STAFF I am sincerely thankful to and astounded by the team of literary and creative talent on the Emis- Director of Communications sary sta! who brought this publication to life. and Design Patrice Calancie To our journalists, designers, and photographers; a heartfelt thank you for making such invaluable Editor-in-Chief and insightful contributions to the publication. Jasmine Ryu Won Kang It was no easy task pulling this issue of the Em- issary together, but you did so with "ying colors, even with the slew of challenges that we have Senior Copy Editor faced working in an entirely virtual platform. Radmila Yarovaya Patrice, Mila, Jayden, and Nathan - your lead- ership and talents continue to inspire me and I
Senior Designer can’t express my gratitude enough for the time and energy you’ve invested in the publication. Jayden Jung #e Emissary simply would not have been possi- ble without you. Journalists Alex Jain To our readers, I hope, from the bottom of my Anjali Rao heart, that reading this publication will be as en- joyable an experience as it was creating it. #ank Jessica Han you kindly for including the Emissary as part Paras Kapoor of your NAMUN experience, and we hope that you’ll join us again next year. Designers Joy Fan Sincerely, Jasmine Ryu Won Kang Julia Gavieta Editor-in-Chief Yam Wachiralappaitoon TABLETABLE OF OF CONTENTS CONTENTS
3 THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY IN THE EISNER PERIOD
5 THAILAND POST WORLD WAR II
7 POLITICAL UNREST IN VENEZUELA
11 THE WAR THAT TORE AFRICA APART
14 PEACEFUL PROTESTS AND RAGING RIOTS
17 UNIVERSITY CULTURE IN THE TIMES OF COVID-19
19 WHY TORONTO SHOULD BE THE CAPITAL OF CANADA
21 COVID-19 AND ONTARIO'S LOCAL POLITICS
23 TORONTO'S WATERFRONT: A HISTORY
25 INTERVIEW WITH PROFESSOR CAMMAERT-RAVAL
29 A QUICK RECAP OF THE US PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
31 TWO MICHAELS, TWO YEARS
33 #ENDSARS: WE STAND WITH THE PROTESTERS IN NIGERIA
37 INTERVIEWS WITH DELEGATES
39 THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN PROTESTS
43 RUSSIA 2020/21: FROM HOPE TO RESIGNATION TO HOPE Like something out of the TV show Suc- cession, the empire that is the Walt Disney Company saw some of its most turbulent days in the corporate battle for control that took place in 1984. A family company, Disney is an institution that brings to mind a unique mythos. Much of this enchantment stemmed from the man himself, Walt Disney, a creative mind with a clear vision of his company’s goals and a keen sense of public opinion. Nineteen years a$er his death, it was rapidly becoming clear to both the public and major shareholders that the organization had lost its way - creatively and economically. What followed was a series of boardroom tactics and strategy from a hostile wing to cut Disney o! at the knees in favour of real estate pro%ts. Ultimately, the empire was not lost; rather, it was transformed into the entertainment en- terprise Goliath that it is today, under the leadership of Michael Eisner.
To paint a picture of the dire straits in which Disney found itself, it is necessary to rewind a year. In 1983, the family entertainment company had its %ngers lodged %rmly in many proverbial pies, from the newly formed Disney Channel and the Epcot devel- opments in cooperation with General Electric to the old foun- dations - both "agship theme parks and %lm studios. #e %lm production unit at the time was a shell of what it once had been, falling from the heights of animated and live-action hits of the 1960s and releasing forgotten titles like Something Wicked #is Way Comes (1981). #e unit languished under the leadership of Ron Miller, Walt Disney’s son-in-law, who had taken control of the %lm division a$er his death, eventually becoming the CEO of the company in the time leading up to the takeover attempt. Mill- er approached the division tentatively, only releasing four or %ve titles per year compared to the %$een or sixteen that competitor studios produced on average, leaving the company to fall behind the tastes of their consumers. At that point, theme park pro%ts generated 70% of Disney’s total income.
Balancing this deterioration of the Disney brand was the real estate potential of company holdings in Florida. #e company at the time owned the most expensive parcel of land in the state, made valuable by proximity to other hotels and coastal areas and by Disney’s own reputation. Disney, however, reserved the use of this land and other assets only to further its goals concern- ing tourist attractions and other services. Investors such as Saul Steinberg of the Reliance Group saw this land as an opportunity to develop golf courses, industrial areas, casinos, and residences.
In March of 1984, Disney stock increased in price as takeover rumours grew. Reliance Group Holdings, controlled by Stein- berg, began the process of acquiring an increasingly larger share percentage, revealing to the Securities and Exchange Commis- sion on April 15th that they possessed 8 percent of Disney’s total shares and were willing to increase that amount up to 25 percent. In an attempt to evade the hostile takeover, the Disney family sought out MCA as a potential buyer instead. However, that deal fell through due to personal di!erences between the family and Lew Wasserman, the MCA chairman. #e second, more success- ful ploy attempted by Disney was to acquire more assets under a loan from the Bank of America to dilute Reliance’s holdings. Reliance retaliated with the announcement that they would be buying 49 percent of shares for close to one billion dollars. Ulti- mately, Reliance was bought out by Disney with the cooperation of other board members, including the Bass brothers of Texas. By June, Disney was able to buy back holdings for $297.5 million, plus $28 million in stock purchasing reimbursements, against the desires of the majority shareholders. For four months, the question of Disney’s future was highly contested, and the media empire was nearly dismantled.
#e question of leadership then became extremely pressing. In the months that followed, a power vacuum opened up, with candidates such as Roy E. Disney and the incumbent Ron Mill- er emerging as obvious choices to helm the company. Previous CEOs of the company had consisted of members of the Disney family and lifelong Disney employees. Shareholders who had lost faith in the status quo, however, campaigned for change. As a result, outsiders Michael Eisner and Frank Wells, executives at Paramount and Warner brothers respectively, were brought in to turn the fortunes of the company around. #e new order created the circumstances for a “golden age” of Disney to thrive, built on the e!orts of the animation studio, acquisitions such as ABC and ESPN, and an expansion of theme parks into Europe and Asia.
Today, Disney is one of the most powerful names in media; how- ever, there was a point when the brand was placed on the brink of destruction. Had it not been for a series of defensive moves by the organization and missteps by the raiders, corporate mach- inations might have resulted in a very di!erent reality for the company. Under the leadership of Eisner and Wells, the Disney “renaissance” was achieved, producing beloved %lms such as #e Little Mermaid, #e Lion King, and Aladdin.
Works Cited Behr, Peter. “RAIDERS OF THE THEME PARK,” June 7, 1987. https://www.wash- ingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1987/06/07/raiders-of-the-theme- park/66d84315-05cb-436e-98fc-aadb!8b6370/. Hayes, #omas C. “THE TROUBLED WORLD OF DISNEY,” September 25, 1983. https://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/25/business/the-troubled-world-of-disney. html. “HIGHLIGHTS OF STRUGGLE FOR DISNEY,” June 12, 1984. https://www. nytimes.com/1984/06/12/business/highlights-of-struggle-for-disney.html. “STORMING THE MAGIC KINGDOM,” February 15, 1987. https://www.latimes. com/archives/la-xpm-1987-02-15-tm-3226-story.html. Weinraub, Bernard. “Disney and Katzenberg Reach Pact on Lawsuit,” November 11, 1997. https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/11/business/disney-and-katzenberg- reach-pact-on-lawsuit.html?auth=login-google. #ailand Post World War II By: Jasmine Ryu Won Kang Relations with the United States - During the Cold War for the past centuries, the country largely remained a Foreign relations with the United States in the years nonpartisan player in foreign affairs. following the second World War proved to be both con- to come. Due to its initial ties with Axis powers during in the political, military, and cultural environment of the nation. In neighbouring Vietnam, the oft-cited efforts to improve its image on the world stage (Phil- lips 2017). Returning the land that Japan had given in acceptance of the Bao Dai solution - a decision to bring in establishing an anti-communist regime - which was itself from global colonial powers, as the country had, against communist North Korea during the Korean War. American allyship, furthermore, played a role in this new and crucial foreign relation. pushing the political landscape to become increasingly authoritarian, as two leaders, General Phao Sriyanond an ultra-capitalistic economy budding and perceived power (Phillips 2017). - well. As the relationship between the two countries was ability to negotiate peacefully with Asian nations and a refutation to the distinctly imperialist image that had be- also quite successfully instilled a fast-moving, consumer mirroring the bustling capitalist economic activity of the unprecedented dependence on imports from colonial powers. - - - government to distance itself from American authorities; shown a strong interest in establishing independence impacted by the crisis, but so too were the economies of neighbouring countries, including those of South Korea, few years, it was clear that this independence was infeasible Philippines, and Malaysia. (Phillips 2017). A Brief History of economy to recover from the Thailand’s Modern Economic Development while the real GDP per capita - els in 2003, both domestic and foreign investment were slug- War II had been crushed as a gish in the years between 2000 result of wartime expenditures countries, which served to - References Hamlin, Michael Alan. 1999. #e New Asian Corpo- ration: Managing for the Future of Post-Crisis Asia. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers. - Hess, Gary R. 1978. “#e First American Commit- post-war recovery period, and this was largely achieved ment in Indochina: #e Acceptance of the ‘Bao Dai Solution,’ 1950.” Diplomatic History 2(4):331-350.
Phillips, Matthew. 2017. #ailand in the Cold War. began to see promising growth in its economy, with the New York, NY: Routledge. - ly. In comparison, most other low- and middle-income Warr, Peter. 2018. “#ailand’s development strategy countries during these years had an annual growth rate and growth performance.” WIDER Working Paper, no. 2011/02. POLITICAL UNREST IN VENEZUELA Venezuela is a South American nation with a population 1990s, including the impeachment of Pérez. In this polit- of 29 million people. It is the country with the highest ical environment, Hugo Chávez ran in the 1998 presiden- waterfall, Angel Falls, at over 3000 feet tall and the world’s tial election as leader of the newly formed Patriotic Pole largest oil reserves. It is a country rich in biodiversity (PP). Hugo Chávez was elected president of Venezuela with verdant swathes of rainforest. But it is also a country with a signi"cant majority of the vote. His platform was plagued by corruption, crime, and instability. !is piece one of more national autonomy and less in#uence from will analyze how corruption and instability led to a polit- foreign powers, notably the U.S. He also had a plan to en- ical, economic, and humanitarian crisis in the 2010s and act a new constitution along with more equitable econom- why Venezuela was prone to such instability. ic and social policies like land redistribution (LC, 2005). !is article will "rst provide a brief history of Venezuela. In 1999, Chávez changed and expanded Venezuela’s !is historical analysis will brie#y overview Venezuela’s Constitution to include more human rights, free health- modern history post-1970 and its turbulent past up to care, university/college education, and more autonomy 2019. After the section on history, this report will analyze for Indigenous communities. !is new constitution was the political crisis and why it happened. passed through a vote where 72% voted in favour and was Afterwards, the article will highlight how the country has a crowning achievement of Chávez’s "rst term (LC, 2005). dealt with the Covid-19 pandemic amid the tense societal strife. Finally, this paper will examine projections for the More Recent History (2000s until 2013): In 2000, Chávez country’s future. was reelected to a second term for six years. During this period, the PP began to consolidate control in Venezuela, History and Chávez enacted policies such as land redistribution Recent history (up to 2000): Democracy returned to Vene- which angered numerous elites in the country. Chávez also zuela in 1958 after a lengthy period of military rule. !e appointed his allies to the board of the main state-owned 1960s and 1970s were marred by instability and con#ict. Venezuelan oil company (PDVSA), which was supposed By 1979, the nation’s economic growth became stagnant to remain politically neutral. !is action led to a coup in and corruption became rampant. Limited government 2002, which failed and left Chávez in power (Alvarez, spending led to signi"cant rioting, culminating in the 2012). 1989 Corazco riots. !ese riots prompted the Lieutenant !e mid-2000s in Venezuela were notable for several Governor of Venezuela, Hugo Chávez, to launch a coup reasons. First, Chávez enacted heavy slander laws and "nes attempt in 1992 against then President Carlos Andrés for criticizing the government which sti#ed freedom of Pérez. !is coup failed and Chávez was imprisoned prior speech in the country. Secondly, Chávez also won another to receiving a presidential pardon (Library of Congress term in 2006. Finally, Chavez realigned international re- [LC], 2005). lations of Venezuela from the U.S. towards Russia. For in- As luck would have it, both major Venezuelan parties, the stance, Venezuela signed a 3 billion-dollar arms deal with Democratic Action (AD) and the Social Christian Party Russia in 2006 instead of with the U.S. as previously done. (COPEI) were embroiled in political scandals in the mid American oil companies were also forced to terminate op- BY ALEX JAIN erations in regions of the country. !e "nancial crisis and recession decimated Venezuela. !e economy collapsed ro terminated Venezuela’s relations with the U.S., refused by reduced demand in oil and as a result, the government signi"cant amounts of foreign aid, and closed the border reduced the value of their currency, the bolivar. !is led to with Brazil (Nasa, 2019). Since military support remains mass in#ation in the nation, meaning that prices rose very largely consolidated under Maduro, it is unclear if Guiadó highly and the value of money decreased signi"cantly over can truly garner power without military support (“Venezu- time (“Venezuela pro"le - Timeline”, 2019). ela … escalated”, 2020). In 2009, term limits were removed through a referendum, and Chávez ran for another 6-year term in 2012, which he Analysis of the 2010s Crisis in Venezuela won again (“Venezuela pro"le - Timeline”, 2019). !is section will highlight speci"c reasons why the Ven- ezuelan crisis unfolded. !is crisis in the simplest terms
Even More Recent History (up to 2020): In 2013, Chávez is the tension over presidential rule of Venezuela between died, aged 58, from cancer. His appointed successor, Guiadó and Maduro. But it is also more than simply a Nicolás Maduro became president in a narrow victory political crisis. It is an economic and humanitarian crisis (“Venezuela pro"le - Timeline”, 2019). !is margin of as well. Heartbreakingly, 90% of Venezuelans currently live victory was thoroughly challenged by opposition parties, as in poverty, and over 9 million are malnourished (Taylor, it was only 1.6 percentage points (“Venezuela … escalat- 2020). ed”, 2020). !e Venezuelan economy is highly dependent on oil sales Protests began to sweep across the country, especially in and the global price of oil. When oil prices are high, the Caracas, after the election. !is strife was ampli"ed when Venezuelan economy generally does well and the country oil prices dipped in late 2014 and the government could is relatively stable. Conversely, when oil prices are low, the no longer spend as much in the economy as it could have country is highly volatile due to economic instability, i.e. in previously. During parliamentary elections, Maduro’s party 2009 (Strønon, 2018). Furthermore, the U.S. government, experienced sweeping losses, and the Democratic Unity in the late 2010s, placed multiple sanctions on Venezuelan Coalition won a signi"cant majority. oil. !is e$ectively destroyed the Venezuelan oil industry In 2016, more protests emerged as the economy contin- and weakened the economy signi"cantly (“Venezuela … ued to perform very poorly and Maduro’s public approval escalated”, 2020). decreased. In 2018, Maduro won another term, but this Foreign interests play a key role in this crisis. Chávez and election was and is widely presumed to be fraudulent. !e Maduro have long been backed by Russian and Chinese leader of the Democratic Unity Coalition, Juan Guaidó, interests, as these countries have invested heavily in the argued in 2019 that he should have won the election if it nation and provided loans for infrastructure products. was conducted fairly and he assumed the role of interim Guiádo is backed by many western nations including the president. Guaidó was and is supported by many inter- U.S. !is political con#ict is not simply a regional con#ict, national players notably the EU and the US (“Venezuela but a global one between superpowers who are actively pro"le - Timeline”, 2019). invested in Venezuelan politics (Ellis, 2017). During this period of unrest, there were signi"cant Chávez’s policies ignited a class war between the rich instances of mass violence, protests, and an exodus of mil- and poor. Chávez helped encourage working-class and lions especially to neighboring Colombia. In 2019, Madu- minority Venezuelans to become politically active, by v promoting socialist policies such as land distribution. On as masks. Over 67% of hospitals in Caracas do not have the other hand, these policies were often detrimental to workers wearing face protections. More than 75% of Venezuelans of upper economic classes. !is increased the Venezuelan hospitals have limited hand sanitizer or soap. racial and economic divide, which has bolstered tension in !is puts healthcare workers at high risk of contracting the region (Strønon, 2018). Covid-19. Chávez socialized the economy, notably increasing govern- !e health infrastructure is crumbling. One-third of hos- ment control on industry. While socialism can have many pitals lack potable water and two-thirds have very limited bene"ts, Chávez’s drastic policies largely hurt Venezuela’s access. Hospital infrastructure is very poor and results in economy. !is included government control over the prices dismayingly poor health outcomes. of essential goods such as #our, which led to signi"cant !ere has been a mass exodus of refugees from the nation shortages in the economy and food insecurity (“Venezuela in the 2010s, including over 30,000 healthcare workers. … escalated”, 2020). !is left behind a dearth of quali"ed health-care workers Venezuela has experienced signi"cant in#ation - meaning to cope with the pandemic. that prices rise signi"cantly and the value of the national !e government has been highly misleading with its pan- currency erodes - which has reduced Venezuelans’ trust demic messaging, as it has, for example, repeatedly under- in their currency. For example, from December 2019 to counted Covid-19 cases. It has also detained and arrested December 2020, the price for a cup of co$ee increased by any healthcare professionals who expose the true magni- 6,639% in Caracas, Venezuela (“Venezuela … escalated”, tude of the crisis in the nation (Taylor, 2020). 2020). !is hyperin#ation has led to more black-market Venezuela’s Political and Economic Future trading and the use of U.S. dollars instead of the Bolivar Unfortunately, the future remains bleak for Venezuela, at (the local currency), reducing the amount of money enter- least in the short-term. It is impossible to predict what will ing the economy (Laya, 2019). happen to the nation in the coming years, but this largely Millions of Venezuelans have left the country, especially to depends on whether Guiadó or Maduro garners control. It nearby Colombia, due to poverty, hunger, and strife. !is also depends on the strength and allegiance of the nation’s exodus is considered a “brain-drain,” meaning signi"cant military, whether it is to Guiadó, Maduro, or neither. It is numbers of well-educated, quali"ed members of the Ven- also important to note that China and Russia have sig- ezuelan economy left the nation, reducing its labor force ni"cant "nancial deals with Maduro’s administration and and human capital (Caballero, 2019) would play a key role in future negotiations and resolutions (Ellis, 2017). Below are the three likeliest scenarios. Covid-19 Response in Venezuela As of January 6, there have been over 114,000 Covid-19 Maduro is removed from power and replaced with Guiadó. cases in Venezuela and 1042 deaths (Worldometer, n.d.), !is would likely happen if violence continued to escalate although these "gures likely undercount the number of in the nation, while the military, loyal to Maduro, refused Covid-19 cases in the nation. !is is especially di%cult for (at least in part) to crack down on citizens. Without full Venezuela, which now faces a public health crisis on top of military backing of Maduro or instead the military back- existing political and socio-economic strife. ing Guiadó, Chinese and Russian interests would sign new !e country has long had shortages of medical supplies deals with the Guiadó administration. !is shift in mili- even prior to the pandemic. In particular, the country tary and international support would force Maduro to step severely lacks PPE (personal protective equipment), such down and give power to Guiadó. Guiado’s rise to power would likely be heavily compromised by signi"cant ac- Library of Congress. (2005). Country Pro"le: Venezuela, 1-29, from cords given to Maduro’s supporters to avoid further strife. https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/pro"les/Venezuela.pdf !is is likely the best scenario for the Venezuelan people Nasa, R. (2019, February 22). Timeline: How the Crisis in Venezuela (Ellis, 2017). Unfolded. Retrieved January 06, 2021, from https://www.pbs.org/ Maduro is removed from power and replaced with a wgbh/frontline/article/timeline-how-the-crisis-in-venezuela-unfolded similar populist (PP) leader. Under this scenario, current Strønen, I. A. (2018). Political Polarisation, Colonial Inequalities and resistance to the Maduro government would dissipate. the Crisis of Modernity in Venezuela. In I. A. Strønen & M. Ystanes !e military would crack down on government resistance (Eds.), !e Social Life of Economic Inequalities in Contemporary and consolidate power. Eventually, Maduro will likely Latin America: Decades of Change (pp. 153-181). Cham, Switzer- have to step down and, indeed, be replaced by a similar, land: Springer International Publishing. socialist leader with better leadership skills and economic Taylor, L. (2020, October 19). Covid-19: Venezuela’s doctors refuse to sensibilities. Foreign relations with Russia and China be gagged. Retrieved January 06, 2021, from https://www.bmj.com/ would likely change very little compared to Scenario 1 content/371/bmj.m3938 (Ellis, 2017). Anarchy occurs, with Maduro’s hold on power remain- ing uncertain. More and more violence and crime would occur in the Venezuelan state. !e military would become ine$ective and undependable, and the economic crisis in the nation would escalate. !e government and/or the government opposition may need to #ee the country due to imminent threats. It is possible that the United Nations and foreign players would need to intervene to resolve this situation (Ellis, 2017).
References Alvarez, A. (2012). Venezuela. In Countries at the Crossroads 2011 (pp. 1-22). Rowman & Little"eld, from https://freedomhouse.org/ sites/default/"les/inline_images/VENEZUELA.pdf Caballero, A. (2019, February 26). Venezuela and the brain drain: Venezuela crisis: How the political situation escalated. (2020, Decem- the other perspective of the crisis. Retrieved January 06, 2021, from ber 03). Retrieved January 06, 2021, from https://www.bbc.com/news/ https://latinamericanpost.com/26633-venezuela-and-the-brain- world-latin-america-36319877 drain-the-other-perspective-of-the-crisis Venezuela pro"le - Timeline. (2019, February 25). Retrieved Janu- Ellis, R. E. (2017). !e Collapse of Venezuela and Its Impact on the ary 06, 2021, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-ameri- Region. Military Review, 22-33, from https://www.addisonlibrary.org/ ca-19652436 sites/default/"les/!e%20Collapse%20of%20Venezuela.pdf Worldometer. (n.d.). Venezuela Coronavirus Cases. Retrieved January Laya, P. (2019, July 18). Venezuela’s black market comeback hints at 06, 2021, from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/ looming devaluation. Retrieved January 06, 2021, from https://www. venezuela/ aljazeera.com/economy/2019/7/18/venezuelas-black-market-come- back-hints-at-looming-devaluation THE WAR THAT TORE AFRICA APART By Paras Kapoor “Older men declare war. But it is the youth that must fight and die.” – Herbert Hoover
!e First Congo War association from the Tutsis, helping him develop a broader, more stable #e Great African War, like so many other stories on the Congo, was coalition that backed his rule. initiated from far beyond the country’s borders. #e story begins with Furthermore, President Kabila appeared in the eyes of many the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, a con"ict in which the majority Hutu Congolese citizens as a puppet of foreign forces. #is perception was population slaughtered an estimated eight hundred thousand Tutsis and understandable, as all of President Kabila’s commanders, except his son, moderate Hutus in the span of a hundred days. Seventy percent of the were Rwandan Tutsis, as were the presidential bodyguards and the chief Tutsi population - that is, one in ten individuals in Rwanda - were killed. of sta!. Neither was the Congolese President popular among the popu- Witnessing extermination, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), a Tutsi lace, as he gathered only eleven percent support in hypothetical opinion force exiled in Uganda and eastern DR Congo, launched an all-out o!en- polls for a presidential election. sive to gain control of Rwanda and reinforce battalions %ghting the Hutu It is in the face of such rumblings that we can rationalize the government. #e o!ensive was ultimately successful, and an estimated decision of President Kabila to turn his back on his foreign allies and the two million Rwandan Hutus, fearing retribution, "ed to the DR Congo. Tutsi rebels of the AFDL that launched him to power in the %rst place. Complete victory still le$ RPF forces unsettled. #e mass ex- In an e!ort to shore up his popularity, in August 1998, President Kabila odus of Hutus into neighboring DR Congo le$ them fearful of a count- formally asked all foreign administrative o&cials as well as armies to er-invasion. #e President of DR Congo, Mobutu Sese Seko fuelled such withdraw from the country. fears, through the establishment of refugee camps in eastern Congo, from #e decision back%red. Rebels from the Rally for Congolese which the Hutus regularly launched raids into Rwanda. #e RPF respond- Democracy (RCD) backed by Rwanda and their Ugandan counterparts, ed decisively. Establishing contact with Congolese rebels, they formed the Congolese Liberation Movement (a Tutsi faction that broke away the umbrella organization known as the Alliance of Democratic Forces from the Congolese army in the wake of recent events), declared war on for the Liberation of Congo Zaire (AFDL). #e rebels were backed by the the Congo just a week later. Using the pretext of helping the rebels, Rwan- armies of Rwanda and Uganda, with the aim of overthrowing President da and Uganda formally joined the war as well. Mobutu. Uganda joined the war at the behest of Rwandan forces, partly !e African Continent in Con"ict to pay back the RPF cadre who contributed to the National Revolutionary #is was the moment when the war became a truly pan-African Movement’s (NRM) %ght against Uganda’s Milton Obote government, one, simultaneously thrusting multiple countries into the con"ict. Unlike leading to the installation of the NRM leader, Yoweri Museveni, as the Mobutu, President Kabila had allies on the continent, which allowed him President of Uganda. It is also true that the Sudanese-backed Allied Dem- to convince Angola, Namibia, and Zimbabwe to intervene to prevent his ocratic Forces (ADF) operated out of Eastern DR Congo, carrying out regime from collapsing. Angola intervened to root out UNITA, which terror operations in Uganda; thus, thwarting the ADF became another comprised of rebels that were %ghting against the Angolan government motive for Ugandan intervention. and were suspected to be backed by Rwanda and Uganda. Zimbabwe A lightning strike across the country quickly yielded victory. A fought to maintain its commercial interests, and in support of the shared geographically miniscule Rwanda had humbled the DR Congo, a country Marxist leanings of both countries, Namibia joined the war owing to the size of Western Europe. In place of Mobutu, AFDL leader Laurent close ties with Angola and Zimbabwe. O&cially all three countries fought Kabila was placed in charge of the country. While Kabila himself was a to uphold a quasi-NATO defense agreement forged between them and non-Tutsi (belonging to the Luba people, a decision perhaps taken to DR Congo. South Africa, another member of the agreement, refused to underplay concerns of Tutsi domination), the rebels he led were primar- get involved militarily, urging instead for a diplomatic solution. Despite ily Tutsi. #e decision was backed by Uganda on the grounds of a close this posturing, South Africans were, in fact, not impartial to the con"ict; friendship between Laurent Kabila and President Museveni, which devel- the country supplied weaponry to Rwanda, while South African merce- oped during their time spent studying together at the University of Dar es nary %rms operated on both sides of the war. #e result was a stalemate, Salaam. where on one hand President Kabila’s regime controlled much of the #us the First Congo war came to an end. #e cycle of war at South, while Eastern Congo lay in the hands of Rwanda and Uganda. this point seemed spent. #e aims of Rwanda and Uganda in the Eastern At this point, the war in DR Congo became a free-for-all, with Congo stood secured. #e Hutu leadership responsible for the genocide various countries joining to %ght their common rivalries. #e theatre of was dismantled, and the ADF was brought to its knees. Further, the war expanded with Sudan joining to antagonize its Ugandan rivals and installation of a friendly government in Kinshasa was expected to deter backing the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), which subsequently became insurgents in Eastern Congo. successful in capturing large swathes of northern DR Congo. Chad en- #e Rule of President Kabila tered the war, on behalf of France and %nanced by Libya, and agreed un- #e peace proved to be short-lived. #e Great African War, o&cially to protect Libyan economic interests in the DR Congo. However, the greatest of this collection of tragedies, was about to rear its grotesque it subsequently retired from the war just a month later, due to widespread head forward. In many ways, the peace established by the end of the First looting and arson perpetrated by Chadian troops,. #e war worsened and Congo war was deceptive from the start. President Kabila remained inef- relations deteriorated between Uganda and Rwanda, resulting in the RCD fective at resisting the tide of guerilla attacks emanating from the Eastern and MLC %ghting each other over the Kisangani region in Northeast Congo, and at times even tacitly supported them. While frustrating his Congo. Despite agreeing to a cease%re in the Lusaka Accords of 1996 be- foreign allies, President Kabila hoped such tactics would allow for dis- tween the six main countries involved in the con"ict, the countries failed to materialize peace. cide-idUSKCN1RI0FV. E#orts at Peace and Rede$ned Motives As is the case for the most extensive wars, the Great African Agency, Defense Intelligence, Department of the Army Intelligence Agency, War saw the number of combatants increase as it extended over the Department of #e Navy Intelligence Agency, Department of #e Air Force Intelligence Agency, Department of #e Navy Intelligence Agency, and National span of many years. #e international community, which until this Security Agency Intelligence Agency. "Rwanda: #e Rwandan Patriotic Front's point remained absent from the a!air, %nally intervened. A %ve thou- O!ensive (U)." NSA Archive. May 09, 1994. Accessed September 18, 2020. sand %ve hundred-strong UN Peacekeeping mission was authorized by https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB53/rw050994.pdf. the UN Security Council to implement the cease%re in the Lusaka Ac- cords. But in reality, this did little to stop the %ghting between Ugandan "Rwanda: How the Genocide Happened." BBC. May 17, 2011. Accessed Sep- and Rwandan forces. tember 18, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13431486. Other forces now drove con"ict. What started as an attempt Under the Heading A$ermath to install a government amenable to the Tutsis found itself lost in the "How Kabila Lost His Way: #e Performance of Laurent Désiré Kabila's pursuit of pro%t. #is is a familiar story the DR Congo has found itself Government." Reliefweb. May 21, 1999. Accessed September 18, 2020. https:// mired in one form or another ever since the Belgians arrived in the reliefweb.int/report/angola/how-kabila-lost-his-way-performance-laurent-dé- 1870s. Plundering activities prolonged the war, %rst by making war a siré-kabilas-government. lucrative enterprise, and secondly by allowing the proceeds to fund the war machine. For both invading and defending nations, the second Clark, John F. "Explaining Ugandan Intervention in Congo: Evidence and In- point was especially pertinent. In Uganda, the war led to an increase terpretations." #e Journal of Modern African Studies 39, no. 2 (2001): 261-87. in the defense budget from $150 million to $350 million. Documents Accessed September 18, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3557264. produced by the South African Development Corporation (SADC) #e African World War | Animated History. Performed by Gri&n Johnsen. #e suggested Zimbabwe, Namibia, and Angola were %nancially incapable Armchair Historian. June 07, 2019. Accessed September 18, 2020. https://www. of shouldering the costs of prolonged war. youtube.com/watch?v=1XuRsZGmC9o&t=26s. In 2002, the war started to lose steam, starting with a peace Minute 3:20 - 3:40 agreement between DR Congo and Rwanda, followed by similar deals struck with Uganda and the main rebel groups. #e reasons for peace Gowan, Richard. "How Big Is the Congo? Very Big!" Global Dashboard. De- were multifold and tied to the achievement of Ugandan and Rwandan cember 06, 2011. Accessed September 18, 2020. https://www.globaldashboard. strategic interests. As noted earlier, rebels in the Eastern Congo stood org/2011/12/06/how-big-is-the-congo-very-big/. eliminated. #e peace deal signed with Rwanda included provisions Encyclopedia Britannica, Editors Of. "Laurent Kabila President of Democratic in which the DR Congo agreed to arrest Hutu instigators of the 1994 Republic of the Congo." Britannica. Accessed September 18, 2020. https://www. genocide, providing amends for the original driver of war. #e high britannica.com/biography/Laurent-Kabila. cost of war further built pressure for peace to ensue. Para 2 While all parties had entered the war hoping for a decisive victory with little to no bloodshed, what materialized was a multi-year con"ict that "Timeline of #e Congo Con"ict." Against #e Current (A Socialist Journal). caused bloodshed on an unimaginable scale. #e war was directly and September/October 2009. Accessed September 7, 2020. https://againstthecur- indirectly responsible for the deaths of 5.4 million individuals, making rent.org/atc142/p2381/. it the deadliest con"ict since World War Two. "Democratic Republic of Congo Pro%le - Timeline." BBC. January 10, 2019. Ac- !e DR Congo Today cessed September 7, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13286306. Although the formal ending of the war in April 2003 brought a modi- cum of peace, much of this is yet to be felt in reality. Varying troop lev- "Congo at War: A Brie%ng on the Internal and External Players in the Central els under the UN Peacekeeping Mission did little to prevent egregious African Con"ict." Reliefweb. November 17, 1998. Accessed September 18, 2020. acts of violence, re"ected by the fact that 4.5 million individuals still https://reliefweb.int/report/angola/congo-war-brie%ng-internal-and-exter- stand internally displaced and 800,000 citizens of the DR Congo reside nal-players-central-african-con"ict. as refugees in other nations. Sadly, con"ict continues to this day in North and South Kivu, "Democratic Republic of Congo: Chadian Involvement Detailed." Reliefweb. September 24, 1998. Accessed September 18, 2020. https://reliefweb.int/report/ Ituri, and Northern Katanga. Despite the peace accords, foreign inter- democratic-republic-congo/democratic-republic-congo-chadian-involve- ference remains entrenched, with Rwanda backing the rebel group M23 ment-detailed. - a Tutsi dominated group that in 2012 declared war on the government of DR Congo and only narrowly lost. #e DR Congo is also currently Baker, Bruce. "Going to War Democratically: #e Case of the Second Congo dealing with the twin epidemics of Ebola and Covid-19. War (1998-2000)." Contemporary Politics 6 (2000): 278. doi:10.1080/713658368. Despite this turmoil, impressive gains in economic growth have been made. GDP per capita has tripled since the war ended, "TIMELINE: THE CONGO IN CONFLICT." Huntington #eatre Company: though at $545.216 the DR Congo remains one of the poorest countries Avenue of #e Arts & South End. Accessed September 7, 2020. https://www. huntingtontheatre.org/articles/Timeline-#e-Congo-in-Con"ict/. in the world. High levels of Chinese investment have helped build back the country, though suspicions linger over these semi-neocolonistic "#e Democratic Republic of Congo: 2003 in Review." Reliefweb. July 1, 2004. e!orts. Democracy, while messy and far less than ideal, has been sus- Accessed September 7, 2020. https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-repub- tained in the country. #e future of the DR Congo remains optimistic. lic-congo/democratic-republic-congo-2003-review.
References "Rwanda 'protecting M23 DR Congo Rebels'." BBC. June 05, 2014. Accessed "Africa's Great War." #e Economist, July 04, 2002. September 18, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27714346. https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2002/07/04/africas-great- war "Crisis Update - September 2020." Medecins Sans Frontieres. September 4, 2020. Accessed September 18, 2020. https://www.msf.org/drc-ebola-out- Bhalla, Nita. "Factbox: Rwanda Remembers the 800,000 Killed on 25th Anni- break-crisis-update. versary of Genocide." Reuters. April 06, 2019. Accessed September 18, 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-rwanda-genocide-anniversary-factbox/ factbox-rwanda-remembers-the-800000-killed-on-25th-anniversary-of-geno-
Image Credits (Top) Joy Fan; (Bottom) Jose Luis Magan, The Associated Press Jessica Han
In the past months, it seems that our world has been spiralling into political conundrums, fervent fights for equality, and an epically tiring battle against the Covid-19 pandemic. Yet, what might have possibly shaken our world the most were the stark differences between the famous and infamous events that took place in the United States: the Black Lives Matter (BLM) protest and the U.S. Capitol Hill riots, respectively. And these are differences that must be broadcasted.
What was most shocking was the blatant differences in Alphonse also talks about the prevalent assumptions police response between the BLM protest and the Capitol of people of colour. He notes that “there appears to be Hill riots. a racial bias among the average U.S. police and also a systemic (and even political) bias in their response to During the large and peaceful BLM protest on the steps of racial causes; this encourages racism.” These stark the Lincoln Memorial in June, members of the D.C. differences between the BLM movement and the National Guard stood in front of the memorial wearing Capitol Hill riots evidently indicate that the United camouflage uniforms and were armed. On the contrary, States needs to take action and have a major systemic the Capitol Hill riots already had rioters storming and change. History shows significant inequality and trespassing into the Congress, wsomethingith violence awithnd c hstaao!s /mun ? injustices for people of colour, which continues to this ensuing for hours before the D.C. National Guard was set day. As we can all agree, it is incredibly disappointing in motion. and horrific to still see such unfairness after all this time. If drastic change doesn’t happen, then the future Although some of the BLM protests did have violence, it will only be filled with chaos and unrest—things none was nothing compared to the violence during the riots of us want. Ultimately, Uccellini concluded that “there this year. Yet, demonstrators in the BLM movement were has to be an aggressive re-evaluation of our values and faced with more resistance from the police, and the strategies in dealing with domestic terror and white Capitol Hill rioters were met with less. Uccellini added supremacy in the future.” that the differences between the police response were due to the “reflection of the white privilege that is so Sources:
prevalent in American politics.” I stand with this reason. https://globalnews.ca/news/7560569/donald-trump-riot-capitol- police-black-lives-matter/ There are many stereotypes associated with people of https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/09/us/george-floyd-protests- colour, which causes racial bias and assumptions. different-why/index.html
https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/police-response-to- capitol-hill-riot-rooted-in-white-supremacy-1.5868834
https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/09/media/reliable-sources- january-8/index.html https://www.nytimes.com/article/george-floyd-protests- timeline.html
https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/07/us/police-response-black-lives- matter-protest-us-capitol/index.html
Image credits: Getty Images What was most shocking was the blatant differences in Alphonse also talks about the prevalent assumptions Many of us, if not all of us, vividly remember the time Speaking of peaceful movements, the U.S. Capitol Hill police response between the BLM protest and the Capitol of people of colour. He notes that “there appears to be when news channels would be covered with the Black riots were neither peaceful nor a movement. In fact, Hill riots. a racial bias among the average U.S. police and also a Lives Matter movement and photos of people on crowded they were downright horrendous, if I’m being honest. systemic (and even political) bias in their response to streets marching down with advocating signs and roaring According to Alphonse and Uccellini, the riots were During the large and peaceful BLM protest on the steps of racial causes; this encourages racism.” These stark passions to fight for systemic change. This happened last “totally unnecessary” and “frankly disgusting,” the Lincoln Memorial in June, members of the D.C. differences between the BLM movement and the year on May 25, but it still feels like it had just happened respectively. National Guard stood in front of the memorial wearing Capitol Hill riots evidently indicate that the United yesterday. camouflage uniforms and were armed. On the contrary, States needs to take action and have a major systemic Likewise. the Capitol Hill riots already had rioters storming and change. History shows significant inequality and It was a stirring movement that began with a moving It was a revolting riot that began with an election trespassing into the Congress, with violence and chaos injustices for people of colour, which continues to this reason. On May 25, 2020, an African-American man we all result. On January 6, 2021, pro-Trump rioters and mobs ensuing for hours before the D.C. National Guard was set day. As we can all agree, it is incredibly disappointing know as George Floyd tragically died in an utterly stormed Capitol Hill in Washington D.C., using in motion. and horrific to still see such unfairness after all this horrifying way. A video surfaced of Mr. Floyd repeatedly violence, trespassing, and vandalizing the building. time. If drastic change doesn’t happen, then the future saying, “I can’t breathe,” while he was pinned down by a This all happened because people were unwilling to will only be filled with chaos and unrest—things none white police officer kneeling on his neck. Although some of the BLM protests did have violence, it accept an utterly fair and honest election result. was nothing compared to the violence during the riots of us want. Ultimately, Uccellini concluded that “there And thus, all of these actions and frustrations began the this year. Yet, demonstrators in the BLM movement were has to be an aggressive re-evaluation of our values and historical movement, the Black Lives Matter movement. And thus, the riot led to a chaotic and dangerous event. faced with more resistance from the police, and the strategies in dealing with domestic terror and white Citizens across the country, across the continent, An event that no one will ever forget because it is that Capitol Hill rioters were met with less. Uccellini added supremacy in the future.” marched down and up the streets, day after day, to voice horrendous and “marks a sad and dangerous that the differences between the police response were for justice and systemic change. Jacob Uccellini, head precedent,” as Uccellini remarked. Rioters stormed due to the “reflection of the white privilege that is so Sources: delegate for North American Model United Nations through the grounds of Capitol Hill and into the halls of prevalent in American politics.” I stand with this reason. https://globalnews.ca/news/7560569/donald-trump-riot-capitol- (NAMUN) from the University of Pittsburgh, noted that the Congress, instigating insurrection and instability. police-black-lives-matter/ There are many stereotypes associated with people of “there is a ridiculous level of inequality in the United These hours of insurrection left a lasting imprint on the https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/09/us/george-floyd-protests- colour, which causes racial bias and assumptions. different-why/index.html States.” country, and people were shocked worldwide. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/police-response-to- capitol-hill-riot-rooted-in-white-supremacy-1.5868834 I couldn’t agree more. Alphonse eloquently sums up the riot in two sentences: https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/09/media/reliable-sources- “Individual liberty being considered, these folks do january-8/index.html These protests were inevitable, especially with the “years have the right to protest. But storming Capitol Hill https://www.nytimes.com/article/george-floyd-protests- timeline.html of consistent racism and suppression [which] built up because of their unwillingness to accept the election
https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/07/us/police-response-black-lives- internal frustration within the community,” as Yahaya result is an insult to other people's liberty who have matter-protest-us-capitol/index.html Alphonse, a delegate for NAMUN from Algoma duly elected their representative.” University, so accurately expressed. As a largely peaceful movement, the Black Lives Matter protests have shed And I concur entirely. light on societal injustices and inequalities for those of colour. Image credits: Getty Images Image Credits: Shane Aldendorff UNIVERSITY CULTURE
IN THE TIMES OF COVID-19 and into realm the of possibility. eternal And defensible,cally bringing out both them of and makes proceedings the more academi ous architecture itself imposes asolemnity deception, and semantic !ourish. "e pomp of Victoria to inabattle College lock of wits, diplomats and gather hallowed inthe halls donals of disguises the warlords, MPs, and teenage and 20something not-yet intellectu Oh NAMUN, that glorious of time year when that Ihastily when packed my weekend bag notI will deceive you, dear reader, insaying jump in! - say it with me -unprecedented Let’s times. culture has changed and adapted during these what Io$er you is into alook how university safetythe of our computer screens. Instead, thatfact spendNAMUN we will 2021behind relevantseems and slightly cruel, given the renditions of Emissary. the it hardly Besides, variation or other of piece this inprevious conference before, you then have one seen my guess is ifyou have attended our esteemed reputationparty of University College, but of Woodsworth, or of fabled the and legacy nymity of New sleek College, the residences unparalleled libraries of Victoria, ano the of Innis, self-importance the of Trinity, the Yikes, ifyou ask its adherents), artisicm the traditionalism the between of St. Mikes’ (St. and sardonic details drawing distinctions matic college system. Icould go into tedious campus and its not less sprawling and enig inevitable fascination with UofT’s sprawling inations are not. certainly Which to leads the to campus the of Victoria College, our imag our corporal entitieswhile may con be #ned VIRTUALLY TOGETHER RADMILA YAROVAYA BY ------full of textbooks and escaped Toronto to the tion, along with them. suburbs of my parents, that I thought that nearly a year later, I would still not be able to Another thing that has "ourished since have the luxury of strolling from class to class in-person meetings have become a biohazard, on campus, basking in our collective synco- are online (mainly Zoom) events. Time, as pation. Much less, that I would be thrust into we know, waits for no man, and while we’re the unexplored terrain of online classes where dealing with existential dread, clubs still need the only two things you can rely on are you to function, journals published, debates adju- and your wi% connection. With no arti%ce dicated, and panels moderated. And in a way, to my name, I must admit - I was lonely. A they have become the common spaces that friend of mine told me of her theory; that the we were robbed of. Now now, before you start tragedy of the pandemic is that it takes away throwing tomatoes at me and burning this the possibility of possibility - that the casual page, I am not suggesting that Zoom events connections and camaraderie that are made o!er the same level of casual connection or possible by common spaces and leisure time interactive osmosis. All I am putting before between lectures are not possible in a time you, is that sitting at home, with your cam- of carefully scheduled zoom calls with only era turned o! and passively participating in a few close friends. #e truth of it le$ me a joint activity while private messaging your completely bere$. But we are human, a$er friend, is akin to the unassertive compan- all, and one thing that humans do well (aside ionship and understanding that you feel had from depleting nearly every environment we you attended the event in person a year ago. inhabit) is adapt. While it might not be a perfect replacement, it is a placebo that will have to do for now. #e lack of common physical spaces drove us to the one common space that no university So while you are sitting in the comfort of your student can imagine their existence without - homes and plotting your next move against Facebook, that land of dread and possibility. a fellow delegate while feverishly trying to What used to be an a$erthought, a remind- keep track of notes sent to your conspirators er for events on campus that we probably and headquarters, remember that the spirit of won’t go to, turned into nearly THE place for NAMUN and the connections you make are convocation. While yes, there is always a core real, even if everything else is virtual. group of “Class of whatever” groups that you are a part of, the sheer volume of new groups and posts within those groups that were being created, nearly blew my mind. #is is partly explained by the incoming students and the complete abyss of information and connection they %nd themselves in. Unlike a good number of us, who had a few years to make material friends and set up systems of information sharing, these guys are going into it blind. #ey seek answers to university (and life) and %nd at least a dozen groups re- lated to their college, their year of graduation, their faculty, their program, all beckoning them in, pulling the rest of us who are para- noically afraid of missing any bit of informa- WHY TORONTO SHOULD BE THE CAPITAL OF CANADA
By Jessica Han
“Ottawa? - Oh right, the capital!” had a strong military position, sit- ting right on the border line between Honestly, some of us probably forget lower and upper Canada. Ottawa was that Ottawa is the capital of Canada located far away from the frontier— at least once or twice in our lives. My the U.S. and Canada border—which condolences go to Ottawa as I, myself, had a lower chance of getting military am guilty of that. When we think of attacks. Canada, Toronto is the %rst city that comes to the forefront of our minds, Transportation services and routes, shoving Ottawa to the back. With the the Rideau Canal, and the railroads, multiculturalism, vivacious day and would be much easier to access by nightlife, and world-class sports teams many Canadian towns if Ottawa were found in Toronto, it’s no wonder that the capital. #is increased the revenue everyone thinks of this city %rst. But of these transportation systems. What why is it that Toronto is not the real made Ottawa even more desirable capital of Canada? to be Canada’s capital was the city’s ability to bring together the Anglo- Let’s hop on the time machine back phones and the Francophones due to to the nineteenth century. Canada’s its central location between the cities capital was changed multiple times of Toronto and Montreal, making during this century, and Toronto Ottawa a truly bilingual city. indeed became the capital of Canada, but for only two short periods—from Frankly, we can see why Ottawa was 1849-1851 and from 1855-1859. #en decided as the capital of Canada came the shining city, Ottawa, which during Queen Victoria’s time. But, we took all the stardom and became the have yet to ask the burning question real and %nalized capital of Canada. that everyone is probably thinking about. Should Ottawa really be the Ottawa already held a lot of potential capital of Canada, or should the hon- of becoming the capital with its steep our go to Toronto? economic growth and its railroad system, which could extend trans- Simply put, Toronto really deserves portation routes. Finally, in 1857, the honour. It’s the city where Cana- the beloved Queen Victoria came to da’s major %nancial performance and the conclusion of picking Ottawa as commercial centres are. It’s the city lo- Canada’s capital due to its geographi- cated right along one of the %ve great cal advantage and many other relevant lakes in North America, Lake Ontario. reasons. It’s THE city in Canada.
The CN Tower #is city was in a perfect location that Let’s start with its cultural in"uence and diversity. Toronto is home to multicultural indi- World Report. Toronto’s education life alone shows that viduals from diverse backgrounds, creating a one-of-a- Ottawa does not compare. kind, world-renowned cultural life. It’s a known fact that multiculturalism is everywhere in Toronto, from sports Seriously. What’s not to like about Toronto? to education to food to attractions—and they all de- serve their own praises. Some of you may point out that It’s entirely fair to say that Queen Victoria had solid rea- Ottawa has multiculturalism too, but does the city have sons why she chose Ottawa as the capital of Canada. Ot- NBA-winning sports teams, top-tier entertainment, or tawa was the perfect choice back in the nineteenth cen- the bragging rights of being Drake’s hometown? I don’t tury, especially during a time when the world was slowly think so. becoming industrialized, and attacks and invasions were more prone to happen. Toronto comprises some of the biggest and most popular social activities and entertainment. To list a few of them o!, Toronto has the Canadi- an National Exhibition, the Rogers Centre, the National Ballet of Canada, the Toronto Islands, and most notably, the CN Tower. All these plac- es exhibit Toronto’s rich diversity in the form of performing arts, music, sports, and nature preserves.
University of Toronto
Photos by Nathan Ching
In today’s world where innovation, technolog- ical advances, and increasing multiculturalism are occurring le$ and right, Toronto seems to be right in the middle of it, overshadowing Nathan Phillips Square Ottawa. Besides the fact that the city of Toronto Don’t even get me started on the city’s has a signi%cant cultural life, it also has an inter- sports teams. With hockey as one of Canada’s national national reputation that attracts roughly 27.5 million sports—the other sport being lacrosse—the Toronto tourists annually. Obviously, the real star of Canada is Maple Leafs is an established team amongst Canadians. undoubtedly Toronto—the New York, Chicago, and Los We can’t also forget about the Raptors, the Argonauts, Angeles all rolled into one. Toronto F.C., and the Blue Jays, which all have millions of fans nationwide. Now, a$er reading this article, let me ask you this. Toron- to should be the real capital of Canada: agree or disagree? On top of that, Toronto has a superior post-secondary education system, including the University of Toronto, Ryerson University, and York University. #e University of Toronto sits right in the middle of downtown Toronto and has a global ranking of 17, according to U.S. News & COVID-19 AND ONTARIO’S LOCAL POLITICS BY ALEX JAIN
#e most important political moment impacting only to be forced to close down permanently due Torontonians has been the lockdowns and var- to the lockdowns and decreased pro%ts. ious preventive measures due to Covid-19. It is a di&cult balancing act indeed to both mitigate Recently, the owner, Adam Skelly, of Adamson the number of Covid-19 cases and the econom- Barbecue, a BBQ restaurant in Etobicoke (a sub- ic impact on businesses shuttered or curtailed urb of Toronto) decided to defy municipal indoor by the lockdowns. We have had two lockdowns dining restrictions and allow patrons to dine in in Toronto, an initial one from mid-March with his restaurant in late November. He was arrested most restrictions ending July 31 (Nielson, 2020) and charged with several crimes, including break- and another beginning in mid-November for the ing health code requirements and mischief. #e city (Fox, 2020) and continuing province wide restaurant remains open for takeout and Skelly is from December 26 ending hopefully by the end awaiting to discover his punishment (Casaletto, of January 2021 (Davidson, 2020). During these 2020). Skelly has been considered a villain in periods, various businesses were closed including some people’s eyes and a martyr in others. He was gyms, bars, nightclubs, schools, places of worship, vili%ed because he refused to follow guidelines and restaurants (except for take-out/delivery), and put people at risk of contracting and spreading non-essential retail stores for various periods of Covid-19. He was lionized (by some) because he is time (Nielson, 2020). the embodiment of a small business owner, strug- gling to survive in tough times with his sales down I believe that these lockdowns are largely neces- 60% from in-door dining restrictions (O’Neil, sary, because people are not signi%cantly following 2020). provincial guidelines on social distancing and sticking to their bubble, and the surge of cases is #e municipal government of Toronto led by alarming. But it is disheartening to see the impact mayor John Tory has been largely praised as being on the city; hundreds of businesses were shuttered, proactive but Doug Ford, the premier of Ontario, including many small, unique places that added to has long been criticized for his approach to the the vibrancy and diversity of Toronto. pandemic (Elliott, 2020). #ese critiques have largely been due to three reasons: lack of trans- In my neighborhood, in the north of Toronto, parency requiring Covid-19 restrictions, laxity in the little comedy club by my house closed down mitigating Covid-19, and hypocritical actions by during the %rst lockdown in April. My dad always Ford and his cabinet. dreamed of going on open-mic night and sharing a comedy routine but never had the courage. Next First, Ford’s administration has lacked transpar- door, the pet-grooming place, where my dog Sim- ency from the pandemic’s get-go. Public health ba (a cute curly black poodle) got shaved monthly, decisions to shut down or remain open have been shut down in August. It’s genuinely sad to me that shrouded in secrecy. Speci%c metrics for deci- people worked so hard to establish their businesses sion-making surrounding restrictions were not shared with the public. #e public is also not sures/ CBC News. (2020, December 31). Everything we privy to cabinet discussions surrounding know about the timeline of Rod Phillips’s ill-fated Covid-19 restrictions decisions and are o$en Caribbean vacation. Retrieved January 10, 2021, le$ in the dark about provincial planning from https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ rod-phillips-vacation-timeline-1.5858696 (Gray, 2020). Davidson, S. (2020, December 21). Ontario will enter strict lockdown on Dec. 26, nearly all non-essential businesses to close. Retrieved January 10, 2021, Many also feel that Ford and his adminis- from https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/ontario-will-enter- tration have not been aggressive enough in strict-lockdown-on- containing Covid-19. For example, dec-26-nearly-all-non- Ford has not vigorously pursued essential-businesses-to- close-1.5239810 vaccination e!orts and only a few Elliott, M. (2020, No- thousand people in Ontario have vember 17). Doug Ford’s repeated COVID-19 been vaccinated currently (Fergu- fumbles have allowed son, 2021). Others have criticized Toronto to score public Ford’s decision to keep schools health points. But no one should be cheering. open with large class sizes in Retrieved January 10, Fall 2020 instead of virtual 2021, from https://www. schooling (Alphonso, 2020). thestar.com/opinion/ contributors/2020/11/17/ doug-fords-repeated- Finally, one of the most frus- covid-19-fumbles-have- trating moments for us as To- allowed-toronto-to-score- public-health-points-but- rontonians was the hypocrisy of no-one-should-be-cheer- Rod Phillips, the %nance minister of ing.html Ontario and Ford’s right-hand man. Ferguson, R. (2021, Janu- While Ford and his administration have ary 4). Ontario has been slow to give COVID-19 vaccinations. Doug Ford says that’s about to been telling Ontarians to stay home, refrain change. Retrieved January 10, 2021, from https:// from travel, and remain in the country for www.thestar.com/politics/provincial/2021/01/04/ months, Philipps went on a vacation to ontario-has-been-slow-to-give-covid-19-vaccina- tions-doug-ford-says-thats-about-to-change.html Switzerland in August and St. Barts in De- Fox, C. (2020, November 23). Ford defends deci- cember (CBC News, 2020). While Philipps sion to suspend in-person shopping as Toronto was enjoying the beautiful Swiss Alps and and Peel o&cially enter lockdown. Retrieved January 10, 2021, from https://www.cp24.com/ the beaches of St. Barts, many Torontonians news/ford-defends-decision-to-suspend-in-per- like me were staying at home and social son-shopping-as-toronto-and-peel-o&cially-en- ter-lockdown-1.5200339 distancing. #is has been a tough time for Gray, R. (2020, October 9). Doug Ford’s crit- many Torontonians (and people province- ics call for more transparency on pandemic wide, nationwide, and worldwide) but also decisions. Retrieved January 10, 2021, from https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/arti- a symbol of our resiliency. cle-doug-fords-critics-call-for-more-transparen- cy-on-pandemic-decisions/ References Nielsen, K. (2020, April 24). A timeline of Alphonso, A. (2020, July 30). Ontario students to return COVID-19 in Ontario. Retrieved January 10, to school full time in the fall, with no class-size limits for 2021, from https://globalnews.ca/news/6859636/ youngest learners. Retrieved January 10, 2021, from https:// ontario-coronavirus-timeline/ www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-ontario-stu- O’Neil, L. (2020, December 11). Adamson BBQ dents-to-return-to-school-full-time-in-the-fall-with/ owner Adam Skelly says he got himself arrested Casaletto, L. (2020, December 15). Adamson BBQ allowed on purpose. Retrieved January 09, 2021, from to reopen a$er owner de%ed lockdown measures. Re- https://www.blogto.com/eat_drink/2020/12/ad- trieved January 09, 2021, from https://toronto.citynews. amson-bbq-adam-skelly-arrested/ ca/2020/12/14/toronto-allows-adamson-bbq-to-reopen-af- ter-restaurants-owner-de%ed-provincial-lockdown-mea- BY: PARAS KAPOOR
Despite the land reclamation process being an immense endeavor causing much disruption, there was widespread support for it among both the general public and industry. To give a sense of the scale, the The waterfront is intimately linked with the story of Toronto’s rise from 1850 land reclamation effort required the equivalent of 350 wagonloads obscurity to global dominance. Owing to its favorable location, Toronto of landfill dumped every day for 10 continuous years . We have already as far back as the 1600s established itself as place for trade and explored the reasons for industry backing reclamation, but let us look commerce . This is only solidified with the American Revolution driving into reasons for the general public’s support. Unsurprisingly, the public the British to build a naval base at the waterfront to secure Lake Ontario envisioned a waterfront free of industry and instead populated with from any future American encroachment , in the process giving rise to public walkways, beaches, and incredible viewpoints . Toronto and its historic waterfront. Despite the land reclamation process being an immense endeavor With a permanent settlement providing labor as well as market for causing much disruption, there was widespread support for it among industry, a naval base security, and access to waterways as a quick and both the general public and industry. To give a sense of the scale, the cheap way to transport, the 1800s became a period of rapid 1850 land reclamation effort required the equivalent of 350 wagonloads industrialization. Manufacturers set up base along the waterfront, of landfill dumped every day for 10 continuous years . We have already sending finished goods straight from the factory onto boats supplying explored the reasons for industry backing reclamation, but let us look different markets . An era of unplanned, unregulated industrialization into reasons for the general public’s support. Unsurprisingly, the public began. The story of the waterfront from this point became increasingly envisioned a waterfront free of industry and instead populated with characterized by conflict between the demands of industry for space, public walkways, beaches, and incredible viewpoints . and the wishes of the public for a scenic waterfront. Ultimately, one side had to win. For good or for bad, the merchants This process of industrialization continued unabated until the 1840s, won. Financing the land reclamation made this a necessity, as the only stopping only when a lack of space put a break on further expansion , way such massive funds could be raised was through taxation of giving rise to a clamor for land reclamation. This kicked off in the 1850s merchant piers and enterprises . In fact the campaign waged by the a hundred year period of land reclamation which sought to push the merchants to shape the shoreline to their liking was so successful that waterfront further and further out. The process resulted in a dramatic they convinced the populace to view bridges, warehouses, and railway change in the character of the city. While in 1850 the waterfront was lines as beautiful objects which should be desired in a public place . visible from any point within the city, by 1858 land reclamation made this no longer true . Another significant change was that land The importance of this reclamation cannot be understated. By moving reclamation made construction right next to the shore line possible . decisively, Toronto was able to break out of its envisioned role of being Hence, whereas in 1850 the immediate waterfront lay unused, by 1858 it a small harbor falling along the trade route between Montreal and was covered in shops and railway lines . Maine . Thus, it successively established Maritime dominance in the Great Lakes region and in the process made Toronto a prosperous and successful city.
Sources: Waterfront Toronto. Accessed February 8, 2021. https://waterfrontoronto.ca/nbe/portal/waterfront/Home/waterfronthome/about-us/history-and-heritage.
Mcilwraith, Thomas. "Digging Out and Filling In Making Land on the Toronto Waterfront in the 1850s"; Urban History Review 20, no. 1 (June 1, 1991): 15-33. Accessed February 8, 2021. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017560ar.
Desfor, Gene, and Jennefer Laidley. Reshaping Toronto's Waterfront. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press, 2011. Accessed February 8, 2021. https://search.library.utoronto.ca/details?7620172&uuid=70c3e8ed- This was followed by a 30 year period of increasing public backlash over most prominent waterfront industry . The high cost of borrowing the unregulated industrialization that had taken over the city. This caused by the war further increased the importance of ship building as a started with the election of Adman Wilson in 1859, a staunch opponent source of revenue to finance the 1912 plan . of industry , which became significant when federal funding became tied with the resolution of the sewage problem, but the movement was There was hope that ship building continued to retain its prominence in successful only when faced with a Typhoid outbreak of the 1890s . peace time as well. The reason for this was that shipbuilding as an industry was comparable to the modern day car industry. By relying on In response we saw the first attempts to regulate Toronto’s waterfront. a number of supplementary industries, it bolstered the industrialization Plans were drawn up and implemented to discharge sewage deeper of the nation and created a good mix of high skilled and low skilled jobs into the bay as well as new regulation introduced on the dumping of . But a ban on foreign ship building contracts instituted to help build manure . The completion of these projects in addition to a water Canada’s merchant navy as well as the inability of Toronto’s shipyards to treatment facility in 1908 paved the way for restoration of federal adapt to domestic requirements doomed the nascent industry . The funding for Toronto’s waterfront . decline can be seen from the fact that the number of Canadian companies involved in the ship sector dropped from 82 in 1920 to 38 in This was just in time for the 1912 Waterfront Plan, an ambitious 1922 . program aiming to reclaim yet more land while simultaneously envisioning the building of modern dock facilities . This plan served as a Having heavily relied on revenue from ship building to fund the 1912 death knell to the era of unplanned industrialization. We saw the rights plan, the collapse as well as lack of uptake of reclaimed land plunged of citizens advance with a referendum held in 1911 on whether the the commission into deep financial problems , forcing the commission Harbourfront Commission should be the body responsible for to sell land and accept the proliferation of low value industries on the waterfront development, which was called in favor of the commission . waterfront . But there were limits to this newfound propensity to regulate industry. The waterfront was now firmly in the modern era. The ensuing With the 1912 plan still relying heavily on industry funding, the developments during the next 100 years created the present day waterfront remained a place first and foremost for industry to thrive . waterfront we have come to know and love. Starting from 1912 and ending in 1961, Toronto Island was established and subsequently In many ways the 1912 plan was essential. The lack of clear responsibility expanded for recreational space . The Billy Bishop airport was for the waterfront led to each authority passing the buck to another for established here during the 1930s . On the industrial front the opening the state of utter disrepair in which the Waterfront found itself . The of the St Lawrence seaway made shipping the easiest it had ever been in result of this was the near eradication of the waterfront as a place of the Great Lakes system . Modern day advances in telecommunication, industry. Diseases emanating from the waterfront shortened the lives logistical breakthroughs, and larger shipping loads led to the advent of of the working class, the railways running along the waterfront led to mega warehouses starting from 1955 . roads blocked with wares, and the lack of maintenance of the harbor made docks fall in disrepair and the waterways increasingly difficult to navigate . The 1912 plan was, therefore, a desperate gambit to retain But Toronto by the beginning of the 1970s started losing its industrial Toronto’s economic hegemony in the Great Lakes region by trying to luster . The decline left behind a debilitated waterfront and created solve the economic, social, and political problems plaguing the opportunity for the waterfront to be more than just a place for industry. waterfront. Capitalizing on these developments, the then PM Pierre Trudeau launched a plan in 1972 to revitalize 100 acres of waterfront land. The World War 1 jolted the 1912 plan. The demand for ships as well as Harbourfront Corporation in 1976 was formed to fulfill this mandate , munitions by the British led to a re-tooling of Toronto’s waterfront leading to the creation of Harbourfront Centre in 1991, which industry. The heavy damage suffered by the British Merchant Navy subsequently became one of the most popular tourist destinations in during the course of war led to a boom in contracts being given to Canada . Canadian ship builders, slowly but steadily making ship building the
6465-43f4-9b56-029df88a05c2. "225 Years of Port Activity." Ports Toronto. Accessed February 8, 2021. https://www.portstoronto.com/port-of- toronto/225-years-of-port-activity.aspx.
"This Is What Toronto's Waterfront Looked Like in the 1970s." Blogto. Accessed February 8, 2021. https://www.blogto.com/ city/2017/08/toronto-waterfront-1970s/. 34 "History of Harbourfront Centre." Harbourfront Centre. Accessed February 8, and%20cultural%20celebration. Professor Cammaert-Raval is an historian whose research specialization is International Relations of Africa. She has conducted research in modern Ghana, and published the study Undesirable Practices: Women, Children, and the Politics of the Body in Northern Ghana, 1930-1972. Professor Cammaert-Raval is also an excellent seminar leader and lecturer, teaching courses at the University of Toronto that deal with Justice and Global Conflict, and as such, is particularly qualified to speak on topics regarding this year’s International Court of Justice Specialized Agency topic. The Emissary asked questions about the historical outcomes of the ICJ rulings on the armed activities in the territory of the Congo, as well as the larger positives and negatives of ICJ proceedings. Finally, after the judgement of the ICJ, the question of reparation payments was left to be negotiated between the DRC and Uganda. This negotiation process failed, and in 2015, the matter was placed before the court once more. As of September 8, 2020, experts have been appointed in this matter and a conclusion still has not arrived. In your opinion, do you feel that this lengthy judicial process is beneficial for either the states involved, or the individuals directly impacted?
I would say that this lengthy judicial process may have proved beneficial to Uganda, from a political and economic standpoint. However, it is of course to the detriment of those directly impacted by human rights violations on the ground, and particularly in Ituri.
We need only point to examples such as the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda to see the impacts of a lengthy judicial process on victims - and particularly victims of sexual violence - who are at times 'doubly traumatized' by said process.
From what I understand, there aren't consistent or obligatory (note: Rwanada’s Gacaca courts were a community effort standards for reparations for gross violations of international toward tranisitional justice rooted in regional traditions, humanitarian law, just obligations for states to provide effective that were implemented after the 1994 Rwandan genocide.) remedies that can include reparations. More worryingly, the UN's Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy Professor Cammaert-Raval was so kind to sit down with the and Reparations is rather a declarative document, suggesting Emissary and answer our questions in detail. From a reparations be adequate and proportional to the severity of the historian’s perspective, the ICJ as a body is an avenue for violations/harm suffered. What does this mean for a ruling that human rights justice that works on an international level, is couched within a temporal War, within a region of historically delivering a humanitarian message to human rights cyclical conflict? Luke Moffett, Caoimhe O’Hagan and Sunneva violators, while not addressing victims directly. This is Gilmore (2019) suggest a national programme, but one that is difficult ground to tread, as the Professor notes that there is widened to include other affected regions - not just victims in no concrete compensation for victims of human rights Ituri (but also Kivu, Katanga, etc). Most importantly, they also violations, and the testimony process can have abhorrent point to the need for the ICC and the ICJ to work together to adverse effects including re-traumatization. The question complement their approaches to reparations, since reparations remains: how can an international court improve itself to were already issued for the ICC's Lubanga case. This would help deliver ‘mass justice for mass atrocities’? Historically, this in terms of evidence sharing in determining reparations and has not been possible in the DRC; however, the NAMUN ensuring people are not doubly compensated for the same committee meeting as the ICJ might take steps to be bold harm. Even if reparations are sorted successfully, the likelihood where the real ICJ has demurred. of 'mass justice for mass atrocities', on the scale of that of Rwanda's Gacaca courts, is questionable. The International Court of Justice is often referred to as the ‘world court,’ and has been This case was brought before the ICJ in 1999, operating as an arm of the UN since 1946. Unlike however, as the proceedings occurred, the Second the International Criminal Court, the ICJ does not Congolese War continued in the DRC, impacting prosecute individuals, rather it presides over hundreds of Congolese citizens as well as further international disputes between states. In your damaging the territory and resources. What opinion, is it possible for such a court to consequences would a ruling by the ICJ in the prosecute human rights violations effectively, region have to help resolve the dispute? such as those brought against the Ugandan military by the DRC? It is unlikely, at that time (and if I understand your question correctly) that a ruling would have done much to help This depends on how you define effective. Is efficacy resolve the dispute. Now, here I am speaking as an historian measured by the ruling itself, and the message it sends - and a social historian at that. Historically, conflict in the concerning impunity and international humanitarian law, or Great Lakes region is largely understood as cyclical and the court's ability to prevent future human rights violations protracted, and by the Second Congolese War, involving in the Great Lakes region? Or the ability for victims of these several other African countries beyond DRC, Uganda and Although the ICJ has taken steps since their ruling on violations to feel that justice is served, through reparations Rwanda (hence why it is often referred to as Africa's World this case to ensure the prosecution of war crimes and of some sort? If efficacy is measured by the latter two War). Back in 1996, as part of a regional coalition, the UPDF human rights violations, both the IMF and the World examples, then I would question the court's impact given entered north-eastern Congo to combat Ugandan rebel Bank have elected to give Uganda debt relief packages the economic and political complexities of the Great Lakes groups and Rwandan Hutu rebel groups who were then to relieve their financial burden in 2003. Considering Region, and difficulties surrounding the question of propped-up by Mobutu. At this time, they supported that much of Uganda’s revenue in the aftermath of the reparations. More specifically, legal scholars have noted that Kabila's rebels, facilitating the eventual overthrow of conflict consisted of illegally obtained materials from while the Court had found Uganda to have violated the Mobutu. However, two years' later, UPDF troops in support the DRC, the IMF and World Bank were operating in principle of non-use of force in international relations and of Rwanda's military operation against Kabila re-entered opposition to international law. In your opinion, does the principle of non-intervention, the Court demurred from the north-east, and within a few years from the start of the the UN have any recourse or stronger methods of referring to Article 2(4) in its judgement (which would have Second Congolese War, it had become clear that the UPDF enforcement to uphold ICJ judgments internationally? found Uganda guilty of an act of aggression contrary to was engaging in a form of informal transborder military Article 2(4) of the UN charter). It is worth noting that the entrepreneurism, pillaging the DRC of its resources. Koen DRC had specifically asked the Court to consider this Article. Vlassenroot, Sandrine Perrot and Jeroen Cuvelier have Two Judges went so far as to call the Court to be bolder in its termed these "militarised shadow networks" that developed Well, the broader historical context here is the stain of the IMF and judgement, citing this as a case (compared to those an "interconnectedness between public and private logics, World Bank's Structural Adjustment Programmes that were previous) where the military's activities clearly qualified as as well as between state and non-state actors." implemented in the late 1980s and 1990s across Africa, Uganda included. an act of aggression. The caution the Court appears to have (Vlassenroot, Perrot and Cuvelier, 2012). These same It is not surprising that the IMF/World Bank would extend debt relief used in refusing to expressly refer to Article 2(4) in this scholars posit that the perpetuation of these shadow again in the 2000s, despite this being in opposition to international law. particular case may throw doubt on its ability to effectively networks may have worked to strengthen Uganda's state Dependency theorists would view this as another attempt to strengthen prosecute human rights violations, at least in a region of system. We must keep in mind the broader picture: prior to ties and financial dependencies. Unfortunately, given the economic such protracted conflict. the UDPF's presence in the north-eastern region of Ituri, drivers that fuelled the conflict, particularly gold and timber in Ituri, and illicit transborder exports of diamonds and commodities the persistence of the above-mentioned local, regional and global had been taking place since the 1960s. There is a long networks, it does appear that even if the UN had stronger methods of history of these local, regional, and global networks, and it enforcement at its disposal, it would be difficult to uphold ICJ judgments (note: Article 2(4) of the UN Charter states: All Members is doubtful as to whether a timely ruling would have internationally. Uganda and Rwanda are well-known to be major gold shall refrain in their international relations from the threat dismantled this conflict landscape. exporters in the region, facilitating the trade of conflict minerals into or use of force against the territorial integrity or political international markets. While there has been an attempt to impose independence of any State, or in any other manner sanctions, blacklisting the worst offending Ugandan companies, the UN inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.) has claimed a lack of cooperation among the states responsible for implementing the sanctions. The International Court of Justice is often referred to as the ‘world court,’ and has been This case was brought before the ICJ in 1999, operating as an arm of the UN since 1946. Unlike however, as the proceedings occurred, the Second the International Criminal Court, the ICJ does not Congolese War continued in the DRC, impacting prosecute individuals, rather it presides over hundreds of Congolese citizens as well as further international disputes between states. In your damaging the territory and resources. What opinion, is it possible for such a court to consequences would a ruling by the ICJ in the prosecute human rights violations effectively, region have to help resolve the dispute? such as those brought against the Ugandan military by the DRC? It is unlikely, at that time (and if I understand your question correctly) that a ruling would have done much to help This depends on how you define effective. Is efficacy resolve the dispute. Now, here I am speaking as an historian measured by the ruling itself, and the message it sends - and a social historian at that. Historically, conflict in the concerning impunity and international humanitarian law, or Great Lakes region is largely understood as cyclical and the court's ability to prevent future human rights violations protracted, and by the Second Congolese War, involving in the Great Lakes region? Or the ability for victims of these several other African countries beyond DRC, Uganda and violations to feel that justice is served, through reparations Rwanda (hence why it is often referred to as Africa's World of some sort? If efficacy is measured by the latter two War). Back in 1996, as part of a regional coalition, the UPDF examples, then I would question the court's impact given entered north-eastern Congo to combat Ugandan rebel the economic and political complexities of the Great Lakes groups and Rwandan Hutu rebel groups who were then Region, and difficulties surrounding the question of propped-up by Mobutu. At this time, they supported reparations. More specifically, legal scholars have noted that Kabila's rebels, facilitating the eventual overthrow of while the Court had found Uganda to have violated the Mobutu. However, two years' later, UPDF troops in support principle of non-use of force in international relations and of Rwanda's military operation against Kabila re-entered the principle of non-intervention, the Court demurred from the north-east, and within a few years from the start of the referring to Article 2(4) in its judgement (which would have Second Congolese War, it had become clear that the UPDF found Uganda guilty of an act of aggression contrary to was engaging in a form of informal transborder military Article 2(4) of the UN charter). It is worth noting that the entrepreneurism, pillaging the DRC of its resources. Koen DRC had specifically asked the Court to consider this Article. Vlassenroot, Sandrine Perrot and Jeroen Cuvelier have Two Judges went so far as to call the Court to be bolder in its termed these "militarised shadow networks" that developed judgement, citing this as a case (compared to those an "interconnectedness between public and private logics, previous) where the military's activities clearly qualified as as well as between state and non-state actors." an act of aggression. The caution the Court appears to have (Vlassenroot, Perrot and Cuvelier, 2012). These same used in refusing to expressly refer to Article 2(4) in this scholars posit that the perpetuation of these shadow particular case may throw doubt on its ability to effectively networks may have worked to strengthen Uganda's state prosecute human rights violations, at least in a region of system. We must keep in mind the broader picture: prior to such protracted conflict. the UDPF's presence in the north-eastern region of Ituri, illicit transborder exports of diamonds and commodities had been taking place since the 1960s. There is a long history of these local, regional, and global networks, and it (note: Article 2(4) of the UN Charter states: All Members is doubtful as to whether a timely ruling would have shall refrain in their international relations from the threat dismantled this conflict landscape. or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.) THE NIGHT OF
illustrations FRAUD? THE AFTERMATH
THE NIGHT OF
THE AFTERMATH
TWO MICHAELS,
December 2020 marked a sombre anniversary in Canadian foreign Meng Wanzhou and Global Context What’s Next? Works Cited TWO YEARS BY ANJALI RAO
“I have watched with shock how what began as a peaceful #EndSARS protest has degenerated into a monster that is threatening the well-being of our society,”
What started as a largely peaceful protest to end police brutality in Lagos, Nigeria, quickly became violent and bloody, leading to numerous injuries and the deaths of civilians, police officers, and soldiers.
In early October, demonstrators have been President of Nigeria, Muhammadu Buhari, vowed protesting daily against SARS—Special Anti- to end police brutality by reforming and improving Robbery Squad— a controversial and unruly police the current police system. On top of that, funds of force. A video surfaced of a man allegedly being compensation will be available for the victims. shot and killed by SARS officers in Delta State, prompting the beginning of the #EndSARS protest. The government issued an immediate effect on October 11 to completely dissolve SARS, replacing it Amnesty International has accused SARS of police with a new police force, Special Weapons and brutality and human rights violations , including Tactics (SWAT). To implement further measures, sexual assaults, extrajudicial murder, extortion, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) harassment, and torture. Soon after the protests will be aiding in training this new entity. But began, the Nigerian police started to use hostile protestors are unconvinced with this solution as force and attack defenceless protestors, creating SWAT might not be different from SARS; just have a more unrest in the country. new name.
In response, the governor set a state-wide mandatory 24-hour curfew to keep people safe and properties from being vandalized or destroyed. Despite this, violent unrest is still occurring as soldiers reportedly opened fire at multiple protestors. With the protest still happening to this day, it seems these ongoing terrorizing acts are becoming worse and worse. From celebrities to athletes to communities in Toronto, people world-wide are helping, supporting, and standing with the protesters in Nigeria to end police brutality. Recently, Odion Ighalo, a Nigerian footballer of Manchester United, expressed his support for the protest on Twitter. Other celebrities such as Rihanna, Kanye West, John Boyega, and Chance the Rapper have shown their support on various social media platforms.
Citizens in Toronto and non-profit organizations have been continuously voicing their support and encouraging others to do so. Many members of the Toronto Nigerian community are fearful and angry for their family back home in Nigeria, motivating them not to give up by continuing to participate in demonstrations and express their opinions.
There are dozens of ways to support the Nigerian protest, including any post-secondary students who want to help out. Fundraisers such as a GoFundMe page are being set up online to aid victims and destroyed properties. Another easy way to contribute is to stay informed about what is going on. Stay updated with the news and speak out by using the #EndSars hashtag on Instagram, Facebook, or Twitter. Just remember that even the smallest action will make a difference.
https://twitter.com/jidesanwoolu/status/1318504576937578497 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54666368 https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/548-lagos-state- https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/nigeria-sars-police-brutality-protests- governor 1.5772339 https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/nigeria-sars-police-brutality-protests-1.5772339 https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/13/africa/nigeria-police-sars-victims- https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/20/africa/nigeria-protests-lekki-tollgate/index.html intl/index.htm
From celebrities to athletes to communities in Toronto, people world-wide are helping, supporting, and standing with the protesters in Nigeria to end police brutality. Recently, Odion Ighalo, a Nigerian footballer of Manchester United, expressed his support for the protest on Twitter. Other celebrities such as Rihanna, Kanye West, John Boyega, and Chance the Rapper have shown their support on various social media platforms.
Citizens in Toronto and non-profit organizations have been continuously voicing their support and encouraging others to do so. Many members of the Toronto Nigerian community are fearful and angry for their family back home in Nigeria, motivating them not to give up by continuing to participate in demonstrations and express their opinions. Credit: EPA There are dozens of ways to support the Nigerian protest, including any post-secondary students who want to help out. Fundraisers such as a GoFundMe page are being set up online to aid victims and destroyed properties. Another easy way to contribute is to stay informed about what is going on. Stay updated with the news and speak out by using the #EndSars hashtag on Instagram, Facebook, or Twitter. Just remember that even the smallest action will make a difference.
https://twitter.com/jidesanwoolu/status/1318504576937578497 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54666368 https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/548-lagos-state- https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/nigeria-sars-police-brutality-protests- governor 1.5772339 https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/nigeria-sars-police-brutality-protests-1.5772339 https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/13/africa/nigeria-police-sars-victims- https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/20/africa/nigeria-protests-lekki-tollgate/index.html intl/index.htm
Credit: Getty Images
Credit: EPAs conducted by Jessica Han What are your thoughts on the Black Lives Matter protest?
It seems the BLM protests were sparked as a Y response to a series of unlawful killings and violence The BLM protests were unfortunately long against Blacks in the States. Years of consistent overdue but ultimately required. There is a A racism and suppression had built up internal ridiculous level of inequality in the United H frustration within the community. Staying home in States, and simply pretending that it will go A the pandemic helped highlight these incidences away is simply not viable. I hope that the even more, and that frustration was expressed protests continue so that they can force Y through the outcry. It was vital as it helped to shed real legislative change, as well as influences A light on what people still go through that may have of public opinion in a positive manner previously gone unnoticed. However, more needs to (though this feels less likely with fake news be set in place to address these issues to avoid the spreading networks). A next generation from making the same demands. L P What are your thoughts on the U.S Capitol riots?
H The capitol hill riots were totally unnecessary. The capitol riots were frankly disgusting. It O Individual liberty being considered, these folks do was incredibly difficult to watch what have the right to protest. But storming Capitol Hill N occurred that day, and frankly outlines the because of their unwillingness to accept the election difference in reactions to POC compared to S result is an insult to other people's liberty who have white people. The fact that a sitting duly elected their representative. It was a E president of the U.S. was able to incite a horrendous approach by individuals who might terror attack marks a sad and dangerous believe they have a stronger say in the country's precedent. J matters; the former President, Trump, also acting as their ally. A C How do you feel about the police response to the U.S Capitol riots compared to the O police response to the Black Lives Matter protest in Washington D.C? B
One protest is a result of a series of casualties and The police responses were markedly racism. The other is a result of disapproval with an different for a variety of reasons. Some of U election outcome and "claimed" fraud. The Capitol that can be explained away, but for the C Hill riot had a shorter duration, but the police most part, it's, unfortunately, a reflection of seemed to be more lenient with Capitol Hill the white privilege that is so prevalent in E protesters. I believe (either subconsciously or not) American politics. When one group is L some police members may hold stereotypes and protesting unjust policing procedures and be more aggressive toward non-white groups. This police brutality and is met with more police L may have been the case with the more aggressive brutality, while the other group is I approach to BLM protesters, although comparing protesting a free and fair election and is N both is rather difficult. However, I do not believe allowed to enter the United States capitol BLM protesters could even enter Capitol Hill with violence, there is a severe issue with I without serious casualties. the politics of that state. Y A H Why do you think the police treated the BLM protest differently from the U.S Capitol A riots? Y A There appears to be a racial bias among the I think the answer is pretty obvious. For average U.S. police and also a systemic (and even months, BLM was mostly peaceful but was A political) bias in their response to racial causes; this met by violence from the police while these encourages racism. The majority of BLM protesters attackers were allowed to essentially walk L were not Black (given the Black U.S. population up to the capitol and in some cases were P that's expected). However, the former U.S. waved in. By all means, some police officers H administration was more aggressive against the were trying to stop the rioters, but the fact "cause" the BLM protest stood for and could use that any at all were assisting them is O the armed forces for their advantage. The former disheartening. N U.S. President plays a role in sending groups like the National Guard into areas; evidently, the BLM S protestors were treated worse. The former U.S. E administration was the culprit here.
How do the stark differences between the peaceful BLM protest at D.C and the chaotic U.S Capitol riots express/represent the United States?
There is a stark political divide in the United States. The difference in response is a highlight of The minorities are fed up with fighting the same the difference in how the United States views hindrances their parents fought, while some other white and black people in the U.S. The groups deny the existence of their struggle. Sadly United States needs to reconcile with J some individuals assume their opinion is more centuries of oppression and history marred important than others, and that they have more by racism and two genocides. That’s a A ownership of the country. The U.S. has leftover difficult process, and it won’t all be positive C cobwebs from years of oppression that, if not progress at once. But if events like the addressed, could cause a rise in civil unrest and capitol attack are to be stopped from O dangerous groups from the different political happening again, there has to be an B spectrums. aggressive re-evaluation of our values and strategies in dealing with domestic terror and white supremacy in the future. U C E L L I N I The Role of Social Media in Protests By: Anjali Rao
January 25, 2011–a “day of rage” as proclaimed by Egyptian protesters–cemented a new era of civil disobedience, as tens of thousands gathered in Cairo to protest the Hosni Mubarak presidency. Ten years later, the collision of social media and revolution continues to confront the democratic world. In recent months, from the anti-racist movement to the %ght for auton- omy in Hong Kong, to the farmer’s protest in India, to the riot on the US capital, the extreme accessibility of the Internet has had a deep impact on the power of these organized demonstrations. #e question remains, however, whether the e!ects of these movements will be di!erent than those that came before.
Egypt, 2011 Activist groups planned an uprising %ghting against poverty, police brutality, corruption, and mis- use of power in January. #eir demands re"ected the previous attempts at revolution that had arisen in Egypt in the mid-20th century, as well as many of the current calls for change that echo around the world. #e demonstration was planned for Tahrir Square, by a myriad of groups including Youth for line activism.” As thousands of users Justice and Freedom, the Coalition of the felt safe to share both their identity and Youth of the Revolution, and the largest system of beliefs on the Internet, united opposition group in Egypt: the Muslim in a common cause against the Egyptian Brotherhood. Unconventionally, a video administration, a new order of activism blog and social media campaign became was shown to the international commu- the catalyst for these events. nity. Mahfouz was able to speak out, as a woman and a citizen of Egypt, and as a Twenty-six-year-old Asmaa Mah- result, galvanized a revolutionary move- fouz posted a video proclaiming the need ment. for revolution on January 18th, straight to In a testament to the extraordinary camera, in Arabic. She discusses the right power of communication, the Egyptian for women to protest, the need for Inter- government blocked all Internet access net viewers of events to participate, and in the region for %ve days. Of course, by the details of the march on Tahrir Square. that time, the movement was already in Within days, her video had circulated motion. Interestingly, relief e!orts of a the country and inspired an avalanche of variety never before seen sprouted up, similar calls to action on YouTube, Face- including Twitter’s Speak2Tweet sys- book, and Twitter under the tag #Jan25. tem, which allowed tweets to be dictated Powerfully, she states “as long as you through a phone line and posted under say there is no hope, then there will be the hashtag #Egypt. Social media, it no hope, but if you go down and take a seemed, was the voice of a revolution and stance, then there will be hope.” the answer to an oppressive government. As the New York Times report- ed on the story, “#is was certainly not 2020-2021 the %rst time a young activist used the Internet — later virtually shut down by Today, it would be naïve to dismiss the government — as a tool to organize social media as a tool for the masses. and mobilize, but it departed from the Around the world, activists of di!er- convenient, familiar anonymity of on- ent stripes build their bases on Internet platforms. Movements are borne of ful in spurring on a conversation that hashtags; information and misinfor- is still ongoing, on police brutality and mation travel faster on Twitter than criminal justice. network news; and individuals and In Hong Kong, protesters against organizations can be championed or just the Chinese government use social as easily destroyed by online commu- media to conceal identities, mobilize nities. Malcolm Gladwell wrote in 2010 demonstrations, and spread informa- that “the revolution will not be tweeted,” tion about police activities. In a country citing disengaged armchair activism, the where leaders of such movements can lack of hierarchical order within online be targeted, such as Joshua Wong, who organizations, and the ine!ectiveness of led the Umbrella Movement in 2014, weak-ties such as distance when %ghting it is extremely e!ective for activists to injustice. It is becoming more and more communicate covertly through mes- clear around the world that the revo- saging apps without a leader. However, lution is being tweeted. Unfortunately, the government has also begun to use social media-led activism is more e!ec- social networks to their advantage, using tive than it was thought possible in 2010, images of police brutality to bolster their allowing causes to have a unifying voice, agenda. A battle has emerged on Hong while also boosting hate groups and Kong social media, for the support of violent actors. their citizens, each side representing #is past summer, a$er the May themselves as worthy of support. killing of George Floyd at the hands of Derek Chauvin, a Minneapolis police Currently, one of the largest o&cer, an anti-racism movement of labour demonstrations in history is a magnitude not seen since the Civil ongoing in India, as farmers %ght federal Rights movement broke out in Amer- farm laws. #e farmers in this case use ica, with satellite demonstrations held social media as an alternate information around the world. Social media within source to traditional media outlets that these events acted like an engine, fuel- tend to favour government narratives. ing both on the ground protesters and Leaders of this movement post speeches allowing less engaged parties to contrib- to YouTube, using the Internet as their ute, through word of mouth and dona- o&cial channels. #is dependence on tions. #BlackLivesMatter has become independent platforms has both bene- much more than a slogan, an umbrella %ts and costs. Facebook and Instagram under which advocacy networks op- have o$en blocked or taken down or- erate and ordinary citizens voice their ganization pages, under di!ering vague demands for criminal justice reform. reasons, leaving many activists voiceless. Unlike previous civil rights movements, On December 20th 2020, Facebook the structure of the organization is blocked the main organization page, incredibly loose, much like Gladwell %rst citing a violation of community put forth, lacking hierarchical structure. standards, before o&cially giving a state- Regardless, the movement was success- ment that an automated action had been taken due to increased activity on the page. tleground in Hong Kong’s Protests.” CNBC. Back in the US, the dark side of al- CNBC, August 16, 2019. https://www.cnbc. gorithmic activism recently reared its head. com/2019/08/16/social-media-has-become-a-bat- tleground-in-hong-kongs-protests.html. Whereas Gladwell challenges the e!ectiveness of fringe voices on social media, dismissing Jardin, Xeni. “Egypt: #e Viral Vlog of Asmaa Mah- weak-ties as not carrying weight in real world fouz #at Helped Spark an Uprising,” February 2, situations, the January 6th storming of the US 2011. https://boingboing.net/2011/02/02/egypt-the- Capital refutes that theory. #rough a cycle viral-vlog.html. of powerful %gures, such as former president Lussenhop, Shayan Sardarizadeh and Jessica. Donald Trump reinforcing lies of election “Trump Riots: 65 Days #at Led to Chaos at the corruption, alt-right media such as OANN, Capitol.” BBC News. BBC, January 10, 2021. https:// and the harnessing of extensive online com- www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55592332. munities, a group of rioters were emboldened to seriously threaten the lives of elected o&- “‘Social Media Crucial for Our Agitation’: Farm- cials. YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, and other ers on Facebook Shutting down Protest Page.” #e Week. #e Week, December 21, 2020. https://www. platforms failed to enforce the truth, and as theweek.in/news/india/2020/12/21/social-media- private companies, actively used algorithms to crucial-for-our-agitation-farmers-on-facebook- push dangerous content. shutting-down-protest-page.html.
Works Cited
Al Jazeera. “Timeline: Egypt’s Revolution.” Middle East News | Al Jazeera. Al Jazeera, February 14, 2011. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/2/14/time- line-egypts-revolution.
Appiah, Kwame Anthony. “I’ve Protested for Racial Justice. Do I Have to Post on Social Media?” #e New York Times. #e New York Times, June 30, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/30/magazine/ive- protested-for-racial-justice-do-i-have-to-post-on-so- cial-media.html.
El-naggar, Mona. “Equal Rights Takes to the Bar- ricades.” #e New York Times. #e New York Times, February 1, 2011. https://www.nytimes. com/2011/02/02/world/middleeast/02iht-letter02. html.
Gladwell, Malcolm. “Small Change.” #e New Yorker. Accessed January 25, 2021. https://www.newyorker. com/magazine/2010/10/04/small-change-malcolm- gladwell.
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