Elucidação Estrutural E Actividade Farmacológica De Compostos Bioactivos De Origem Vegetal

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Elucidação Estrutural E Actividade Farmacológica De Compostos Bioactivos De Origem Vegetal HONORINA MARIA DE MATOS CIDADE Assistente da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto Elucidação Estrutural e Actividade Farmacológica de Compostos Bioactivos de Origem Vegetal FACULDADE DE FARMÁCIA DA UNIVERSIDADE DO PORTO 2001 HONORINA MARIA DE MATOS CIDADE Assistente da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto Elucidação Estrutural e Actividade Farmacológica de Compostos Bioactivos de Origem Vegetal FACULDADE DE FARMÁCIA DA UNIVERSIDADE DO PORTO 2001 Dissertação de Candidatura ao Grau de Doutor Apresentada à Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto ORIENTADOR: Professora Doutora Maria José Teixeira Guedes Gonzalez - Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto CO-ORIENTADOR: Professor Doutor Anake Kijjoa- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto Ao Luís Aos meus pais A minha irmã Pelo seu amor, carinho e compreensão Este trabalho foi realizado no Centro de Estudos de Química Orgânica, Fitoquímica e Farmacologia da Universidade do Porto (Unidade I.& D. n° 226/94), Faculdade de Farmácia, e com o apoio financeiro da Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FEDER, Praxis XXI, POCTI). Parte do trabalho incluído nesta dissertação foi apresentada nas publicações e comunicações seguintes: - A. Kijjoa, HM. Cidade. M.M.M. Pinto, M.J.T.G. Gonzalez, C. Anantachoke, T.E. Gedris, W. Herz, "Prenylflavonoids from Artocarpus elasticus", Phytochemistry, 1996, 43, 3, 691-694. - M.S.J. Nascimento, H.M. Cidade. M. Pinto, A. Kijjoa, "Anticomplementary Activity of Prenylated Flavones from Artocarpus elasticus" no 45th Annual Congress of the Society for Medicinal Plant Research, Regensburg, 7-12 de Setembro de 1997. - H.M. Cidade. M.J. Gonzalez, C.M.M. Afonso, M.M.M. Pinto, Artur M.S. Silva, A. Kijjoa, "Novel Prenylflavones from Artocarpus elasticus" no 2° Encontro Nacional de Química Orgânica da Sociedade Portuguesa de Química, no ITQB, Oeiras, 17-19 de Setembro de 1997. - M.S.J. Nascimento, EM. Cidade. A. Kijjoa, M.M.M. Pinto, A. Kijjoa, "Anticomplementary Activity of Prenylated Flavones from Artocarpus elasticus", Pharm. Pharmacol. Lett, 1997, 7, 135-137. - A. Kijjoa, H.M. Cidade. M.J.T.G. Gonzalez, C.M.M. Afonso, A.M.S. Silva, W. Herz, "Further Prenylflavonoids from Artocarpus elasticus", Phytochemistry, 1998, 47, 875-878. - M.S.J. Nascimento, H. Cidade. M.M.M. Pinto, M. Pedro, F. Cerqueira, A. Kijjoa, "Cytotoxic and Anti-Proliferative Effects of Prenylated Flavones from Artocarpus elasticus'^ no XVIth International Symposium on Medicinal Chemistry, Bolonha, Itália, 18-22 de Setembro de 2000. - H.M. Cidade. M.S.J. Nascimento, M.M.M. Pinto, A. Kijjoa, A Silva, W. Herz, "Artelastocarpin and Carpelastofuran, Two New Flavones and Cytotoxicities of Prenyl Flavonoids from Artocarpus elasticus against Three Cancer Cell Lines", Planta Med., 2001 (aceite para publicação). AGRADECIMENTOS A realização deste trabalho teria sido impossível sem a colaboração e o incentivo de várias pessoas. Desta forma, gostaria de expressar o meu sincero agradecimento: Ao Professor Doutor Anake Kijjoa, co-orientador desta tese, gostaria de agradecer a possibilidade de poder trabalhar na área de Produtos Naturais. A ele devo o meu início na investigação e o entusiasmo pelo trabalho nesta área. Quero ainda manifestar a minha profunda admiração e reconhecimento pela inestimável orientação científica e por todo o apoio e amizade demonstradas durante estes anos de trabalho em conjunto. Agradeço ainda a disponibilidade que sempre demonstrou para me auxiliar em todas as fases do meu trabalho, nomeadamente na execução e interpretação de espectros de RMN. A Professora Doutora Maria José Gonzalez, supervisora desta tese, gostaria de agradecer a formação científica e o permanente incentivo e amizade, que sempre me proporcionou. Pela orientação que permitiu a realização deste trabalho, expresso também o meu sincero agradecimento. A Professora Doutora Madalena Pinto o meu especial reconhecimento por ter acreditado em mim e me ter concedido a possibilidade de trabalhar no Laboratório de Química Orgânica. Quero ainda manifestar o meu agradecimento pelos constantes ensinamentos, o estimulo e a amizade que sempre me proporcionou desde o início da minha actividade neste Laboratório. À Professora Doutora Maria José Alcaraz Tormo quero manifestar o meu agradecimento pelos ensinamentos e facilidades concedidas para a realização dos ensaios de avaliação das actividades antioxidante e anti-inflamatória no Departamento de Farmacologia da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Valência. À Professora Doutora Maria de São José Nascimento agradeço o apoio técnico e científico prestado para a interpretação dos resultados de actividade biológica e a maneira diligente com que sempre respondeu às minhas solicitações. A responsável pelo grupo de Bioensaios do Centro de Estudos de Química Orgânica, Fitoquímica e Farmacologia da Universidade do Porto e às licenciadas Dr3 Fátima Cerqueira e Dr* Madalena Pedro agradeço a maneira generosa e desinteressada com que me cederam os resultados de actividade imunomoduladora e do crescimento de linhas celulares tumorais humanas. Ao Professor Doutor Werner Herz do Departamento de Química, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, EUA, pela valiosa discussão do trabalho. A Doutora Choojit Anantachoke, Forest Products Research Division, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, Tailândia, pela colheita, classificação e obtenção do extracto da planta. Ao Professor Doutor Artur Silva, do Departamento de Química da Universidade de Aveiro, as facilidades concedidas e a disponibilidade na obtenção dos espectros de RMN de *H a 300 MHz e de 13C a 75 MHz, bem como os espectros de COSY, HETCOR e HMBC. Ao Serviço de Espectrometria de Massa do Departamento de Química da Universidade de Aveiro, na pessoa da Professora Doutora Ana Magalhães Cardoso e Dr3 Cristina Barros a obtenção de espectros de EM-IE, EM-FAB+ e EM-IQ+. Ao Doutor Graham Eaton do Departamento de Química da Universidade de Leicester, Inglaterra, pela realização de espectros de massa de alta resolução. Ao Professor Doutor Carlos Afonso do Laboratório de Química Orgânica pela colaboração na purificação de compostos naturais através de HPLC e disponibilidade que sempre demonstrou para me auxiliar. À Professora Doutora Maria Elizabeth Tiritan do Centro de Estudos de Química Orgânica, Fitoquímica e Farmacologia da Universidade do Porto pelos ensinamentos na área de modelização molecular e pela amizade e apoio que sempre demonstrou. Ao Professor Doutor Luís Vieira do Departamento de Química do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar a amizade e disponibilidade com que sempre atendeu aos meus pedidos. Ao Serviço de Iconografia da Faculdade de Farmácia, na pessoa da D. Conceição Poiares, toda a colaboração prestada. A todos os Docentes, Colegas e Auxiliares do Centro de Estudos de Química Orgânica, Fitoquímica e Farmacologia da Universidade do Porto que me acompanharam ao longo destes anos e de quem sempre recebi uma grande amizade. A todos os Amigos que sempre me apoiaram com as suas palavras sábias nos momentos mais difíceis. RESUMO Parte A: Isolamento e elucidação estrutural de metabolitos secundários de Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex Blume Esta dissertação relata o estudo químico dos metabolitos secundários de Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex. Blume (Moraceae). Do extracto clorofórmico da madeira desta espécie foram isoladas nove flavonas isopreniladas: artocarpesina, artelasticina, ciclocomunina, artelastina, artelastocromeno, artelastofurano, artelastinina, artelastocarpina e carpelastofurano. Isolou-se ainda o P-sitosterol e o 2,4-diidroxibenzoato de etilo. Dos compostos referidos a artelasticina, artelastina, artelastocromeno, artelastofurano, artelastocarpina e carpelastofurano são descritos pela primeira vez. As estruturas foram todas estabelecidas com base em métodos espectroscópicos (IV, UV, RMN de *H e 13C, COSY, HETCOR, HMBC, INEPT, NOESY), sendo algumas auxiliadas por transformação química, através da obtenção de derivados acetilados. Parte B: Determinação da actividade biológica dos metabolitos secundários isolados de Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex Blume Neste trabalho avaliou-se a actividade anti-inflamatória e antioxidante da artocarpesina, artelasticina, artelastina e artelastocromeno. Realizaram-se ensaios in vitro para avaliar a influência destas flavonas na libertação de radicais livres (anião superóxido) e de enzimas lisosómicas (elastase e mieloperoxidase) em leucócitos humanos, bem como a sua actividade sobre tipos diversos de PLA2 secretoras sobre as cicloxigenases humanas 1 e 2. Foi ainda estudada a acção destes flavonóides no processo da peroxidação lipídica e na captação de radicais superóxido e peroxilo. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios in vitro mostraram que, de um modo geral, as flavonas estudadas na concentração de 10 uM apenas interferiram ligeiramente nos vários parâmetros do processo inflamatório testados, tendo somente o artelastocromeno revelado uma forte inibição da enzima mieloperoxidase. Com o objectivo de verificar se esta actividade se manifestava em ensaios in vivo utilizou-se o modelo de "bolsa de ar em ratinho", usando o zimosano como indutor da inflamação. Neste ensaio avaliou-se a influência do artelastocromeno na migração leucocitária, libertação de mieloperoxidase e geração de PGE2. O artelastocromeno não revelou interferir com qualquer um dos parâmetros estudados. Para todas as flavonas isoladas desta planta foram ainda determinadas as actividades imunoduladora e sobre o crescimento de linhas celulares tumorais humanas.
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