when a fODt away from the electrometer. while the secondary winding of the coil is connected D D between the knobs to' reappear, so that, in effect, On immersing the tube cDntaining the liquid hydrogen with a spark micrometer AA F. the spark discharge may be shifted back and forth with submerged radium in anDther large vessel Df The instruments are so arranged that the spark frO'm one spark gap to another by merely inserting and liquid air and bringing the combination near the elec terminals are visible from the position of the spark B withdrawing the pIate. It will be noted that in this trDscope, the action was the same. micrometer. A plate which may be of glass, mica, G, experiment there are two spark gaps parallel to each The luminosity Df the radium salt in liquid h dro metal, · or almost any subst nce available, is now placed y a Dther, and that each gap is expDsed to the Dther when gen was much mDre marked with the pure compDund in such position that it screens the spark terminals B the plate is remDved and each is screened frDm the than had been formerly Dbserved with the diluted from the light of the spark micrO'meter, and the spark Dther when the plate is inserted. The directiDn and mixtures containing 'large quantities of barium salts. terminals are so adjusted that the sparks just miss B character of the pDtential of each gap are a.pparently PrDf. Rutherford and Mr. Soddy made the import fire, while the sparks of the micrometer are allowed the same as that O'f the Dther. Why, then, dDes the ant discovery that a cDnsiderable emanation is dif plate thus apparently affect the twO' spark gaps un fused intO' gases frDm solutions Df radium salts, which equally ? emanatiDn is capable Df condensatiDn from the gas In Fig. 4 is represented a very simple experiment mixture at the temperature Df liquid air. As it was which, so far as known to the writer, has hitherto impDrtant to ascertain what was taking place in this escaped observation, and in which the behaviDr of the respect with the anhydrous radium bromide when iso spark is quite erratic. The cDil shown is thrown intO' lated in the highest vacuum, an interesting experi· actiDn sa that the spark plies steadily between the ment was made. B knDbs and a small spherical body of glass, rub A glass apparatus was used, conSisting of a fine cap· A, C ber, Dr other insulating material is placed in imme illary tube, drawn out some 5 Dr 6 inches in length F" c=.::.: = =..:: =.. -:;. =--:..-:... =.::. :.:t diate proximity to' both knobs, but without. touching from an inverted U-tube, the twO' legs Df which were each abDut 6 inches long, Dne leg terminati g in either. The spark bends Dutward at its middle and n a hugs clDsely against the surface of the insulating body, bulb. This latter leg was filled with hard-pressed 'O partaking Df its curvature, as indicated in the figure. purified asbestos. The radium salt was IDcated in the A The spark may thus double or even triple its Driginal bottom of the bulb. The whole, after being mDst care fully heated and exhausted to the limit of the mercu £ £ length. Moreover, by dDing this the spark deserts a beaten path in which the air is heated, rarefied, iDnized rial pump, was sealed Dff. In the dark, nO' traces and permeated with metallic vapor, all tending to in of phosphDrescence could be seen in any part of the Fig. 2. crease . its conductivity, and cleaves for itself a new apparatus, unless from the pieces Df radium bromide. The fine capillary tube was now immersed in liquid to play freely. If, now, the plate be removed, path apparently offering a much higher resistance. G a air in a large glass,. so that distillation might proceed vigorous and continuous torrent sparks is set up •.e ... of undisturbed for days. After twenty-four hours of this between the terminals The spark discharge ay be Sir WillialD Crookes and Prof. JalDes De_ar on B. m Dperation, the capillary tube while still covered with repeatedly stopped and started by inserting and with RadlulD Emanations at Lo_ TelDpel'atul'es. air, was examin d. A marked phosphorescence drawing the plate Hertz attributed this phenom Sir William CrDokes and PrO'f. James Dewar have liquid e G. recognizable Dwing to some cDndensed emanation. enon to' the action of ultra-violet light radiating from examin'ed the action of extreme cDld on radium ema was became naturally mDre marked the the spark micrometer and falling the terminals natiDns, and published the results of their wDrk in The luminDsity upon the effect of the illumination being to i crease the the Royal Society Proceedings. longer the action was allowed to proc ed B, n e . ease with which the sparks can leap. During the per The first endeavor was to ascertain whether sclntll • • • Extermination of Worms and Snails by Electricity. the spark terminals are .thus freely illumi qations . prD uced by radium Dn a sensit v bIen de Iod when g i e nated by ultra vio'let light, nO' Hertzian waves are screen were affected by cold. A small screen Df bIende, BY HUGO HALBERGEB. It was largely through an incidental observatiDn that generated. with a mDrsel of radium salt clDse in frDnt, was sealed was led to' carry out a series of experiments fDr the Other investigators have discovered that the cathDde in a glass tube. A lens was adjusted in place so that I purpose of ri ding sDils Df worm , snailS, and like the scintillatiDns cDuld be seen. On dipping the whDle d s creatures. I conceived the idea Df drying by means Df into liquId air they grew fainter and SDDn stopped electricity a mDld which had been cDnstructed directly .B altogether:' SO'me doubt was felt whether this might on the soil. Shortly after turning the current, I not have been caused, by the presence of a U quid ; on (1) noticed that worms. were hurriedly struggling out by tlie screen's losing its sensitiveness; and (3) of (2) a neighboring crawling frDm Dne clod to an by the ra ium's ceasing . to . emit heavy pDsitive ions. bed. In d other they writhed as if pain. It · seemed me test this, two tubes were made, in Dne Df which \n,. to' COIL TO' Dbserved could have been produced only the radium could be cooled without the screen; while that the effect current. Indeed, the WDrms seemed to' in the other the screen cDuld be cDoled while the by the electric normal radium salt was at the ordinary temperature. When be immensely relieved and to return to their 3. conditiDn when the. rrent was interrupted. FIg. the radium salt was cDDled by liquid air, !Wld the screen cu was at Drdinary temperature, the scintillations were . After this first Dbservation I carried DUt a number Df terminal is the one chiefiy affected by the light. quite as vigorDus as at the Drdinary temperature, the experiments. On.e terminal of an electrical circuit Fig. is shDwn a modification, by Elster and screen and radium being in vacuo. With radium at of volts w · thrust intO' the earth, the terminal In 2 110 � Geitel, O'f Hertz's experimenf-- The spark terminals the Drdinary temperature and the screen cooled, in being cDmpris d Df brass rods. The effect produced A i and B are cDnnected togethei, a cathode plate of liquid air, it was observed that as the screen cooled the was even greater than · that which I first studied. C polished zinc being: substituted for Dne of the knDbs. scintillations became fainter and at cDuld not be Within a radiuEj of two meters the · )Vorms and snails 1ast At is a steady sour!)e Df ultra-violet light, removable seen. On allowing the temperature to rise, the scin- emerged from the earth and crawled out of the in D . fluence of the electrical current. In this inanner, by at will, and preferably conSIsting of a burning ribbon tillations re-cDmmenced. of magnesium. and represent the respective anode The screen with a speck of radium salt in front of employing several brass rods, succeeded in driving E E I and cathode conductors of a Holtz static machine. it was then sealed in a tube. all the worms Dut of a bit of land. A plate of mica, glass, or other materia'! opaque to' Water was put in the other end of the tube, and the The current used is of comparatively feeble strength. F ultra-violet rays, is located between and When tube sealed Dn the pump A good exhaustiDn was kept The voltage, however, must be correspondingly high. A B. : light from the source illu iRates the zinc cathDde up and the water boiled away, the vapor being con I believe that the remarkable effect Df electricityc D fIl on all sparking at B ceases, contrary to what might be densed in phosphoric anhydride. The tube was sealed plants, which has been studied of late years rather C, · expected in view of the experiment above described, Dff when a few fine drDps of water were still · remain narrowly, is to be attributed not so much to' any bene· and a continuDus discharge is set This ing in the tube. The scintillatiDns were well seen in ficial influence Dn the plant itself, as to the spark up at A. extermina experiment is what Lodge calls .. a curious inversion this saturated aqueDus vapor. The lower end Df the tiDn Df the parasites that nest about the roots. e im " According to t dipped liquid air, which instantly co · Q( l;{ertz's fundamental exp r ent. ube was in n Munich, Germany.

WILLIAM F.R.B. phorescence, trajectory shadows, mechanical action, cieties Great Britain, the presidential chair of many PROF. SIR CROOXES, of TH'E LONDON CORRESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. BY magnetization, and intense heat, possessed by matter of which he has occupied at one time or another. He "Scientific men are very like paviO'rs ; they lay down in ultra-gaseous state. It was a remarkable discovery has aiso made many valuable contributions to scientitlc stones for future generations to walk over, and wear that stormed the scientific world, for it was of enor literature. His best-known publications comprise : out." Such iii the prescient explanation of scientific mous range, as the discoverer conclusively proved by "Select Methods in Chemical Analysis ;" "Manufacture research and pursuit of a new discovery, expressed by demonstrating that while some radiant matter was as of Beet-root Sugar in England ;" "Handbook of Dyeing Prof. Sir William Crookes, F.R.S., the eminent Brit stable as a .chair, other fO'rms were of the character of and Calico Printing;" "Dyeing and Tissue Printing> ish chemist. Science, although it possesses a bewitch radiant energy. It was the fringe where matter and "The Profitable Disposal of Sewage ;" and "The Wheat ing glamor to its disciple, is yet a lonely occupation. force appeared to merge into each other. Problem." In 1859 he founded the Chemical News, and Groot ideas and possibilities of the hitherto unknown, At first Prof. Crookes's thesis was regarded with in 1864 he became editor O'f the Quarterly Journal of dawn upon the mind of the chemist, only to be fO'llowed skepticism by the scientific world, until the elaborate Science. by years of patient investigation, ceaseless experi and numerous experiments of the discoverer proved He has received many distinguished awards in rec ments, and repeated failures. When an epoch-making unassailably convincing in the natural progress of ognition of his many valuable contributions to science. discovery bursts upon the world, not an evanescent events. But the times have changed, and we have In 1880 he received from the French Academie des thought is bestowed upon the years O'f protracted labor changed with them since Crookes's discovery was first Sciences their gold medal and a purse of 3,000 francs; and intricate calculations that such a discovery has announced. What he originally termed radiant matter in 1885 the Davy medal of the Roya 'l Society of Great entailed. Sir William Crookes can relate many such has developed into electrons-the separate units of elec Britain was bestO'wed upon him. He is a Royal medal experiences_ When he discovered the new element triCity, whi·ch is as atomic as matter. Dr. Johnstone list, and his crowning recognition came in 1897, when thallium, he promptly set to work among other numer Stoney by his discovery of electrons not only estab he was knighted for his achievements by the late ous experiments to' ascertain its atomic weight-203.642. lished Prof. Crookes's earlier discovery, but success Queen Victoria. The figures were worked out as far as the first decimal fully elucidated many problems which had previously Prof. Crookes is also deeply interested in psychical point with comparative ease, but to determine the sec defied solution, for a chemical ion consists of a mate research and its attendant phenomena, by which he is ond decimal figure involved no less than two years of rial nucleus or atom of matter, which constitutes the endeavoring to effect some conjunction between psychi patient labor. greater part of the mass, and a few electrons or atoms cal and physical waves. Marconi has forcibly demon Sir William Crookes is a bO'rn scientist. He played of electricity. He demonstrated that all liberated elec strated the presence and possibilities of ether waves, with chemistry in his infancy, practised it during his trons do not pass off in the form of gas, but act more and this eminent chemist is attempting to establish the youth-much to the discomfiture of his parents, whose in the form of a mist, are mobile, and are carried to existence of brain waves. We hear a good deal about goods and chatte'ls suffered from the effects of his ex and fro in currents of air, finally settling on the walls telepathy, by which one person can receive intelligence periments-and has developed it ever since. He is now of the settling vessel if left undisturbed. from another human being without speech. But what in his seventy-first year, having been born in 1832. At The mass of an electron, according to J. J. Thomson, is a brain wave, or in more expHcit wO'rds, what is sixteen years O'f age he entered the Royal College of is calculated at 1/700 part of a hydrogen atom, and as thought ? Prof. Crookes maintains that there are Chemistry as a pupil of the famous Dr. Hoffmann, these masses start from the negative pole in a vacuum rays of perhaps 9,223,052,036,854,775,808 pu'lsations per and acquitted himself with such distinction that two tube with a velocity of about one-half O'f that of 'light, second, which are capable of penetrating the most naturally their heating, phosphorescent, and mechani dense mediums without suffering any diminution years later he was appointed Hoffmann's assistant. of In 1854 he obtained the much-coveted post of Superin cal power is tremendous. intensity, and capable of passing through unrefracted tendent of the Royal MeteorO'logical Department of the The course of time has proved that Prof. Crookes's and unrefiected light, finding a center in the brain in Radcliffe College of Oxford, which post he subsequently thesis of 1879 was no wild chimera of the laboratory, much the same manner in which sound vibrations are relinquished in order to devote his entire energies to but an indisputable fact which opened up a fresh un received. the pursuit of chemistry. trodden field in scientific investigation. The existence In the course of his presidential address to the Brit Although his work has been rigorously scientific, Sir of matter in an ultra-gaseous state, the existence of ish Association in 1898, Prof. Crookes raised the alarm William Crookes is gifted with a poetic imagination material particles smaller than atoms, the existence of ing theO'ry that in the near future the world would be that has often enabled him to set forth tellingly in his electrons, the emanations from uranium, and the dis faced with starvation, owing to the wheat supply being papers the results he has attained. Once he has em soeiation of the elements have nO'w all been proved insufficient to meet the exigencies of the population. to be one homogeneous theory, by the remarkable dis He drew attention to the small harvest \!If wheat barked ,upon a project, he knows no turning back. '''fo at stop short in any research that bids fair to widen the covery of radium and the experiments with this new present received per acre of ground and the limited gates of knowledge, to recoil from fear of difficulty or element by M. and Mme. Curie, so that what was area of wheat-growing :.;oil. The present receipt per twenty-five years ago re arded as Prof. Crookes's acre is 12.7 bushels, and he pointed out that adverse . criticism is," he considers, "to bring reproach g it might upon science." He goes straight on, feeling his way dream, has at last been realized. be increased by means of a moderate dressing of chem with the utmost caution, exploring up and down, right , With regard to Prof. Crookes's researches concerning ical manure. "Starvation may be averted through th13 and left, inch by inch, follOWing his reason wheresoever the Genesis of Elements, it is difficult to estimate ade laboratory," he explained, and his solution of the diffi it may lead him, even although occasionally it may quately the value of his investigations in this direction culty was to draw upon the inexhaustible quantities of. ' prove a veritable will 0 the wisp. It was this dogged per to science. It was in 1883 that he commenced opera nitrogen present in the atmosphere, and render it severance .which resulted in his discovery of thallium tions in his work which was attended with such mo practicable to utilize it for fertilization. The artificial and its remarkable properties. The experiments with mentous success. It was a laborious task, this inquiry production oL nitrate is within view, and by its assist this new element were continued for a period of about of the nature and construction of the rll;rer earths, ance if will be possible to O'btain as much as thirty eleven years, from 1862 to 1873, and throughout th� but by dint of repeated chemical fractionations he suc bushels of wheat per acre. whole of this time the study O'f the occurrence, distri ceeded in dividing yttrium into distinCt portioils" which The charm of Prof. Crookes's character is his hO)l bution, and reaction of this substance was his para yielded different spectra when exposed in a'high va est, frank, and simple manner. He believes in the cuum to the spark from an induction coil. . At first truth, and is kindly and courteous to all those mount work. wh.o Prof. q ookes's discovery of t allium, like Dr. Roent these phenomena were regarded as que to the remova'l approach him. Fj: s lab ratory is his haven, and the.re � t � t o to a very great ex of impurities in the metal, but Prof. Crookes conclu he passes the greater , part of his time among his gen's discovery O'f the X-rays, was in tent the result of an accident. He was engaged in the sively established his' claim that they were the result retorts, spectrographs, test-tubes, and numerous other examination, by the spectroscope, of the residue which of the actual splitting up of the molecule of yttrium scientific appliances, !'Ind 'what he regards as much more results from the manufa cture of sulphuric acid, when into its fundamental constituents, and he prO'visional important, his extensive 'library of works upon every a bright emerald-green ly concluded that the so-called simple bodies are in conceivable branch of science. his attention was attracted by line which asserted itself. T.his line had never been reality compound m

MARCONI WIRELESS TELEGRAPH REtICS. menus. The first example of the possibility of trans- orifices holds in solution a large percentage of bicar- Uommercial wireless telegraphy may hardly be said atlantic telegraphy without wires was afforded on the bonate of soda, which solidifies as it spreads over the as yet to have a history. Many years from now, how- occasion when Marconi received, on board the "Phila· surrounding land, leaving the surface as white as ever, when the story of its rise will be written, the delphia," messages up to 1,551 miles, and a test let- though covered by snow. Few persons visit these historian will find it necessary present no small ter up to 2,099 miles. Marconi's record of that fact springs, on account of their inaccessibility, but, with to account of the firs t r------�------�--�the extension of the messages that were railroad from San Fran- sent across the Atlan- • cisco, the place will cer- tic, well of the _ tainly become popu- as as - ' �,��- _ a practical to which A lar resort. The water USIjS � wireless telegraphy was is ice cold, but those applied in the early who venture to take a days of its develop- THE TRANSATLANTIC TIM ��S. mud bath profess to find ment. r'c he story would ' great relief from their "--- .) �oer p blished at Sea 2'50 Ullrl'ah I Home ! Where One Dollar p er I .:-; u you ? Copy in I ."Ith Telegraph lUes.. Not the least inter �, ! Wireless State, no matter how of the !Seamen Fund. .. � c ved and d aId s I ;,g es re ei printe Oll esting of the records a ship g ing twenty knot!\ an distant it may be, can ito o 40 La.lysmith, and which will be carefully .\(1'. \V W Bradfield, Erl r hour ! 3-30 miles, Kimberley be detected by action of 1Il Chief. Mr T Bowden. out Nq·iligbattle. - di o . Miss B ·This is voyage Mafekin:{ holdlllg we\1. preserved for this fu As··i ·,tant E t r Ih\." 52110 recently the springs, for either H Lad rsmith no more creased or the soil of the first newspaper d and extillguisheu killed: ilom- Through the courtesy" of Mr guislle 3-4",lJ!,rd mellt at K,."berLey e

MARCONI APPARATUS WITH WHICH THE NEWS FOR FIRST WIRELESS HAND PRESS ON WHHlH THE WIRELESS NEWSPAPER EVER ISSUED THE THE THE El'R�T PAl'ER WAS RECEIVED. SHIPBOARD WAS PRINTED. ON

sheet. The paper was published on board the "St. is here presented in facsimile, and will constitute be begun this summer. The trains on the new road Paul" of the American Line, at sea, en route for ng what will some day be still another relic of early are to run at the rate of 110 miles an hour, and are E land, on November 15, 1899. It bears Mr. Maf'coni's wireless telegraphy. expected to reduce the time from Liverpool to Man· signature. For Americans, the most important step in the de chester from 40 minutes to 20 minutes. The apparatus used for the publication of this first velopment of wireless telegraphy was the transmis wireless newspapers involved no additional ex sion from Cape Cod of President Roosevelt's greet of pense. Indeed, the newspaper may be said to have ings to Edward VII. That message, written in the President's own hand, /-.n: has been carefully ,#£,,11P � J-:"J- J./-L�",&/ preserved . Mr. Mar- .. coni's transcript is here reproduced. Other wireless curios could be pictured, al ...:7_ hJ...:.J.. "-./..-"-'7- � C most without number. Those that have been ,""';".1"'1-- (. �,! "...... zr.'� ?<4'� shown, however, may .... .t. .:..,...... -4J -t: /"" . /� ,.,,t.:"""-{ be considered of most . . . A ...- ..j' )l�./4(T'" historical value. .- p",/, ,-C.;- �4_ 7.v-'.e- . 7T :;r ..... ' Lvi .:.- �� '�'(f 7 .q;; ,t.....,..:. <-.. The Dud Sprlngll of Dendoelno. fo-7-l.. ---.-.'" �J p ....z::/" � r-< OF RECORD OF THE FIRST TRANSATLANTIC The mud springs FACSIMILE MARCONI'S ORIGINAL � MESSAGES RECEIVED. BOARD THE "PHILADELPHIA." -.:.t<4 C r <--.( ..a £";.� &... ON of Mendocino County, , California, are located ;.. II:.. �C. � been the logical outcome of wireless communication sixteen miles northeast of Westport on the coast. itself. News was received from shore by means of They occupy a space of 25 acres at an altitude of the regular working outfit of the vessel. It was set 1,400 feet above the sea, and number thirty or forty, up in type, and then printed on the small hand-press with vents ranging from three feet in diameter to MR. MARCONI'S TRANSCRIPT OF THE MESSAGE SElf! with which every ship is provided for the printing of three inches. Tlie water which bubbles out of BY ROOSEVELT TO EDWA�D tile PRESIDENT XING VII.

JII0TOR BOAT RACES IN IRELAND FOR THE was designed by Mr. Linton and built Mr. THE RIBBON FISH AND THE SEA SERPENT. Hope by HARJIISWORTH CUP. F. Edge. F. S. BY CHARLES BOLDER. The hull is bui'lt of 20 steel, and the frames One of. the most interesting questions relating to the BY OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT IN mELAND. B. W. G. The first International Motor Boat Race fO'r the and floors of light angle and plate, while two sea and its inhabitants, and appealing strongly to' Harmsworth cup took place in Queenstown Harbor on longitudinal girders run fore and aft to carry the popular fancy, is that of the sea serpent, which, liter· Saturday, July 11. ally, will never down. Hardly a The trophy is offered by Mr. Al month passes but some strange crea fred Harmsworth, proprietor of the ture is seen by the men who go London Daily Mai'l, for any type of down to the sea in ships ; every motor boat not exceeding 40 feet thing that is seen is reported as a over all, fitted with any form O'f sea serpent. It is inconceivable power and with no limit as to the that these people are always mis taken, O'r that a la amount thereof ; it is essential that rge percentage the man who steers the boat shall are plain prevaricators, or that a be a member of a recognized club, still larger percentage are practical just as in the contest for the Gor jokers. In a word, something is don Bennett cup. observed out of the common, re The mO're important conditions ported as a "sea serpent." Some imposed by Mr. Harmsworth are see a giant squid, fifty, perhaps sev the following: enty feet in length, darting along The cup shall be for internation the surface, tai'l first, the latter out al competition, and the trustees of water at times. I have seen a of the same shall be the Automobile wounded squid, two feet in length, Club of Great Britain and Ireland. moving in this way, occasionally The cup shall be competed for an projecting its tail a few inches out nually under the racing rules fO'r of the water ; its tentacles forming the time being of the Marine Motor small "undulations" behind, and Association of the United Kingdom. from a distance of thirty feet pre There shall be not more than senting a marvelous resemblance to three vessels representing ear.h a snake or serpent. A large sqUld country.. could easily simulate a sea serpent. Each competing vessel shall be Some observers see lines of por constructed wholly and in every poises ; others, whales in a line or particular in the country which' it THE RIBBON FISH, OFTEN MISTAKEN FOR THE MYTHICAL "SEA SERPEN T. seaweed, or birds, and the unskilled represents. observer firmly believes he sees NO' limitation shan be placed on the form or descrip sO'mething and uncanny, which he assumes to motor and separate thrust bearings. There is no deck strange tion of motive power, provided t�at the motive power to the craft, but merely a covering of canvas stretched be the sea serpent. is wholly mechanical. tightly over the hull. She has a beam of 5 feet, mo'ld That there is a literal sea serpent is not believed Each vessel shall carry not less and not more than ed depth of 2 feet, and an over-all length of feet; by SCientists, but that there may be some large and 40 two hands, of whom the helmsman shall be a member her total displacement is tons. unknown, or uncaught fish, long, slender, and serpent llh the competing club, and both hands shall be natives ting the ocean, attaining a large size, of like, inhabi Is or naturalized subjects of the country which they .. • .. Dot beyond possibility. An animal that doubtless has represent. The entries were : H. Stassano has collected measurements of as many figured as a sea serpent is sh4)wn in the accompanying 1. Mr. S. F. Edge's launch, 40 feet in length, driven lines as possible which have been observed by various photograph. Specimens sixty feet in 'length have by a 75 horse power, four-cylinder, Napier gasoline physicists, and compared them with Liveing and Dew been observed, and if this fish should attain a length ' motor attached to a two-bladed propeller. The size ar's measurements of the spectrum of the most vola of seventy or eighty feet and be seen rushing along of the cylinders of the motor used are 672 inches tile gases of the atmosphere. He has also done the at the surface, one could hardly picture a more re: bore by 772 inches stroke ; its normal speed is 800 same for the chromospheric and prominence spectra markable "sea serpent." The subject of the illus R. P. M.; and jump spark ignition is employed. of the sun. He comes to the conclusion that the au tration is an oar or ribbon fisn (Regalicus ), and was, 2. Mr. F. Bead'le's launch, 30 feet in length, 'con- rora consists of helium, hYdrogen, neon, and argon. pOSSibly, the largest ever taken in American waters. "' ; structed of cedar wood and driven by a 50 horse Many of Liveing's and Dewar's lines he selects are yet It came inshore at Newport, on the Santa Cata· power, eight-cylinder, gasoline motor, with two two unassigned. lina Channel. opposite the island of that name� An bladed propellers on the Indian was riding up the same shaft. beach when ' he observed a 3. Mr. J. E. Thorny large fish , in the surf, and croft's launch, 30 feet long, after considerable difficu'lty driven by a 20 horse pow hauled out what he sup' er, four-cylinder, Thorny posed to be a sea serpent ' ' croft gaso'line motor con high on the sands. Not be nected to one 18 - inch aware of the value of ing ' ' three-bladed propeller. tite specimen, he stripped The first winner was Mr. off some of its beautiful S. F. Edge's Napier racing "plumes,'" O'r dorsal fins. ' launch, a phO'tograpih of and carried them to the which is here shown. town. Crowds soon went The course extended to , the shore to see ' th<:l from the quarters of the monster, which , was ' duly . Royal Cork Yacht Club, reported in the daily pa QueenstO'wn, up the River pers as thirty feet in length Lee to Cork, a distance of and weighing one thousand 872 miles. In the draw, pounds. When the excite- THE NA ER LAUNCH OF F. EDGE, ESQ. Thornycroft's boat got a PI S. ment had subsided, Mr. bye. Edge, who covered Horatio J. Forgy an attor the distance in 24 min., 44 ney of Santa Ana, measur· sec., beat Beadle, who ed the strange fish. The took 27 min., 44 2-5 sec. length was found to be Thornycroft was then twenty-one feet ; its weight pitted against Edge, the was estimated at between boats returning to Queens five and six hundred town so as to travel to pounds, but judging by Cork over the same course. the photograph, and an Edge was an easy victor, "angler's guess," three beating 'l'hornycroft by hundred pounds would 5 min., 8 3-5 sec. The win seem ample, though the ; ner s time was 26 , min., 6 writer has no desire to sec. A handicap race fO'r trim the wonders O'f this the Yachtsman's cup remarkable fish. The crea (.given by the proprietor ture was, fortunately, pho O'f a yachting newspaper) tographed by Mr. G. T. was next contested, the en Peabody, and probably this trants being the same a� is the on'ly photograph ex in the previous race. Edge tant of a large specimen of was scratch, Beadle had a Regalicus. From this pho handicap of 6 min., 55 sec., tograph the accompanying and Thornycroft 11 min., illustration was made. Un 50 sec. The last-named fortunately, no one present won in 33 min., 51 1-5 rea'lized the importance sec., Beadle's time being to science of savin'g the 33: 12 3-5, and Edge's fish. It is estimated that 27:9 1-5. hundreds of persOns saw The Napier THE FIRST RACE FOR THE HARMSWORTH CUP IN QUEENSTOWN HARBOR. the remains, and none rec· 40-fO'ot as a fish. race ognized it ribbon launch entered fO'rthe Mr. Ed,e's Boat Appears on the Lett ; Mr. Beadle's on the Right.

The ribbon-fish is one of most and observation. And saw the monster just as truly, tile beautiful I interesting of its kind, and up to this time was gen although not quite ·so clearly, as I ever saw anything. erally supposed to have been unknown in American "This matter has been treated by many as a hoax, waters. The writer has seen several dead specimens, fish story, or a seaside phenomenon, to bring trade and and one live specimen at Santa Catalina Island, but profit to the watering-places ; but notwithstanding all all were very small. DoubtJless such come inshore this, there is no doubt in my mind that some kind after storms in winter, though the specimens ob of an uncommon and st,ange rover in the form of a served were found in summer_ The large one taken snake or serpent, called an ichthyosaurus, plesiosaurus, WIRE GRIP FOR at Newport came ashore in February after a severe or some other long-named marine animal, has been LINEMEN. storm, which strewed the beach with numbers of fish seen by hundreds of men and boys in our own, if not Our illustration shows a simple form of wire grip strange to the inhabitants, including several small in other waters. And five persons besides myse'lf for the use of linemen in stringing electric wires. ribbon-fishes. Amos Lawrence, Samuel Cabot, and James Prince, of Provision is made, in connection with the grip, of a simple device for holding a length of wire while The ribbon-fish is a deep-sea form_ As it attains a Boston, Benjamin F. Newhall, of Saugus, and John large size, it doubtless has been seen and chronicled Marston, of Swampscott-bore public testimony of twisting its ends around the wire held in the grip. The grip comprises fixed jaw and a movable jaw as a sea serpent. Its appearance is remarkable. The seeing him at the time. Yours truly, a A. The jaw is movable at all times in paral'lellsm fish is literaNy like a ribbon. Those handled by the "NATHAN D. CHASE." B. B with the fix d jaw by reason of its double pivotal writer were beautiful diaphanous creatures, clear and .e.l. e connection therewith through the lever and the jellylike. The color was silver, tinted with blue and Forty-Thousand Volt Power Transml!ilslon. B A. . link To the outer end of the lever are pivoted splashed with black tigerlike stripes. The forehead ·.E. B BY EMILE GUARINI. the links which extend to a bolt movable in a slot is very high, and from the top of the head rise a The Oerlikon Construction Works, at Oerlikon, near F series of dorsal spines, eight in number (Regalicus formed in the outer end of the fixed jaw. Secured to Zurich, Switzerland, have recently received an order this bolt is a loop to which a draw-rope or strap Russelli), a vivid coral in color, and when erect re H which commands attention as much on account of its may be attached. . A spring arranged between the semble pompons, or a red mane, giving the fish a most importance as because of its special character. The G fantastic appearance. The fin continues the entire order in question rests upon the utilization of the length of the body, and just below the pectoral fins water power of the River Caffare and the transforma extend two long rays which represent the ventral fins. tion of that power into electric energy. The head is long and oblong; the teeth absent; the The Caffare River rises in the Alps on the border body ribbonlike, that is, flat, gradually tapering to between Italy and the Tyrol, and falIs into the Chiese the tail. River. The installation is .calculated to deliver a to The history Of this rare fish is extremely intereat tal of 15,000 horse power to turbines disposed in two ing. While fairly we'll known in other localities, it generating stations. was not reported in American waters until the Writer The upper station, the building of which will be H observed the Santa Catalina specimens and wrote to undertaken at some later period, will furnish 5,000 Dr. G. Brown Goode regarding them several years horse power, while the 'lower station, which is to · be ago ; other finds have been so rare that it is believed situated upon Italian territory, near the town of Bago that all are known. Goode and Bean say : "Within lino, will be commenced within a few days. It is ex the past one hundred and fifty years individuals have pected to deliver 10,090 horse power. When the two visited the shores of Norway, Finmark, the Faroe stations are finished, .t hey will work in parallel, and WIRE GRIP FOR LINEMEN. Islands, Scotland, Ireland, England, France, Mediter the tension at the terminals of the three-phase current ranean, Bermuda, the Cape of Good Hope, Hindostan, generators will be 9,000 volts, with a frequency of 42. links and engaging the upper end of the lever F, and New Zealand." Gunther reports forty-four, seen This tension will be raised by transformers to 40,000 serves to normal'ly close the jaws sufficiently tight D, by naturalists, and doubtless others have been ob volts for transmission over the main line. The cur to frictionally engage a wire which is held in the V served and not reported. The exact size to which rent, at this high tension, will be carried to Brescia, shaped slots When, however, strain is put upon Regalicus K. attains is not known, but specimens rang about 25 miles distant, and there a part will be the device the jaws will be drawn tightly together ing up to sixty feet in length have been examined, used to feed the redUCing transformers, a part for elec through the medium of the lever and the links con and may be considered, so far as known, giants the tric lighting in the province of Brescia, and the rest necting with the loop On one side of the jaw of H. B tribe. Goode and Bean, referring to a specimen twenty will be sold to the large electro-chemical estabUsh is a keeper for the wire which is designed to have 0 feet in length, state, "and it is more than probable ments there. At the lower hydro-electric station the its end turned around wire engaged by the jaws. a that they grow much larger, and that many of the estimated flow of water is about 876 gallons a second, In operation, the main wire is clamped between the creatures popularly identified with the sea serpent are which, with a fall of 833 feet, is calcualted to deliver jaws and then the wire which is to be twisted around only large animals of this type." In 1860 an individ 10,160 effective horse power at the turbines. the main wire is placed in the L-shaped keeper 0, ual seventeen feet in �ength went ashore in Hungry To lead this water to the penstocks it wil'l be neces thereupon, with the ordinary tool, the end of the Bay, Bermuda. The giant of the tribe is chronicled sary to bui'ld a canal 14,760 feet long, which will wire may be . twisted around the main wire. The by Dr. Andrew Wilson, of the University of Glasgow, pass through four tunnels, one of which will measure keeper will prevent the wire engaged therein from 0 who states that Lord Norbury engaged the smack 7,544 feet in length. swinging outward. Our readers will recognize as com "Sovereign," Capt. Ba illie, of Hull, to trawl for him Five groups or power units will be installed at the mendable features of this device the extreme simpliC in the Frith of - Forth, and among other fishes they lower hydro-eiectric station, each having a capacity ity of its construction, the provision of the useful one day hauled up an oar-fish, when stretched which of 2,500 horse power. Each unit is to consist of a retainer for the wire which is to be twisted about upon the deck of the smack, which was of 40-ton bur turbine, making 350 revolutions a minute and con the main wire, and the peculiar arrangement of the den, was larger than the vessel, or sixty feet in length ; nected direct with a three-phase current dynamo. At jaws, which, by reason of their paral'lel movement, and some of the men stated that they had seen much a convenient spot in the main building, near the above present a gripping surface throughout their entire larger specimens. Lord Norbury did not realize the mentioned units, will be installed,two smaller turbines �ength. Mr. James C. Logue, of Haze Hill, Canada, is value of the catch, and as it was an interference the to of 160 horse power, each making 600 revolutions a the inventor of this improved wire grip. work, he ordered the men to throw it over. This minute ; their function will be to run the exciters, one • f.,. fish at the surface, with its waving red plumes, would each, to which they. will be also directly connected. A FOUNTAIN PAINTING APPARATUS. fully have realized the ideal "sea serpent." Since one exciter is sufficient to energize four of the The time consumed by a painter in dipping his brush The royal yacht "Astern" once reported having seen power units, the pilant will thus be provided with one -int a paint bucket and removing any excess of paint. a remarkable sea monster near Sicily, which in all large generator and one exciter as a reserve in case of 'o taken up thereby is greater than might at first appear, probability was a ribbon-fish. The writer has never accident. and any device which would do away with this irk doubted that some remarkably large animal had been Five transformers each will also be provided to raise some detail would surprisingly increase the amount observed in Massachusetts Bay after receiving the foI the tension to 40,000 volts. the point of cOl'lsump At of work that a painter could accomplish in a given lowing letter from one the most intelligent men tion this current must again be reduced by five other of time. Such a device has been invented by Mr. John in Essex County, and has thought this "sea serpent" transformers to a tension suitable for distribution. Grahn, of Stoughton, Wis., and an illustration · of the Regalicus approximating the one observed by Lord This power plant is the more . interesting since it is a apparatus is shown herewith. The apparatus com Norbury. The letter is as follows : the first plant of the kind in Europe to make use of a prises a reservoir for the paint, which is led to "Lynn, Mass., June 26, 1881. tension of 40,000 volts as well as of transformers the of a a flexible tube by air "Mr. C. F. Holder : capacity exceeding 2,000 kilowatts. brush through pressure. The air "Dear Sir : Yours of the 24th instant came duly to . '" . hand, and, in reply to that part of it relating to the The Current Supplement. account given by myself of a strange fish, serpent, or The current SUPPLEMENT, No. 1440, opens with an some marine animal cal'led a sea serpent, I have to say illustrated article by Emile Guarini on the power plant that I saw him in a pleasant, calm summer morning of the Metropolitan Street Railway of Paris. Dr. of August, 1819, from Long Beach, now Nahant. • Franz Meyer reviews the history and- commercia:l de "At this time he was about a quarter of a mile away ; velopment of the Schroeder contact process of sul but the water was so smooth that I could plainly see phuric acid manufacture. Of technical interest are his head and the motion of his body, but not dis articles on "An Unrecorded Propert-: of Clay," "The tinctly enough to give a good description of him. Coloring of Metals," and "The Pre,,::,rvation of Wood." Later in the day I saw him again off 'Red Rock.' He The English correspondent of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN then passed along one hundred feet from where I describes the Hattersley automatic loom. In a very stood, with head about two feet out of the water, and full and well-illustrated article, the magnetic observa his speed was about the ordinary of a common steam tories of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey

er. What I saw of his length was from fifty to sixty are excel'lently describeG. Prof. J. Reynolds Green dis feet. It was very difficult to count the bunches, or cusses vegetable physiology. An article on impurities humps (not fins), upon his back, as by the undulating and purification of acetylene will probably be found of motion they did not all appear at once. This ac value. counts in part for the varied descriptions given of him ...... by different parties. His appearance on the surface The large fleet of United States sailing vessels of the water was occ,,-sionall, and but for a short time. which hitherto has been employed in the petroleum The color of skin was dark, differing but little oil deep sea trade has recently almost completely Hie from the water or the back of any common fish. This been driven out of the fie'ld by the subsidi� French the best descriptio'll can give of him from my own sailing craft. fAINTING is I .A FOUNTAIN APPARATUS.

© 1903 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC Scientific American AUGUST 8, 19,03. 103 pressure in the reservoir Is attained means of a swinging it about to the position shown in dotted arrangement, when the doors are swung open, the by hand pump at the ,side, as shown in section in our lines. This causes the longer arm to move the trans brackets slide down the guide rods, drawing the dooi"s engraving. The pump parency across the field of vision and out onto the with them, and a cam on the hinge causes the doors to connects with the bottom of E the reservoir, and forces the air through the paint to sliding support at the side of the box. Thus the ef assume a pOSition close to the side of the car . Spiral fect of a sidewise movement is added to the effects springs on the guide rods prevent jarring the an air space at the top. A vertical tube mounted O'ut· of side of the reservoir connects at the top and at the above mentioned. hinges when the roof sections are being lowered. The bottom with the interior of the same. This tube is .. II ...., roof-supporting beams. are hinged to one side of the provided with two valves, and secured to a nip);yle be· VACUUM PUMP FOR BULBS OF ELECTRIC LAMPS. car and can be swung parallel with that side so as not tween these valves is a flexible tube, which at its A new form of vacuum pump for exhausting the all' to interfere with the loading or unloading of the car, lower end connects with a fixed tube in the brush from the bulbs of incandescent electric lamps has been but normally the beams lie transversely across the provided by the recent invention of Rudolph A. car and their free ends are hooked into sockets on handle. A valve located at the base of the handle is Mr. Steeb, of RO'selle, J. The pump is provided with the opposite side. This construction relieves provided with a thumb piece, which by means of a N. the side two cylinders, one of which is fixed and the other · strain against the walls of qeaf spring is normally held in such position as to close the car. the flxed tube. The lower end of the handle is formed mounted to rotate. The ra- with a threaded stem, onto which the brush proper is voluble section is shown at screwed. The stem is also provided with an internal in our illustration. A pis A thread adapted to' receive a short tube to which is ton rO'd runs through both secured what is ca:lled the "distributer." The dis cylinders, and is provided tributer consists of fan·shaped canvas web made dou with two pistons, one in ble, and between the folds of which cords are placed. each cylinder ; the pistons The webs are sewed together between the cords in are normally held in for such manner as to form channels through which the ward position by means of paint can freely flow to the bristles. The distributer a spiral spring in the fixed is necessary only for use in connection with flat cylinder. The cylinder head brushes. When brushes of the type known among of the revoluble sec B painters as "dagger stripers" are used, the distributer tion is secured to a shan may dispensed with and the paint fed to the bris which is provided at its be 0, tles through a small nipple threaded onto the stem outer end with a hand of the handle. In use the painter can accurately con wheel, by which the opera trol the flow of paint through the brush by depress tor can turn the cylinder A. ing the thumb piece on the thumb handle. After the Connecting with the cylin painting is done the lower valve of the reservoir is der at its forward end is A closed and the upper one opened to admit a flow of a tube provided at its D, compressed air through the tube and brUSh, discharg upper end with a funnel. alll paint therefrom. A simi'lar pipe leads ing E from the cylinder in the PRODUCING THE VACUUM IN A P BULBS . .. I ••• ELECTRIC L M A NOVEL PICTURE EXHIBITOR. opposite direction, terminating in a coupling The coupling connects with the In order to prevent rain and moisture from enter We illustrate herewith a toy picture exhibitor for F. which a patent has recently been procured by Mr. tube extending integrally from the bulb in which the ing the car at the jOints of the roof sections, the s� vacuum is to be produced ; the bulb is supported in tions are provided with weather-strips and as an extra holders adjustably secured to a rod mounted on the precaution the cross-beams on which they rest are shaft In operation the hand wheel is turned to channeled so as to catch the water and conduct it out O. bring the parts in the position illustrated, then mer of the car. The center longitudinal joints of the roof cury is poured into the funnel, and passing into tho sections are protected by runways secured to the sec cylinder through the pipe it thence forces its way tions at .one side and fitting over weather-strips on the D, through pipe into the electric lamp bulb. The air meeting sections. A simple locking-device holds the E in the bulb slowly bubbles out during this operation, roof sections firmly together. The device may be un and after the bulb is completely filled, a valve on the 'locked by the manipulation of a lever at the end of pipe is Closed. Then the hand wheel is given a the car. A patent for this improved type of freight D half turn. reversing the positions of the funnel and car has recently been obtained by Mr. H. Addison the bulb, that is, bringing the bulb to the top. The Johnston, of Ingersoll, Canada.

motive agent is now admitted to the fixed cylinder • Ie, • through pipe which forces back the pistons, produc Dr. George Cohen, an Allegheny inventor, has re G, ing a vacuum in the cylinder and drawing the mer cently announced the perfection of an invention A, on cury out of the bulb. The valve on pipe is now which he has been working for some time past, and E closed, and the bulb sealed by melting and closing the which promises to overcome the defects of the railroad tube extension thereon. A new bulb may then be block system by means of electricity. A company placed into position, and the hand wheel is again was formed some time ago to develop his invention, operated to bring the bulb to its 'l owest position. The and it has been agreed to increase the capital stock three-way valve on pipe is then turned to permit the to three million dollars and put the device on the G escape of the motive fluid. This permits the pistons market after it has been thoroughly covered with to move forward under action of the spiral spring, patents. Dr. Cohen is about to sail for Europe with

forcing the mercury into the new bulb, after which the the object of securing these patents, and on hill re A NOVEL PICTURE EXHIBITOR. operation is repeated as described above. A spring turn the details of the invention will be made public. catch which engages the hand wheel serves to firmly He has announced, however, that his perfected inven Ulysses Berger, of 1332 11th Street, N. W., Wash hold the . parts in their two positions. tion will protect a train from almost any character of L. accident. A broken rail, for instance, will the ington, D. C. The principal feature of the apparatus .f.,. be lies in the provision of simple means for producing FREIGHT CAR WITH REMOVABLE ROOF. means of throwing the system into operation, and a the effect O'f a moving panorama. A brief descrip The ordinary covered freight car-a huge closed box train moving along in the vicinity of the danger will tion of the construction of this apparatus will enable with a narrow door in the center of each side through be stopped automatically. This invention was gemon strated some time ago in the presence of a number one to readily understand the method of producing which every piece of freighted merchandise must be of this effect. The picture exhibitor comprises a box twice handled-can hardly be said to have kept pace railroad men, and at that time it was pronounced provided with two partitions at one end, which are with modern requirements. many caEes articles to be a remarkable device, but since then the doctor In separated by a narrow space in which the transpar which need protection from the weather have to be has spent a great deal of time in further improving it. ency to be exhibited may be received. A tube extends loaded onto fiat or open cars, because from the inner partition 'lengthwise of the box, and they are too large to pass through the

projects through the opposite end. A shorter exten car doors or are too cumbersome to sion tube is adapted to slide within the main tube. be carried therein ; for, obviously, a An arm which projects through a slot in one side crane or the like cannot be readily B, of the box, serves as a means for sliding the lens In used in loading a covered car, and the tube being connectE:d to this lens by a pin consequently the work must all be A, extending through a slot in the tube. Lying above done manua'lly. Another objection tube and hinged to a bracket at one side of the box, able feature of the ordinary box car A, is lever which is adapted to be operated by en lies in the difficulty of completely fill a 0, . gagement with a pin on the arm The longer ing the upper part of the car, and in D B. end of this lever projects through slots in the parti subsequently unloading the car with tions referred to above, and rests against the picture out dropping and injuring the mer wl1en it is introduced into the box. Projecting from chandise. Aside from these, other the side of the box at the point where the picture is difficulties will readily suggest them introduced is a sliding support or guide, which affords selves all those acquainted with to a ready means for inserting the picture in position. freight handling. Light is admitted to the transparency through coin With this brief summary of present cident openings in the center of the partitions and the conditions in mind, we wi'll more read end wall of the box. In use the picture is first in ily appreciate the advantages offered serted and the extension tube drawn out, then the by the car with removable roof which apparatus is held to the eye as shown in our illustra is illustrated herewith. The car roof tion. Un sliding the lens back and forth in the tube comprises a number of sections or the figures in the transparency wi'll be correspond doors, which meet at the center line ingly enlarged or diminished in size, giving the effect of the car, and which at their outE:r of ' an advancing or receding panorama. When the edges are bolted to hinged brackers, lens is moved further back beyond the pivot lever mounted to slide on vertical guide 'of the pin engage the shorter the at ROOF. C, D will arm of lever. rods the side of the car. By this J'lI.EIGH'I CAR WI'IH' RDl OVABLE

pressure exerted as the water turns to a solid. If tion of the parties, it is immaterial whether the de freezing occurs in a meter chamber, something, by fendant, in cases of this character, be a citizen the Of predetermined arrangement, must be prepared to' give United States, an aUen, or a mere sojourner here. The l Legal No tes. � way, or the meter case will be rent asunder. Nash's court decided that trade-mark rights acquired in the fourteenth claim reads: United States, whether by registration or by common WHAT CONSTITUTES INVENTION.-Joseph B. Mock· "The combination with a water meter having its law, afforded no protection against acts committed ridge on March 14, 1893, was granted a patent for an chamber-forming case made relatively strong, - of an wholly in a foreign country. invention, the purpose of which was to provide a new inclosing-head therefor made relatively weak, - whereby To the lawyer who is at all familiar with equity an d improved means for securing railroads and ship. to form a yielding part against undue interior pres practice the decision seems contrary to the tong pers of merchandise against loss of freight, by pre sure." established doctrine that equity acts in and personam, venting the merchandise from being sent to wrong The fifteenth claim reads : that it matters little where the subject-matter is situ places, and keeping a record of the merchandise loaded "The case or inc'losing head of water meter case ated, or the acts complained of were performed. Even a into each railroad car, so that it could be easily having a groove or surface recess to reduce the thick before Lord Hardwicke's day, English Chancellors in traced, until it finally arrived �t its proper destination. ness of the inclosing-head over the measuring-chamber, terfered to protect rights in property situated in other The invention consisted in means by which the ship substantially as described, and for the purpose stated." jurisdictions (witness the Penn vs. Lord Baltimore ping was control'led in such a manner as to prevent The first of these claims is in very broad terms, and case), and sometimes even protected foreigners in the merchandise from being loaded into the wrong covers every case where the inclosing head is made their property rights, as in the case of the Emperor car at the shipping station; and secondly in case it relatively weak, by whatever device effected, and of Austria vs. Day and Kossuth, in which it was shQuld happen that a package was wrongly loaded into comes very near in this to an attempt to claim decided that Louis Kossuth should be restrained from car, then to detect at once the respective car into !L a result or idea, rather than the structural means printing in England banknotes which when circu'lated which it had been wrongly placed. by which it is produced or carried out, which lat in Austria-Hungary would depreciate the value of the The means described in the specification may be ter is alone patentable. Neither is there any refer imperial currency. Why then should a court of equity briefly summarized as follows : ence back to the speCifications by the usual formula not restrain a defendant residing within its jurisdic 1. The cars upon which the merchandise is to be "substantially as described," or "for the purpose des tion from committing acts without that jurisdiction, shipped are numbered, the numeral upon each car des , ignated." Thus the ground is laid for the contention to the detriment of the complainant? ignating a destination. that the claim is not limited to provide against strain 2. shipping receipt is prepared at the shipping ,A from freezing only, but from undue interior pressure THE LIMIT OF A MAN'S RIGHT TO USE HIS OWN NAME office, containing, besides the usual descriptive matter, of every character as well. The same was urged with AS A TRADE MARK.-In the case of the Royal Baking the number of the car into which the package is to' be respect to the fifteenth claim where the reference ap Powder Company vs. Royal (122 Fed. Rep. 337), it ap loaded and designating the package by a given num pears, but is equally unavailing as to both. Says the peared that the complainant company had for many ber_ court : "The manifest purpose of endeavoring to years been making and selling a baking powder under A check is prepared simultaneously with the ship. 3. broaden their scope in this way, so as to' make them the name of "Royal," by which name its product was ping receipt, containing the number of the car and the apply to all cases of excessive interior fluid pressure, called for by purchasers. The defendant, whose sur numbers of the packages. such as water hammer or abnormal hydrostatic head, name is Royal, commenced the manufacture and sale 4. removable b!lx is placed upon the car for re A is to enlarge the art to which they are to be assigned, of a baking powder which he packed in cans similar ceiving the checks of the merchandise loaded into it. and so the easier to demdlish them." But it seemed in size and shape to complainant's, and having a labe\ The vaUdity of this patent came up fQr decision in useless to the court to argue that either claim can similar in color and general ::ppearance, bearing his the case of Hock vs. the N. Y. C. H. R. RR. The so separated from the connection in which it is name in large letters. He also advertised his baking & be court said: "Whether the patent is to be regarded as found or extended to embrace a function not there powder as the "New Royal." Having been enjoined one for an improvement in an art, or as one for a specified. It is no doubt true that an element not from such advertising and from using the labels, he machine, we are of the opinion that it discloses noth stated in a claim cannot be brought forward from the changed the color of the label from red to blue, on ing of patentable novelty. It purports to disc'lose to the specification and imported intO' it. But, said the court, which was printed the name "Maxim Baking Powder;" public, and especially to that part of the public en that is by no means to say that the specifications which but still having his name in promin,mt letters on the gaged in shipping and transporting, an improved precede did not limit it, or that they are not to be front of the cans. There was evidence that this bak method of preventing and rectifying mistakes in the resorted to as they always freely are, to explain it ing powder had, in some cases, been sold as that of transaction of their business. Such improvements and give it character. It seemed to the court that the complainant's, and that retailers had given it to cus generally suggest themselves, as their necessity be inventor, in the present instance, did not and could tomers calling for Royal Baking Powder, without ex comes apparent, to the intelligent and enterprising men not claim what was thus sought to be thrust upon plaining that it was not the well-known product the of who usually conduct this kind of business, and it him. He was not seeking, in this feature of his in complainant company. would be surprising indeed if the long and extensive vention, to provide against anything else but ice pres The court held that all the facts, showed a. purpose experience of forwarders and carriers had not dis sure, and while it may be desirable in all water meters on the part of the defendant so to use his name as to closed so obvious a method as that which is dis dosed. to have a yielding part that will go down under stress sell his product as that of complainant, and that while What the patentee seems to have done has been to of undue interna'l forces, he must abide by what he he would not be enjoiued from using his name, he provide evidence that a certain parcel or lot of mer has described and claimed. would be restrained from p'lacing it on the front label chandise has been deposited in a predetermined place, The defendants contended that a water meter of his cans. is or, if it has not been deposited there, to denote at nothing more than a water motor, reference being A person has the right honestly to use his own name what other place it has been deposited. There are var made to a Scotch patent to show that they are inter in connection with his business, even though he may ious ways of doing this, so familiar that the court can changeable. "In structure and general mode of oper thereby interfere with or injure the business of an take judicial notice of them. One is by having the ation, this may be true, but for the purpose of this case other, but court of equity will restrain him from a person with whom the parcel is deposited preserve a it is not. A meter, however actuated, is not desigued intentionally so using it as to deceive the public-or record of it, to be returned for examination to the for exerting or transmitting power, but simply for enable others to do so-into buying his goods as those sender. Another is by having a record kept by a tally measuring, registering fluid volume, and as a matter Qf another, and will require him, when entering a man. Another is by having the truckman or other of applied art the two are essentially different. The business in which another is engaged, and using tlie person making delivery return a voucher from the re manifest object of this opinion . is to draw the name, to use every means reasonably possible to dis ceiver to the shipping clerk. A common instance is case within the circle of the motor or power reference tinguish his own business and goods from those of his that adopted by express companies who provide their relied upon, or at least to establish a close analogy to competitor. expressmen with a book in which, when the parcel that art." To the court this seemed not very ma is delivered at a store or house, the receiver signs his terial. LACHES IN INFRINGEMENT SUITS.-In July, 1901, the name. The patentee has provided a box in which the Analyzing the various points relied upon by the de Circuit Court for the Second District of New York truckman to deposit the voucher instead of return is fendant, the court came to the conclusion that the sustained the first three claims of a patent which was ing if to the shipping clerk, and has located it at the Claims of the patent must be sustained and that the made the subject of the suit of Timolat vs. Manning, most convenient place, and where there is the least defendant was chargeable with infringement. and found them to be infringed by the device then be Ukelihood of his making the mistake of depositing the fere the court. Subsequently, in November, 1901, suit voucher in the wrong one. All this evidences good INFRINGEMENT OF A TRADE MARK COMMITTED IN A was brought against another infringer upon a differ judgment upon the part of Qne who is experienced in FOREIGN COUNTRY.-In the action brought by the Vac ent device and a preliminary injunction was granted ' the particular business, but it does not rise to the uum Oil Company vs. the Eagle Oil Company (122 Fed. by tne same Judge who heard the Manning case. Ap level of invention." Rep. 105), infringement of a trade mark and unfair peal was taken in that case. The case which recently competition were charged. The defendant filed a plea came up before the Circuit Court of Appeals was the CONSTRUCTION OF PATENT CLAIlIls.-The Nash patent, to the bill stating "that all such acts and deeds" com case of Timolat vs. Franklin Boiler Works Company No. 433,088, covers a water meter with its chamber plained of, "if performed or done at all, . were (122 Fed. Rep. 69). The appellant in this suit con· forming case made relatively strong, in combination wholly done or performed by it without the borders tended that some laches of the complainant should re with an inclosing head therefor made relatively weak, and boundaries of the United States, and wholly with quire a denial of injunctive relief. The defendant did either by being made thinner throughout, or by having in the boundaries of some foreign nation." The plea not put his tool ou the market until the spring or sum a weakening groove, to form a yielding part against further alleged that "legal proceedings had been in mer of 1899. Then a month or so thereafter complain· interiQr pressure, the object being, as shown by the troduced by the plaintiff to restrain the defendant from ant began litigation with the infringers, and have con ' specification, to prevent injury to the other parts by the consummation of the very acts and deeds per tinued to litigate ever since. Circuit Judge Lacombe, freezing. This patent was made the basis of an in formed in the German empire with regard to the word who wrote the opinion, states that they were under no fringement suit brought by the National Meter Com 'Vacuum,' which the ty'laintiff here again asks relief obligation to sue everyone at the same time. pany against the Neptune Meter Company (122 Fed. against and recovery in this suit." It was further Rep. 75). stated in the plea that "the plaintiff had instituted The use of a different, but mechanically equivalent, In delivering the opinion of the court, District. legal proceedings in the kingdom of Denmark to re method or material to construct some of the elements Judge Archibald stated that the idea of a weakened strain the use of the word 'Vacuum' on oil products." of a patented combination will not avoid infringement head or part to' relieve from the strain of excessive The complainant very properly objected to the plea where the principle or mode of operation is adopted, interior pressure in an inclosed chamber was not new on account of multifariousness, but the court over and the elements, when constructed, perform the same

with Nash, but that he was the first to apIily it to ruled him, holding that all the facts stated tended to functions by the same means 1'.i"., or by mechanically water meters and to obviate the danger in case of a �,ngk '�sue. equivalent means to, those described in the patent ..

freezing. To this extent he was a pioneer. He was, The pclnt. however, upon which the case hinged, therefore, entitled to the fruits of his inventive skill. was the general question whether the courts of the The commercial success. of a complicated machine The expanding power of water in freezing is substan United States can decide the manner in which busi covered by a patent containing a large number of tially irresistible, and operates in its own - peculiar ness in a foreign country should be conducted. If claims is not persuasive evidence, in itself, that a way. I is not a fluid pressure, so as to have the strain the complainant's contention be true that the court single e emen or part of the machine volves In· t l t in from one point o another. but it is acquires jurisdiction whenever can obtain jurisdic- tra.nsmitted t a it vention.

ly on all parts and much more easily and rap food receptacles, so arranged that they shall in ' for a rolling object. The pockets are in two RECENTLY PATENTED INVENTIONS. Electrical Devices. idly than is possible by ordinary methods. no way interfere with the folding of the box. series, reversely inclined to each other and PERMUTATION-PA DLOCK.-'l'. A. DINS DEVICE FOR PREVENTING SIDE DRAFT converging toward the buffer, and at the ELECTRIC ILLUMINATION FOR RAIL MORE, Cameron, W. Va. Mr. Dinsmore's in IN HARVESTERS.-G. A. SMITH, Cottonwood, mouth of each pocket i s a defiector. At one ROAD CARS.-M. BUTTNER, Deutsch Wilmers vention refers to improvements in locks, being J. E. PHILLIPS, Minneapolis, and J. P. SMITH, end is a rail having pockets. In front of this dorf, Germany. The object of the imp rovement particularly applicable to padlocks, its object Cottonwood, Minn. The object of the inventors rail is an object-retainer which fixes the point is to provide certain new and usefnl improve being to provide a lock which can be opened is to relieve the "side draft"-that is, the for placing the rolling object, the latter to be ments in electric illumination of railroad-cars without the use of a key, thus doing away tendency of the machine to draw sidewise when propelled by a cue. whereby the incandescent lamps burn uniformly with the annoyance of having to supply sev pulled by horses, and so increaSe the work of at a predetermined candle-power irrespective of ADJUSTABLE REGULATOR FOR PIC eral persons with key and the consequent dragging it forward. In machines of this kind TURE-FRAMES.-I<'. C. BROWN and W. the varying speed of the train and without the a E. liability of loss of the keys. some part of the frame projects laterally for CHENERY, Fra use of electromagnetic regulators. mingham, Mass. The improve ward, and It is this part which carries the WOOD-CARVING MACHINE.-A. W. H. ment of these inventors relates to an adjust ElLECTRIC SIGNAL.-H. L. LEE, Timpas, operative mechanism. Pulling is done at a dis RAETTIG, New London, Wis. This invention able regulator for picture-frames and the like Col. In this case the invention relates particu advantage on this account. Their idea is to relates to improvements in wood-carving ma -that is to say, to mechanism for adjusting larly to electric signals for railways, designed quicken the speed of the part of the frame in chines designed to be manipulated and guided and maintaining . the level of frames used for to notify a telegraph-operator of the approach question, by drawing the grain-wheel by means by hand in a way to rapidly and accurately the display of pictures and for analogous pur of a train, the object being to provide in con of a train of gearing, while leaving the wheel impart a desired shape to irregular pieces of poses. The device is simple, cheap. and easily nection with the signal a circuit-closer of sim free to overrun Its connections. wood of all kinds, such as crooked stair-rails, handled. ple construction that may be readily attached crooked moldings, straight work, and, in fact, FLY-TRAP.-F. J. LAMPTON, Weir City, to a railway-rail at any desired point remote CHIMNEY-COWL.-F. W. - STEIN, Jersey an unlimited variety of carving and woodwork. Kan. In this patent the invention relates to from the operator's station, and designed to be City, N. J. The object in view in this case is The casing of this device is made in a form improvements in devices for removing fiies or closed by a passing train. to provide a cowl which will insure an effective and of such advantageous dimensions as to be similar winged insects from cows or other ani draft through the fiue. This end is attained mals and trapping them, an object being to pro always under the direct control of the opera by providing a cowl with means forming an Engineering Improvements. vide a contrivance for this purpose that shall tor. The machine can be used for offhand or air-duct leading upward from the back of the be simple and durable in construction and com SAND-DISCHARGING SPOUT.-A. M. carving work or worked to a drawing on cowl, over the top thereof, thus causing the paratively inexpensive. HOWERY, Eastbank, W. Va. In this patent wood or other material. gases or smoke to be drawn upward through the invention relates to improvements in de EXHIBITING APPARATUS.-E. BARTHE- the fine ana out of the cowl with the before Pertaining to Vehicles. vices for sanding railway-rails, an object of LEMY, 34 Rue Caitbout, Paris, France. This mentioned current of air. to provide a sand-discharge the invention being is particularly an improvement in a mechanism CARRYING ATTACHMENT FOR BICY- GAME-BOARD.-H. FRANK, New York, N. Y. spread sand evenly spout so constructed as to for producing the suc�essive movement of sev- CLES.-L. MURDOCH, Washington, D. C. Mr. This game-board is particularly adapted for the rails either on cnrves on the whole width of the eral screens in a perfectly safe manner, thus Murdoch's invention is an improved carrying mechanical playing of the game of base-ball, or straight lines. preventing the order of their succession and tattachment for bicycles for supporting an um and the object is the provision of a board so SAFETY-CATCH FOR ELEV ATORS.--J. the full accomplishment of their movements brella, luggage, and baby-seat, or any of said arranged that a rolling ball employed will indi GENISIO, Duquoin, Ill. The present invention until they come, respectively, into their po- devices from the frame of the bicycle ; and cate the various plays, that may be recorded - III pertains to improvements in safety-catches for sitions of rest from being interfered with save the improvement consists in certain novel con the usual manner, thus /lIaking the game in elevators, particularly elevator-cages used in in case of stoppage of the main motor. structions and combination of parts that en- teresting, and in the playing of it considerable mining shafts ; and the object is to provide a able the devices to be conveniently applied to skill may be acquired. BREECH MECHANISM.-J. B. MOORE, . of simple construction that will and removed from the blCycle whenever de safety-catch Washington, D. C. The claim for an object, COMBINED BROOM-HEAD HOLDER automatically operate to prevent sired. AND quickly and among others, in this case, is the provision of a SHAPER.-T. McE. GILL, Mexico, Mo. In lling of the cage should the cable break. the fa mechanism in which the threads between the the present case the invention relates to an Railway. and Their Aece!l.oories. EQUALIZING-DRAFT HOISTING-GEAR. block and the breech of a gun will be uninter improvement in br60m bolders and supports de J. G. DELANEY, New York, N. Y. Mr. De rupted and cylindrice.l in general form and mul TICKET-CASE.-R. A. EDGAR and W. W. signed to be attached to a wall or other 10- laney's invention relates to a hoisting-gear, and tiple, together with means for operating the TOBEY, lola, Kan. These inventors have made cali ty, and has for its aim the provision of a his object is more particularly to produce a moving parts of the mechanism in adjusting an improvement in that class of ticket-cases in device which will support and clamp a broom neat, simple, and efficient means for rendering the breech-block into and out of position for which the tickets or cards are held flatwise head and at the same time restore and preserve the load substantially equal when the device is closing the breech of the gun. in a series or column and are pressed to the the normal shape of the head. actuated in connection with a hoisting-bucket LUBRICATING-CUP.-J. M. STAPP, Alamo front by a spring-follower in rear of the col STRAP GRIP OR BUCKLE.-J. H. WAL the bucket is leaded or empty. whether gordo, New Mex. The primary object in view umn, and one ticket from the front of the LACE, The Brake, Fife, Scotland. A former CRANE.-A. P. VAN TUYL, Brooklyn, N. Y. in this improvement is the provision of a simple column is discharged at a time by a spring patent granted to Mr. Wal lace related to an The object in view is to produce a self-support and cheap contrivance for use on revolving or plunger moving in the plane of the front improved strap grip or buckle for use in snaf ing crane provided with a windlass or rope oscillating parts of machinery for the purpose ticket and pushing it out endwise from the fiing or hobbling horses and for connecting the pulley attachment for hoisting or lowering arti of automatically feeding' oil thereto when the column into reach of the ticket-seller. ends of straps for any other purpose. _ His cles of moderate weights perpendicularly or at part is in motion, while the feed is effectively RAILROAD-TRACK CONNECTION.-W. F. present invention is embodied in an improved an incline-as, for example, out of or into a form of grip or buckle adapted to secure a cut off on the stoppage of the part, thus over MILLER, Brooklyn, N. Y. Mr. Miller's inven well-hole, cellar, or stairway. coming the waste of the lubricant. tion relates to the construction of railway strap by its automatIC ac'.ion, a tongue such as is usually employed i buckles- being dis MACHINE FOR COVERING LITHOGRAPH tracks ; and its aim is to provide a new and im n pensed with. IC·PRINTING ROLLERS.-C. WAGNER, New proved rail-joint arranged to allow of joining Hard'Ware. York, N. Y. In this patent the improvement the rail ends without the use of bolts, separate FASTENING FOR SHOillS, ETC.-F. PAS NUT-LOCK.-T. MCCABE, JR., Homestead, relates to the manufacture of printing-rollers fish-plates, and the like, and to prevent sagging CHEN and J. DUCKRO, Tampa, Fla. The in Pa. One of the principal objects of this in for lithographic-printing machines ; and the ob· of the track-rails and spreading thereof. ventors have made an improvement in that vention is to provide a device which shall be ject is to provide a new and improved machine E class of shoe-fasteners in which buttons, hooks, simple in construction, positive in operation, ROADWAY AND VEHICLE FOR TRAV L- for drawing the leather, skin, or cover over the or lacings' usually employed ar2 dispensed with. durable, and at the same time capable of se ING THEREON.-J. B. HANSLER, Newburgh, filling in a very simple, quick, and effective More particularly the invention is an improve curdy retaining a nut against movement, thus N. -Yo This invention relates to bicycle-tracks, manner without requiring skilled labor. ment in that class of fastening in which a slid preventing the nut from "working off" or such as shown and described in a former patent able member engages opposite guides secured to leaving the belt. C{l.USHER.-T. E. HURLEY, Butte, Mont. granted to Mr. Hansler. The object Is to pro opposite edges of the slot in the shoe-upper. This invention is of that class which relates to vide a roadway for vehicles especially designed ADJUSTABLE WRENCH.-E. F. HIRST, improvements in machines for crnshing rock for use by automobiles and other similar pow PENCIL-HOLDING -CASl!J.-A. G. BLINCOE, Richmond, Ind. The object of this improvement and the like ; and the purpose Intended is the er-propelled vehicles, and arranged to properly Bardstown, Ky. By means of this invention a is to provide details of construction for a provision of a crusher with its pitman-bearings steer the vehicle without the aid of an opera pencil can be carried in the ' pocket with per wrench which afford a considerable range of of novel construction so arranged that friction tor in charge of the vehicle and to allow of fect safety without any danger of the point adjustment for the movable jaw of the wrench, will be reduced to a minimum. safely running it at a high rate of speed. becoming broken, and there Is provision where adapt the jaw for quick, convenient, and reli by the case can be adjusted to suit the length able adjustment toward or from the fixed jaw, MEAT-CUTTER.-A. W. JOHNSON, New of the pencil, and the lower end of the case is and provide means for reliably securing the Brunswick, N. J. This invention may be classi- MIscellaneous. covered by a removable cap, and if the pencil movable jaw at a desired point. fie d as relating to cutters which employ a MAIL E VERY AG I -D LI B .-JANE F. STROH' slips through the springs at top it may be trough-shaped bed and a suitable type of cutter ' . . PIttston, Pa. Th e aim 0 f thi s mven' t or to pushed up by pushing the lower section mechanism arranged to operate in a way to cut IS up so produce a simple, compact, and strong con It can be taken hold of by the upper Household Utilities. thin slices from dried beef or other meat placed end. struction wherein mail-matter of different FOLDING BED.-A. W. PYLE, Hopkinsville. on a bed. The improvement overcomes the HAIR-BRUSH.-D. M. NEWBRO and E. K Ky. Mr. Pyle's invention relates to improve classes and articles useful to the operator may irregular feed of meat, because it is gripped GALLOGLY, Detroit, Mich. In carrying out their ments in beds of that class wherein a non be safely carried and arranged in such a way or held against displacement on the movement improvement these inventors have particularly collapsible bed-frame is pivotally supported in a that access may be obtained without loss of of the cutter, the improvement allowing the free in view as an object the pr')vision of a brush cabinet ; and the primary object in view is time to any desired class of mail or other or uninterrupted movement of the meat toward which will possess certain sanitary features the provision of a portable structure which may articles contained in the bag. Designed for the cutter. and advantages. The article provided performs be easily taken apart to facilitate storage and use by letter-carrier , it may be used by other s the functions of the ordinary bristle brush, the transportation and which may be assembled Of Interest to persons for other purposes. Far_erlll. brush being manufactured only of such sub. together for the several parts to occupy a solid BRIDLE-BIT.-W. T. TEMPLE, Trenton, WIRE-STRETCHER-H. S. WORKMAN, Ba N. stances as are non-absorbent and capable of firm relation to each other. J. The object of this new and improved de sin, Wyoming. The wire-stretcher improve rapid and effective sterilization. vice is to provide a riding or driving bit ment has for an obj ect, among others, to pro ROPE-CLAMP.-A. A. NEWELL, Mellette, which may be used on such animals as have vide a construction which can be readily S. D. The object claimed by this inventor is MachInes and Meehanical DevIces. tender mouths or the reverse and afford means utilized for taking out the slack of wires to provide details of construction for a clamp BRUSH DEVICE FOR CLEANIl\u BQLT for the control of the animal in case It be stretched along posts, can be used in stretching which adapt the clamp for the support of ma ING-CLOTH.-C. W. MANN, Greenville, C. comes fractious and is hard in the mouth, S. wires in erecting a fence, and can be used in terial which may be connected by the clamp The purpose of the improvement is to pro but that will ordinarily serve to guide without taking out the slack at any point between posts. to a rope whereon the clamp is mounted and vide a brush which is made to travel with a hnrting the mouth. FERTILIZER-DISTRIBUTER AND SEED- also to enable the convenient change In pOSI circular motion in engagement with the bolt DROPPER-S. S. CU DD, Kelton, S. C. The COAT-LINING.-M. WEBER, Brooklyn, N. Y. tion of the clamp on the rope and a hooked ing-cloth, muYement being imparted to the invention in the present case is an improve- In the present invention the object is to pro connection of the clamp with a ring on a chain brush through the gyratory movement of .the ment in fertilizer-distrIbuters and seed-droppers vide a new and improved coat�lining having or an equivalent fixture on a rope whereon the bolting machine. Means are provided whereby and the inventor has for his object in view the integral shoulder iJads to insure proper and Clamp is mounted. the brush will be made to take a course par provision of a distribut and dropping ma- smooth fitting of the outer garment material ing HOOF-PAD.-J. CAMPBELL, New York, N. Y. allel with and at each side of 11 line drawn creating undue chine which is especially adapted for planting without danger of ridges, In this patent the invention relates to .pads horizontally through a portion of the center corn, peas, beans, and the like. creases, or humps, as is so frequently the case for use with horseshoes to act as cushions, and and a course parallel with the ends of tbe when using the ordinary separate shoulder GRAIN-LOADER-D. BARNES, Axtell, Kan. more particularly to pads of the type employed frame, and means to prevent the brush from pads. This device is equipped with means to cut off with shoes terminating at the quarter. The ob moving backward. the discharge of grain from the vehicle should GAME APPARATUS.-J. N. ARRIAGA, Mex ject is to provide a pad of the type indicated HAT-FORMING MACHINE.-G. W. CHAM the team start to pull the vehicle away from Ico, Mexico. This game contemplates the use which will tend to expand the hoof and will BERLAIN, Atlanta, Ga. This invention per an elevator during the loading process, thus of a chart having a series of starting di yield in a downward - direction to the pressure tains to improvements in machines for forming saving the loss of grain. Means are also pro- visions and a plurality of succeeding divisions of the frog as the latter grows. A further ob shoddy or other felt hats, tbe object being to vided to regulate the quantity of grain flow- arranged in order, the starting divisions bear ject is to combine with solid heel portions a form them directly from a roll of material ing to the elevator, and provision is made for I ing symbols, which appear in contrasting pneumatic front portion and provide an arrange cut to the proper width instead of cutting ment for renewing ready access to an end-gate of the vehicle for colors !lnd each subdivision having similar sym the air in the hollow of the the material into squares, as is the usual lifting the gate subsequent to the application bois. With the cbart is associated a number hoof. practice, thus simplifying the operation, re . of a part of the loading apparatus. I of dIce having symbols in contrasting colors to DEVICE FOR FASTENING METAL, ETC., ducing the waste, and saving labor. FOLDING-CRATE.-E. G. SOLOMON, Omaha, 1 those in the initial divisions, a number of TO STONE.- T. P. HICKS, New York, N. Y. ordinary WORK-HOLDER FOR ENAMELING.-S. H. Neb. This crate or box may be folded into a dice, and a number of chessmen, Mr. Hick;s in his invention proyides a novel I placed FRIST, Chattanooga, Tenn. The improvement very compact form for convenience in shipping which are in the initial divisions and ,socket and means whereby it may be secured in moved into or is in machines for holding work to which when empty, while the sides and ends of the through the subdivisions of the a stone or in a wall for receiving a bracket enamel is to be applied, sucb as washbowls, crate, which are hinged or joined to the base chart. or other . suitable device for attaching to the sinks, bath-tubs, etc., an object being to pro thereof in such manner that they may be folded stone or wall any desired article of wood or GAME APPARATUS.-C. KOCH and . J. vide a device for this purpose. by means of inward upon the base, are provided with means FISCHER, New York, N. Y. This structure em. metal. ' which the work while applying tbe enamel may for supporting the removable top of the ' crate bodies a table having at one end a yleld'lble FAUCET.-W. T. NICHOLS, Hempstead, Y. be rotated axially N. and vertically or in two when the box is in Its erected or extended posi- buffer fashioned to produce a plurality of The object in view in this invention Is to pro planes substantially at right angles to each tion. When used for shipping poultry the ' carom-surfaces, and along both sides of the vide a new and improved faucet which is sim other, so t t may ha the enamel applied even- crate is provided with stationary water and table are pockets which afford track-surfaces ple and durable construction, very effective be in

In operation, and arranged to prevent leakage, the high lights will be clear gla�s and the would do well enough, especially If It Is soaked ts precautions taken to as the valve IHoper is held to i _t by tke shadows dense enough for the lime light ? I in para1line. And other pressure-supply and opens acainst at r print by contact, and have used for developing I thoroughly insulate the windings. I made a the l te when manualIt' actuated. hydroquinone. metol-hydroquinone and pyro, small coil, using cotton-covered wire in the and an acid fixing bath, yet there always is a secondary when silk was advised, and the slight veil over the high lights. A. 'l' he only coil worked well, so I am thinking that cot De.lgB •• mode in which lantern slides can be produced ton-covered wire would work successfully with L with no development In the sky and high lights a large coli if built in a number of sections. DESIGN FOR A WHiSK-BROOM HO DER. HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS. -M. A. New York, N. Y_ In the pres is to have a negative which is opaque in the If yon know of coils being built by using cot SKALL, Names and Address must accompany all letters or high lights. 2. Can you give a simple method like ent case the ornamental design relates to a no attention will be paid thereto. This is for ton-covered wire, would to know of It, whisk-broom holder. The upper part of the our information and not for publication. by which an amateur could color lantern slide as it would give me some confidence in cotton. References to former articles or answers should give transparencies ? A. To color slides requires A. We do not advise the use of cotton-covered holder comprises three hinged mirrors. The date of paper and page or number of question. lower part consists of an ornamental tapering Inquiries not answered in rpasonable time should be artistic sense and knowledge of the mixlug and wire in a coil built to give a spark as long as will bear in mind that repeated; correspondents applying of color. We think that is all that is 6 inches. The reason for using silk is not broom holder. some answers require not a little research, and, though we endeavor to reply to all either by required. Much assistance can be had from that silk is a b etter insulator. No porous in DESIGN FOR COFFIDE-POT OR SIMILAR letter or In this department, each must take the chapter on coloring slides in HopkIns' .., ulatiou is any better, of course. than the ARTICLE.-E. Washington, his turn. D. "Experimental Science." This also gives PIEPENBRING, Buyers wishing to purchase any article not adv r book same thickness of air. Silk is used because it C. This design is for a colfee-pot or the like . � tised in our columns will be furnIshed WIth instructions for making slides as well as cam- does not occupy as much room as cotton and of symmetrical form elongated vertically and addresses of houses manufacturing or carrying eras, and an exhaustless amount of scientific more turns can be put Into the same space. narrowing toward its upper and lower ends, the same. . Special Written Information on matters of personal experimenting. 3. Why Is it that water when It is most important to bring the turns as the spout and the handle being correspond rather than general interest cannot be expected flowing through a funnel or Into a small outlet near the primary as possible where the induc ingly elongated and the spout uniting with the without remuneration. ScientUlc American Supplements referred to may be always whirls. producing a depression or · an tlon is strongest. With silk insulation this is body near the lower end thereof and extending 10 had at the office. Price cents each. opening over the outlet ? Why is the whirling best secured. We do not doubt that a coil upward alongside of and conforming to the Books referred to promptly supplied on receipt of always counter-clockwise ? A. There is prob- can be constructed from cotton-covered wire curvature of the body to a point near the price. Minerals sent for examination should be distinctly ably something In the shape of the outlet of a to give a long spark. More wire per inch will upper end of the spout where the latter is marked or labeled. funnel or wash basin which determines the be required if cotton-cove red wire is used. curved outwardly. course of the liquid as it ruus out. los of A � (9120) A. B. S. writes : As a long of these patents equilibrium is soon seen. and the water whIrls. NOTE_--COpies any of will (9110) T. W. A. asks: 1. A railroad be of your publications, furni ed by for centll each. Centrifugal force is produced. causing the op reader and subscriber I sh Munn Co_ ten train going at a rate of over 60 miles per hour & there is any secret In the the name of t e title ening into the pipe below. We would try to desire to ask if h patentee, rounds sharp curve. Will the train if it Piease sute of a for X· the invention. and of this explain why the whirling is always counter preparation of fluoroscopic screens date paper. should leave the track be likely to fall out clockwise If it were so. We have just tried a radiance or if the hIgh price is due to the ward, or does the raising of the outside rail � wash basin, and found the motion always high-priC d aterial-platlno-barium-cyanide overcome this tendency and make it likely to � (or tungstate of calcium ). Where can they fa ll inward ? Grant the following : If the clockwise when left to Itself. By a motion of be procured ? A. There is no secret in mak and Ptrsonal Wants. track were level. the train would fall outward, the hand it could be made in either direction. ing a fluorescent screen for X-ray work. Ski11 now If the outside rail is raised, wl\l it fall Probably some inequality in the orifice deter· THIS COLUMN CAREFULLY.-You mines the matter. only is required to distribute the crystals with winREAD find inquiries for certain classes of articles Inward ? railway train rounding a sharp umbere in conReCutive order_ A. A perfect evenness and to attach them to the n d If you manu curve at a high speed cannot under any sup (9115) A. says : 1. In answer facture these goods write us at once and we will M. to cardboard by the adhesive employed. The you name party posable conditions fall over in the inner side II6Ild the and address of the desir query 8996 in the issue for May 9. you clearly crystals must also be of uniform size. sifted illg themformation_ every of the track. The elevation of the outer rail III ...a.e it is neces explain the working of a radiometer. Please through a sieve of rather a fine mesh. We sary 'o give 'he nu_ber of 'he inquiry. is made such as to overcome the tendency to tell me why It will not work as well in open should buy rather than try to make one. The overturn to the outward side of the track. and ·MUNN k CO. air as in a vacuum. A. The radiometer only cost is in the material used. It is advised the train goes round the curve as if on a level. works at a particular degree of vacuum. Too that barium-platlno-cyanide only will be sat Worke. ChICIlIlO. CataiQIIUo free. Marine It'on when It moves at the speed for which the ele little gas in the tube. and there is not enough isfactory. since tungstate of calcium is fluores 4441.-For manufacturers f In- vation of the outer rail was calculated. If Itt'IUil'v Ne. o an side t b cu r energy to the radiation to rotate the disks ; cent for quite a time after it is excited. u e tte . the velocity of the train very much exceeds the rt U OS. Duryea Power Co . Reading, Pa. too mnch gas, and there is too much resistance is cheaper but poorer, and is little used now. . velocity for which the outer rail has been ele A T - to the motion for the feeble energy of radia Inquiry Ne. 444�.-For makers of wind mills. vated, the train would leave the track on the (9121) J. B. S. says : I want exca tion to start the disk. 2. Why will a single to or hoisting enirines. J. Mundy, Newark, N. outer side of the curve. The tracks for bicycle vate earth and move the same to make a fill F 8. J. phase alternatlug electric current not start a rm t t manufact r Iuquiry fi s ha u e racing are made very steep at the turns in of about 60.000 cubic yards. If you know and supply dealersNo. 4"" or a.jo-Forbers with electric tusoles. direct-current motor, if the relative polarity b order to enable riders to go round the turns of any machinery that wi11 do this, I would Morgan Emery Wheels. Stroudsburg. Pa. of field and armature be the same, whatever Box 517. at full speed, and when rounding a turn the eased to hear from you. I do not want be the current phase ? A. An alternating cur· be pl 4"4 . Inquiry No. 4 -I<' or the manufacturers of rider feels in equilibrium while leaning far in to go to the expense of a steam locomoti ve Prof. Wingren's eleotric insoles. rent will only run a direct-current motor when toward the center. To him he is as If rid excavator. A. The only suggestions that we S_" Metal olis . indianapolis. Samples free. the alteruatlons exactly coincide with the "U. P h ing on a level. The centrifugal force is neutral you for excavating earth are a change of the brushes from one segment of the have to offer l wers nd e hauster . Exeter M ch ne W r s. B o a x :i a i o k Ized by the elevation of the track or rail. 2. steam shovel or to use hydraulic means in case H_ commutator to the next. This is the case when Exeter. N. What nationality was the captain of the there Is a su1licient supply of water in the Inqairy 44411.-For ma'kers steam m t r the speed of the armature is in step with the of o o "Columbia" in the last cup races ? A. Capt. cars. No. alternations. For this reason the motor must vicinity. Barr commanded the "Columbia" in the cup Mechanics' ls m teri l Too and a a s. Net prine catalogue. first be brought up to speed by some outside (9122) F. H. says : In Notes and races. He was born in England. omst , Mechanicsburg, Pa. Gao. S. C ock motor and the current then switched on. 3. Queries of June 13. 1903, No. 9056. C. B. C. Iuquiry 444S.-For m kers Of petroleum (9111) A. H. S. asks : How much more No. a Will the precession of the equinoxes put the : "What would happen if a direct-current a s lf t r ng asks launches, baving e s a ti engine. . sunshine is there at the equator than at the seasons, after a time, in different months. for motor were connected with an alternating cur Sawmill machinery and outfits manufactured hy the north pole during the year ? Where are the example, summer in October or November '! rent dynamo ?" You answer : "If the alternat Lane Mfg. Co .. Box 13. Montpelier, Vt. longest days-at the equator or the North Pole ·l . A. The calendar is adjusted so that the year ing current were sent through a direct-current "44'7.-For a of electric dyna luquiry \1110. ll sorts We have a great argument over this question. will always correspond with the season. Win mas for IlirtIl>ing, nlekel,and electroplating purposes. motor at rest, it would be heated and bbrn A school teacher and others contend that the ter will be as now and summer in the same here may be all right. but FOR SALE.-Patent No_ on Boak or Copy out." The theory sun shone longer at the North Pole than at the months as now forever. Holder. B. Gardenier.( ipp487.661)a Falls, Wis. in practice it does not work. I had a No. Ch ew 2 equator, and I thought it absurd, so we de and a 110-volt direct-current dy 444S.-For makers O'f fo .powe,· Porter motor, {BtI.,h·y No. o (9116 ) O. D. says : Kindly inform me launcbeliJ. t cided to leave it to your good judgment. A. namo. which I ran with a nO-volt alternating At the equator the sun rises and sets at six whether or not there is a substance which will Let se your patent. have buyers waiting. current. The dynamo would run as a motor me \1 I resist the lines of force of an electric magnet, Charles Scott. Granite Building Rochester, N_ Y. the entire year. All days are twelve hours with the full current, but the Porter motor A. . mean to resist tilem. not screen them as iron long, and all nights of the same length. Dis I required to have some assistance put in the I_olry 4""D.-FO'r manufacturers of Al m d s flexible metallic tubing. regarding the effects of refraction and cloudy will. A. There Is no known material which on ' No. circnit, or else It would burn out the one weather, the sun is above the horizon at any will present resistance to the passage of mag ear utt ng of every description accurate y ampere fuse which I used. Both motors would G C i l done. netic force. It must be apparent that a force arvl ch n 149Vartck. cor. Spring N. Y. place on the equator and shines just half of the The G n Ma l e C<>. . Sts., start from a standstill, but the armature of which has passed through the earth and the il O r " maahlne for filling year. This half-year of sunshine Is divided into to be placed in a certain posi luquiry No. 4" . Fo a 4· the dynamo had O'unce bottle with tooth- powder. air will not be retarded any more by passing equal parts of twelve hours each. At either tion. or else it would stick and emit a buzzing feet seamless steel tubing. 5-16 through materials the same as it has already Bargain. 300.000 to 2 pole the sun is above the horizon for six sound. What was the cause of the noise ? inches diameter. The Cleveland Distrlbutlug Co .• passed through. The screening action of iron months and below It for six months of the year. It seems to me that as you cau reverse a direct Oleveland. O. upon lines of magnetic lInes of force is perhaps There is but one day of six months' duration current, and have the motor go, just the same, t of 138th New of If you would turn the current upon a large Jilast Street. York. (9112) says : Would you please tell me where I can g"t a complete report 44#i3.-FO'r makers of e ec c motor E. R. findings or extracts from the report of shunt-wound motor. we think you would see the No. l tri the wheelIBetI"lry oblige me by answering a few questions con chairs. - the delegation which came to this country fire fly or the fuses blow. Your dynamo did Coutraet re cerning the motor given in No. manufactu.rel"8 of hardwa -speCialties, rna... SUPPLEMENT several years ago from Russia. and which not start from rest in a proper sense. You 1210, under the heading "How to Make a Sew •. dies. tools. etc. cellent market chlnel'Y, stamplngs Ex made a tour of investigation of our scientific say you had to set the armature to make it Ing connect.tons. EdlJlonds-Metzel Mfg. Co., Chlcl'go. ing Machine Motor Without· Castings," by Gecil schools ? A. If you write to the United start. The usual way to run a direct-current 4i>4. F r makers lumb.er .planer" Poole, for about $5, with the labor ? The Juqlliry •• o of Commissioner of Education. Washing motor on an alternating current is to have and match rs� 4 - States ' e . wire alone cost me $6.66-3 pounds of No. 21 ton, C. ; we think that he will be able to the armature turning rapidly when the current T . anadian agent to sell patent on the only wire on each field coli, 27 layers deep. and 66 D. W AN ED -C tell where you could obtain the report you is thrown on. The "sticking" of which you practical lace curtain rack ever invented. A paying turns wide. Why must the field have so many desire. speak Is the refusal to turn. There is no proposition. Address S andard Co .. Xenia Ohio. ampere turns? Would this motor work as a t Mfg. . sticking in the ordinary sense. The buzzing 4411il.-For m Inquiry No. makers of adding a generator with an adjustable rocker arm ? (9118) J. B. asks : Can a single chines_ M. souud you hear is the note produced by the Would It light nearly two nO-volt lamps ? a current to produce electric light, wire carry alternations of the current in the wire of the Matthews s A. Matth&w" Torpedo La'H'ches. & Co.• Ba If you build the motor according to the last run a sewing machine. operate telegraph in h o Bullde of high grade power boat dynamo. It can always be heard in an arc com. i . U.2. A. •. paragraph of the description on page 19394 O .... struments and a telephone service, all to be lamp and coils generally when an alternating ·lnqBWV·W._ 44ilfi.-FO'r of a light die makers of No. 1210, for horse power, in use the same time. and with perfect t n SUPPLEMENT 'Ii at current is passing through them. Your rea c es o a and connect it in shunt, you will probably be safety to the operator ? A: We suppose the f�t�'hI>1<88S.. .r tii :n �:'�'f, �� soning about reversing a direct current and 11gbt �� and�� ;b1Iavy�! ,tlu. �1 � g: ;� g :r�� able to light two 16-candle nO-volt lamps with same current can be used for all the purposes still having a motor go. and applying this to one who 1s able to give Untted it as a dynamo. As to the figureof cost given W ANTED.-Some you name and for all others at the same time. an alternatiug current. is not correct. When plOtent p"actt.cal test dev l p States No. 100.886 and e o Poole ($5) , while this was trne in 1899. It is done all the time. It is only necessary same eqmtablebaals. ... 2241 Warren by Mr. a direct current is reversed in a motor. both uo J_ W. Wehmeyer. It can ha.rdly be expected to remain true in Street, to have the various motors and .instruments the field and armature has the current re St. Louis. Mo. definitely. Prices of material are very much wound for the voltage of the current. We Rqulry .-For for rOiling versed in them. and the resulting polarity is I 443" ,machinery higher now than they were then. gum or manufacturingNo. chewinggum. out cannot guarantee however. pm'feet safety, the same. Two reversals leave the current Manufacturers of patent articles. dies. metal stamp. (9113) G. T. asks : How to remove Electric service is safe if ordinary caution the same as before. This is of course not ing. screw machine work, hardware specialties, machin ... gases of combustion and decomposition from a is exercised in its use at all points. the case with an alternating current. and tools_ Quadrlga Manufacturing Company. 18 ery small room. Passing the air through a liquid (9119) A. F. S. says : I am building (9123) T. C. G. says : Can you give South ChlcagO'_ Canal St_. would not be objectionable. A. To purify air, a Ruhmkorff induction coli to give a 6-inch me reliable rules for finding the sets of ellipti W ANTED.-Philadelphla sellinII' 811'ency for leading remove the solid particles by passing the air spark and write for some advice. for which a manufaoturer_ BuildIng materials prefe red. cal and spiral car springs ? Also the length r through cotton ; the moisture and ammonia I would be very grateful. I propose to make Box Station bar should be to make a spiral car spring of a 2'134. J. and germs, by passing through sulphuric acid ; hilad lphia, Pa. the coil in eight sections insula ted from each given free height ? Do you know where I could P e the sulphur, by passing through a solution of ANTED.-·Patent omce only thor other with hard rubber disks and para1line. buy a book dealing with car springs ? A. The draulI'htsmen ; lead acetate. Pass now through calcium o, ughlyiN ,gperlenced men apply. show 8pe The size of wire to be used in the secondary question of calculating elliptical and spiral car need M,DSt, chloride or soda lime to remove last traces clq,ilDS of patent drawings. Munn Co .• Is No. 36 & S. Now what I desire to springs to give definite results is an exceed & nitrogen, B. offic New Yor SOIENTIFIC of moisture. etc. Only pure oxygen, e. 861 Broadway. k know is this : Can a coil of this size be made ingly complicated one. and one that requires AMERICAN . and argon remain. for uew _Ietecatalogue to operate snccessfully by using single cot considerable experience as well as theoretical of SCientifiC F .,.Send �oQks foraAd.1\lIIe by MIIJlIl . (9114) _ asks : 1. What is the ton-covered wire Instead of silk, having the knowledge. You will find quite a complete dls "Co 361 Broadway, F. C. aliil otller appu.aat.ioon. .. best m t od lant rn slides in coils boiled tllat cotton cusaio. of theoretical of this New YIIrlEo lTee Oil e h to produce e wblcl1 in parallil1e1 1 think the slde subject

© 1903 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC A'U GUST 8, 1903. Scientific Atn.rlc&l\ 107 in the last edition of Lanza's carried o "Applied Me be much beyond the point reached with the discovery of radium is due to Mme. Curie, light given by them is sufficient f r the pur· chanics," with which we can supply you for the above proportions without fear of , its and not to her husband. The name is propose for which they are used. Is this true '! , $7.50 by mail. causing premature explosion. 3. What is the nounced Cu-ry. Ou has the sound of ku. 4. A. The lamp takes less current than when new (9124) A. E. K. says : The owners rule for computing compression ? Suppose we What causes the great heat that is developed in 'I because its filament is smaller as is shown in have a cylinder with 6 inches piston travel, a water rheostat ? The one I have experimented answer to last question. It do�s not take more of one of the mills in this vicinity are having and it is pushed up 3 and 4 inches respectively. with has lead plates and dilute A. current than when new, but it takes more in a great deal of trouble with foaming of the H2S04, What would be the pressures ! A. A very ap- The energy of the current is dissipated in proportion to the light it gives than it water in the boilers, and have made a trial . when proximate rule for computing roughly the h eat a rheostat, and the heat Increases of very nearly everything that has been sug III as was new. It is good economy to throw a lamp compression is : "The absolute pressure is in- the second power of the current. Twice the aw gested to remedy this. A sample of the water ay when it has become reduced to eO pe r creased in the same proportion that the volume current the was sent to the University of Minnesota for gives four times heat. 5. Why c ent of Its initial candle power. The whole is decreased." This would be exactly true if does the resistance so rapidly as it analysis, and I inclose copy of a letter re fall off subject is fully discussed in Crocker's "Electric the temperature of the gases remained con- e ceived in reply. If you can suggest anything h ats ? Is it due entirely to the rise in tem· Lighting," Vol. ii., price $3, in the chapter stant during the compression. As the gases perature data tha t would be of service the favor will be ? A. We have no for the change upon Incandescent Lamps. are heated, the pressure is somewhat higher i . greatly appreciated. A. We doubt if It will be of res stance of water by heating. As an (13)9 4 G . asks . than this rule indicates. IDxample : Suppose H. H. 1. Will you possible for you to avoid trouble from foaming electrolyte its resistance is less when hot, and please explain how calculate the drop of a cylinder with 6 inches pi ston travel and 33 to a with water containing as much organic matter more current would flow, which would in turn primary battery-·a Bunsen for Instance per cent clearance. Total volume = 8 inches ? A. as the analysis which you inclose shows. If produce more heat. You probably have some The explanation of the calculation X piston area. If piston is moved up 3 Inches, it is possible, we would advise another source salt in the water, and It would make the heat. of o primar is volume = 5 inches X piston area. Absolute E. M. F. f a y cell of supply, even though the expense of procur ing greater. 6. With a bi-convex lens is it harcHy a topic for Notes and Queries. It Is pressure before compression = 15 pounds. ing it is considerable. If this is impossible, possible for both object and image to be larger quite too abtruse, and would occupy too Pressure after compression = 15 X 8-5 = 24 the only practical suggestions which we have than the lens ? If so, how can the diagram be much space. We would refer you pounds absolute = 9 pounds above the atmo to to offer are : 1. Blow off your boiler very fre - drawn ? The customary way is to draw from the ekic sphere. In the same way, if the piston moved tro-chemistrie$ ; Arrhenius, price ' or quently and very generously, so as to prevent each extremity of the object one line through $3.50, 4 Inches the pressure would be 15 8-4 = 30 Jones, price $1.50, are reputable authors. The the impurities becoming concentrated. 2. Do X the center of the lens and one either through pounds absolute, or 15 pounds above the at- subject occupIes large chapters In each not force your boiler, but if necessary, Increase the principal focus or parallel to the prin. of mosphere. The exact formula is : these works. It Is calculated from the osmotic yonr boiler capacity so as to be able to gener cipal axIs. But this latter line could not be pressure and solution pressure of the sub- ate the steam that you require at a low rate P. v ",., = pV" 406 drawn in this case. How then can the ex- . stances. You will require a working knowledge of evaporation. 3. In case you have a suf where P. and Vo are the pressure and volume tremities of the Image be located ? A. Cer- of the calculus to read the ' works in question. ficient supply of water, we would strongly before expansion and and V are the pressure tainly, both object and image may be larger p 2. Also how to construct a Bunsen primary advise you to introduce surface condensers, and volume after expansion. 4. What is the than the lens which forms the image, else how cell which shall have a drop of 13 per cent only adding enough impure water to your boil best proportion of bore to length ? Is there could a photograph be made any larger than in E. M. F. at normal discharge. A. We con· ers to make good the leakages. 4. In case any objection, other than the cost of manu- the openIng of the lens ? The rule quoted for fess we do not know and cannot find In there is not sufficient water supply to enable facture, to have the stroke say 50 per cent drawing images Is only useful in simple cases. any of our reference books how a cell can have "a you to use surface condensers in the more than the bore ? A. There is no ordinary rule gov- The higher works on optics give general rules M. normal drop of 13 per cent In F. at method, we would advise your building a shal erning the ratio of cylinder diameter to stroke which depend upon the index of refraction and E. rate of discharge." So far as we know, every low evaporation tank to cool the condensing except the consideration of cost and conveni- which will resolve any case. 7. On what prln- cell has a drop of its entire E. M. F. on con· water, so that you may use the same conden ence in manufacture and convenience in cool- ciple does the spark coil used in gas lighting necting its poles by a wire, whether the rate sing water over and over again in your con ing the cylinder with water jackets. For small operate ? The one in my cellar has no make of discharge be normal or not. 3. The Inter· densers. This will require only enough water engines a common proportion is to have the dl- and break, and yet it gives a continuous spark nal resistance of a battery Is made less to make good the evaporation. Either of the ameter equal the stroke, but for larger engines at the jmrner. A. There are many forms of gas by 4 having the plates close together. What suggestions contained in No. 3 or No. will the stroke is usually greater. lighters, and we cannot explain the operation de· termines how close they may safely be put ? A. give a satisfactory solution of your problem, (9128) W. B. says : Will you k nd. of yours from your brief statement about it. of a battery but we doubt if anytl:j,ing else will. M. i The distance between the plates Iy answer the following inquiry ? Is the (9131) asks : Kindly inform me may be as small as will allow a circulation (9125) F. F. asks : 1. State what ef· C. M. weight of water in a boiler "under steam press- weak In the M. if I can make a plate electric machine from of the liquid. The liquid becomes fect oil or greases in a boiler may have upon ure," additional pressure on bottom of boiler '/ if it cannot diffuse and a sheet of glass 2 feet x 2 feet x lh inch, or action of the cell, and the boiler itself. A. In answer to your first Is the result the same when the water is above liquid Into contact if I shall need a heavier piece of glass. A. A bring other and stronger Inquiry, we would say that greases in a boiler boiling heat, and when it is not 'l What makes out ,Sooner Holtz or Wimshurst machine can be made from with the plates, the cell will give are almost always injurious, as they cause a good belt dressing ? A. The weight of water to construct a plates of glass lh inch thick. There is little than It should. 4. If you want foaming and are apt to decompose, forming In a boiler under steam pressure is additional give lateral strain in running them at any usual given number of primary batteries to a acids which affect the plates of the boiler in pressure on the bottom of the boiler, and the speed. certain number of ampere hours, will the ex- juriously. A small amount of pure mineral result is just the same when the water is act number of ampere hours do, or Is It better oil like kerosene will sometimes tend to loosen above the boiling heat. (9132) E. S. asks : Wi'll current Heating water does 1. a I to increase them by say 20 per cent ? In otber a scale which is troublesome and prove bene not change its weight. One-half neatsfoot I and from an alternating-current dynamo drive au words, should a battery be completely ex ficial, but grease should not be used for this one-half castor oil makes a good be lt dressing. electric motor, such as fans, sewing machines. hausted in practice ? A. An allowance sho uld purpose. 2. Where low-pressure engines are (9129) E: C. T. says : I want to per- etc. ? A. An alternating current will drive ar be made In constructing a battery, so that It used, state what vacuum is maintained ? A. alternating current motor either whole form before our Sunday school an experiment for running a will give the desired current during the We infer that your questions regarding low or sewing machine or any oth r achin . latter portion to illustrate the effect of sin upon a life, and fan e m e time of service. Otherwise the pressure engines refer to marine practice. The e motor must be adapted to the c r ent be feeb'le. The then the redeeming power. I know of such an Th u r of the time the servIce will vacuum maintained here varies with the design which Is to run it 2. Is the curre nt as po factor of safety In experiment having been performed, and would . w- principle Is the same as a of the engines and the condensers from 24 after It has gone the motor as a bridge. What like to know just what solutions to use. I erful through an engineering work, such as to 25 inches of mercury to 27 or 28 inches. 5. it was before, or not ? A. A current is not sl nee of In para\lel ! It prefer to start with a clear sol ution, and then is the re sta r r r Is 3. Wha't is meant by this amount of vacuum ? 1 . . by adding another preferably clear solution to as powerful after it has done Its work as A. The amount of vacuum is usually expressed 1 be ore. If a motor requires but a part of t he get bright and attractive color, then by add- f In inches of mercury. If the vacuum "!Vere per a voltage of a current, the remaining part can ""'1""' --;1'- ---,,..;- ing more fect, it would be equal to the full atmospheric of the same or another solution to after the has been used ; but if r r, rs grad ally it until becomes then be used first l pressure, which varies with the weather, but u darken it black, voltage by the first A. Your expression ior the I to that l It all the is taken motor, combined reiillitance on an average is equal to 29.9 Inches of mer want add something wil bring le a s How of three resistances in parallel Is correct. See If there is nothing ft to run econd. 3. cury, or 14.7 pounds per square inch. A con back to its original clearness. you can e p Thompson's "Elementary L'essons," priee tion u many small motors, say 1-60 hors ower, $1.50. densing engine can never have a perfect vacuum suggest the solu s yo will confer a great could be run on one circuit of batteries, say 6. What !s the normal rate of discharge of a because it cannot cool the exhaust steam far favor upon me. A. There are many ways of four cells of ordinary dry batteries ? A. As primary battery, and how do you find 10 How enough. The lower the temperature to which obtaining a dark precipitate from two colorless many small motors can be run on four dry do you coilstruct a battery to have a solutions, but none of these are easily or quick- .gIven it does bring the exhaust steam, the more per given external cells as will use up the voltage of these cells. normal rate of discharge with a fect will be the vacuum. Iy cleared to a colorless state again. They will give about volts If put in resistance ? A. We never saw the do not answer your purpose as an illustration o f They 5'h phrase (9126) T. K. says : Will you "normal rate of discharge of a battery," so far N. sin and forgiveness. But why use a dark or series. to the kindly give me horse power of as we can recollect. If y.ou had referred a fore-and-aft c r a s (9133) D . S. says : am sup· compound engine 8 and 17 x 12, 200 pounds N. 1. I book and page where occurs, we mIght · o gi n S I 1 it de boiler pressure, 300 revolutions per minute, 25 �� ::� �: �� SC��;;�:: �; ��: :� �� plied with electricity for lighting my house, termlne its These can be produced and cleared of!' very meiming. inches vacuum ? A. You do not give sufficient which is supposed to be a current at a press- easily. Make a strong alcoholic solution of ( 135) L. Will you ure of 50 volts. I have incandescent lamps 9 M. H. asks : kind· information in your letter to make it possible cu· henolp thalein, and strong solution of sodlc me If there is any way of telling ac P h a It Iy tell for us to exactly calculate the horse power of tha t were purch ase d f or a current f0 55 vo s. hydrate in water. Add the first solution to the rately the amount of electricity 'in a storage 8 and 17 x 12 tandem c'ompound engine which When placed on my circuit of 50 "volts they second slowly with shaking. At first as bright find my launch that the volt· � 0 battery ? I In you mention. The power varies with the give I�os rIg ht th an th e regu I ar 5 -vo It I amps. and delicate a rosy color as you may wish can meter does not fall much until the energy Is point of cqt-off in the two cylinders, the Do they use a correspondingly smaller amount be obtained. As the strength increases, the ' very much exhausted. A. A storage battery amount of compression and the throttling of 0 f e iec t'rICI 't y.• Th a t I s, h w en e eth Itec rIC rIg ht color deepens to any degree of darkness, deep should be recharged whnn� the voltage has ruil the steam during the admission and exhaust. company reads my meter, will it register a enough fo the verse referred to. Then ad 1.8 volts per cell. This you can � � t the -volt than ' down to If the engine is well designed, however, the . . . smaller amoun if I use 55 lamps hYdroc�IOrIC aCId, nd the red WIll immedI- calculate from the reading of the volti1Ieter. power does not probably vary very much from � If I use the 50-volt lamps? A. It is not a t e yl dIsappear. ThIS would seem to meet your ' You can also keep account of the ampere hours 250 horse power when running at 300 revolu econom i ca I t 0 use a 55 -vo It I amp upon a 50- wishes. We give you also a process by which . which have been taken from the battery aitd tions per minute with a boiler pressure of 200 voIt c I rcuIt . It uses proport IOna 11 y essI cur- YOU can obtain a dark brown muddy deposit . know how many remain. The ampere-meter pounds and 25 inches vacuum. We would re rent t 0 b e sure, b u t It d t d oes no pro uce a pro- and . dissolve it quickly. Take the phenolph- '. . enable you to this. Apart from the �or IOna amoun Ight ; It pro d uce ess wiII quire indicator cards from both cylinders to t I t f I0 � I do thalein and sodium hydrate solutions as above, instruments, there Is no certain mode telltng gi ve information necessary to figure exact horse lIght than a proportional amount. This IS due of but m�re dilute and proceed as above ' then the condition of the battery. power. to the fact that the sma�ler current does not add to the bright red solution a few dr�ps of (9127) G. L. says. Will you kindly �eat the filament to as hIgh a temperature as Will G. solution of iron chloride, more or less to pro- . (9 136) H. M. W. says : you kind' ,' • . 1 t S h ou ld be hea te d to produce Its rated candle answer the following ? refer to two-cycle mI ture. A solid tell us if a reversing gear as used 11 duce a t �"ck muddy brown � s IY o� power of light. 2. After Incandescent lamP gasoline engines. 1. What are considered the Is precipItated from the solUtIOn. It Is hy- gasoline launch should be capable of reversing h ave b ln use a cons iderable time, they give , best relative positions of exhaust and inlet drate of iron. To clear this away, add hy- /�� the direction of the propeller instantly' whl!ll I ess Ig than when new. Do they use 1l ports. Should the exhaust · be full open be drochloric acid. This leaves a yellow liquid the engine. is running at full speed ? are . ., . correspon dlngly smaller amount of eleetrle\ty ? , We fore the inlet is uncovered, or should it open WhICh, In a dIm lIght, will look almost whIte . . inclined to think the reverse should be ap. Th at Is, If t h e lIght from an old 16 candle some time before ? What is ·the cause of or clear. Some practice may be needed to I pUed with a certain amount of time to allow p r lamp is about equal to that of a new !l we back firing ? Is it due to slow burning of the obtain the desired strength of solution, but �:: the clutch to engage. The effect of a gear Ie . power lamp, will the meter register mixture or bad position of ports'? A. Theoreti when the solutions are right, the effect. is sur- � have, when suddenly reversed, Is to stop the a s tel' If the old 16 candle power lamp are cally, the exhaust valve should fully close and prlslng to those inexperienced in chemical � engine dead. Some claim that the engine used than if the candle power e used . A. the Inlet valve should open wide at the same 8 a uid ca fee h rsing f t e rp manipulation. � . sho s rcely l t e reve o h o- An old 16 candle power lamp WhICh is gIving instant-when the piston is at the end of its peller. No reversing gea� which Is posiUve (!l130) F. asks : What is the but 8 candles has passed Its "smashing point," A. travel. In practice these conditions are ful R. M. 1. In Its llcUOn !!hould be thrown in suddenly green deposit that comes on the binding post and should be broken for thwith. It will use filled as nearly as possible. The exhaust valve with engine running at full speed. The engine of the carbon of LeClanche cell, and also of more current than a new 8 candle power lamp. should close just as early as is possible with It should �topped or ·brought nearly to rest a Bunsen cell ? A. The green substance formed The decrease in the amount of light an incan- be .out compressing the burnt gases in the cyl before the propeller is reversed. To instantly on the binding posts of LeC lanche cells Is prin descent lamp gives is due to these causes : 1, the inder, and the inlet valve should open just as reverse the propeller at flill speed would ; reo cipally chloride of copper from the copper filament becomes smaller by the driving of the soon as the exhaust valve Is closed. If the qulre an infinite force, and !t is not to be which the brass contains. In a Bunsen cell It particles of carbon over upon the glass bulb ; so action of the inlet valve is slow, it may ' wondered at that the attempt to do should might be nitrate of copper. 2. How are Le the Inner surface of the bulb becomes black Is sometimes be set to open just a trifle before 2, stop the engine. If sufficient time allowed, Clanche and Joule commonly pronounced ? A. and partially opaque, so that all the light the the exhaust Is fully closed. Back firing Is the engine will ndt feel the reversing of In America is to pronounce Le· which Is produced does not pass through the usually caused by the failure to explode the The custom propeller. 3, more able to emit gases In the cylinder and their burning after Clanche as an English word of two syllables, glass ; the filament be comes and thus does not become as hot as at they are exhausted . . 2. What Is the best ratio as if spelled Ler-clanch, a having the sound ah. heat, ( 9137) C. S. 8l1YS : I have 11. NO.11 These changes In Root blower making re\'o\utlons for compression space and how far can com The second syllable is like the word avalanche. first with the same current. 100 per 1iID:t. continue till It breaks. The ute ; discharge p1 pe is 24 Inches In olltm!l'tm" ; pressIon be carried without danger of prema The correct French pronounclatlon Is in three the filament 3. of our electric light company says the blower is used for a pneumat'c cash ture explosions ? A. A common proportion for syllables, the first two pronounced as above, and manager f!YI!'teIil incandescent lamp that has been used of 75 stations. Now I would like to know the clearance or compression or' a gas engine the third like shay. The accent Is on the last that an If gives less light but uses I can discharge the �xbll.ust air per cent of the cylinder volume or syllable. Joule Is an English name, pronounced a considerable time from tlre \s 33 than new lamps, so that It is blower Into my stn6k<'stack piston displacement. The best proportion Jool. 'The ou has the sound of 00 In school, more current WlthOut ltltet'fe,ring , throw away lamps after they have with the draft of my furnaces. I hllve varies somewhat, however, with the size, make 3. What is the pronunciation of Prof. Curle's economy to fn ti\!e liorse , Compression could The credit in use Bome U ttle time, even thoug. I two hoilers, of the engine. name, he of radluin A. of been ; the .,nd speed fame ? the 125 power each lItack

Is square, feet feet 6 Inches, and also 3 x 4 that the chemical fire extinguisher might prove base a mathematical calculation upon. If its tures are often expressed in the absolute scale, has an offset a little above the center of the practical for fighting forest fires. solid contents simply are known, the number since then the relations are In an exact ratio stack. The only place where I could exhaust of spheres which (9142) C. J. S. says : How long is it would contain could not to each other. 400 deg. A is twice as hot as Into the stack now is about five feet the below even then be calculated without more data. 200 deg. A. Of course 400 deg. C. is not twice boiler flue, that would be at the bottom of the scaling ladder in use in the New York And If the problem were solvable, what would as hot as 200 deg. C., since both are reckoned the stack. If I can't exhaust in this place, Fire Department, and where was It invented, 1 be the use of doing it ? We are fond of work from the freezing point of water, which is would have to carry a line of pipe up on the and how long is it in use in Berlin '! Which ' ing upon problems which lead to results of not a real zero of heat. Ice is still deg. outside of the building to a point above the more improved-New York or Berlin ? A. The 273 I 1.1 practical value, and though we sometimes work C. above zero. scaling ladders used in the New York Fire boiler flue. Which would be the best ? And I out problems for correspondents, which are sim would I need an elbow In the stack, so the air DepB,rtment were first used In 1883, and they (9152) H. S. asks : 1. ply puzzles, we always feel that the time is c. Without ? run from 12 to 20 feet-12, 14, 16, 18, 20 ; shoots up, or is it unnecessary A. You do misspent, since we are beyond the age when using wireless telegraphy, is there any way to at about the first time they were used, a v ery not give the height of your stack, nor the we do such work simply for mental gymnastics. receive a current of magnetism or of electricity succ sful rescue was made by now velocity, pressure and volume of the air from ps Chief of from one boat to another, 100 feet or le ss Bat 'i lion Binns. We have no information rela ( 9148) A. L. asks : 1. What is the the Root hlower, so that it is impossible for a way, to affect the needle or an electrometer '/ t to the scaling ladders in use us to make any exact calculation ; but unless i" In Berlin, best kind of iron or steel to make a magneto '! A. We do not know any way of sending and ex'�' pt that they are used. In general, we A. A magnet you have a draft very considerably in excess may be mad\, of tool steel. The receiving electrical signals which is not equiv may say Americ n-built fire of what you actually require when forcing yonr a engines are the higher the grade of steel, the better. 2. What alent to wireless telegraphy ; that Is, an in best made, and we have never boilers, it would not be wise for you to dis- heard it ques is the best method of making a maguet the most duction coil and receiving instruments, such tioned that the secondary part of charge the blower into the stack, because that the fire powerful ? A. '.rhe maguet should be hardened as a coherer of telephone, or some equivalent qui ment was any less good. would have the effect of materially reducing <; p Owing to the at the ends as hard as it can be made. The electromagnetic device must be used. ,2. Can ethods o constructio abroad the size of your chimney. On account of the m f n employed they middle may be soft. It can then be mag an electrometer be made to register such a ave fewer res, therefore such distance of the stack from the boners, it is h fi there is no netized by stroking with another maguet or current, no matter how feeble ? Don't mean deman d or Improvements in fire apparatus as more doubtful if you have the draft to spare. f the poles of a dy namo, or by placing it in a to telegraph or telephone. A. An electrometer here. In case you try the experiment, insert the coil of wire through which a current of elec is not the instrument to employ. It receives discharge pipe from the blower at the base (9143) S. B. E. writes : If G. B., Notes tricity Is flowing. All these methods are fully' and registers static charges, not currents. A of the stack, with an elbow pointing upward. described In textbooks. 3. When a and Queries, 9,076, of your paper of July 11, magnet's galvanometer is probably Intended. '.r his may lifting power is 6 pounds and the object (9138) F. A. T. asks: Is there any will consult "Popular Astronomy," pages 38 to It is be used in the way mentioned. lifting is a maguet weighing about 7 52 Inclusive, by Camille Flammarion, trans pounds gain In power by using an Archimedes screw and having a lifting power of also 6 pounds, lated by Y. Ellard Gore, he wm find the in beyond the power required to work an ordi will the former lift it, or must the latter NEW ETC. formation he Is seeking concerning the eleven weigh nary pump ? BOOKS, A. There is no gain In power by exactly six or low motions of the earth. er ? A. If a magnet can THE ELEMENTS OF ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY using an Archimedes screw over the power lift six pounds, it can lift anything less than TREATED · EXPERIMENTALLY. By Dr. required for an ordinary pump. Its efficiency (9144) F. R. says : I have been M. six pounds. If one of two magnets can lift Robert Liipke. Revised and augment Is so low that It is not used in practice, and intensely interested in the unusually fine ar seven pounds, it will hold up seven pounds or ed by M. M. Pattison Muir, M.A. we therefore cannot tell you where you can ticles on radiation, etc., that have appeared in hold itself up against the other If suspended La-ndon : H. Greve'! Co. Philadel see one. The principle of its action is just the the during & SUPPLEMENT the past four weeks. from it. 4. Has a magnet the same amount phia: J. B. Lippincott Company. same as that of the screw conveyors used for But there are naturally several statements that of repelling force as attractive ? A. A magnet ' 1903. 8vo. Pp. 255. Price, $2.25. feedin g coal into furnaces, to convey grain, etc. I cannot nnderstand or reconcile. Crookes, on will repel with the same force as It attracts. Although the main purpose of the book is to p . 23,015, middle of third column, says the The lifting (91139) H. E. asks: 1. Has -the Roent- power of a magnet means that It set forth the purely scientific aspects of elec "free positive electron is not known." This will lift In actual contact with the weight to gen ray or a similar device ever been per tro-chemistry, the practical sides of the sub - does not seem with to agree Rutherford's X be lifted, and not at any distance from It fected to that extent that the human eye ject have not been left altogether unnoticed. can rays referred to on p. 22,951, middle column, through the air. A narrow gap of air re see through a solid body ; as, for example, Technical electro-chemical processes, and espe the when they are called positive ions traveling duces the power of a magnet very greatly. human hand while the fingers are being moved / cially the processes oOf electro-metallurgy, ' toward the cathode. Is any distinction agreed A. There Is no way known by which the eye (9149) W. which are so important at present, are referred upon between electron and ion ? Will cathode B. says :' am informed c. I to In their proper places. The experiments, can see through an opaque body, such as the that there rays act on a photographic plate if let out of is a process for making ice where hand. By the X-ray we commonly speak of which form an essential part of the book, are the tube through Lenard'� aluminium window ? by liquid air is utilized in place of ammonia ; seeing through the hand and other dense odies. carried out with the simplest possible appar b and if so, h ow powerfully compared to Roent that the installation of a plant of that char The action is in reality as follows : -rays atus. X gen rays '/ On p. 22,998, bottom of third col acter can be installed for much less money traverse many opaque bodies quite freely, but LES INDUSTRIES CHIMIQUES ET PHARMA umn, "unless the gases in the tube are ex than the ammonia plant ; that the maintenance the eye cannot see X-rays. Bones are not CEUTIQUES. Par Albin Haller. Paris : tremely rarefied, the rays are quickly stopped is much less than the ammonia plant ; and easily traversed by X-rays, flesh is. Certain Gauthier-Villiers. 1903. Vol. 4to. and scattered by molecular obstructions." that It has other advantages. Will you be 1. chemical salts transform X-ra s into I ght pp. 405. Vol. II. Pp. 445. � � Then why are not the rays immediately stop kind enough to give me some information on rays ; then the eye ,can perceIve the I ght 1 ped and scattered when they reach the air this subject ? Is It in its experimental stage, In these two stately volumes Prof. Haller rays. On the Inside of the box which is held or Is reports on the chemical and pharmaceutical in I after passing through the aluminium window ? the system being used to any extent ? over the eyes is a chemical which thus glows Dastre, on p. 22,998, middle of second col Can the tubes of air be secured commercially dustries which 'were represented at the last In the X-rays. Place the hand on the end of umn, says cathode emission is rectilinear. like ammonia ? I am told they are used prin Paris Exposition. After a scholarly introduc the box. The bones cut off the X-rays more Crookes, on p. 23,015, middle of second col cipally for small plants, but that larger plants tion he discusses the chemical industry of than the flesh does. The chemical does not umn, says electrons "can turn corners." How use the ammonia. In your opinion, would a every European country and of the United glow as much where the bones cut the rays pla States, passing then to improvements intro can these be reconciled ? A. We do not won nt of 20-ton capacity per twenty-four hours off as where the flesh is, hence the bon'es cast der that you are at a loss sometimes among be manipulated more economically with the duced since 1889. His second chapter dis a shadow on the screen. This is called seeing the varied and well-nigh contradictory state air or the ammonia systems ? A. We think we cusses pharmaceutical products and millor im through the hand. What we see i s a shadow. ments concerning electrons and other minute are safe in saying that nowhere in the world provements, not the least valuable portion of Thick flesh casts more shadow than thinner things claimed to exist by the more is liquid air In use for Ice-making or refrigera the chapter being devoted to a resume of anti flesh. By this fact much can be made out advanced theorizers. It is, of course, the of tion, and in our judgment it will be a long septics and antipyretics. In a chapter on arti regarding the condition of interior organs of from fice of a scientific periodical to print the pa time before It is us ed for any of these pur ficial colorants and the raw material the body. It is wonderful enough, but it Is w pers read at the various meetings of scien poses. It is many times as expensive as the hich they are made, Prof. Haller gives an not seeing through opaque bodies in any proper tific bodies, but they rest for authority, not up ammonia process, and has other disadvantages admirable review of the development of this sense of the term. 2. Has there been manu- on the periodical, nor upon the society, but in comparison with it. important branch of organic chemistry since factured and In use a slot machine into which ll1of:ion of upon the repute of the persons presenting 1889. The products of the distil a solid body such as the human hand might (9150) A. S. asks : A friend of mine them. We cannot decide between the claims wood, resins, coal, and mineral oils are treated introduced and then seen through ? A. We says if a piece be of the several scientists, but must leave the of iron is laid where the sun in a chapter by themselves, as are also arti do not know whether the slot machine has can matter just where they leave it. Only one shine on It, it will get hotter than a ficial and natural perfumes. The sixth chapter been applied to X-rays or not. There would thermometer color engaged in Investigation can speak with any would show the atmosphere to be. is taken up by descriptions of mineral be no difficulty in doing this. I paints, authority about such matters as you refer claim he Is wrong. If it would be as he ants or pigments, lacquers, varnishes, (9140) A. C. says : We have a well to in your note. says, the iron would have the property of inks, blacking, and the like. In the seventh drawing heat, and an iron pail of water would chapter soap-making and stearine industries 184 feet deep that we wish to force water out (9145) O. N. writes us: Is a 16 can show a greater registration on are treated. of to a tank 65 feet above ground. The water a thermometer die power bulb frosted more luminous than one than the air WOUld. Nearly stands 16 feet from the top of ground, but we every one I have DIE WEISSGERBEREI, SAEMISCHGERBEREI that is not frosted ? That Is to say, will one spoken to says he is right, so as a last resort do not know how low it will go when pump- UND PERGAMENT-FABRIKATION. Ein 16 - froste give candle power d bulb more light I turn to you. A. Any Ing is commenced. The outside casing of weIl metal laid where the Handbuch fuer Lederfabrikanten. than one that is not frosted '! A. An incan sun can shine fully upon It and Is 8 inches. The suction pipe and discharge at the same Von Ferdinand Wiener. Vienna : descent electric lamp with clear glaBs bulb time be protected from drafts of air pipe is 5 Inches. It goes down in the well will be A. Hartleben. 1903. 12mo. Pp. 376. will emit more light than one with a frosted come much hotter than the adjacent 163 feet. The air p pe is i ch and goes air. We Price, $1.75. ? bulb. The bulb cuts off light. No arrange � %, have just laid out a roll of sheet copper in down 157 feet. The aIr pressure IS 100 pounds. I ment of the bulb can increase the light of the Mr. Wiener's book is essentially a practi I which was a thermometer. The ends were The question is, how far can the water lower filament. It is the filament which gives the cal reference book for the leather manufactur . closed by paper to protect the air from pass and till allow the pumpmg to go on succes � light, and not the bulb. Even a bulb of clear er. Its style is such that the process de : Ing through the roll and cooling the thermom fully�. In oth r words, ow far must the a scribed can be comprehended even by the lay � u glas absorbs light. One of partly opaque � s some eter. By its side in the sun was another pipe be down m proportlOn to the amo nt of man. In this second edition of his work Mr. u glass will, 'of cours absorb more light. e, thermometer, and still a third was in the elevation of water ? A. One hundred pounds . Wiener has carefully revised the text and in ) N. A. N. Ill you please shade close by. The thermometer in the shade air pressure will 11ft a column of water 230 (9146 says : W corporated descriptions of the more important showed 82 deg. , that in the sun showed 122 feet high, neglecting friction. The amount of decide If there is a difference between a mile improvements whiCh have been made since the deg. , while the one in the copper roll read friction will depend on the mechanism used ; if square antI a square mile '! I hold that a mile appearance of the first edition. 138 deg. As the mercury rose to the very the friction Is 30 per cent, the 100 pounds air square Is a. mile around It, and a square mile top of the bare of the stem, it is not certain TECHNIK DER RADIERUNG. Eine Anleit pressure will life a column of water 161 feet is four miles around it. A. A "mile square" but that the temperature was higher still. Any ung zum Radieren und Aetzen auf high, or from 96 feet below the ground to a and a "square mile" have each the same area, Kupfer. Von Josef Roller. Vienna: tank 65 feet above it. but the phrases have very different meanings. one who ever picked up a piece of iron which on had lain in the sun of a summer day and A. Hartleben. 1903. 12mo. Pp. 376. (9141) J. A. says : I inclos an ex- A mile square is a figure one mile each � found it too hot to hold In the hand, knows Price, $'1.25. side, and all its corners right angles. A tract from a letter from John Anderson, Road square field one mile on a side is a mile square. that the air in the neighborhood is cooler than Prof. Roller's handbook on etching is In CommlSS Oner for the State of New Hamps ire, ! . ? A square mile contains 640 acres, and may be the piece of iron ; or if as a boy you have tended not only for the artist, but also for the In the White Mountams, to Prof. C. H. Hltch- in any shape whatever circular rectangular, walked barefooted over stones, or in the sand, art connoisseur. The work discusses thorough cock, of Dartmouth College : " Won't ou con- ' . � etc., or of any irregula form. on which the sun shone with full force, and ly and clearly , the various operations of etch at Hanover m relatlOn to a [ ; suit your chemist . had your feet burned, the same fact could have ing on copper, and likewise contains many powder that can be used in (9147) F. A. F. asks : Kmdly answer fire-extinguishing been learned. The scientific reason for this is an interesting remark on artistic printing and fighting forest fires ? If we could send one the following mathematical problem to set your not difficult to understand. Water Is used as a very instructive review of the various cal hundred men into the woods, each having hung readers right : We have an aquarium, a globe, the standard for measuring the quantity of cographic methods. over his shoulder thirty or forty pounds of 6'\4 inches in diameter, 6:y" inches high ; the heat required to produce a certain rise of tem 'r HE CHEMISTRY OF PIGMENTS. such material, which thrown by handfuls Into question is, How many pellets or buckshot By Ernest '\4 perature. One pound of water is raised 1 deg. the blazing points or scattered broadcast into Inch In diameter will this globe or aquarium J. Parry, B.Sc., and John Coste, by a certain quantity of heat. It will require H. a running fire would deaden It, enabling the hold ? A. The problem you send us may ad F.I.C., F.C.S. London : Scoot, Green only one-fourth as much heat to raise a pound shovel men to finish It by throwing on fresh mit of a mathematical solution, but so far as wood Co. New York : D. Van Nos of air one degree, one-eighth as much to raise & Pp. earth; we would have a practical solution of we know It only admits of solution by experl trand Company. 1902. 12mo. a pound of iron one degree, and one-tenth as the question that Is now in the minds of all ment. Fill the globe with shot and count 280. Price, $4.50. much to raise a pound of copper one degree. this section. In view of the enormous annual them. The globe is apparently an irregular The publishers of this work have a reputa in The same quantity of heat produces very differ loss it might avert, it would not really matter solid. You give the dimensions as 6'\4 x 6¥., tion for issuing important books upon technical ent effects upon different substances upon which If such material were expensive. It should be inches. This is not a spherical solid, and its' subjects and the present book fully sustains this It strikes. provided by the State In all localities subject to I shape Is not determined by two dimensions reputation. It indicates the chemical relation (9151) A. says : I know an about these fires." A. Sodium tungstate might an- only. The rate of curvature of its parts is F. O. ship, composition, and properties of most of the - are swer the purpose, but it would be too expen not given by knowing two dimensions only. If the ordinary thermometric scales, F., C., and better known pigments. The various colors sive. We do not believe that a forest fire It be assumed that the dimensions are the R., and their mutual reductions, but "600 deg. treated in groups allied chemically, rather than will ever be extinguished without resorting to axes of an ellipse, then the solid is an ellipsoid A" In President Swinburne's address In the chromatically ; an excellent arrangement. The the methods already in use by all lumbermen. of revolution and its form 'Is definitely known. SUPPLEMENT Is new to me. Will you kindly methods of manufacture of colors have been such as beating out, denuding the forest to form But it can hardly be assumed that a globe of enlighten me ? A. "600 deg. A" are degrees considered rather from the chemical than the adapted ordinary processes of the of absolute temperature. The absolute zero Is technical point of view. It is not suggested a fire "belt, etc. Powders are better glass blown by fire In rooms. We think shop an ellipsoid of sufficient accuracy e . below the Centigrade zero. Tempera- by the authors that the present work is In any for extingUishing I is to 273 d g

© 1903 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC AUGUST 8, 1903. Scientific Americaft log sense a manual of color making, but it will value it would be to t e profession to have a Climatology in English-speaking countries. The Beer a er t be h c. !�� :: �� . � •• •. . �: 734,985 found most useful by those who are called upon treatise covering the principal features of that work is a very important one, and this new � Berth, sleeping,�� f E.�� Dawe. ...••..•.�� ';�:�••••••••.. � 734,510 to examine pigments as a guide to the selection branch of enginering pertaining to the Im edition is an excellent contribution to the Bicyclist's strength testing machine, R. W. Blaisdell· ...... 734,662 of those which are suitable and the rejection of provements of rivers. This branch comprises a literature of meteorology. Bit. See Drill bit. those which as a class, or through individual great variety of works : Locks and Dams for 734,613 THE NEW ONION CULTURE. T. Greinier. Boller tube cleaner, C. B. Risley .••••••••• By Bolting or other machines, feeding evice inferiority are unsuitable for the class of work Canalization, Dikes and Jetties for Concen New York : Orange Judd Company. d for, R. A. Stubbs ...... •.•.••.••.••• 734,631 to be undertaken. trating and Controlling Streams and Bank Pro 1903. 16mo. 114. Price, 50 Book trimming machine, Lowell & William- · tection in Regularization, Levee Building and pp. .on ...... • • . • • •• 734,907 EASY LESSONS IN MEASUREMENTS. cents. Bookcase, sectional, A. J. Gilmo ur...... 734,537 RooF Storage Reservoirs for the Prevention of Inun 734,825 By William Neubecker. New York: A complete guide in growing onions with Boring machine, F. & R. Croft, Jr ..••••.• dations, and Dredging and Snagging for Keep Bottle, A. Bolsclaire...... • . • . . .. 734,804 David Williams Company. 1903. the greatest profit, explaining the whys and 734,754 Ing Channels during Times of Low Water. The Bottle attachment, C. J. Rowe ...... 734,561 16mo. Pp. 31. Price 25 cents. wherefores. Clear and minute directions are Bottle cap, H. D. Jone •. · ...... obj ect of the work is to provide In concise form Bottle closure, R. Hall.-...... 734,545 given of how the plants are grown ; the cold A. Bottle filling machlue, W. E. Brown .....• 734,809 Twelve short lessons on figuring from archi a description of the various systems employed frame ; seed bed ; planting ; fire hotbed, hot Bottle, non-refillahle, F. Jo.t ..•...... •. 734,881 tects' or scale drawings the amount of materiai. for bettering the condition of navigable streams, 734,924 beds heated by steam ; cheap greenhouse for Bottle, non-refillable, 1. Morgenroth ...... to cover a given surface in fla t, hipped, together with the methods usually adopted for Bottle unstoppering deVice, ae-rated water, required market gardeners ; greenhouse heated by hot R. W. McGowan ...... 734,929 or irregular-shaped roofs. their design and execution. It is an admirable 735,013 water ; quantity of seed required ; time of Box, A. Bauer ••...... •.....••...••••••• contribution THE RoENTGEN RAYS IN MEDICI E to engineering literature. h ' N AND sowing ; varieties ; what soli to select ; how h de ' G P ri�� : ::::::::::::::: SURGERY S AID TO I GNOSIS STORAGE BATTERY ENGINEERING. By La � � 734,568 A AN D A to manure and prepare it ; onions ��,Brake head, � J. J. : Kinzerj � ...... m:�: on muck Brake retainer, automatic driver, Hamilton AND AS A THERAPEUTIC AGENT. By mar Lyndon, B.E., M.E. New York: soil ; clean soil essential ; how the plants are Holmes ...... • ...... • 734,859 McGraw Publishing Company. 1903. & . Francis H. Williams, M.D. New set in the ground ; tillage as moisture pre .Brake .hoe, J. J. Kinzer ....•..•.•734,566, 734,567 Brake shoe, J. B. Perry ...... 734,745 York: The Macmillan Company. 8vo. Pp. 382. Price, $3. server and weed killer ...... ; tools of tillage ; when Brick or article, refractory, J. Tone. ... 735,022 1903. 8vo. PP. 757. 428 illustra The evident and long unfulfilled need of a and how to harvest the crop ; danger F. 734,88i in delay ; Broom attachment, I. P. Kilgore ...... •. . tions. Price, $6. practical work on the storage battery, par signs of maturity ; curing the crop ; curing Bru.h backs, machine for placing material in, C. W. Smith ...... 734,625 ticularly adapted for electrical engineers who sheds ; weight of No discovery of modern times has made a crop ; wintering onions ; ad BrUSh, fountain, G. C. Madison ...•••.••• 734,910 734,686 more profound sensation than the discovery of are not chemists, and on the details of its vantages and profits of the new way ; estima Buckle, H. Engelman ...... •...... Burglar alarm, electriC, S. Schwarzschlld .. 734,967 the Roentgen rays, and it is fortunate that in engineering applications, has induced the pre tion of cost and returns. BUrner globe holder, G. F. Klemm ...•.. 734,569- stead of being a scientific plaything It has been paration of this work which is intended to Butter molding machine, A. C. Dodge ...•.. 734,680 THE RESISTANCE AND POWER OF STEAM Buttonhole cutting and .titching machine, put to practical use in the diagnosis of disease, assist the practising engineer in designing, SHIPS. By W. H. Atherton, M.Sc., E. B. Allen ...... 734,495 and as a remedial agent. In two years there installing, and maintaining battery equip and A. L. Mellanby, M.Sc. Manches Cable laying device, submarine, B. Robert. 734,615 Call, carriage, T. J. Gorman .•..••.•.••. 734,5.Q8 have been three editions of the volume before ments and to guide him in the selection of ter : The Technical Publishing Com Camera .tand, J. H. Smith ...,. .•••••••• 734,763 us, the first edition being exhausted in three types of batteries and auxiliary apparatus best ; .. 734,764 pany, Ltd. 1903. 16mo. Pp. 200. Camera stand, J. H. & J. A. Smith .•.•• 734,648 months. The descriptions of the apparatus and suited to the service which they are to per Can body making machine, E. Zeh .••••••• Price, $2. Cannon, W. H. Vivian ...... 734,779 form and at the same time to impress on the methods employed are clear and concise, and Cap, bathing, H. Lemmermann ...... •..• 734,578 Almost all the recognized methods of de the half-tones of radlograp1J.s are well executed. technical public both the advantages and limi Car and car truck bolster, Bush & termining the engine powei' required to propel Cormick ...... Mc-.. 734,665 The subject Is treated in a scholarly way and tation of the storage battery in practice. The 734,814 steamships are discussed in considerable de Car and car truck bolster, S. P. Bush .... the book is one which we commend not only author has performed an extremely difficult Car, burglar proof mail and express, C. tail, and examples of their application given. 734,650 task in most acceptable manner. Zimmerman ...... •0 ••••••••••••••••• to the physician, but to the physicist as well. a 734,583 The subject of the fouling of ships has also Car cinder guard, Maxson & Denison ....•• ELECTRIC WIRING. INSURANCE TO U D Car coupling, J, Tlmm...... 734,776 A Primer for the Use FIRE AND How B IL . By been dealt · with fully, because of its important Car coupling, S. P. Bu.h ....•...... 734,813 W. Francis C. Moore. New York : The � of Wire Men and Students. By influence on the actual resistance of sea Car coupling, S. K. Dunkle ...... 734,835 Car coupling, W. A. Palmer ....•..•.....•. 734,9.% C. Clinton, B.Sc. New York : E . P. Baker Taylor Company. 1903. 8vo. going ships. The book will appeal to marine & Car coupling, J. Timms ....•...... •.•.••. 734,999 Dutton Co. 16mo. pp. 179. Price, Pp. 860. Price, $5. engineers 734,977 & and ship builders, and, in fact, to all Car, dumping box, G. E. Simonton .....•... Car fender, A. Miesse ...... •.....•....•• 734,587 60 cents net. It will prove a conven ent book for archi who are interested in watching the develop i Car fender, D. B. Dibble ...... 734,830 This little book is intended as an Introduction tects, builders, and property owners who con ment of steamships. Car grain doors, device for fastening, F. H. Bennett ...... 734,801 to the art of Indoor electric wiring as practised template erecting buildings, enabling them to A H AND BOOK ON THE STEAM ENGINE...... Car, mine, W. H. Roach ...... 734,958 in the fitting up of private houses, stores, etc., make Inexpensive structural alterations which With Special Reference to Small and Car record device, Cavanagh, Hannan & and save Clarke ...... 734,817 with lamps and bell circuits. Worked examples would secure lower insurance rates Medium-Sized 1j:ngines. By Herman ...... Car replacer, W. H. Pritchard .....•.... 734,611 have been given where possible. The book is in the burden of a lifelong insurance tax. The 734,560 Haeder, C.E. Trans'lated by H. J. P. Car .eat, J. S. Johnston ...... tended specially for the use of those prepar idea aud pla.n of this book are excellent. The Powles. London : Crosby Lockwood Car spring bumper, draw bar, lind automatic coupling, mine, R. S. Weitzell ...... 734,640 ing for the preliminary examination of the systems In u�e by the Fire Underwriters for Co. New York : D. Van Nostrand Car wheel fender, railway, F. ,Schwinger, determining rates fire very complicated and are & ...... " ...... 734,968 City and Guilds of London Institute. We have Company. 12mo. Pp. 458. 1,085 il Jr, " ' ... 734,848 already expressed our opinion of the English puzzling to the lay mind, but with the aid Carbureter, explosive engine, W. A. GIlI . lustrations. Price, $3. Carbureting apparatus, air, Avery Smith 735,011 examination system in this column. The prac of this book the principles which underlie the Card punching machIne, Jacquard, &M. Mer. The present volume is profusely illustrated ...... 734,729 . tice is, of course, English, but it will prove use formation of a rate will be understood. The tens ...... by very helpful engravings, and the number Carpet cleaner, E. Ferris ...... 734,841 ful as well to the American student. We re work also deals with fire prevention and ex Carrier. See Hay carrier.B. of tables is surprisingly large. The best Con manufacturing _ 734,684 gret to note that the title page has no date. tinction, special features of Cartridge, safety blasting, T. F. Durham. tinental practice is given. The book shows 734,861 policies, the adjustment Cast oir, C. R. Harris...... All scientific books should be properly dated. risks, the writing of 734,854 the results of practical experience of en Cement molding apparatus, L. G. Haase .... INTRODUCTION THE STUDY OF EX of losses, etc. Cement plaster, composition of matter for, . TO T - gineers. 734, 6'18, 734,679 AN A. De Monco ...... •... TILE DESIGN. Aldred F. Barker. MODERN 'MEXICO'S STANDAiID GUIDE TO THE 734,837, 734,838 By TECHNICAL Change feed mechanism, J. Edgar .. MYCOLOGY. The Utilization of 734,932 New York: E. P. Dutton Co. 1903. CITY OF MExICO AND VICINITY. By Check protector, E. Ocumpaugh ..•....••. 734,790 & S. Micro-organisms in the Arts and Chimney cap, J. L. Wood.lde ...... 8vo. Pp. 211. Price, $2.50. Robert Barrett. PubliShed by Christmas tree, H. Zahl...... 735,010 Manufactures. By Dr. Franz Lafar. A. "Modern Mexico," the City of Mexico Churn, J. G. Frederick ...... 734,535 A most admirable book. The primary ob Vol. II. 734,688 Eumycetic Fermentation. Cigar cutter and mirror, Farley & Ballasch. ject of this work is to show clearly how the and New York. 1902-3. 8vo. Pp. ;... 734,905 Part I. London Circuit closer, Long & Cofran ...... : Charles Griffin 734,793 special knowledge required In the textile indus 186, profusely illustrated. Price, 50 & Circuit controller, W, W. Alexander . . . . . Co., Ltd. Philadelphia: 734,553, 734,554 cents. J. B. Lip Clamp, E. J; Herbert ...... tries may be co-ordlnated into a truly educa pincott Company. 1903. 8vo. pp. Clasp, W. T. Spillane...... 734,984 ClOCk, self winding electriC, C. M. Crook . 734,674 tional discipline. The numerous plates and de An admirable guide which should prove in 189. Price, $4. . Clothes drier, R. Shull...... 734,622 sigu sheets are admirably engraved and printed dispensable to all tourists. The illustrations Clothes pin machinery, R. Richard! . .. 734,957 A practical handbook on fermentation and ... and the diagrams showing the principles upon are happily chosen, the plates have been well Clothe. pounder, S. Harper ...... 734,860 fermented process for the use of brewers and 734,876 executed, and the printing is excellent. There Cluster switch, H. Hubbell ...... which textile machinery Is based are the best . . . 734,733 distillers, analysts, technical and agricultural Clutch, J. H. Moss ...... we have ever seen. The chapter on the Sci is not a feature of the city, Important or unim Clutch, cone, A. C. Krebs ...... 734,893 chemists, pharmacists, and all Interested in 734,502 ence of Cloth Construction Is particularly valu portant, · which is not properly dealt with. Clutch, planter, W. L. Beall ...... ••..••. 734,505 the industries dependent on fermentation. The Cock, gas, G. A. Brachhausen ...... •. able. It i s a book which should be In the hands 734,806 TREATISE ON HYDRAULICS. By Mansfield Coin holder, A. G. Bowen ...... •...; first volume dealt with Schizomycetic Fer Coke receiver and loader, J. M. McClellon .. 734,592 of a II thos connected with mills. Merriman. New York : J. Wiley � & mentation. Collar turning and dampening device, C. C...... 734,542 THE PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF WOOD. Their Sons� 1903. 8vo. Pp. 585. 192 illus Gridley . . . THE UTILITY OF AN CA MI OR CLASSIC A DE C Combing machine, C. F. Ainsworth and S. Characteristic Properties. By Charles traCions. Price, $5...... 734,652 AL EDUCATION FOR YOUNG MEN WHO Anderton ...... Henry Snow, C.E., Sc.D. New York : CompOSing or like machines, machine for The eighth edition has been rewritten and HAVE TO EARN THEIR OWN LIVING producing perforated .trlps for, J. La- John Wiley Sons. 1903. 8vo. Pp. enlarged, which was rendered necessary by the ...... 734,576 & AND WHO EXPECT TO PURSUE A COM garde ...... 203. Price, $3.50. Compressing material into form, machine for, many advances which have been made in hy MERCIAL LIFE. An Investig ation. By H. J. Flood ...... 734,531 An excellent book, admirably Illustrated by draulics since 1889, when the first edition of 734.687 R. T. Crane. Chicago. 1903. 16mo. Concrete mixer, D. Erter ...... _ . . thirty-nine full-page plates and many figures in this treatise was issued. Too much cannot Pp. 109. Condensing apparatus, steam, C. V. A. Eley 734,525 Confection making apparatus, J ..Friend . . . 734,536 the text. It Is intended for those who are not be said in praise of this· admirable book which . SIMPLE SCIENTIFIC ExPERIMENTS. By Cord making apparatus, covered, A. C. foresters or botanists, but who use woods or de is a standard text book for engineers and en Buschner ...... • . . . . • •. 734,508 Aurel de Ratti. London : Dawbarn Cord tip, J. R. Barrett ...... 734,500 sire knowledge of their distinguishing proper gineering students. It deals with the entirE} . Cork, H. Helbing ...... • . . • • • • . • •. 734,551 in the flow of Ward, Ltd. 1903. 16mo. pp. 69. ties, therefore it will appeal especially to . en range of· hydraulics, taking & Corn shocker, J. M. Shively ...... •••••••• 734,973 Price, 20 cents. 734,623 gineers, but all who have occasio n to use woods waters through · orifices, tubes, pipes, and over Corsct, J. Slegel...... � .••••••••• INFORTUNI SUL LAVORO. MEZZI TECNICI Cotton pres., J. Fuller. .. . . • . . • . • • • •. 734, 69� will find it of great value. Under "Live Oak," weirs. It also deals with the flow of rivers, T. Couch. box, H. M. Bedell ...... 734,659 PER PREVENIRLI. By Effren Magrini. 734,782 for instance, we flnd that the author deals water supply and water power, water wheels, ' Coupling, E. O. Warner ...... Milan : Ulrico Hoepli. 1903. 16mo. Coupling pivot pin, C. A. Tower ...... 735,000 with Nomenclature, Locality, Features of Tree, turbines, naval hydromechanics, and pumps F. 734,595 Pp. 251. Price, 75 cents. Crank and yoke connection, C. Olin . . .. Color, Appearance or Grain of Wood, Structural and pumping. Cuir, C. H. Knapp ...... 734,570 Cultivator, garden, D. H. Moore ...... 735,038 Qualities of Wood, Representative Uses of . . EXPERIMENTS ON THE FLEXURE OF BEAMS. Cultivator, riding or walking, W. L. Beall . 734.657 735,043 Wood, Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Resulting in the Discovery of New Cu.pldor, sanitary pocket, J. Tobin ...... Dam, N. F. Ambur3en :.: ...... 734,796 Cubic Foot, Modulus of Elasticity, Modulus of Laws of Failure by Buckling. By INDEX OF INVENTIONS . .. . . Dental crown · slitter, G. K. Heist ...... 734,865 Rupture, ·Remarks. Other woods are treated in 734,762 Albert E. Guy. New York : D. Van which Letters Patent the Die, F. E. Smith ...... For of Digging machine, H. Sorensen ...... 734,766 a similar manner. Nostrand Company. 1902. 12mo. . . .. United States were Issued Dilating bougie, F. R. Bachler ...... 734,498 FOREIGN TRADE REQUIREMENTS. Disinfection apparatus, Ghirelli ...... 734,698 New Pp; 122. Price, $1.25. the Week Ending A. . . Display rack, D. Sullivan ...... •.... 734,995 for . York : Lewis, Scribner Co. 1903. The study of the failure of beams by tbe ."... .".... 734,645 & Display table, C. W; Winfield. . . July Door check and spring, Beauregard Good- 4to. 532. Price, $10. buckling of the compression side has been 28, 1903. & pp. . ing ...... 734,658 This reference volume, which is published an strangely n eglected and now that it has been C H B 734,736· AND E A EARI NO T HAT 0 ATE. Doubletree clip, C. W. McGlashan ..•••••• nually, contains complete information concern taken up it proves to be the central fact Dough, raiSing, J. W. Garrick ...... ••.••. 734,847 See note at end of list about copies of these a ents. I Drawer support, A. A. Ander.on .••••.•••. 734,497 Ing the commercial countries of the world as and key to the entire subject when looked at I p t Drill bit, rock, H. ColIins ...... 734,515 734,627 to trade conditions, traveling salesmen, agencies, In the broadest sense. The analogy of the Abrading material, tool for holding, M. E. Dust collector, R. W. Sutherland ...... •. Dwelling. block, M. Peirce ...... 734,938 and advertising, credit customs, commercial, fai lure of the . compression side of a beam by McAfee .... ; ...... 734,927 F. . 734,849 Dye and making same, blue , anthraquino:Qe, Acid, makl&g sulfuric, G. Gin .•••.•...... 734.866 trade-mark, and patent laws, transportation fa buckling to t e method of failure of a long 734,982 E. Hepp and C. Hartmann ...... h Advertising device, J. D. Smith ...... 734,789 cilities, principal cities, postal regulations, coins long ago remarked, Edge setter,. E. Willi.amson ...... column was, of course, Air compressors, controller for hydraulic, W. 1. 735,027 734,904 Egg tester, F. W. Wilson ...... a}ld currencies, weights and measures, and cable there has been no previous J. Linton ...... but we believe that 735,007 Electric accumUlator, portable, L. A. Lam- Air Inlet, fresh, R. S. Watson ...... " ...... 734.896 rates. While the book was issued primarily for attempt to connect the two by a formula. merts . . Air to bnlldings, apparatus for supplying ;;.734,547 734,5411 ...... 734,975 Electric battery, Halsey . . . to the benefit of the American exporter, the de Mr. Guy's experiments have been very success cool, A. Siebert ...... H. · 734,826 Alkaline earth dioxids, making hydrates of, Electric battery, H. C.any!. ...•...... Electric battery, .... . 734,857, 734.858 mand for it from England and Germany has ful in connecting them and in showing that 734,713 .. Halsey . . . G. F. Jaubert ...... H 734,624 734,618 Electric circuit breaker, M. Skinner ...... been large, and this proves that the manufac Euler's formula ' for long columns is, in fact, Amalgamator, G. C. Scott ...... Electric motor controlling means, R. Lundell 734,724 Amalagamator, T. H. Bicks ...... 734,867 turers of these countries are keenly alive to the . Elevator indicating mechani.m, F S. Payne. 734,744 the fundamental formula which lies at the . .. Angle bar and rail shoe combined, gradu- Eleva tors, stairways, etc., casing or hOUSing necessity of utilizing every possible aid for the base of the whole subject. ated reinforced, G. H. Williams .....• 735,025 for, J. J. Plucker ...... •. 734,606 Axle, J. E. Spencer ...... 734,629 extension of their foreign business. The work Engine igniter, explosive, W. H. Jones ...• 735,036 HAND BOOK OF CLIMATOLOGY. By Dr. Ju Axles, machine for turnlug down spindles . has been conscientiously done, and the book can Engines, electric Igniter fo� explosion, G . I . for wagon, P. Wallenstein ...... 734,639 lius Hann. Part General Olima A. Goodson ...... • • .. 734,852 Baby walker, J. Phillips ...... •...... 734,940 not but prove of great value. tology. New York : The Macmillan L. Engines, electric igniter . tor. explosive, G.' Bag fastener, W. H. Slattery ...... 734,980 A. Good.on ...... • • . . ... 734,851 THE IMPROVEMENTS OF RIVERS. 734,703 . By B. F. Company. 1903. 8vo. pp. 437. Bait, spoon, J. R. Harlow ...... Engraving or carving machine, H. M. Albee 734,792 Balls, making playing, C. T. Kingzett . ... 734,888 734,961 Thomas and B. A. Watt. New York-: Price, $3 Extension table, G ..R. Roughley .•.••.••. Band fastening, J. H. Christopher ...... 734,512 735,008 .• Extension table, L . . Welker, Sr ...... , . •••• John Wiley Sons. 1903. 4to. Dr. Hlinn's· book has been translated. by Bank, coin registering, J. F. Healy ...... 734,705 734,667 & pp. Eyeglass guard, . W. E. Cawood, Sr ...... Bark from standing trees, apparatus for re- 734,739 356. 92 full-page and foldin g p'lates. Prof. Robert de Courcey Ward, of Columbia Eyeglasses, W. O. Newman ...... P. Kidder ...... 734,565 mOVing, W. . . .. Fabric pin, G. W. McGill ...... 734,735 Cloth, $6. Bark splitting machine, multiple, H. L...... Universtty. The writer undertook the work Fan or blower, centrifugal, J. Verner ...... 735,001 Staley ...... 734,768 ...... Fanning mill, W. Sperry ...... 735,041, 735,042 The second title is "A Treatise on the primaril In order that It might serve as a Basket for holding tin scraps, Laernoes y & Fastener, metal. A. Raper ...... 734,951 Methods Employed for Improving Streams for textbook in the course in general climatolo Dunn ...... 734,894 gy ...... Fat separating mllchine, . . . Felten .•.••...• 734,840 . I P t s ° e table, universal, H. P. Elwell •••••... 734,_ Open Navigation and for Navigation . by Means in Harvard University. At the !!ame time the �!� f �� :�d � � 'ii � � :"�� Feed � :� ll : A . te b e :: +�:�g Feed trough, animal, F. H. Hayes .••••..• 734,550 of Locks and Dams." This is the first work publication of a standard work on climate Bearing, side, G. L. Harvey ...... •.... 734,862 ; ..;. 734,873 . Fence brace, E. G. Horne ....•••.•••...... 734 989 of its kind published in the English language, will, ·hopes, lead to the im- Bearing, side, A. G. Steinbrenner . . Fence post, Fielder. . . . • . . •• . . . • . . • • .• 734,690 he extension and I S. Bed or couch bed, extension, A. de Plnlec- engineers have Jong recognized the t e teacbin ot scientific Mallet • .. • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. • ..• • • • • •• altbougb p rovement ot b g 734,726 (Continued on page lto)

Fence wire ratchet or tightener, Nut lock. G. H. Layng ...... 734,577 WlUmarth " Ii " Barnes • • • • • . . • . . . . • • • • • • • • . . • . . • .• 735.026 & FootPower and Nut lock, J. E. Lenholt...... 734,579 Flher from leaves. machine t c ing. e ra S Screw Cutting Obstetrical Instrument, H. Mendenhall.. ••.•. 734,586 A. Parres • • . . • • . . • • • • • •for • • • • •x • • • • •t • • .. 734,936 t 011 burncr, �' . W. H. Jahn ...... 734,712 Fifth wheel. H. C. Swan ••••••••••••••••. 734,996 ar 011 burner, A. Davis ...... 735,014 Filter, Knight •••••.•••••••••••••••• 734,890 E. M. Ointment or pill slab, W.. Bower ...... 734,663 Dueber-Hampden Solid Filtering plates. etc.. apparatus . for . trans-. t Ordnance construction, J. Schinneller ••.••. 734,965 porting, V. Lapp ...... 734.898 La hes Ore concentrating tables, head motion for, Fire alarm mechanism. Long & Cofran . . .. 734,906 L. Searing ...... 734,75R Gold Watch Cases Fireproof casing. J. J. Plucker 734.603 to 734.605 Ore separator, C. �..,. Wheelock ...... 734,641 are not only handsomer and more Fireproof casing for elevator shafts,.. J. J. Oven and dust collector, combined hot blast, duro Plucker ...... 734,598 to 734, 602 able, but than any . H. W. Edwards ...... 734,523 stronger and better Fish line reel, E. D. Rockwell. .••••.••..• 734,959 Overseaming machine, W. H. Stedman .... 734,987 alloy or combination of metals can Fish pole, C. Hoglund ...... 734,870 Package, shipping, W. H. H. Stineman .... 734,994 be. Fishing reel brake mechanism, Shakespeare Packing case, J. N. Hahn ....•...... 734,856 & Marhoff ...... 734.970 to 734,972 Packing mechanism, metallic, O. Isherwood 734,559 Fishing rod trimming, J. B. Hall ...... 734,544 4@3=t8i. Paper feeding machine, E. T. Cleathero .... 734,670 These are Flash light gas burner. Ward & Taylor ... 735,002 Pap(·r, machine for coating sun print, J. � Floor, armored concrete, R. M. McDowall . 734,593 A. Prince ...... 734,949 the Flour mIll gearing attachment, Jorgensen � Paper manufacture, W. W. McEwan ...... 734,928 & Palmer ...... 734,880 Paper polishing machine, L. W. Case ...... 734,666 Trade Marks Flue cleaner, R. S. C. M. Ruggles . .... 734,617 & . Parcel strap, B. Palm{�r...... 734,934 .. E. Fluid extracting press, W. C. Marshall .... 734,917 Paring knifl', M. MacLean ...... 734,909 Flushing device. drain pipe. J. H. Doyle .. 734,682 Partitions and ceilings, metallic framing Flushing drain pipes, means for, J. H. Doyle 734,520 for plastic, Walker Fitting ...... 734,781 can be ate lly number & 'ilCCUIlATE.ro-T/lE'SECONDr Fly paper holder, L. B. Truslow ...... 734,636 Yourand Be amountm lting byri athe usedec rofeased Bills in Pawl and ratchet device, H. W. Cooley ..... 734,822 FoldIng and creaSing device, H. R. Plimp- Pen and pencil retainer, pocket, R. Kollmar 734,573 f)aeh�;e" ton, 2d ...... 734,943 S Pen, foun tain, �..,. M. Kegrize ...... 734,563 Foot, arti c al, W. F. Mumberg ...... • 734,926 CHIEREN BELliNG. li Pen, fountain, D. L. Wardroper ...... •. • 735,004 FountaIn, G.l W. Hawes ...... 735,017 We have been making Beltin/

Tile forming machines, cutting and delivery 734,942 table for, O. C. Pixley ...... 734,916 Tire and rim, pneumatic, A. H. Marks .... 734,529 Tire, elastic vehicle, H. G. Iriske...... Tire, pneumatic, A. H. Marks ..734, 912 to 734,915 734,839 Tobacco box or caddy, A. J. Feild ...... 734,946 Toilet article handle, L. B. Prahar ....•.. 734,770 Tombstone, D. Stewart ...... 734,836 Tongue support, wagon, H. B. Edgar ...... 734,765 Tool, pneumatic, W. H. :soley.. . Toy, apple shooting, J. Blaisdell ...... 734,661 }". 734,681 Toy, roundabout, J. Dorsey ...... C. 734,608 Pistol Shot(flJJn, B Traction wheel, H. Porter, Jr ...... IF YOU SHOOT mAak RIFLE:s 1:l. 734,791 Eye or you'll ea n D R�!'J'�:r��g�:�J!DB;;tt.,� Transformer, J. L. Adams, Jr ...... u ' �;Jt�!�;Tl��.ra�� 734,945 Idealby Bendin� HanU/.-book three 2c. stamps for Marine Engine and Boiler Draftsmen and Copyist Ma- Transparent slide folding box, S. Prager .• "A," 126 e a i e ro l 734,018 the!!'REE. The pages Trees or plants, treating, R. R. Hite .....• latest Encyclopedia of b\� �%i�;i 1;p�fn��f�w1yl 'be ��:i; t�� 734,992 Arms, Powders, Shot and Bullets. 1��1�� Trimming machine, J. Stetter ...... •. Men Naval Service at any time within three years tbereafter, M. 0 SCIENTIFIC RIC . Address Maxwell ...... ••. 734,92 E will be held at tbe Navy Yards, New York, League Trolley catcb, G. 00.,tion.26 St., AMVEN, AN W.trough. IDEAL MFG. U NEW HA. OONN.. U.S.A. Island and Washington,11lO3. D. ., continuiD$( tbroup:h TroHgh. See Feed 27... 28 29, C 9.30 M. C. Vanderbilt, August and betwllenthe hours of A. Truck bolster, 4.00 r. 734,637, 734,638, 735,044 and M., each day.and The exammationsbe will be 597 identical at all the Yards, win practical in charac� Type casting machine pump, F. E. Peacock 735, desig 734,660 ter. Applications for perm ssion to be examined, Typewriter attachment, C. J. Bellamy . .... DIVIDEND i 734,526 nating also the Yard most convenientAugust for the applicant, Typewriter, electriC, G. H. Ennis ...... should be made previous to 2:?, 1903,to the Secre Typewriter shift key mechanism, Manning Navy, C., 734,727 tary of the Navy Department. Wa�hington, D...... & Kavle ;�;, $i.� p � t�� : sary forms and instructions. Typewriting machine attachment, C. �� & Ji� � .�ing . 734,937 O. W. Peck ... .., ...... 735,0:>3 Umbrella, W...... W. Climenson . . 734,833 � Underreamer, E. Double ••...... PROPOSALS. 735,039 Valve, J. O'Meara ...... •.. 735,831 Valve device, C. J. Diederich ...... Be .... t Valve for boilers, combined filling and blow ... Hens 734,675 oil', W. H. Davis ...... Squabs Pay This great, thick lather is 734,562 engine, W. H. .. �" of Valve gear, explosive EaSier, need attention only part Jones 734,"978 , big Valve mechanism, T. Simpson ....•...... • time brin prices. Raised in one like the richest cream in its 734,908 . I Valve, rotary, L;YOllS Brown ...... ! t ve & 734,885, 734,886 t ValVe, steam, T. J. Kiernan ...... Ta�BOOKL:rs, w�ET�� s:i:� fg;Uimmensely�)fjg softening, healing, refreshing Valve, steam cylinder drain, H. 'l'lch home industry.and learn this VVANTED W. Mc� 12,136 Only Combs, reissue ...... •...... Patent Office Draughtsmen. thoroughly expe 734,711 Plymouth Rock Squab Co . 14 Friend Boston, Mass. . effect. Try it. Vault. burial, E. W. Hoyt ...... rIenceddrs men need apply. Must show speCimens of 734,706,. 734,707 . St " gear, Hickok McCue .... . patent MUNNwings. W'illiama' Sha,,?ing Soap iB 801d in the form o/ 8having .tick", Vehicle & & 8havmg tableta, etc., throughout the ..... 734,786 to 734,788 HOW TO MAKE ELECTRICAL Co., SCie t WQ1'/d. Vehicle gear, �'. E. Wilcox n �� t;:::� ...... 734,552 �:�,��'york Vehicle, ice, 1. N. Henness AN 110 . CO., H. Rinehardt •• 734,612 Furnacefor Amateur's Use.-The utilization of volt THE J. B. WILLIAMS OIastonbury, Conn. ·Vehicle runner attachment, electric circuits for small furnace work. By N. Monroe LONDON ' PARIS BERLIN SYDNBY Vehicle wheel and bearing therefor, W. L. de MATCH MAINCH MATCHES.INER Y. . ·734,918 Hopkins. This valuable article is accompanied by BIG MONEY Martin ...... the 734,647 tailed working drawings on a large scaJe, and fur Vending machine, E. Wustner ...•.•....•..• We manufactureThe Very Latest everything Process. pertaininQ; to the busi.. nace can be mrtdeby any amateur who is versed in theFI £LECTRICAL ENGINEERING Vessel charging or discharging apparatus, S E ness. We will furnish ...... 734,974 useAMERICAN of tools. SU ThisPPL EMENTarticle is contained in H. Shoosmitb ...... CI10 NTI C a manager or teach any purchaser theBRO., business. . 734,534 MU N 0o., R1No. 1182. NewPrice cents. Vise, C. Frantz ...... •••••, ...•. & F. W. MURPHY & TAUGHT MAIL. 734,783 For sale by N � Broadway, York Oity, HIS III., U. S, A. Wagon, boy's, J. Weber ...... •..•.••.... or by any bookseller or newsdealer Ashland Block, Ohicago, BY Wagon for street cleaning or other purposes, Write for our Free Illustrated Book. 734,543 Andrew Carnegie. Thom .... s A. Edison pusb, O. E. Hadley ...... HAVE YOU INVENTIVE GENIUS 734,845 be- .. CAN I. BECOME AN ELEC Washing machine, Z. Gaillard ...•...... d s 734,811 and many other successful men dr P Water closet, non-freezing, B. A. Buge . . THEIf so IDEAtbere is CO.,a fortune ahead of ShelbyviUe.you. A esInd. We tt'achTRI Electrif:alCAL ENGINEERE gineering, ElectrIc?" Lightin�, .. 734,673 tz;an theio hy r . ';I Water wheei, turbine, · O. Crocker ..... �atI�i. � Electric RaIlways, MechanIcal Engineerlng, Steam Engi W. pe W ��fi scoop, J. S. Alexander...... 734, 653 1 $1.75 ;�� neerjng, Iechanical Drawing, at your home by mall. "\V eighing learn For we will . 734,510 �IDdorsed by Thos. Edison and others. Well machine, A. Cameron .....•...... send you a complete Institute A. 734.820 D. Welt support. G. D. Olapp ...... N. outtlt with ELE TRI AL ENGINEER INSTI'l'UTE, . 734,588 D'pt.C C St. New York. Whpel, Miller ...... bookby of instructions, A, \V. C. . 734,009 240.242 2Sd "'heel, H. H. Porter, Jr ...... express (not pre : ...... 734,731 paid). Send for cata 'No other section affords such chance Wheel, O. Miller ...... log of electriC appa- fot' "Theel attachment, traction, .• 734,803 supph£;s smdy, practice and big wages as this. Pow- L. Blumstein ratus, and FOR SAL E Whimetree W. R. Ayer ...... 734.798 I av sells LEARNer from Niagara working all �)Ver cliP. ; .. 734,494 BUNNELL Co, novelties. h e a specialt;rbIgcovering Justa tleld by itself tbat Windmill attacbment, O. S. Aitken . . . . J. H. & Ille., 20 $10.00 western New SessIOns . Park Place, New York. for with a protlt. starting to market it. means for . glazing, A. Diat, dit 'I ell.llsged in Yark. Windows, Am fullyl iron manufacturing business and either afternoon or evening permit wageELECTRICITY earning. Address 734,829 unab e t '! give • . Diaz ...... t s the attention It deserves A rare . 734,774 S bi Erie Co. BankBldg. Wine press, J. Szafka ...•...... •. DEVELOPED M ODEL I opportunity for the pro�erL. concern.Box Canton, OhIO 734,939 _ Cataract Electrical School, Buffalo. N. Y. Wine press, L. Perotti. ....•...... ••...•. Made. Dies, Metal, Stamp- ' 467. Wire clamp, D. Lockbart .•...... 734,580 734,797 inll", Electric Plating. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Wire winding machine, P. V. Austin ...... Wood impregnating or staining apparatus, StatnI 0 Eping A STool Co., La Crosse, 735,019 is a money-making profession. '\\t�e teach you by J. Pfister ...... &, Electrieal Enaineer, Wis. � � � mail to become an Wort, producing, V. Lapp ...... 734,899 Elt'e.tldcian, lUu8trator,Ad-Writer, Wrench, J. Horlacher ...... •...... 734,872 C JournDli8t, Proofreader, Book SP�ClAL.L .D RAWN n \ keeper. Stenographer. Writing machine type bar, tool for apply- y ��'f�� si'fe'i,�lb�fe CO. ing type to, E. F. Kunath ...... 734,719 t c Jg �1t JI!m:� �!��rn:::.inlj.sEr:VIY1iI;" Write for our Free Illust-rated Book, "Stru...... MFG. . 899 Clinton Street, Milwaukee Wis. gle8 With the World," and mention the . fli�.j1�·ii�iid� t'h�� §� -R�:ll�r�a.:e �'W�;: i-u,r..�: I CE CCUl"S': w hleh interests you M M Are n ��gki Model or Experimental CORRESPONDENCE INSTITUTE of AMERICA DESIGNS. ODEL AND EXPERI ENTAL WORK. �� l �� t��m�'ii Box Scranton. WHAT WE DO-HOW WE IT 689. Po. Electrical and Mechanical lnstruments. 8mail Maeh'y. ' Book and paper cutter, O. Cohen ••••••••.••. EDWARD KLEINSCHMIDT, 82 W. !lroadway, New York. will be sent to you on request. DO Dish, covered, A. J...... •.••.••.. W S Meakin w : Inc., Hammock body, I. E. Palm.er. ..., ....•.•..•. C C :!�f: Handle for nail files, etc. , P. O. Dickinson .• KNI Kl.��P2 �::n�. 't�!:�NJ., A Handy Book Handle for nail files, etc., O. Leigh .•.•••. Plate, A. J. Meakin ...... To H�ve Watch charm or similar article, J. A. Highest grade • .. . • . • ...... 36,462 of every description. of .ex.. Montgomery & Co.'s Tool Catalogue Browue • • • ... . • . . . ICE YACHT BUILDlNG.-COMPLETE perimental �rk. Gated work a specialty. THE C. E. WENZEL CO .• Market St .• Newark, N. J. de 313 It Is illustrated throughout and details for the construction ofSU IcePPLEMENT Yachts with many 704 TRADE illustrations, areand contained in Nos. 8241. Model Machinery and Experimental Work. scribes and prices Tools. pagewiths. 6�x Each numbergives plans or 4J.O ins. The latest edition, dis MARKS. a115 different4, 119boat 7 . Price1253. 10 W. H. ORAWFOR[), lUi Broadway, New York City. count sheet hy mail for 25 cents. 00 40,838 and all cents each. For sale by Munn tUbes, Worth, Baily & ...... & Co. by newsdealers. MONTGOMERY & Boller Fulton St., New YorkCO., ity Boots and shoes, leather, P. Minor & . Son ...... W...... 40,815 & EXPERIMENTAL WORK. 10.5 C .40,825, 40, 826 MODELS Inventions developed. Special Machinery. Cigars, F. E. Fonseca ...... WORKS E. V. BAILLARD, Fox Bldg .. Franklin Square, New York. Cigars, plaster for repairing, A. Ii auffmann 'ELSJ:- CHi'mCAGE. MAOD/SOW MODELST CH/C MOD WRITr AGO IL L "OR CAl �t aGUE or 40,827 £STABL�SHiiD /86J MIJO£L SUPP'L lES & Oie ...... 40,830 A t ct ral, SCientific lUI LACKAWANNA Coffee, T. C. Ehvards...... C �IWe�hnY�I :Jg��s� n One, Two, Three, �'onr Cylinder Motors Oough tablets and drops. Nichols ...... 40, 819 :� W. 1. Prospectus for 1903 for"Architects' and to P Crayons, ppncils, ·and marking substances, E $ a 4 H. 00 ...... 40,814 OU�b�k�!"RJ.:r!�O� Builders' Magazine," monthly 2 year. AUTOMOBILE16 MARINE Binney & Smith ' n. WM. T. COMSTOCK, Pub., 23 Warren St .. New York. & 40,832 tains valuable suggestions on this BubJect. It F R E Eggs, Ohillicothe Packing Oompany...... is A Bsking better Two-Cycle Motor that meets the Fans and blowers, C. Davidson ...... 40,840 the and you had�u�§ send� to. S. most exacting requirements. 40,831 ft�:.��;� A Figs, Protopazzi Bros ...... CHICACO SHOE STORE SUPPLY O n every day, long distance motor. Games, card, Pit Publishing Co ...... 40,812 C . Ino. Manufacturers should investigate. 1154 Filth Ave. Chicago, LACKAWANNA MOTOR COMPANY Metal, glass, and woodwork, cleaning and 1453 polishing composition fQr, K. Brig- O BUFFAJ,O, M. 40,822 Niagara St , N. Y. stocke ...... Metals, white paste for polishing, Societe Generale des Cirages Francais ...... 40,821 Milk, cream, and buttermilk, Hazelwood Co. 40,829 The MEDART Overalls and pants, John S. Brittain Dry Goods 00...... 40,813 • BOAT BUILDING Packing and gaskets, sheet rubber, Republic 40 ,816 Rubber 00...... MATERIALS Paint, Day·Galpin Mfg. 00 ...... 40,824 bring boat construction within the Razors and razor blades, safety, J. Reichard . 40,836 range of amateurs, at a smq.!lcost. Remedy for disorders of the spine and nerves 40,820 Yachts, Launches, Row Boats. and general disabilities. F. W. Gregg . . . Send stamp for catalog. Shovels, spades, and scoops, Supplee Hard- 40,835 FRED MEDART, 3545 DeKalb St., St. Louis, M . ware Co...... PATENT you an exclusive right to your o Steel, tool. Crucible Steel 00. of America . . . 40.841 GIVES 40,837 Stoves and ranges, Anchor Stove & Range Co. 40,828 invention for a term of seventeen years. You can Tobacco, chewing, Bendixen Tobacco Co .... A Toilet preparation, certain named, O. F. Woodward ...... 40,818 sell, lease, mortgage it, assign portions of it, and Typewriter and stamping ribbons, Indeliba 40,817 Manufacturing Company ...... � ...... grant licenses to manufacture under it. Our Patent Typewriting machines, & Bros. " CUSHMAN" L. O. Smith 40,834 Typewriter Oompany ...... 40,823 system is responsible for much of our industrial progress CH UCKS Washing compounds, J. Pyle & Sons...... All styles and sizes. Washing macbines, Benbow-Brammer Manu- ' facturing Company ...... 40,833 and our success in competing in the markets of the world. Send for Catalogue. . Watches, C. F. york ...... 40,811 . 40,839 Water supply tanks, Staples Valve. 00 ...... The value of a successful Patent is in no degree commen THE CUSHMAN CHUCK CO ..

189 Allyn St . Hartford, Conn. surate with the almost nominal cost of obtaining it. In LABELS . order to obtain a Patent it is necessary to employ a Patent Pure Extract Vanilla," for THE OBER' LATHES "Baker's ex .. 10,203 tract vanilla, Baker Extract Co ...... Attorney to prepare the specifications and draw the claims. For Turning Axe, Adze, Pick, "Circle 'A' Brand," for ginger ale, Artesian Auger, 00 10.202 Sledge, Hatcbet, Hammer, Manufacturing & Bottling ...... ji'ile, Knife and Chisel Handles, "Clark's Absorbent Odor]pss Drf'ss Shield," This is a special branch of the legal profession which can Whiffletrees, Yokes, Spokes, Porch for dress shields, J. H. Olark ...... 10,201 Spindles, Stair Baiusters Table "Dr. James English C-')ling Powders, " for only be conducted successfully by experts. For nearly - and Chair Legs and otber irr�gnlar powdf'rs. Dr ..Tamf's ..JJnglish Cooling Pow- 00 :...... 10,205 . work.

A printed copy of the specificatIon and tlrawing of any patent in the forpgoing list, or any patent 1863, Book A Light in print issued since will be furnished from NeFor wutomoblle (vin 1and rudeand Ma rine.cylinders. Mo torweights 10 Hand on Patents, Trade Marks, Etc., Sent Free on Application. for power. 2 masy to t.his officf> for ('('nte, provided tt(:: name an·] reverse ·llnmber · of the patent dpsired and the date be ta,rystart. Three speedgear. and plane 361 tl'ansmis�ion Write for circu �iven. Address l\lunn & Co., Broadway, New lars and prices. YorI\:o may now be obtained by the In· •• MOTOR CA� POWER Canadian patents MUNN ®. CO Solicitors of Patents. ventors for any of the inventions nalliPd in the forp Main Office, LQUIPMENT CO.,J�ake and Ferry gning and further Branch Omce. �t8., list. For terms particulars 625 F Street, Washington. MILWAUKEE, WIS. address Munn " Co., 361 Broadway, New York. D. C. 361 BROADWAY. NEW YORK.

COLD GALVAN IZING. AMERICAN PROCESS NO ROYALTIES" SAMPLES ANDIN FORMATION ON APPLICATION

' NICKEAND L Electro·Plating

Apparatus TH,and Materill, , Hanson & Van Winkle co., . Ne" -al'li.St s. J .. 136 Liberty .• N. Y. TIME 80 & 82 s. Canal st. Touring Car : Ch1C8ll0. ' h s one-third greater horse power than thetiftle. 1902 model, The which n m was - theA greatest automobile success u that prese t el is the world·s a m s:: e entod e f o e ! it o:�:�:o::�as�:.p rc ag : �� ; l � ;� ��tt�� - on , THE WltiTON MOJOR CARRIAGE C e e l ,time Sails a tight wire j goes about automatIcally at Cp., l v a:nd, O. each end; ket!ps in motio as long as the wind blows. The Latest nScientific Toy. n ELGIN watches Faseinatillg' to old a d oung. Beautifully -made. SOlngle, $1. t;0y f. o. Pair, tor rBeing� b., N.prep�14- Y.; .' '.8.00, . the,· 'worlds Send for descriptivld booklet free. FRAN O EL SHO KLIN M D W •.311' ) S.t:reet, P;CITY:. tim.ek.eepers 128 . NEW YO�K Every Watch is fully All jew- k��;,V::�E�fl::S::: &�8�cir�guamn�r:::ieer��¥�d. Ti= tree upon requeot to · " . ELGIN· NATIO,N AL WATCH ' Co ••-·£t.cH ... . 'LL. t:RAMEB Crown· Plates are more rapid than any other plate in i"rh�nt · Buckboard the market

. . . . With this - . ED . ' ISON plate clear . Outfits -Battery. . Fan, . , . . , quick printing WITH Negatives Edison 'Primary Cells 'can be efficient battery fan secured Are th� OiIly outfits on Inv.aluable for the, sick r om, the market. O "> March10, 1903 rooms, small 'offices.. Rid hot weather Light Touring_ Car Set l'atented inside . , These •. ee iles discomforts .everywhere. plates Lis.t Price, 4 H, P Sp d 30 M per Hour of its are $375. 00 Write for Catalogue No. especially Set consists of Rmining Gear,Wheels and l.' lreo, Motor, The Cheapest Automobile in the World o 42 Carburettor, Mumer, Starting <:rank, Water Tank, Gaso· Write for. Catal gue adapted CO., Walthe..m, f01 line Tank, Transmission Gear. Chain. and Steering Tourists. Our Blue Prints show WAL TRAM MFG. Mass. · Gear. all completely assembled. EDISON MFG. CO. how to attach body, piping. wiring. etc. Write for cata . using . NEW YORK OFFICE a logue and net price list. ... ��. ,Che..lnbers Street H nd HOLLEY MOTOR CO. FACTORY CHICAGO OFFICE Cameras· Holley Ave. Bradford, Pa. . Orange, N: J: ,U� S. A • Wa"ash Avenue 16· . ., 304 . MI(ROS(OPfS NOISELES!:! G. CRAMER DRY PLATE CO. for ever pur ase. Olil" instruments ARMATURE WINDING, Left Handed.-An Important RIGHT AND LOVIS. are foun in a the best laboratories paper for all amateurs. 17 s r S C . Offices ST. MO. · of tbe country.a Y! Catalog free. in • u � : � �rt e wall newsdealers.� y � : \��r�t)end for? catalo;:to�!!\ ne.�O t; M��Pi��Td New York : t Street Becanvel furnish Pinio our New Processns 32 East 10 h. NoiselessWe Pinions In bevels as well Chicago : Ma:sonic Temple a Si ed S=8ci�, Prforoj scientifice,cti work. onSuperior inAppa accuracy and conve�ience.ratu s ,1211 y b J .1·· San F.randisco : Market Street �power. rite for�;; catalogue.;:q:i�:� ri\.�� W b 819 Bausch ®.'Roehe8tel',·Lo .... Optical Co., · THE NEW PROCESS RAWHIDE N. Y. CO. NBW B08TON Syracuse, N . Y. YORK CHICAGO t i 8 C Movingoo st o Picture : aDemf {)n��st ·t�rationt � TIRE .-'THE . . . �t:vinll;: picture��i1 � �it :::�to be shownr: in our little e:aP�: MeBICYCLE . e Tube Tires.REPAIRING - practica.. article ilIUS- ' ' ".. . .., . ".. . .. "'.. 'i' of, ��!:!�� A I . ,.B.6e: The Best 1'11 1nlf on Wheel!!. and tbe nSe of pnncture bands•. illustratIons. Con ';Gem�tui6i,ng ·M¥:t�R. ��9 . Is used� by more I't a on d u saI small and allreat saving • tained ·In SUPPLEMENT • . ·Price 10 cents. For �""peopleD.� than any ten other makes of Auto,:, 8 e rf I e . 11O� �Ql\l'� :i�: � jor ,fu!! parhcular8 ana booklet. newsdealers. . mobiles. and yet .its drivers have less trouble tban .occurs sale y bM nnll & Co. and all . l'I rite . with any one other make of macb lne. . AMERICAN MUTOSCOPE '" BIOGRAPH CO., .. I WONDER WHY '" 11 East 14th Street, New York.. Ask for a practical demonstration of ho wtbe OLDSMOBILE GAS ENGINE oes." Any of our selling agents will gladly show on., , · � l ° e and the •. Doctor's I dsmo bll , J g� l \�g::'�t:�:t :li� 01..��t0S MMOK. WORKS, - DETROIT, MICH, IfiNllEIS Factories : DETROIT and LANSING. LATEST TYPE. BEST .MAOE. Members of Association Licensed Automobile Manufacturers. the. - , , , . . For Marine, Automobile or Stationary Engines. Fully Guaranteed. Wrl� for Circular. AH ·varleties atIOwest pncee. Best RaUroad .. . T-rack and WlIjlon or Stock I;"Barcla y St .• NEW YORK The CarI181e .,&;Finch Co., · O�ANES Scale. made. CliftonAve.. Cincinnati. PORTABLE HOISessentialTS ANDsbops and factories Also 1000 useful artI les. including 8aies. i33 E. Ohio are in s C 124 a Salle St., . 'to'day. Made of tbe best materials Sewmg Machines, Bicyclept Too1s. etc. Save L CHICAG() Money. throujlample pair of CuII Holders and Advice to NICKEL s.ent m;lIl on recelJ>1; of ·(free) , Fully llr 20c. , PATTON PAINT O., Guaranteed St. , C •• s.�MERIC 12 ', Lake �1I"aukee, WI Box AN W!t!b�!'i : ConDo For sale by All JEWELERS nIustrated Booklet Just in- 1'0 ;000 Breech'Loaders Kn ox on request,showinf bUyers TheWa terless Send c. stamp for. catalogue :l! SIMPLICITY COLORED 2 " �:&�� ::s. , D. FOLSOM ARMS • - - -- New York RELIABILITY FANCY H. & CO. \ CONVE NIENCE DIALS Tbe success of our patent air cooling 8y�tem bas been thorough. RIVETT ly demonstrated in years of use. The New England )lany detail� impr9ved in 1003 car. Catalog'lle on application. Watch Co • p. 39 Maiden Lane KNOX AUTOMOBILE CO., 37 & ...., No u _tQ.da m u t r New York City • ll ·alIordp to do without it. E Main Office and Works, SPRINGFIELD...... -.. . 131-13 7 Wabash Av • �!!! MASS C ic rJ whetever'� exhibited. \fEW YORK M. Davis. 146 West 39tb St. h ago AGENCY :-H Claus Spreckel's Bdg • rrSend for Catalog.,Al AGENCY :-Reed-Underbill Co" H Stanhope St. HI· GH· EST· AWARD . BOSSAN ONFRANCISCO AGENCY :-Nat'l Automobile and MITs. Co. San Francisco T Hill, London AG1'NCIES Bros. Faneuil Watch Tool Company . PITTSBURGH :-Banker Co. BRIGHTON. POSTON . MASS., S. A. PHiJl:ICHICAno�� AGENCY��1t& :-A. C. Banker. Wabash Ave.. U. 456 COlnfort and service. cents and $1.00. "All brea-ks Inade good," Any50 shop or by Ina-il. PR.ESIDENT 'S USPENDERS C. A. EDGARTON MFG. CO., Box 222·0, Shirley, Mass.·