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The Impact of Religion on Minority Identity and Community: a Case Study of Russian Orthodoxy and the Russian Minority in Estonia Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2014 The Impact of Religion on Minority Identity and Community: A Case Study of Russian Orthodoxy and the Russian Minority in Estonia Elizabeth Cleary Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Cleary, Elizabeth, "The Impact of Religion on Minority Identity and Community: A Case Study of Russian Orthodoxy and the Russian Minority in Estonia" (2014). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 5372. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/5372 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Impact of Religion on Minority Identity and Community: A Case Study of Russian Orthodoxy and the Russian Minority in Estonia Elizabeth Cleary Thesis submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History Robert Blobaum, Ph.D., Chair Joshua Arthurs, Ph.D. Joseph Hodge, Ph.D. Department of History Morgantown, West Virginia 2014 Keywords: Orthodoxy, Estonia, Russia, Russian Orthodox Church, minority, identity, integration, religion ABSTRACT The Impact of Religion on Minority Identity and Community: A Case Study of Russian Orthodoxy and the Russian Minority in Estonia Elizabeth Cleary Minority groups and their integration and inclusion into the greater society are important political and sociological concerns for many states. This is especially true for the states that more recently regained their independence following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The realm of religion has remained largely untapped as an area in which minority identity can be cultivated and expressed or used as a platform towards productively integrating or isolating minority members. This thesis seeks to contribute to the scholarship on this underdeveloped topic of how religion, minority identity, and issues of integration intersect. Its key questions are a) whether religion significantly fosters identity within minority groups, b) whether religious communities linked with specific minority groups help or hinder integration, and c) what level of importance religion has in the interplay of minority identity and loyalty to the state where a minority has long resided or claims citizenship. To answer these questions, the case study of Estonia was chosen. Not only does its large Russian minority, history as a former Soviet republic, and proximity to Russia make it a fitting choice for this topic, but its religious landscape provides an interesting field for examination. Home to two Orthodox churches (the Estonian Orthodox Church-Moscow Patriarchate and the Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church) under two competing patriarchates (Moscow Patriarchate and Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople), the churches have the potential to be alternative platforms through which ethnic-specific concerns and views are expressed and embodied. In order to answer the key questions of this study, statistical sources have been analyzed, providing both a quantitative picture of both the minority and the religious composition of Estonia. Those numbers were enlivened with a qualitative look at minority issues, national historical narratives, and religious community relationships that still contribute greatly to the dialogue in Estonia today. Interviews with Estonian clergy, academics, nonprofit leaders, and government employees form a significant part of this research and are an important element of its contribution to current scholarly debates. Through this variety of research and sources, I argue that Estonia, even in light of its nonreligious reputation, does contain Orthodox religious communities that effect identity, both in terms of directly participating members in Orthodox church services and those who claim to be Orthodox but are not religiously active. The Orthodox churches provide a connection to ethnic and national loyalties and identities, inevitably becoming politically charged and thus making the churches occasional participants in the debates of large minority issues, especially those that implicate the involvement of the neighboring Russian Federation. Churches, especially the Orthodox communities of Estonia, have the potential to be leaders in resolution, compromise, and cooperation among Estonians and Russians, but must be cultivated as such or risk being case into the role of entities of future division. iii Table of Contents ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................... II TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................ III ABBREVIATION LIST ............................................................................................................................. IV INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 1 1. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................................... 6 1.1 MINORITY IDENTITY WITHIN THE NATION STATE .................................................................................... 6 1.2 THE INTERSECTION OF NATION AND RELIGION ....................................................................................... 9 1.3 SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY ON RELIGION .................................................................................................. 11 2. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................... 15 2.1 THE RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH IN RUSSIA ..................................................................................... 15 2.2 POST-SOVIET ESTONIA .......................................................................................................................... 21 2.3 THE ORTHODOX CHURCH IN ESTONIA .................................................................................................. 24 2.3.1 The Conflict Between the Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church and the Estonian Orthodox Church-Moscow Patriarchate ................................................................................................................ 24 2.3.2 The Estonian Council of Churches ............................................................................................... 31 3. DATA AND ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................................... 35 3.1 AN ETHNIC OR CHRISTIAN IDENTITY? .................................................................................................. 35 3.2 A DETRIMENTAL RELATIONSHIP? ......................................................................................................... 45 3.3 RELIGION AS A TOOL OF POLITICAL MOBILIZATION ............................................................................. 48 3.4 MEDIA AND THE MINORITY ................................................................................................................... 59 3.5 INTEGRATION ........................................................................................................................................ 63 3.5.1 Culture ........................................................................................................................................... 66 3.5.2 History ........................................................................................................................................... 68 3.5.3 Integration vs. Assimilation vs. Segregation ................................................................................. 71 3.5.4 Language ....................................................................................................................................... 72 4. THE UKRAINIAN CRISIS AND ITS POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS ................................................ 77 4.1 SIMILARITIES ........................................................................................................................................ 78 4.2 THE CURRENT SITUATION .................................................................................................................... 80 4.3 WHAT DOES THIS MEAN FOR ESTONIA AND THE COUNTRY’S RUSSIAN MINORITY? .......................... 83 5. CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................................... 86 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................... 89 7. APPENDICES .........................................................................................................................................
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