DOCSLIB.ORG

Gemmologythe Journal of 2014 / Volume 34 / No

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Gemmologythe Journal of 2014 / Volume 34 / No GemmologyThe Journal of 2014 / Volume 34 / No. 1 The Gemmological Association of Great Britain Contents GTheemmology Journal of 2014 / Volume 34 / No. 1 1 Editorial p. 57 COLUMNS 2 What’s New Studies of tourmaline magnetism, p. 50 HPHT-treated diamond and CVD synthetic diamond | Updated CIBJO Blue Books | Gem laboratory newsletters | New JVC Essential Guides |MIM Mineral Museum ARTICLES 6 Practical Gemmology Photomicrography using a Feature Articles smartphone camera 24 Galileo as Gemmologist: The First Attempt in Europe at Scientifically Testing Gemstones 8 Gem Notes Colourless cat’s-eye apatite | By A. Mottana Prismatic Ethiopian aqua- marine | Blue chrysocolla 32 Purple to Reddish Purple Chrysoberyl from Brazil By Karl Schmetzer, Jaroslav Hyršl, Heinz-Jürgen Bernhardt and chalcedony | Painite specimen Thomas Hainschwang discovery | Tanzanite as a stinkstone | Beaded cultured 42 Identification Characteristics of Natural and Imitation pearl misidentified as natural | Micro-focus X-radiography | Hornbill Ivory Quahog pearl | Parcel of melee- By Jie Liang, Haibo Li, Taijin Lu, Jun Zhang, Meidong Shen size yellow-brown diamonds and Jun Zhou containing synthetics | Visit to Gemmological Brief Mogok, Myanmar 50 Detection of Ruby Crystals in Marble Host Rock by 20 Learning Opportunities X-ray Computed Tomography Conferences, exhibits and other By Antonia Bouts educational events 55 Excursions Two trips to Mogok, Myanmar, in December 2013 69 From the Archives Some Unusual Structures in Pearls and Cultured Pearls By Robert Webster Cover Photo: Rough and cut gems 73 Conferences (spinel, ruby and IGE Congress and FEEG Symposium | AGA and NAJA Tucson moonstone) photo- conferences graphed at the home of a mine owner in Mogok, Myanmar. 78 Gem-A Notices Two field reports on Mogok appear in the 80 New Media Excursions section of this issue. Photo by Marco Lorenzoni. 84 Literature of Interest ISSN: 1355-4565 i GTheemmology Journal of Editor-in-Chief Production Editor Marketing Consultant Brendan M. Laurs Mary A. Burland Ya’akov Almor [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 21 Ely Place London EC1N 6TD Executive Editor Editor Emeritus Assistant Editor UK James H. Riley Roger R. Harding Michael J. O’Donoghue t: +44 (0)20 7404 3334 Associate Editors f: +44 (0)20 7404 8843 Edward. Boehm, RareSource, Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA; Alan T. Collins, King’s College London; e: [email protected] John L. Emmett, Crystal Chemistry, Brush Prairie, Washington, USA; Emmanuel Fritsch, University w: www.gem-a.com of Nantes, France; Rui Galopim de Carvalho, LABGEM, Lisbon, Portugal; Lee A. Groat, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Thomas Hainschwang, GGTL Gemlab– Registered Charity No. 1109555 Gemtechlab Laboratory, Balzers, Liechtenstein; Henry A. Hänni, GemExpert, Basel, Switzerland; Jeff Registered office: Palladium House, W. Harris, University of Glasgow; Alan D. Hart, The Natural History Museum, London; Ulrich 1–4 Argyll Street, London W1F 7LD Henn, German Gemmological Association, Idar-Oberstein; Jaroslav Hyršl, Prague, Czech Republic; Brian Jackson, National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh; Stefanos Karampelas, Gübelin Gem Lab Ltd., Lucerne, Switzerland; Lore Kiefert, Gübelin Gem Lab Ltd., Lucerne, Switzerland; Hiroshi Kitawaki, Central Gem Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan; Michael S. Krzemnicki, Swiss Gemmological President Institute SSEF, Basel; Shane F. McClure, Gemological Institute of America, Carlsbad, California, Harry Levy USA; Jack M. Ogden, Striptwist Ltd., London; Federico Pezzotta, Natural History Museum of Vice Presidents Milan, Italy; Jeffrey E. Post, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA; Andrew H. Rankin, David J. Callaghan, Alan T. Collins, Kingston University, Surrey; George R. Rossman, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA; Noel W. Deeks, E. Alan Jobbins, Karl Schmetzer, Petershausen, Germany; Dietmar Schwarz, AIGS Lab Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand; Michael J. O’Donoghue Menahem Sevdermish, GemeWizard Ltd., Ramat Gan, Israel; Guanghai Shi, China University of Geosciences, Beijing; James E. Shigley, Gemological Institute of America, Carlsbad, California, USA; Honorary Fellow Christopher P. Smith, American Gemological Laboratories Inc., New York; Evelyne Stern, London; Emmanuel Fritsch Elisabeth Strack, Gemmologisches Institut, Hamburg, Germany; Tay Thye Sun, Far East Gemological Laboratory, Singapore; Pornsawat Wathanakul, Gem and Jewelry Institute of Thailand, Bangkok; Honorary Diamond Member Chris M. Welbourn, Reading, Berkshire; Joanna Whalley, Victoria and Albert Museum, London; Martin Rapaport Bert Willems, Gilching, Germany; Bear Williams, Bear Essentials, Jefferson City, Missouri, USA; J.C. Honorary Life Members (Hanco) Zwaan, National Museum of Natural History ‘Naturalis’, Leiden, The Netherlands. Anthony J. Allnutt, Hermann Bank, Content Submission Terence M.J. Davidson, Peter R. The Editor-in-Chief is glad to consider calendar entries, announcements, news items, Dwyer-Hickey, Gwyn M. Green, conference/excursion reports and original articles shedding new light on subjects of Roger R. Harding, John S. Harris, gemmological interest for publication in The Journal of Gemmology. A guide to the preparation J. Alan W. Hodgkinson, John I. Koivula, of manuscripts is given at www.gem-a.com/publications/journal-of-gemmology.aspx, or C.M. (Mimi) Ou Yang, Evelyne Stern, contact the Production Editor. Ian Thomson, Vivian P. Watson, Colin H. Winter Subscriptions Gem-A members receive The Journal as part of their membership package, full details of which Chief Executive Officer are given at www.gem-a.com/membership.aspx. Laboratories, libraries, museums and similar James H. Riley institutions may become Direct Subscribers to The Journal (see www.gem-a.com/publications/ Council subscribe.aspx). Jason F. Williams – Chairman Advertising Mary A. Burland, Steven J.C. Collins, Enquiries about advertising in The Journal should be directed to the Marketing Consultant. Paul F. Greer, Nigel B. Israel, Jonathan For more information, see www.gem-a.com/publications/journal-of-gemmology/advert- Lambert, Andrew H. Rankin, Richard ising-in-the-journal.aspx. M. Slater, Miranda E.J. Wells, Stephen Whittaker Copyright and Reprint Permission Abstracting with credit to the source, photocopying isolated articles for noncommercial Branch Chairmen classroom use, and photocopying by libraries for private use of patrons, are permitted. Midlands – Georgina E. Kettle Requests to use images published in The Journal should be directed to the Editor-in-Chief. North East – Mark W. Houghton Give the complete reference citation and the page number for the image(s) in question, and South East – Veronica Wetten please state how and where the image would be used. South West – Richard M. Slater The Journal of Gemmology is published quarterly by Gem-A, The Gemmological Association of Great Britain. Any opinions expressed in The Journal are understood to be the views of the contributors and not necessarily of the publisher. Printed by DG3 (Europe) Ltd. ™ © 2014 The Gemmological Association of Great Britain Understanding Gems Cert no. TT-COC-002454 ISSN: 1355-4565 ii The Journal of Gemmology, 34(1), 2014 Editorial Exciting Changes for The Journal The Journal of Gemmology is the largest- reviewed. The Abstracts section has been circulated scholarly journal in gemmology. restructured into Literature of Interest, When first published in 1947, The Journal which features an extensive listing of was a black-and-white booklet measuring articles useful to gemmologists, with links 8¼ × 5½ inches with a grey cover. to the abstracts of those articles that are Occasional colour pages were introduced available online. in the 1970s. A full-colour cover was The foundation of The Journal will added and The Journal’s size increased to continue to be feature articles that have 9½ × 6¾ inches in 1986; it subsequently undergone rigorous peer review to ensure was expanded to A4 format in 2004. The they are of high quality, are understandable Journal was published quarterly (except to a wide audience and have practical value in 1987, when there were only three to gemmologists. Peer review of each issues) until 2005. From 2005 to 2008 article is done by at least three experts in The Journal was published biannually, and the field, mostly drawn from an expanded during 2009–2012 it appeared annually in list of 38 Associate Editors (see the hardcopy, with PDF files of articles posted masthead for their names). Three formats online as they were finalized. In 2013 two are envisioned: Feature Articles, Review issues were published…and starting with Articles and Gemmological Briefs. the current issue The Journal will return to I am also pleased to announce a quarterly format. that volume indexes are being created In this issue, you will notice a fresh for issues dating back to 2004, and a look and the addition of some new cumulative index from 1947 to 2013 is sections, including regular columns titled in preparation. In addition, we are in the Learning Opportunities, What’s New, process of scanning all back issues of The Gem Notes and From the Archives, Journal into PDFs, and in the future they as well as occasional sections called will be made freely available to Gem-A Practical Gemmology, Excursions and members (in addition to the 2008–2013 Conferences (which debuted last issue). issues currently online). Non-members Additional sections are planned for will eventually be able to instantly selected future issues: Appraiser’s Corner, purchase individual articles
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mineral Classifications-No Links
    CLASSIFYING MINERALS Minerals are divided into nine (9) broad classifications. They are typically classified based on the negatively charged (anionic) portion of their chemical composition. For example, copper oxide (CuO) consists of copper (Cu ++ ) and oxygen (O -- ) ions, and the negatively charged oxygen ion puts it in the “Oxide” classification (which also includes iron oxide, titanium dioxide, etc). The classifications are: Silicate class The largest group of minerals by far, the silicates are mostly composed of silicon and oxygen, combined with ions like aluminum, magnesium, iron, and calcium. Some important rock-forming silicates include the feldspars, quartz, olivines, pyroxenes, garnets, and micas. Carbonate class 2− The carbonate minerals contain the anion (CO 3) . They are deposited in marine settings from accumulated shells of marine life and also in evaporitic areas like the Great Salt Lake and karst regions where they form caves, stalactites and stalagmites. Typical carbonates include calcite and aragonite (both calcium carbonate), dolomite (magnesium/calcium carbonate) and siderite (iron carbonate). The carbonate class also includes the nitrate and borate minerals. Sulfate class 2− Sulfate minerals all contain the sulfate anion, SO 4 . Sulfates commonly form in evaporitic settings where highly saline waters slowly evaporate, in hydrothermal vein systems as gangue minerals and as secondary oxidation products of original sulfide minerals. Common sulfates include anhydrite (calcium sulfate), celestine (strontium sulfate), barite (barium sulfate), and gypsum (hydrated calcium sulfate). The sulfate class also includes the chromate, molybdate, selenate, sulfite, tellurate, and tungstate minerals. Halide class The halide minerals form the natural salts and include fluorite (calcium fluoride), halite (sodium chloride) and sylvite (potassium chloride).
    [Show full text]
  • Painite, Cazrblllro,Rl: Its Crystal Structure and Relation To
    American Mineralogist, Volume 61, pages 88-94, 1976 Painite, CaZrBlLlrO,rl: Its crystalstructure and relationto jeremejevite,Bu[[rAl6(OH)sO1r], and fluoborite, Br[Mgr(F, OH)rOr] Plur- BRre,uMooRE r.No TnreHnnu AnerI Department of the Geophysical Sciences, The Uniuersity of Chicago Chicago, Illinois 60637 Abstract Painite-CazrB[Al,O,s], hexagonalP6s, a :8.715(2), c : 8.472(2)A,Z : 2-possessesa rigid and dense [AlrO,r]'- octahedralframework, topologically identical to those found in jeremejevite, B'[IBAI6(OH)aO,,] and fluoborite, B,[Mg,(F,OH),O,]. R : 0.071 for l6l8 independent reflections. The octahedralframework is linked to [BOr]3 trianglesand [ZrOu]8-trigonal prismsatlf z and a largepipe at 0 0 z is cloggedwith compressed[CaO"]'0- octahedra. Average interatomic distancesareCa-O=2.398,2r-O:2.126,8-O:1.380,A1(l)-O: l.9l5,Al(2)-O: 1.918, and Al(3)-O : l.9l4A. The octahedral framework in painite, resistantto attack by acids and bases,suggests a highly refractoryphase and the possibilityof other equally resistantcompounds, hypothetical examplesbeing NaNbs+B[Alrors] and llUutB[Al"O,"]. ln the latter, thepipewould be lree from obstructions. Introduction Three-dimensionalsingle-crystal X-ray diffraction intensitiesabout the a2-rotation axis were collected Painite is a curious mineral species,first reported on a PnILnrn semi-automateddiffractometer with by Claringbull, Hey and Payne(1957) from the ruby graphite monochromatized MoKa, (tr : 0.70926A) minesof Mogok, Burma. It was found as a garnet-red radiation. With 2d-^* : 69.5", data were gathered 1.7 gram singlehexagonal crystal of hardness8. They through the k -- 0- to ll-levels.
    [Show full text]
  • Mineralogy and Origin of Coarse-Grained Segregations in the Pyrometallurgical Zn-Pb Slags from Katowice-Wełnowiec (Poland)
    Miner Petrol DOI 10.1007/s00710-016-0439-1 ORIGINAL PAPER Mineralogy and origin of coarse-grained segregations in the pyrometallurgical Zn-Pb slags from Katowice-Wełnowiec (Poland) R. Warchulski1 & A. Gawęda 1 & J. Janeczek1 & M. Kądziołka-Gaweł2 Received: 20 December 2015 /Accepted: 9 March 2016 # The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The unique among pyrometallurgical slags, coarse- Introduction grained (up to 2.5 cm) segregations (up to 40 cm long) rimmed by Baplitic^ border zones occur within holocrystalline histor- Pyrometallurgical slags from base-metal smelting have recent- ical Zn-smelting slag in Katowice, S Poland. Slag surrounding ly been studied extensively mainly with the purpose of the segregations consists of olivine, spinel series, melilite, assessing their environmental impact for many of them con- clinopyroxene, leucite, nepheline and sulphides. Ca-oliv- tain elevated concentrations of potentially toxic metals, in- ines, kalsilite and mica compositionally similar to cluding As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn (e.g. Ettler et al. 2001; oxykinoshitalite occur in border zones in addition to Puziewicz et al. 2007; Álvarez-Valero et al. 2009,Piatakand olivine, spinel series and melilite. Miarolitic and mas- Seal 2010; Vítková et al. 2010;Kierczaketal.2010;Ettlerand sive pegmatite-like segregations are built of subhedral Johan 2014). Those metals may be partitioned among phases crystals of melilite, leucite, spinel series, clinopyroxene with different leaching potential during weathering. and hematite. Melilite, clinopyroxenes and spinels in the Therefore, the detailed knowledge of phase composition of segregationsareenrichedinZnrelativelytooriginal slags is prerequisite for understanding their leaching behav- slag and to fine-grained border zones.
    [Show full text]
  • Thomas, R., Rericha, A., Pohl, WL, Davidson, P
    Originally published as: Thomas, R., Rericha, A., Pohl, W. L., Davidson, P. (2018): Genetic significance of the 867 cm−1 out-of- plane Raman mode in graphite associated with V-bearing green grossular. - Mineralogy and Petrology, 112, 5, pp. 633—645. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-018-0563-1 1 Genetic significance of the 867 cm-1 out-of-plane Raman mode in graphite associated with V-bearing green grossular Rainer Thomasa Adolf Rerichab Walter L. Pohlc Paul Davidsond Paul Davidson [email protected] 0000-0002-6129-0748 a Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam, German Research Centre for Geoscience – GFZ, Section 4.3. Chemistry and Physics of Earth Materials, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany b Alemannenstr. 4a, D-14612 Falkensee, Germany c Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Ignaz Seipel-Platz 2, 1010 Vienna, Austria d ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia Keywords: Tsavorite Green V-grossular Graphite Raman scattering Fluid and melt inclusions Sulfur 2 Abstract SE Kenya is the world’s largest producer of green vanadium grossular gemstones (tsavorite). Samples from one of the mines near Mwatate, and of occurrences in Tanzania yielded remarkable new insights into the genesis of tsavorite. Graphite is intimately associated with V-grossular and is one of the keys to understanding its origin. In the course of this study we found five different types of graphite. Surprisingly, in one graphite type the “Raman- forbidden” and IR-active 867 cm-1 band was observed. In this communication, we attempt to find an explanation for this unusual phenomenon.
    [Show full text]
  • Magyar Könyvszemle 97. Évf. 1981. 3. Szám
    BARLAY, Ö. SZABOLCS Thomas Seget's (from Edinborough) Middle European connections in reflection of Cod. Vat. Lat. 9385 Thomas Seget from Edinborough is worthto be discussed by the special litera- ture because of several reasons. He was travelling not only in England but in Netherlands, Germany, visited the Bohemian and Polish intellectual centers, and supposed to travel through Hungary too. There were hundreds of human- ists like he was, but few of them kept their relations so consciously to the con- temporary intellectual leaders as the Scot Seget. This is proved not only by his correspondence, but also by the Album Amicorum (Codice Vat. Lat. 9385) which will be analysed here. Because he was travelling thoroughly Europe, his activity is studied by the Dutch renaissance researchers as well as the Italian, Germán, Czechoslovakian, Polish ones too. But the research work (which is various and refers to several language areas) needs to summarize — with the help of the available data— those results, which are to make clear Seget's life-work and its numerous question-marks. The reason, what makes it necessary, is:that—up to now—he was studied by the researchers only in connection with one special subject. E.g. Antonio Favaro (connected to Galileo Galilei), Florio Banfi (because of Marino Ghetaldi), Otakar Odlozilik (because of his friendship to the Polish Szymon Szymonowicz). The studies of the above-mentioned researchers are indispensable, because they reveal — in spite of their special respects — a number of informations about the most différent periods of Seget's life.1 We are going to study especially the Album Amicorum — which would deserve a fascimile édition — because of its hidden values.
    [Show full text]
  • L the Charlatans UK the Charlatans UK Vs. the Chemical Brothers
    These titles will be released on the dates stated below at physical record stores in the US. The RSD website does NOT sell them. Key: E = Exclusive Release L = Limited Run / Regional Focus Release F = RSD First Release THESE RELEASES WILL BE AVAILABLE AUGUST 29TH ARTIST TITLE LABEL FORMAT QTY Sounds Like A Melody (Grant & Kelly E Alphaville Rhino Atlantic 12" Vinyl 3500 Remix by Blank & Jones x Gold & Lloyd) F America Heritage II: Demos Omnivore RecordingsLP 1700 E And Also The Trees And Also The Trees Terror Vision Records2 x LP 2000 E Archers of Loaf "Raleigh Days"/"Street Fighting Man" Merge Records 7" Vinyl 1200 L August Burns Red Bones Fearless 7" Vinyl 1000 F Buju Banton Trust & Steppa Roc Nation 10" Vinyl 2500 E Bastille All This Bad Blood Capitol 2 x LP 1500 E Black Keys Let's Rock (45 RPM Edition) Nonesuch 2 x LP 5000 They's A Person Of The World (featuring L Black Lips Fire Records 7" Vinyl 750 Kesha) F Black Crowes Lions eOne Music 2 x LP 3000 F Tommy Bolin Tommy Bolin Lives! Friday Music EP 1000 F Bone Thugs-N-Harmony Creepin' On Ah Come Up Ruthless RecordsLP 3000 E David Bowie ChangesNowBowie Parlophone LP E David Bowie ChangesNowBowie Parlophone CD E David Bowie I’m Only Dancing (The Soul Tour 74) Parlophone 2 x LP E David Bowie I’m Only Dancing (The Soul Tour 74) Parlophone CD E Marion Brown Porto Novo ORG Music LP 1500 F Nicole Bus Live in NYC Roc Nation LP 2500 E Canned Heat/John Lee Hooker Hooker 'N Heat Culture Factory2 x LP 2000 F Ron Carter Foursight: Stockholm IN+OUT Records2 x LP 650 F Ted Cassidy The Lurch Jackpot Records7" Vinyl 1000 The Charlatans UK vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina by W
    .'.' .., Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina By W. F. Wilson and B. J. McKenzie RUTILE GUMMITE IN GARNET RUBY CORUNDUM GOLD TORBERNITE GARNET IN MICA ANATASE RUTILE AJTUNITE AND TORBERNITE THULITE AND PYRITE MONAZITE EMERALD CUPRITE SMOKY QUARTZ ZIRCON TORBERNITE ~/ UBRAR'l USE ONLV ,~O NOT REMOVE. fROM LIBRARY N. C. GEOLOGICAL SUHVEY Information Circular 24 Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina By W. F. Wilson and B. J. McKenzie Raleigh 1978 Second Printing 1980. Additional copies of this publication may be obtained from: North CarOlina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development Geological Survey Section P. O. Box 27687 ~ Raleigh. N. C. 27611 1823 --~- GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SECTION The Geological Survey Section shall, by law"...make such exami­ nation, survey, and mapping of the geology, mineralogy, and topo­ graphy of the state, including their industrial and economic utilization as it may consider necessary." In carrying out its duties under this law, the section promotes the wise conservation and use of mineral resources by industry, commerce, agriculture, and other governmental agencies for the general welfare of the citizens of North Carolina. The Section conducts a number of basic and applied research projects in environmental resource planning, mineral resource explora­ tion, mineral statistics, and systematic geologic mapping. Services constitute a major portion ofthe Sections's activities and include identi­ fying rock and mineral samples submitted by the citizens of the state and providing consulting services and specially prepared reports to other agencies that require geological information. The Geological Survey Section publishes results of research in a series of Bulletins, Economic Papers, Information Circulars, Educa­ tional Series, Geologic Maps, and Special Publications.
    [Show full text]
  • Formation of Chrysocolla and Secondary Copper Phosphates in the Highly Weathered Supergene Zones of Some Australian Deposits
    Records of the Australian Museum (2001) Vol. 53: 49–56. ISSN 0067-1975 Formation of Chrysocolla and Secondary Copper Phosphates in the Highly Weathered Supergene Zones of Some Australian Deposits MARTIN J. CRANE, JAMES L. SHARPE AND PETER A. WILLIAMS School of Science, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South DC NSW 1797, Australia [email protected] (corresponding author) ABSTRACT. Intense weathering of copper orebodies in New South Wales and Queensland, Australia has produced an unusual suite of secondary copper minerals comprising chrysocolla, azurite, malachite and the phosphates libethenite and pseudomalachite. The phosphates persist in outcrop and show a marked zoning with libethenite confined to near-surface areas. Abundant chrysocolla is also found in these environments, but never replaces the two secondary phosphates or azurite. This leads to unusual assemblages of secondary copper minerals, that can, however, be explained by equilibrium models. Data from the literature are used to develop a comprehensive geochemical model that describes for the first time the origin and geochemical setting of this style of economically important mineralization. CRANE, MARTIN J., JAMES L. SHARPE & PETER A. WILLIAMS, 2001. Formation of chrysocolla and secondary copper phosphates in the highly weathered supergene zones of some Australian deposits. Records of the Australian Museum 53(1): 49–56. Recent exploitation of oxide copper resources in Australia these deposits are characterized by an abundance of the has enabled us to examine supergene mineral distributions secondary copper phosphates libethenite and pseudo- in several orebodies that have been subjected to intense malachite associated with smaller amounts of cornetite and weathering.
    [Show full text]
  • SSEF FACETTE No. 12 SWISS GEMMOLOGICAL INSTITUTE SCHWEIZERISCHES GEMMOLOGISCHES INSTITUT INSTITUT SUISSE DE GEMMOLOGIE
    SSEF FACETTE No. 12 SWISS GEMMOLOGICAL INSTITUTE SCHWEIZERISCHES GEMMOLOGISCHES INSTITUT INSTITUT SUISSE DE GEMMOLOGIE International Issue No. 12, January 2005 Reproduction allowed with reference to the Swiss Gemmological Institute SSEF In this Issue: - Diamonds are forever - New Diamond Courses 2005 - Coral en Vogue - LIBS in Gemmology - Lead glass in Ruby - New: Launching of SSEF Alumni - News from CIBJO and LMHC - GemmoBasel 2005 SSEF Facette No. 12, © 2005 Editorial Dear Reader The year 2004 was again packed with many inter- pearl research in China, instrumental development esting challenges for the SSEF laboratory but also in Florida, diamond conference in England, SSEF for the trade. We are lucky that business for the is always on the edge. And you may profit from SSEF was much better than predicted under tight this: SSEF is proud to have found a new analyti- general conditions. The high performance and the cal solution for the detection of beryllium diffusion degree of integrity of the SSEF is appreciated by a treated sapphires, which caused so much concern number of well-known international companies. We and “headache” to the international gem trade. The notice with pleasure that our origin determinations SSEF is the first laboratory offering an inexpensive and treatment identifications form an important part and reliable Be detection service. of our activity and strongly influence the price of a gem. Reliable SSEF We are glad to offer you the SSEF Facette in a new Test Reports for pearls and colourful look. We are continuing to produce guarantee the trade with this newsletter in three languages: German, French sometimes extremely and English.
    [Show full text]
  • Gem Wealth of Tanzania GEMS & GEMOLOGY Summer 1992 Fipe 1
    By Dona M.Dirlarn, Elise B. Misiorowski, Rosemaiy Tozer, Karen B. Stark, and Allen M.Bassett The East African nation of Tanzania has he United Republic of Tanzania, the largest of the East great gem wealth. First known by Western- 1African countries, is composed of mainland Tanzania and ers for its diamonds, Tanzania emerged in the island of Zanzibar. 1t is regarded by many as the birthplace the 1960s as a producer of a great variety of of the earliest ancestors of Homo sapiens. To the gem indus- other gems such as tanzanite, ruby, fancy- try, however, Tanzania is one of the most promising fron- colored sapphire, garnet, and tourmaline; to date, more than 50 gem species and vari- tiers, with 50 gem species and varieties identified, to date, eties have been produced. As the 1990s from more than 200 occurrences. begin, De Beers has reinstated diamond "Modem" mining started in the gold fields of Tanzania in exploration in Tanzania, new gem materials the late 1890s (Ngunangwa, 19821, but modem diamond min- such as transparent green zoisite have ing did not start until 1925, and nearly all mining of colored appeared on the market, and there is stones has taken place since 1950. Even so, only a few of the increasing interest in Tanzania's lesser- gem materials identified have been exploited to any significant known gems such as scapolite, spinel, and extent: diamond, ruby, sapphire, purplish blue zoisite (tan- zircon. This overview describes the main zanite; figure l),and green grossular [tsavorite)and other gar- gems and gem resources of Tanzania, and nets.
    [Show full text]
  • Plan De Compensación Global Definición De Volúmenes Volume Definitions
    Plan de compensación Global www.globalimpacteam.com Definición de Volúmenes www.globalimpacteam.com Volume Definitions ▪ Qualifying Volume - QV ▪ Used to qualify for Ranks ▪ Commissionable Volume - CV ▪ The volume on which commissions are paid ▪ Starter Pack Volume - SV ▪ Volume on enrollment (Starter packs) for Team Bonus calculations ▪ Kyäni Volume – KV ▪ Volume used in calculating Kyäni Care Loyalty Bonus Genealogy Trees Paygate Team Bonus Fast Start Sponsor Bonus Fast Track Generation Matching Car Program Rank Bonus Ranks - Placement Tree, QV Personal Volume Group Volume Volume Outside Volume Outside KYÄNI RANK (QV) (QV) Largest Leg Largest Two Legs Qualified 100 Distributor Garnet 100 300 100 Jade 100 2000 800 Pearl 100 5,000 2,000 Sapphire 100 10,000 4,000 500 Ruby 100 25,000 10,000 1,250 Emerald 100 50,000 20,000 2,500 Diamond 100 100,000 40,000 5,000 Blue Diamond 100 250,000 100,000 12,500 Green Diamond 100 500,000 200,000 25,000 Purple Diamond 100 1,000,000 400,000 50,000 Red Diamond 100 2,000,000 800,000 100,000 Double Red 100 4,000,000 1,600,000 200,000 Diamond Black Diamond 100 10,000,000 4,000,000 500,000 Double Black 100 25,000,000 10,000,000 1,250,000 Diamond Team Bonus Level Payout Paid Level 6 (5% of SV) Team Bonus (Requires Sapphire Rank) Rank Required % of SV Level Distributor/ Paid Level 5 (5% of SV) Level 1 Qualified 25% (Requires Pearl Rank) Distributor Level 2 Garnet 10% Paid Level 4 (5% of SV) (Requires Jade Rank) Level 3 Jade 5% Level 4 Jade 5% Level 5 Pearl 5% Paid Level 3 (5% of SV) (Requires Jade Rank) Sapphire
    [Show full text]
  • Crystal Chemistry
    Crystal chemistry About a girl’s best friend - diamonds Diamonds, a crystalline form of the chemical element carbon, are the most romantic of crystals, given as symbols of love and permanence. They were first discovered around 800 BC in riverbeds in India. One of the world’s richest source of diamonds is South Africa, where they are mined from rock called ‘Kimberlite pipe’, named after the town Kimberley. Other countries rich in diamonds are Australia, Botswana, Zaire and the former Soviet Union. Diamonds formed in volcanic magma about 170 miles below the Earth’s surface, solidifying as the magma moved upwards and cooled. This took a long time! Diamond The Cullinan diamond, with a mass of 621.2 g, was the largest diamond ever found, mined in 1895. This was a bit big for one engagement ring, so it was decided to cut the diamond into smaller pieces. The diamond cutter spent months deciding how to go about the task, and apparently fainted with shock after first splitting the stone in two. He recovered, and finally nine large and 96 smaller diamonds were produced. The most famous large diamond, called ‘Cullinan I’ or the ‘Star of Africa’ is in the Royal Sceptre and can be seen on a visit to the Crown Jewels in the Tower of London. The Cullinan 1 Crown © / The Royal Collection © 2004, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. Diamond is the hardest known substance, so can only be cut with a diamond-edged saw! Diamond mass is measured in ‘carats’. One carat is equal to 0.2 g.
    [Show full text]