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GemmologyThe Journal of 2014 / Volume 34 / No. 1 The Gemmological Association of Great Britain Contents GTheemmology Journal of 2014 / Volume 34 / No. 1 1 Editorial p. 57 COLUMNS 2 What’s New Studies of tourmaline magnetism, p. 50 HPHT-treated diamond and CVD synthetic diamond | Updated CIBJO Blue Books | Gem laboratory newsletters | New JVC Essential Guides |MIM Mineral Museum ARTICLES 6 Practical Gemmology Photomicrography using a Feature Articles smartphone camera 24 Galileo as Gemmologist: The First Attempt in Europe at Scientifically Testing Gemstones 8 Gem Notes Colourless cat’s-eye apatite | By A. Mottana Prismatic Ethiopian aqua- marine | Blue chrysocolla 32 Purple to Reddish Purple Chrysoberyl from Brazil By Karl Schmetzer, Jaroslav Hyršl, Heinz-Jürgen Bernhardt and chalcedony | Painite specimen Thomas Hainschwang discovery | Tanzanite as a stinkstone | Beaded cultured 42 Identification Characteristics of Natural and Imitation pearl misidentified as natural | Micro-focus X-radiography | Hornbill Ivory Quahog pearl | Parcel of melee- By Jie Liang, Haibo Li, Taijin Lu, Jun Zhang, Meidong Shen size yellow-brown diamonds and Jun Zhou containing synthetics | Visit to Gemmological Brief Mogok, Myanmar 50 Detection of Ruby Crystals in Marble Host Rock by 20 Learning Opportunities X-ray Computed Tomography Conferences, exhibits and other By Antonia Bouts educational events 55 Excursions Two trips to Mogok, Myanmar, in December 2013 69 From the Archives Some Unusual Structures in Pearls and Cultured Pearls By Robert Webster Cover Photo: Rough and cut gems 73 Conferences (spinel, ruby and IGE Congress and FEEG Symposium | AGA and NAJA Tucson moonstone) photo- conferences graphed at the home of a mine owner in Mogok, Myanmar. 78 Gem-A Notices Two field reports on Mogok appear in the 80 New Media Excursions section of this issue. Photo by Marco Lorenzoni. 84 Literature of Interest ISSN: 1355-4565 i GTheemmology Journal of Editor-in-Chief Production Editor Marketing Consultant Brendan M. Laurs Mary A. Burland Ya’akov Almor [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 21 Ely Place London EC1N 6TD Executive Editor Editor Emeritus Assistant Editor UK James H. Riley Roger R. Harding Michael J. O’Donoghue t: +44 (0)20 7404 3334 Associate Editors f: +44 (0)20 7404 8843 Edward. Boehm, RareSource, Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA; Alan T. Collins, King’s College London; e: [email protected] John L. Emmett, Crystal Chemistry, Brush Prairie, Washington, USA; Emmanuel Fritsch, University w: www.gem-a.com of Nantes, France; Rui Galopim de Carvalho, LABGEM, Lisbon, Portugal; Lee A. Groat, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Thomas Hainschwang, GGTL Gemlab– Registered Charity No. 1109555 Gemtechlab Laboratory, Balzers, Liechtenstein; Henry A. Hänni, GemExpert, Basel, Switzerland; Jeff Registered office: Palladium House, W. Harris, University of Glasgow; Alan D. Hart, The Natural History Museum, London; Ulrich 1–4 Argyll Street, London W1F 7LD Henn, German Gemmological Association, Idar-Oberstein; Jaroslav Hyršl, Prague, Czech Republic; Brian Jackson, National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh; Stefanos Karampelas, Gübelin Gem Lab Ltd., Lucerne, Switzerland; Lore Kiefert, Gübelin Gem Lab Ltd., Lucerne, Switzerland; Hiroshi Kitawaki, Central Gem Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan; Michael S. Krzemnicki, Swiss Gemmological President Institute SSEF, Basel; Shane F. McClure, Gemological Institute of America, Carlsbad, California, Harry Levy USA; Jack M. Ogden, Striptwist Ltd., London; Federico Pezzotta, Natural History Museum of Vice Presidents Milan, Italy; Jeffrey E. Post, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA; Andrew H. Rankin, David J. Callaghan, Alan T. Collins, Kingston University, Surrey; George R. Rossman, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA; Noel W. Deeks, E. Alan Jobbins, Karl Schmetzer, Petershausen, Germany; Dietmar Schwarz, AIGS Lab Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand; Michael J. O’Donoghue Menahem Sevdermish, GemeWizard Ltd., Ramat Gan, Israel; Guanghai Shi, China University of Geosciences, Beijing; James E. Shigley, Gemological Institute of America, Carlsbad, California, USA; Honorary Fellow Christopher P. Smith, American Gemological Laboratories Inc., New York; Evelyne Stern, London; Emmanuel Fritsch Elisabeth Strack, Gemmologisches Institut, Hamburg, Germany; Tay Thye Sun, Far East Gemological Laboratory, Singapore; Pornsawat Wathanakul, Gem and Jewelry Institute of Thailand, Bangkok; Honorary Diamond Member Chris M. Welbourn, Reading, Berkshire; Joanna Whalley, Victoria and Albert Museum, London; Martin Rapaport Bert Willems, Gilching, Germany; Bear Williams, Bear Essentials, Jefferson City, Missouri, USA; J.C. Honorary Life Members (Hanco) Zwaan, National Museum of Natural History ‘Naturalis’, Leiden, The Netherlands. Anthony J. Allnutt, Hermann Bank, Content Submission Terence M.J. Davidson, Peter R. The Editor-in-Chief is glad to consider calendar entries, announcements, news items, Dwyer-Hickey, Gwyn M. Green, conference/excursion reports and original articles shedding new light on subjects of Roger R. Harding, John S. Harris, gemmological interest for publication in The Journal of Gemmology. A guide to the preparation J. Alan W. Hodgkinson, John I. Koivula, of manuscripts is given at www.gem-a.com/publications/journal-of-gemmology.aspx, or C.M. (Mimi) Ou Yang, Evelyne Stern, contact the Production Editor. Ian Thomson, Vivian P. Watson, Colin H. Winter Subscriptions Gem-A members receive The Journal as part of their membership package, full details of which Chief Executive Officer are given at www.gem-a.com/membership.aspx. Laboratories, libraries, museums and similar James H. Riley institutions may become Direct Subscribers to The Journal (see www.gem-a.com/publications/ Council subscribe.aspx). Jason F. Williams – Chairman Advertising Mary A. Burland, Steven J.C. Collins, Enquiries about advertising in The Journal should be directed to the Marketing Consultant. Paul F. Greer, Nigel B. Israel, Jonathan For more information, see www.gem-a.com/publications/journal-of-gemmology/advert- Lambert, Andrew H. Rankin, Richard ising-in-the-journal.aspx. M. Slater, Miranda E.J. Wells, Stephen Whittaker Copyright and Reprint Permission Abstracting with credit to the source, photocopying isolated articles for noncommercial Branch Chairmen classroom use, and photocopying by libraries for private use of patrons, are permitted. Midlands – Georgina E. Kettle Requests to use images published in The Journal should be directed to the Editor-in-Chief. North East – Mark W. Houghton Give the complete reference citation and the page number for the image(s) in question, and South East – Veronica Wetten please state how and where the image would be used. South West – Richard M. Slater The Journal of Gemmology is published quarterly by Gem-A, The Gemmological Association of Great Britain. Any opinions expressed in The Journal are understood to be the views of the contributors and not necessarily of the publisher. Printed by DG3 (Europe) Ltd. ™ © 2014 The Gemmological Association of Great Britain Understanding Gems Cert no. TT-COC-002454 ISSN: 1355-4565 ii The Journal of Gemmology, 34(1), 2014 Editorial Exciting Changes for The Journal The Journal of Gemmology is the largest- reviewed. The Abstracts section has been circulated scholarly journal in gemmology. restructured into Literature of Interest, When first published in 1947, The Journal which features an extensive listing of was a black-and-white booklet measuring articles useful to gemmologists, with links 8¼ × 5½ inches with a grey cover. to the abstracts of those articles that are Occasional colour pages were introduced available online. in the 1970s. A full-colour cover was The foundation of The Journal will added and The Journal’s size increased to continue to be feature articles that have 9½ × 6¾ inches in 1986; it subsequently undergone rigorous peer review to ensure was expanded to A4 format in 2004. The they are of high quality, are understandable Journal was published quarterly (except to a wide audience and have practical value in 1987, when there were only three to gemmologists. Peer review of each issues) until 2005. From 2005 to 2008 article is done by at least three experts in The Journal was published biannually, and the field, mostly drawn from an expanded during 2009–2012 it appeared annually in list of 38 Associate Editors (see the hardcopy, with PDF files of articles posted masthead for their names). Three formats online as they were finalized. In 2013 two are envisioned: Feature Articles, Review issues were published…and starting with Articles and Gemmological Briefs. the current issue The Journal will return to I am also pleased to announce a quarterly format. that volume indexes are being created In this issue, you will notice a fresh for issues dating back to 2004, and a look and the addition of some new cumulative index from 1947 to 2013 is sections, including regular columns titled in preparation. In addition, we are in the Learning Opportunities, What’s New, process of scanning all back issues of The Gem Notes and From the Archives, Journal into PDFs, and in the future they as well as occasional sections called will be made freely available to Gem-A Practical Gemmology, Excursions and members (in addition to the 2008–2013 Conferences (which debuted last issue). issues currently online). Non-members Additional sections are planned for will eventually be able to instantly selected future issues: Appraiser’s Corner, purchase individual articles
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  • Crystal Chemistry

    Crystal Chemistry

    Crystal chemistry About a girl’s best friend - diamonds Diamonds, a crystalline form of the chemical element carbon, are the most romantic of crystals, given as symbols of love and permanence. They were first discovered around 800 BC in riverbeds in India. One of the world’s richest source of diamonds is South Africa, where they are mined from rock called ‘Kimberlite pipe’, named after the town Kimberley. Other countries rich in diamonds are Australia, Botswana, Zaire and the former Soviet Union. Diamonds formed in volcanic magma about 170 miles below the Earth’s surface, solidifying as the magma moved upwards and cooled. This took a long time! Diamond The Cullinan diamond, with a mass of 621.2 g, was the largest diamond ever found, mined in 1895. This was a bit big for one engagement ring, so it was decided to cut the diamond into smaller pieces. The diamond cutter spent months deciding how to go about the task, and apparently fainted with shock after first splitting the stone in two. He recovered, and finally nine large and 96 smaller diamonds were produced. The most famous large diamond, called ‘Cullinan I’ or the ‘Star of Africa’ is in the Royal Sceptre and can be seen on a visit to the Crown Jewels in the Tower of London. The Cullinan 1 Crown © / The Royal Collection © 2004, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. Diamond is the hardest known substance, so can only be cut with a diamond-edged saw! Diamond mass is measured in ‘carats’. One carat is equal to 0.2 g.