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„Wölfe“ in Einem „Ewigen Krieg“

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„Wölfe“ in Einem „Ewigen Krieg“ Paper 10 SAFRAN Georg Leitner „WÖLFE“ IN EINEM „EWIGEN KRIEG“? Ethnische Mobilisierungs- prozesse und nationale Mythen in den rezenten Tschetschenienkriegen und die tschetschenisch- russischen Ethnizitäts- beziehungen Schlaininger Arbeitspapiere für Friedensforschung, Abrüstung und nachhaltige Entwicklung Österreichisches Studienzentrum für Frieden und Konfliktlösung (ÖSFK) Thomas Roithner (Hrsg.) SAFRAN 10 Schlaininger Arbeitspapiere für Friedensforschung, Abrüstung und nachhaltige Entwicklung Österreichisches Studienzentrum für Frieden und Konfliktlösung, Thomas Roithner (Hrsg.) Georg Leitner „WÖLFE“ IN EINEM „EWIGEN KRIEG“? Ethnische Mobilisierungsprozesse und nationale Mythen in den rezenten Tschetschenienkriegen und die tschetschenisch-russischen Ethnizitätsbezie- hungen 3 SAFRAN Schlaininger Arbeitspapiere für Friedensforschung, Abrüstung und nachhaltige Entwicklung Diese Forschungsreihe des Österreichischen Studienzentrums für Frieden und Kon- fliktlösung (ÖSFK) soll jungen, noch wenig bekannten WissenschafterInnen die Mög- lichkeit geben, ihre Forschungsarbeiten zu unterschiedlichen Fragen der internatio- nalen Beziehungen, der Friedensforschung, der Abrüstung und der nachhaltigen Entwicklung zu veröffentlichen. Diese Arbeiten wurden u.a. im Rahmen von Praktika in Wien oder bei den JungforscherInnenworkshops im Rahmen der Schlaininger Sommerakademien erarbeitet. Diese in der Reihe veröffentlichten Beiträge widerspiegeln die Sicht der AutorInnen und müssen nicht mit der Meinung der Herausgeber übereinstimmen. Redaktion: Österreichisches Studienzentrum für Frieden und Konfliktlösung (ÖSFK) Außenstelle Wien, Thomas Roithner Tel. 0043 – (0)1 – 79 69 959, Fax 0043 – (0)1 – 79 65 711 e-mail: [email protected] © 2012, ÖSFK Burg Schlaining Rochusplatz 1, A – 7461 Stadtschlaining Tel. 0043 (0)33 55 – 2498, Fax 0043 (0)33 55 – 2662 e-mail: [email protected], Web: http://www.aspr.ac.at © Coverlayout: Doris Engelmeier Layout: Georg Leitner ISBN: 978-3-900630-30-0 ÖSFK/Thomas Roithner (Hrsg.): Georg Leitner: „Wölfe“ in einem „ewigen Krieg“? Ethnische Mobilisierungsprozesse und nationale Mythen in den rezenten Tsche- tschenienkriegen und die tschetschenisch-russischen Ethnizitätsbeziehungen, SAF- RAN. Schlaininger Arbeitspapiere für Friedensforschung, Abrüstung und nachhaltige Entwicklung, Paper Nr. 10, Wien/Stadtschlaining, Mai 2012 (auch abrufbar unter: http://www.aspr.ac.at/safran10-leitner.pdf). Das Werk ist in allen seinen Teilen urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung ist ohne schriftliche Zustimmung des Herausgebers unzulässig. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung in und Verarbeitung durch elektronische Systeme. Key words: Tschetschenien, Russland, Nordkaukasus, Ethnizität, Nationalismus, Mythen, ethnische Konflikte, Krieg, ancient hatreds, Symbolic Politics Theory 4 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung .............................................................................................................. 7 1.1. Forschungsfragen ...................................................................................................................... 8 1.2. Aufbau der Arbeit ....................................................................................................................... 8 1.3. Theoretisch-methodische Überlegungen ................................................................................ 9 2. Das Konzept der Ethnizität und die Kategorisierung der tschetschenischen Ethnie....................................................................................................................... 11 2.1. Über die allgemeine Bedeutung von Ethnizität und die Problematik des Kulturbegriffes ................................................................................................................................. 11 2.2. Theoretische Überlegungen zum Thema Ethnizität .............................................................. 12 2.2.1. Die TschetschenInnen als ethnische Gruppe...................................................................... 13 2.2.2. „Ethnicity vs. Nationalism” ................................................................................................... 15 2.2.3. Eine tschetschenische Nation? ........................................................................................... 16 2.2.4. Über die angebliche „Konstruiertheit“ einer tschetschenischen ethnischen Identität .......... 19 3. Der nationalistische Mobilisierungsprozess und die Instrumentalisierung von „ancient hatreds“ und nationalen Mythen in den rezenten Tschetschenien- kriegen ..................................................................................................................... 21 3.1. Der tschetschenische Widerstand gegen Russland: ein historischer Aufriss .................. 21 3.1.1. Widerstand zur Zeit des Zarenreiches und der Sowjetunion .............................................. 21 3.1.2. Die nationale Revolution und der Beginn des ersten Tschetschenienkrieges .................... 23 3.1.3. Die Islamisierung des Widerstandes und der Ausbruch des zweiten Tschetschenienkrieges .................................................................................................................. 26 3.2. Die „Symbolic Politics Theory“ .............................................................................................. 30 3.2.1. Voraussetzungen für den Ausbruch eines ethnic war ......................................................... 32 3.2.2. Über die allgemeine Bedeutung und die Funktionen von Mythen....................................... 33 3.3. Anwendung der „Symbolic Politics Theory“ auf das Fallbeispiel Tschetschenien .......... 35 3.3.1. Die Gelegenheit zur Mobilisierung (opportunity) ................................................................. 35 3.3.2. Ethnische Ängste vor der Auslöschung der eigenen Gruppe ............................................. 37 3.3.3. Die Instrumentalisierung des tschetschenischen myth-symbol complex in den rezenten Tschetschenienkriegen .................................................................................................................. 39 3.4. Der tschetschenische myth-symbol-complex ....................................................................... 44 3.4.1. Der Mythos der „ancient nation“ .......................................................................................... 44 3.4.2. Der Mythos des „ewigen Krieges“ gegen Russland ............................................................ 46 3.4.3. Der Mythos der Imame Schamil und Mansur ...................................................................... 49 3.4.4. Das Symbol des Wolfes ...................................................................................................... 52 3.4.5. Der Mythos der militärischen Tapferkeit und der abreks ..................................................... 54 4. Über die interethnischen Beziehungen zwischen TschetschenInnen und RussInnen und die Konstruktion einer „tschetschenischen nationalen Identität“ .................................................................................................................. 57 4.1. Die Abgrenzung und Stereotypisierung von anderen Gruppen .......................................... 57 4.1.1. Das Orientalismus-Konzept von Edward Said .................................................................... 58 5 4.1.2. Russischer „Orientalismus“, die Kolonisierung des Kaukasus und die Konstruktion ethnischer Kategorien .................................................................................................................... 59 4.1.3. Die „Zivilisierung“ des Kaukasus und die „TschetschenInnenfrage“ ................................... 62 4.1.4. Die Konstruktion von Stereotypen über TschetschenInnen in der russischen Literatur und in kontemporären russischen Medien............................................................................................ 63 4.1.5. Ein „Clash of Civilizations“ zwischen „russischer Orthodoxie“ und „tschetschenischem Islam“? ........................................................................................................................................... 66 4.1.6. Das interkonfessionelle Verhältnis von Islam und Orthodoxie in Russland ........................ 71 4.2. Das Verhältnis von Kultur und Ethnizität ............................................................................... 73 4.2.1. Die interethnischen Beziehungen zwischen KosakInnen und TschetschenInnen .............. 74 4.2.2. Der multikulturelle Nordkaukasus und die behauptete ethnische Homogenität „der TschetschenInnen“ ........................................................................................................................ 75 4.2.3. Das Aufkommen einer Orstkhoy-Identität ........................................................................... 78 4.3. Die Entstehung ethnischer Gruppen und die Kontroverse zwischen primordialism und instrumentalism ............................................................................................................................... 79 4.3.1. Instrumentalism und Sezession .......................................................................................... 80 4.3.2. Konkurrierende nationale Narrative im Tschetschenienkonflikt .......................................... 81 4.3.3. Die Frage der kulturellen „Authentizität” und die Rolle der teips ......................................... 83 4.3.4. Exkurs: Die Frage der Unabhängigkeit ..............................................................................
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