Academic Journal of Sciences 6 (4): 146-167, 2013 ISSN 1995-8986 © IDOSI Publications, 2013 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.ajps.2013.6.4.1116

Floristic Diversity of Jhabua District, , India

12Vijay V. Wagh and Ashok K. Jain

1Plant Diversity, Systematics and Herbarium Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow-226 001 (Uttar Pradesh), India 2School of Studies in Botany, Jiwaji University, Gwalior-474 011 (Madhya Pradesh), India

Abstract: The present study was carried out in Jhabua district, situated in the western most part of Madhya Pradesh. The present study shows that 692 species of angiosperms under 469 genera belonging to 115 families are found in Jhabua district. Out of these 150 species in 102 genera and 20 families belongs to Monocot and 542 species in 367 genera and 95 families belongs to Dicot. The tribal of the district are totally depends on the forest resources for their livelihood. Due to some natural and manmade factors several species are struggling for their existence, proper conservation and management plans are needed to save the natural resources especially medicinal and dwindling plant species of the district.

Key words: Jhabua district Floristic diversity Dicot Monocot Species

INTRODUCTION wetlands, mangroves, coral reefs and deserts [7]. India holds a prominent position among the eight Vavilovian India has been recognized as one of the 12- Centres of origin of cultivated , which is the megadivesity countries of the world and it is estimated geographic region where crops exhibit maximum that these 12 countries possess 70% of the world total diversity in terms of number of races and botanical flowering plants [1]. With only 2.5% of the earth’s land varieties [8]. Today, about 166 crop species and well over area, India accounts for 8% of the recorded species of the 324 species of wild relatives of crop plants are recognized world which includes millions of races, subspecies and and utilized for food production. Wild edible plants local variants of species and the ecological processes and account for nearly 1000 species serving various purposes: cycles that link organisms into population, communities 145 as roots/tubers, 526 as leafy vegetables/greens, 101 and all different ecosystems [2]. Demographically, it is the for buds / flower, 647 for fruits and 18 for seeds and nuts second largest populated country in the world and a [9]. majority of its population directly depends on biological It is considered to be the centre of origin for about resources for livelihood. Western Ghats and Eastern 30,000 to 50,000 varieties of rice, pigeon-pea, mango, Himalayas of India are two of the 18 hotspots of the world turmeric, ginger, sugar-cane, goose berry, etc., along with due to rich phytodiversity and high percentage of the richness of marine biodiversity comprising coral reefs endemism [3]. Chowdhary and Murti [4] have pointed out and mangroves [10]. Coral reefs are considered as the that approximately 17,500 species of angiosperms occur in ‘rain forests of the sea’ and the mangrove cover of India India, while Kartikeyan [5] has estimated approximately is around 4, 24,400 ha [11]. However, this rich biodiversity 16,809 species in India. Further, it is highly significant to of India, which is the hub of wheel of life is under severe note that India harbours maximum number of endemic threat owing to several anthropogenic activities. Jain [12] species i.e. 5725 angiosperms, 10 gymnosperms, 1200 stated that the flora of our country is very rich in many pteridophytes, 678 bryophytes, 260 liverworts, 466 ways, in number of species, in economic potential, in lichens, 3500 fungi and 1924 algae [6]. The main natural endemism and not unoften in uniqueness of biological habitat types of India include forests, grasslands, characteristics.

Corresponding Author: Vijay V. Wagh Plant Diversity, Systematics and Herbarium Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow-226 001 (Uttar Pradesh), India. E-mail: [email protected] 146 Acad. J. Plant Sci.,6 (4): 146-167, 2013

Fig. 1: Map of Jhabua District of Madhya Pradesh, India

Study Site: Jhabua is the district head-quarter, situated in western part of Madhya Pradesh and situated at 22' 47 N latitude and 71' 35 E longitude at an average altitude of 428 m above mean sea level (Fig. 1). Total area of the district is 6,792 Kms. The Total population of the district as per 2001 census is 13, 94,345. Most of the village habitants of Jhabua belong to tribal communities like Bheel, Bhilala and Pataya. Out of these tribes Bheel and Bhilala stand high in strength, scattered in most of the villages of the district. The Bhil tribe is one of the most important and the third largest tribe of India (Fig. 2). The name has been derived from Dravidian word bil or vil meaning bow because they always keep bow and arrow for hunting. Bheel and Bhilala tribes live close to the forest and are largely dependent on the wild biological resources for their livelihood. They consume leaves, Fig. 2: Bhil Tribe family

147 Acad. J. Plant Sci.,6 (4): 146-167, 2013 flower, corm, fruits, rhizome and bulbs, which are Dicot (Fig. 3). In life form category herbaceous species considered as highly nutritional with high medicinal value. represents the highest numbers of species i.e. (374 In district about 28% of the area is covered with forest species) followed trees (130 species), shrubs (98 species), whose total area counts to 1900 sq. km. The main climbers (80 species), Lianas (7 species) and parasitic products of the forest are wood, tendu leaves, mahua and plants (3 species) Fig. 4. . Local tribals are mostly dependent on forest for The ratio among monocot to Dicot with respect to their daily needs. families, genera and species, families to genera and genera It was observed through published literature that a to species with respect to Dicot, Monocot and total have thorough floristic survey in reference to its relationship been given in Table 2. It is apparent from the data that the with tribes of Jhabua district is altogether wanting. ratio of families to genera with respect to monocot to dicot However some scattered information is available but not is higher than with respect to genera to species. While the sufficient. Further, no systematic and studies on floristic ratio of monocot to dicot with respect to families is higher diversity of Jhabua district were made. To fill this gap the than with respect to genera and species. On the other present study has been carried out to collect the entire hand, the ratio of genera to species with respect to Dicot information on angiospermic phytodiversity of Jhabua is higher than that of monocot and total. district. Samvatsar [13] has made some floristic studies in The comparative status of families genera and some districts of western Madhya Pradesh. Kadel [14] and species in India, Madhya Pradesh and Jhabua district Kadel and Jain [15] have studied some ethnobotanical have been presented in Figs. 5, 6 and 7 [5, 33]. aspects of Jhabua district. Wagh and Jain studies some The data presented in (Fig. 8) reveals that threatened medicinal plant as well as some ethnobotanical (71 species) is the dominant family in the Jhabua district aspects of the district [16-18]. Jain et al., [19] have made followed by Fabaceae (64 species), Asteraceae (38), study on the presence of some miniature sacred groves in Euphorbiaceae (31 species), Acanthaceae (23 species), Jhabua district and their conservation status. Despite the Convolvulaceae, (22 species), Malvaceae (20 species), vast and varied flora of Western Madhya Pradesh the Caesalpiniaceae (18 species), Cucurbitaceae (17 species), floristic diversity of the Jhabua district has not been Apocynaceae (16 species), Solanaceae and Verbenaceae explored sufficiently. (14 species each). It is noteworthy that the ten dominant families of MATERIALS AND METHODS Jhabua district as given in (Fig.9) comprise 321 species 46.38 % of the total species included in the present work Intensive floristic surveys were undertaken during while remaining 105 families with a total of 371 species 2008-2013 in Jhabua forest division in the manner so that constitute 53.61 %. each locality could be studied in each season of the year. Periodic collection of plants was made from each locality. Species under 10 dominant families The plants were dried and pressed in the field and taken Species under remaining 105 families to the laboratory and herbarium was prepared according to the customary methods [20]. These plant specimens Results indicate that Euphorbia and Ipomoea (11 were critically studied and identified with the help of species each) are the most dominant genus in the district various floras and published literature [21-32]. The followed by Ficus (7 species), Cyperus and Cassia (6 identification was also made by referring some authentic species each), Phyllanthus, Terminalia and Habenaria (5 publications and deposited in the herbarium of School of species each), Alysicarpus and Clerodendrum (4 species Studies in Botany, Jiwaji University, Gwalior. each) (Fig. 10). It is interesting to record that monotypic genera RESULTS AND DISCUSSION occur in Jhabua district. These are Cocos, Desmostachya, Digera, Gloriosa, Haldina, Hemidesmus, Hydrilla, The present study shows that 692 species of Kigelia, Lablab, Lawsonia, Martynia, Millingtonia, angiosperms under 469 genera belonging to 115 families Nelsonia, Nicandra, Oroxylum, Oougeinia, Pongamia, are found in Jhabua district (Table 1). Out of these 150 Rhoeo, Ricinus, Schleichera, Soymida and Tamarindus. species in 102 genera and 20 families belongs to Monocot Further, some of the genera, which are represented in and 542 species in 367 genera and 95 families belongs to India by single species (including cultivated) also occur

148 Acad. J. Plant Sci.,6 (4): 146-167, 2013

Fig. 3: Status of families, genera and species

Fig. 4: Life form of the species

Fig. 5: Comparative status of families in India, Madhya Pradesh and Jhabua district

Fig. 6: Comparative status of Genera in India, Madhya Pradesh and Jhabua district in the region these are Aegle, Anthocephalus, Blainvillea, There are some species which have not been Chrysanthemum, Cissampelos, Costus, Diplocyclos, reported in the flora of Madhya Pradesh but occur in the Wattakaka, Holarrhena, Hydrolea, Lagascea,Phyla, area under investigation. These are Neuracanthus Tridax, Waltheria and Woodfordia. sphaerostachys and Habenaria longicorniculata.

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Table 1: List of plant species found in Jhabua district of Madhya Pradesh, India Family Local Name Life form DICOTYLEDON MAGNOLIACEAE Michelia champaca L. (JBA-278) Champa Tree DILLENACEAE Dillenia indica L. (JBA-259) Chalta Tree ANNONACEAE Annona reticulata L (JBA-471) Ranphal Tree Annona squamosa L. (JBA-134) Sitaphal Shrub Miliusa tomentosa (Roxb.) Sinclair (JBA-58) Umbia Tree Polyalthia longifolia (Sonner.) Thw. (JBA-180) Ashok Tree MENISPERMACEAE Cissampelos pareira L. var. hirsuta (Buch.-Ham. ex DC.) Forman (JBA-126) Bhanjvel Climber Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels (JBA-248) Veshang Climber Cocculus pendulus (Forst.) Diels (JBA-181) Jaljamni Climber Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers (JBA-299) Climber Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. f. and Thoms (JBA-574) Giloy Climber PAPAVERACEAE Argemone mexicana L. (JBA-210). Satyanashi Herb Fumaria indica (Hassk.) Pugsley (JBA-359) Pitpapda Herb Papaver rhoeas L. (JBA-568) Herb CAPPARACEAE Capparis decidua (Forsk.) Edgew.(JBA-723) Tethi Shrub Capparis sepiaria L. (JBA-324) Kurrel Shrub BRASSICACEAE Brassica campestris L. (JBA-323) Rai Herb Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. (JBA-353) Bandh gobi Herb Raphanus sativus L. (JBA-573) Muli Herb CLEOMACEAE Cleome gynandra L. (JBA-15) Hulhul Herb Cleome scaposa DC. (JBA-548) Herb Cleome viscosa L. (JBA-402) Kuslya Herb Crateva religiosa Forst. f. (JBA-473) Tree VIOLACEAE Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) f. v. Muell.(JBA-325) Ratnpurus Herb FLACOURTIACEAE Casearia elliptica Willd. (JBA-491) Kirchi Tree Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. (JBA-567) Bilanga Shrub PITTOSPORACEAE Pittosporum wightii A.K. Mukherjee (JBA-360) Yekadi Tree POLYGALACEAE Polygala chinensis L. (JBA-53) Kanphua Herb CARYOPHYLLACEAE Polycarpaea corymbosa (L.) Lamk. (JBA-476) Chiriya Herb PORTULACACEAE Portulaca oleracea L. (JBA-428) Golbgaji Herb Portulaca pilosa L. ssp. grandiflora (Hook.) Geesink (JBA-566) Noniya Herb MALVACEAE Abelmoschus esculentus (Linn.) Moench. (JBA-291) Bhindi Herb Abelmoschus ficulneus (L.) W. and A. ex Wt.(JBA-212) Ran bhindi Shrub Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medic. ssp. tetraphyllus (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Borss. (JBA-183) Jangali bhindi Shrub Abelmoschus moschatus Medic. (JBA-306) Mushk dana Herb Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet (JBA-02) Kanghi Herb Abutilon pannosum (Forst. f.) Schlect.(JBA-298) Kasili Shrub Gossypium hirsutum L. (JBA-260) Kapas Shrub Hibiscus cannabinus L. (JBA-244) Kundrung Herb Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (JBA-11) Gurhal Shrub

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Table 1: Continued Hibiscus vitifolius L. (JBA-253) Jangali kapas Herb Kydia calycina Roxb. (JBA-184) Barangi Tree Malvaviscus conzattii Greenm. (JBA-273) Shrub Pavonia zeylanica (L.) Cav. (JBA-150) Herb Sida acuta Burm. f. (JBA-490) Bala Herb Sida alba L. (JBA-326) Aribala Herb Sida cordifolia L. (JBA-539) Barilal Herb Sida rhombifolia L. (JBA-482) Bhuinguli Herb Thespesia lampas (Cav. ) Dalz. and Gibs.(JBA-579) Bankapas Shrub Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex Correa (JBA-572) Paras peepal Tree Urena lobata L. (JBA-564) Bachita Shrub BOMBACACEAE Adansonia digitata L. (JBA-330) Gorakh Imli Tree Bombax ceiba L. (JBA-48) Semala Tree Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. (JBA-575) Safed semal Tree Chorisia speciosa St. Hill. (JBA-722) Safed semal Tree STERCULIACEAE Helicteres isora L. (JBA-138) Atodi Shrub Sterculia urens Roxb. (JBA-152) Kadai Tree Waltheria indica L. (JBA-468) Khain Herb TILIACEAE Corchorus capsularis L. (JBA-551) Cheja Herb Corchorus olitorius L. (JBA-61) Rajan ki bhaji Herb Corchorus tridens L. (JBA-577) Bhaji Herb Corchorus trilocularis L. (JBA-22) Herb Grewia flavescens Juss. (JBA-137) Choti dhamni Shrub Grewia subinaequalis DC. (JBA-469) Phalsa Tree Grewia tiliifolia Vahl. (JBA-580) Dhaman Shrub Triumfetta pentandra A. Rich. (JBA-156) Liptiya Herb Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. (JBA-342) Kalaliptiya Herb ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Tribulus terrestris L. (JBA-27) Gokhru Herb ELAEOCARPACEAE Elaeocarpus prunifolius (C. Muell.) Masters (JBA-416) Rudraksha Tree LINACEAE Linum usitatissimum L. (JBA-396) Alsi Herb OXALIDACEAE Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (JBA-559) Lajwanti Herb Oxalis corniculata L. (JBA-107) Khatti buti Herb Oxalis corymbosa DC.(JBA-429) Herb BALSAMINACEAE Impatiens balsamina L. (JBA-10) Jangali Tilli Herb RUTACEAE Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (JBA-252) Belpatra Tree Citrus limona (L.) Burm. f. (JBA-576) Nibbu Shrub Feronia limonia (L.) Swingle (JBA-185) kaith Tree Murraya koenighii (L.) Spreng. (JBA-406) Meetha neem Shrub Murraya paniculata (L.) (JBA-261) Madhukamini Shrub SIMAROUBACEAE Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. (JBA-96) mahaneem Tree BALANITACEAE Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile (JBA-724) Hingoti Tree BURSERACEAE Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr. (JBA-244) Salai Tree Garuga pinnata Roxb. (JBA-135) Kakad Tree MELIACEAE Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (JBA-72) Limda Tree

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Table 1: Continued Melia azedarach L. (JBA-216) Bakayan Tree Soymida febrifuga (Roxb. ) A. Juss. (JBA-463) Rohan Tree CELASTRACEAE Cassine glauca (Rottb.) O. Kuntze (JBA-341) Bhutkasa Tree Celastrus paniculatus willd. (JBA-412) Kangan Climber Maytenus emarginata (Willd.) Ding Hou (JBA-194) Bekal Shrub RHAMNACEAE Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk. (JBA-28) Ber Tree Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. f.) Wt. and Arn. (JBA-139) Jhaberi Shrub Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill. (JBA-385) Makoya Shrub Ziziphus xylocarpus (Retz.) Willd.(JBA-55) Ghont Shrub VITACEAE Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Planch. (JBA-280) Jangali angur Climber Cissus quandrangularis L. (JBA-235) Hadjod Climber Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin (JBA-63) Panvelo Climber LEEACEAE Leea asiatica (L.) Ridsdale (JBA-425) Nanli Danhi Herb Leea macrophylla Roxb. ex Hornem.(JBA-425) Motali Danhi Herb SAPINDACEAE Cardiospermum halicacabum L. (JBA-179) Kanphuta Herb Dodonaea angustifolia L. f. (JBA-277) Sukha Kamer Shrub Sapindus emarginatus Vahl. (JBA-549) Reetha Tree Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken. (JBA-481) Kusum Tree ANACARDIACEAE Anacardium occidentale L. (JBA-130) Kaju Tree Buchanania lanzan Spreng. (JBA-387) Chironji Tree Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. (JBA-424) Moyana Tree Mangifera indica L. (JBA-113) Aam Tree Rhus parviflora Roxb. ex DC. (JBA-329) Tung Tree Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Kurz (JBA-327) Khattamba Tree MORINGACEAE Moringa oleifera Lamk. (JBA-464) Sahjana Tree FABACEAE Abrus precatorious L.(JBA-44) Ratti Climber Abrus pulchellus Wallich ex Thwaites (JBA-171) kali ratti Climber Aeschynomeme indica L. (JBA-558) Phulan Herb Alysicarpus bupleurifolius (L.) DC. (JBA-430) Galiya Herb Alysicarpus monilifer (L.) DC. (JBA-69) Katkhairi Herb Alysicarpus rugosus (Willd.) DC. (JBA-570) Jaingali gailiya Herb Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. (JBA-331) Herb Arachis hypogea L. (JBA-343) Moongphali Herb Atylosia platycarpa Benth. (JBA-552) Bankultha Herb Atylosia scarabaeoides (L.) Benth. Jangali Kulthya Climber Butea monosperma (Lamk.) Taub. (JBA-589) Palash Tree Butea monosperma var. lutea (Witt) Maheshwari (JBA-247) Pila palash Tree Butea superba Roxb. (JBA-177) Palash bel Climber Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth (JBA-553) Arhar Herb Cicer arietinum L. (JBA-397) Chana Herb Clitoria ternatea L. (JBA-39) Aparajita Climber Crotolaria filipes Benth. (JBA-431) Bhuinkhod Herb Crotolaria juncea L. (JBA-66) Sanai Herb Crotolaria medicaginea Lamk. (JBA-489) Gulabi Herb Crotolaria ramossissima Roxb. (JBA-199) Harduli Herb Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. (JBA-297) Gwar Herb Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. (JBA-91) Sheesham Tree Dalbergia paniculata Roxb. (JBA-243) Dhoban Tree Dalbergia sisoo Roxb. (JBA-13) Sheesham Tree

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Table 1: Continued Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. (JBA-20) sarivan Herb Desmodium heterocarpon (L.) DC. (JBA-281) Herb Erythrina stricta Roxb. (JBA-198) Handau Tree Erythrina suberosa Roxb. (JBA-125) Gadhapalas Tree Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. (JBA-269) Tarul Tree Glycine max (L.) Merr. (JBA-242) Soybean Herb Goniogyna hirta (Willd.) Ali (JBA-142) Herb Indigofera cordifolia Heyne ex Roth. (JBA-409) Nilawari Herb Indigofera linifolia (L. f.) Retz. (JBA-144) Torki Herb Indigofera linnaei Ali (JBA-201) Bhuiguli Herb Indigofera trita L. f. (JBA-08) Nil Shrub Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet ( JBA-276) Papdi Climber Lathyrus aphaca L. (JBA-186) Jangali matar Herb Lathyrus sativus L. (JBA-146) Vachanio Herb Medicago sativa L. (JBA-213) Ranmetho Herb Melilotus indica (L.) Ali. (JBA-321) Jangali methi Herb Milletia extensa (Benth.) Baker (JBA-240) Goradbel Climber Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. (JBA-31) Kewanch Climber Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. utilis (Wallich ex Wight) Baker ex Burck. (JBA-195) Kwachphalli Climber Ougeinia oogeinsis (Roxb.) Hockhr. (JBA-262) Tinchali Tree Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Pierre (JBA-480) kanji Tree Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. (JBA-206) Beejasal Tree Pueraria tuberosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) DC. (JBA-303) Sirbala Climber Rhynchosia capitata DC. (JBA-162) Bada tinchlo Climber Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. (JBA-197) Chota tinchlo Climber Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir. (JBA-290) Agast Tree Stylosanthes fruticosa (Retz.) Mohlenbr. (JBA-554) Herb Tephrosia hookeriana Wight and Arn. (JBA-432) Garrah Shrub Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. (JBA-521) Sarpunkha Herb Tephrosia villosa (L.) Pers. (JBA-542) Bhamasia Herb Teramnus labialis (L. f.) Spreng. (JBA-415) Mashoni Climber Trifolium pratense L. (JBA-492) Lusan Herb Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (JBA-433) Methi Herb Uraria picta (Jacq.) Desv. (JBA-322) Dabra Herb Vicia sativa L. (JBA-332) Herb Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper (JBA-411) Urd Herb Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek (JBA-414) Moog Herb Vigna sublobata (Roxb.) Babu and Sharma (JBA-362) Jangali moog Herb Zornia gibbosa Span. (JBA-466) Herb CAESALPINIACEAE Bauhinia acuminata L. (JBA-546) Ahlad Tree Bauhinia purpurea L. (JBA-73) Koliar Tree Bauhinia tomentosa L. (JBA-413) Pila Kachnar Shrub Bauhinia variegata L. (JBA-312) Kachnar Tree Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. (JBA-591) Ghataran Shrub Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston (JBA-344) Chilati Shrub Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) (JBA-467) Gulturah Shrub Cassia absus L. (JBA-16) Chakasu Herb Cassia fistula L. (JBA-50) Garmala Tree Cassia kleinii Wight and Arn. (JBA-345) Herb Cassia occidentalis L. (JBA-257) Kasondi Shrub Cassia siamea Lamk. (JBA-67) Kasod Tree Cassia tora L. (JBA-129) Puadiya Herb Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Rafin. (JBA-169) Gulmohar Tree Hardwickia binata Roxb. (JBA-103) Anjan Tree Parkinsonia aculeata L.(JBA-543) Bilayati babool Shrub

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Table 1: Continued Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Baker ex K. Heyne (JBA-522) Tree Tamarindus indica L. (JBA-05) Imli Tree MIMOSACEAE Acacia auriculoformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. (JBA-352) Tree Acacia catechu (L. f.) Willd. (JBA-560) Khairi Tree Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. (JBA-45) Reunja Tree Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile subsp. indica (Benth.) Brenan (JBA-132) Babool Tree Albizia lebbek (L.) Benth. (JBA-95) Kala Siris Tree Albizia odoratissima (L. f.) Benth. (JBA-271) Chichwa Tree Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. (JBA-46) Safed Siris Tree Leucaena leucocephala (Lamk.) de Wit (JBA-119) Subabul Tree Mimosa hamata Willd. (JBA-523) Shrub Mimosa himalayana Gamble (JBA-478) Aar Shrub Mimosa pudica L. (JBA-475) Lajwanti Herb Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. in Hook. (JBA-479) Jangali jalebi Tree Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC. (JBA-26) Vilayati babul Tree ROSACEAE Rosa multiflora Thunb.(JBA-384) Gulab bel Climber CRASSULACEAE Kalanchoe lanceolata (Forsk.) Pers. var. glandulosa (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Cufod. (JBA-398) Khatua Herb Kalanchoe pinnata (Lamk.) Pers. (JBA-435) Patharchatta Herb VAHLIACEAE Vahliya digyna (Retz.) Kuntze (JBA-434) Herb COMBRETACEAE Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall. ex Guill. and Perr (JBA-292) Safed Dhawada Tree Anogeissus pendula Edgew. (JBA-250) Kardhai Tree Combretum albidum G. Don (JBA-282) Liana Quisqualis indica L. (JBA-218) Climber Terminalia alata Heyne ex Roth (JBA-80) Sajad Tree Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight and Arn. (JBA-158) Arjun Tree Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. (JBA-191) Baheda Tree Terminalia catappa L. (JBA-263) Kadavi badam Tree Terminalia chebula Retz. (JBA-234) Harrah Tree MYRTACEAE Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels (JBA-219) Turah Tree Eucalyptus umbellata Dum. (JBA-12) Lipta Tree Psidium guajava L.(JBA-264) Amrud Tree Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (JBA-390) Jamun Tree Syzygium heyneanum Wall. ex Wight and Arn. (JBA-236) Gol jamun Tree LECYTHIDACEAE Careya arborea Roxb. (JBA-108) Kumbhi Tree LYTHRACEAE Ammannia baccifera L. (JBA-94) Nay Herb Lagerstroemia indica L. (JBA-283) Shrub Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. (JBA-265) Lendia Tree Lawsonia inermis L. (JBA-07) Mehandi Shrub Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (JBA-151) Dhwai Shrub PUNICACEAE Punica granatum L.(JBA-578) Anar Shrub CARICACEAE Carica papaya L.(JBA-237) Papaya Tree ONAGRACEAE Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven (JBA-147) Jangali lavang Herb PASSIFLORACEAE Passiflora foetida L. (JBA-296) Kaurava pandawa Climber CUCURBITACEAE Citrullus colocyntis (Linn.) Schrad. (JBA-258) Tumadi Climber

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Table 1: Continued Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt (JBA-74) Kundru Climber Corallocarpus epigaeus (Rottl. and Willd.) Hook. f. (JBA-209) Jangali Marcho Climber Cucumis callosus (Rottl.) Cogn. (JBA-272) jangali kakdi Climber Cucumis sativus L. (JBA-241) Kheera Climber Cucurbita maxima Duch. ex Lamk. (JBA-284) Kaddu Climber Cucurbita moschata (Dutch. ex Lamk.) Dich. ex Poir. (JBA-266) Meetha kaddu Climber Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) Jeffery (JBA-124) Shivlingi Climber Lagenaria sinceraria (Molina) Standl. (JBA-192) Lauki Climber Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. (JBA-295) Kali torai Climber Luffa cylindrica (L.) M. Roem. (JBA-337) Torui Climber Melothria maderaspatana (L.) Cogn. (JBA-246) Bilari Climber Momordica charantia L. (JBA-399) Karela Climber Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd. (JBA-308) Kakkuda Climber Trichosanthes bracteata (Lamk.) Voigt. (JBA-04) Indrayan Climber Trichosanthes cucumerina L. (JBA-251) Chichinda Climber Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. (JBA-339) Parwal Climber CACTACEAE Cereus peruvianus (L.) Mill. (JBA-462) Hadzhadi Shrub Opuntia elatior Mill. (JBA-333) Nagphan Shrub Opuntia vulgaris Mill. (JBA-403) Motali nagphan Shrub AIZOACEAE Trianthema triquetra Rottl. ex Willd. (JBA-461) Herb MOLLUGINACEAE Glinus lotoides L. (JBA-268) Herb Mollugo cerviana (L.) Seringe (JBA-289) Herb APIACEAE Coriandrum sativum L. (JBA-287) Dhaniya Herb Centella asiatica (L.) Urban (JBA-294) Mandukparni Herb CORNACEAE Alangium salvifolium (L.f.) Wang (JBA-270) Okali Tree RUBIACEAE Anthocephalus chinensis (Lamk.) A. Rich. ex Walp. Tree Catunaregam nilotica (Stapf) Tirvengadum (JBA-460) Kalaphetra Shrub Gardenia gummifera L. f. (JBA-190) Papada Shrub Gardenia latifolia Ait. (JBA-123) Safed papada Shrub Haldinia cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsd. (JBA-140) Haldu Tree Hamelia patens Jacq. (JBA-725) Shrub Ixora coccinea L. (JBA-437) Shrub Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth. (JBA-148) Kalam Tree Morinda pubescens Sm. (JBA-117) Aaledi Tree Morinda umbellata L. (JBA-459) Aal Shrub Oldenlandia corymbosa L. (JBA-334) Khet papra Herb Spermacoce hispida L. (JBA-458) Herb ASTERACEAE Acanthospermum hispidum DC. (JBA-483) Chota Gokhru Herb Ageratum conyzoides L. (JBA-71) Kobhi Herb Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr. and sherff. (JBA-23) Chewada Herb Blainvillea acmella (L.) Philipson (JBA-438) Herb Blumea hieraciifolia (D. Don) DC. var. macrostachya (DC.) Hook. f. (JBA-351) Herb Blumea lacera (Burm.) f. DC. (JBA-335) Herb Blumea obliqua (L.) Druc (JBA-336) Herb Calendula officinalis L. (JBA-439) Zergul Herb Chrysanthemum indicum L. (JBA-488) Herb Cyathocline purpurea (Ham. ex D. Don) O. Ktze (JBA-407) Herb Dahlia pinnata Cav. (JBA-457) Herb Echinops echinatus Roxb. (JBA-286) Oontakata Herb Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. (JBA-60) Ghamara Herb

155 Acad. J. Plant Sci.,6 (4): 146-167, 2013

Table 1: Continued Elephantopus scaber L. (JBA-256) Herb Erigeron asteroides Roxb. (JBA-456) Herb Glossocardia bosvallea (L.f.) DC. (JBA-487) Nakchikani Herb Gnaphalium polycaulon Pers. (JBA-338) Herb Helianthus annuus L. (JBA-440) Surajmukhi Herb Lagascea mollis Cav. (JBA-89) Herb Launaea acaulis (Roxb.) Babc. ex Ker. (JBA-427) Jangali gobi Herb Parthenium hysterophorus L. (JBA-383) Gajarghas Herb Pentanema cernua (Dalz.) Ling (JBA-400) Jangali surajmukhi Herb Pentanema indica (L.) Ling (JBA-164) Surajmukhi Herb Solidago canadensis L. (JBA-484) Herb Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. (JBA-155) Herb Sphaeranthus indicus L. (JBA-114) Gorakhmundi Herb Spilanthes calva DC. (JBA-395) Akalkara Herb Spilanthes ciliata H.B.K. (JBA-401) Charka Herb Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. (JBA-363) Herb Tagetes erecta L. (JBA-441) Genda Herb Tagetes patula L. (JBA-442) Gendi Herb Tridax procumbens L. (JBA-68) Dimajare Herb Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. (JBA-174) Ghodajira Herb Vernonia cinerea (Linn.) Less. (JBA-83) Sahdevi Herb Vernonia elliptica DC. (JBA-364) Parda bel Climber Wedelia urticaefolia DC. var. wightii DC. (JBA-454) Herb Xanthium indicum Koen. (JBA-54) Bada Gokhru Herb Zinnia elegans Jacq. (JBA-274) Zenia Herb PLUMBAGINACEAE Plumbago zeylanica L. (JBA-547) Chitrak Shrub PRIMULACEAE Anagalis arvensis L.(JBA-41) Herb SAPOTACEAE Madhuca longifolia (J. koenig) Macbr. var. latifolia (Roxb.) Chevalier (JBA-06) Mahua Tree Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen (JBA-275) Chiku Tree Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard (JBA-470) Khirni Tree Mimusops elengi L. (JBA-112) Maulsri Tree EBENACEAE Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. (JBA-255) Tendu Tree OLEACEAE Jasminum auriculatum Vahl (JBA-288) Juhi Climber Jasminum grandiflorum L. (JBA-724) Chameli Climber Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton (JBA-32) Bela Shrub Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. (JBA-110) Harsingar Shrub Schrebera swietenioides Roxb. (JBA-350) Mokha Tree SALVADORACEAE Salvadora persica L. (JBA-182) Pilu Shrub APOCYNACEAE Allamanda cathartica L. (JBA-518) Climber Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. (JBA-70) Saptaparni Tree Carissa carandas L. (JBA-587) Karonda Shrub Carissa opaca Stapf ex Haines (JBA-422) Karondi Shrub Catharanthus pusillus (Murr.) G. Don (JBA-128) Jangali Baramasi Herb Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don (JBA-493) Sada-bahar Herb Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.) Wallich ex G. Don (JBA-76) Kurchi Tree Ichnocarpus frutescens (Linn.) R. Br. (JBA-300) Dheemarbel Climber Nerium indicum Mill. (JBA-453) Kanher Shrub Plumeria alba L. (JBA-205) Champa Shrub Plumeria rubra L. (JBA-443) Champa Shrub Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz (JBA-246) Sarpganda Shrub

156 Acad. J. Plant Sci.,6 (4): 146-167, 2013

Table 1: Continued Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Br. (JBA-81) Chandani Shrub Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. (JBA-193) Pili bitti Shrub Wrightia arborea (Dennst.) Mabberley (JBA-517) Kueda Tree Wrightia tinctoria R. Br. (JBA-82) Kali dudhi Tree ASCLEPIADACEAE Calotropis gigantea (L.) R.Br. (JBA-159) Madar Shrub Calotropis procera (Aiton) R. Br. (JBA-157) Aak Shrub Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb. (JBA-17) Bosia kand Climber Cryptolepis buchanani Roem. and Schult. (JBA-494) Dudhibel Shrub Cryptostegia grandiflora R.Br. (JBA-452) Liana Gymnema hirsutum Wight and Arnott (JBA-581) Meshringi Climber Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. (JBA-143) Anantmul Climber Holostemma ada-kodien Schult. (JBA-477) Chhirovel Climber Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov. (JBA-472) Sadowani Climber Tylophora rotundifolia Buch.-Ham. ex Wight (JBA-600) Dambela Climber Wattakaka volubulis (L. f.) Stapf (JBA-565) Dudhali Climber LOGANIACEAE Mitreola petiolata (J.F. Gmelin) Torr and A. Gray (JBA-689) Herb Spigelia anthelmia L. (JBA-85) Gudari Herb Strychnos nux-vomica L. (JBA-650) Kuchla Tree BUDDLEJACEAE Buddleja asiatica Lour. (JBA-444) Neemada Herb GENTIANACEAE Canscora decussata (Roxb.) Roem. and Schult Sankhphuli Herb Centarium meyeri (Bunge) Druce (JBA-582) Herb Enicostema axillare (Lam.) A. Raynal (JBA-307) Dedpaliya Herb Exacum pedunculatum L. (JBA-651) Herb MENYANTHACEAE Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze (JBA-601) Herb HYDROPHYLLACEAE Hydrolea zeylanica (L.) Vahl (JBA-445) Herb BORAGINACEAE Cordia dichotoma G. Forster (JBA-311) Lasoda Tree Ehretia laevis Roxb. (JBA-64) Datrangi Tree Helitropium indicum L. (JBA-451) Hathisunda Herb Trichodesma indicum (Linn.) R. Br. ex Lehm. (JBA-03) Ghamara Herb Trichodesma stocksii Boiss. (JBA-652) Herb CONVOLVULACEAE Argyreia kleiniana (Roem. and Schult.) Raizada (JBA-649) Climber Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Bojer (JBA-688) Samander-ka-pat Liana Convolvulus arvensis L. (JBA-516) Grachi Herb Convolvulus prostratus Forssk (JBA-404) Shankhpushpi Herb Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. (JBA-141) Shankhpushpi Herb Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L. (JBA-495) Herb Ipomoea carnea Jacq. (JBA-34) Umarichata Shrub Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (JBA-583) Shakkar kandi Climber Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet (JBA-602) Chatribel Climber Ipomoea dichroa (Roem. and Schult.) Choisy (JBA-687) Herb Ipomoea eriocarpa R.Br. (JBA-167) Herb Ipomoea hederifolia L. (JBA-598) Climber Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth (JBA-420) Mirchai Climber Ipomoea pestigridis L. (JBA-496) Nasedi Climber Ipomoea quamoclit L. (JBA-686) Kamlata Climber Ipomoea sindica Stapf (JBA-653) Climber Ipomoea turbidata Lag. (JBA-603) Climber Jacquemontia paniculata (Burm. f.) Hall. f. (JBA-597) Climber Merremia emarginata (Burm. f.) Hall. f. (JBA-590) Undir kani Herb

157 Acad. J. Plant Sci.,6 (4): 146-167, 2013

Table 1: Continued Merremia tridentata (L.) Hall. f. (JBA-648) Herb Operculina turpenthum (L.) Manso (JBA-654) Climber Rivea hypocrateriformis (Desr.) Choisy (JBA-604) Parh Climber CUSCUTACEAE Cuscuta campestris Yunck. (JBA-647) Amarbel Climber Cuscuta chinensis Lam. (JBA-655) Amarbel Climber Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. (JBA-21) Akasbel Climber SOLANACEAE Capsicum annuum L. (JBA-450) Mirch Herb Cestrum nocturnum L. (JBA-38) Rat-ki-rani Shrub Datura innoxia Mill. (JBA-446) Dhatura Shrub Datura metel L. (JBA-515) Kala dhatura Shrub Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (JBA-449) Tamatar Herb Nicandra physalodes (L.) Scop. (JBA-656) Herb Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. (JBA-685) Jangali tamakhu Herb Petunia hybrida x Hort. ex Vilm. (JBA-605) Herb Physalis minima L. (JBA-116) Poptiya Herb Solanum melongena L. (JBA-646) Bhanta Herb Solanum nigrum L. (JBA-160) Makoi Herb Solanum tuberosum L. (JBA-596) Aalu Herb Solanum virginianum L. (JBA-436) Kateri Herb Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (JBA-86) Asgandh Shrub SCROPHULARIACEAE Bacopa hamiltoniana (Benth.) Wettst. (JBA-584) Bam Herb Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. (JBA-465) Brahmi Herb Lindenbergia indica (L.) Vatke (JBA-645) Herb Lindernia ciliata (Colsm.) Pennell (JBA-684) Herb Lindernia crustacea (L.) F.v. Muell. (JBA-657) Herb Linernia antipoda (L.) Alston (JBA-605) Herb Russelia equisetiformis Schlechtend. and Cham. (JBA-644) Shrub Striga angustifolia (D. Don) Saldanha (JBA-595) Herb Torenia indica Saldanha (JBA-585) Herb Veronica anagalis-aquatica L. (JBA-683) Herb BIGNONIACEAE Dolichandrone falcata (Wallich ex DC.) Seem. (JBA-447) Tree Jacarandra mimosaefolia D. Don (JBA-606) Niligulmohar Tree Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. (JBA-643) Jharphanus Tree Millingtonia hortensis L. f. (JBA-658) Aakash neem Tree Oroxylum indicum (L.) Venten. (JBA-302) Sonpata Tree Pyrostegia venusta (Ker-Gawl.) Miers (JBA-682) Liana Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth (JBA-448) Sonpati Shrub Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. (JBA-586) Ragtroida Tree PEDALIACEAE Sesamum indicum L. (JBA-594) Til Herb MARTYNIACEAE Martynia annua L. (JBA-77) Bicchu Herb ACANTHACEAE Adhatoda zeylanica Medik. (JBA-642) Adulsa Shrub Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wallich ex Nees. (JBA-47) Bhuin neem Herb Barleria cristata L. (JBA-681) Tandralu Shrub Barleria prionitis L. (JBA-208) Piyabans Shrub Blepharis asperrima Nees (JBA-659) Herb Blepharis repens (Vahl) Roth (JBA-593) Herb Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) Nees (JBA-607) Priya darsa Herb Dipterocanthus patulus (Jacq.) Nees (JBA-640) Herb Elytraria acaulis (L. f.) Lindau (JBA-592) Herb Eranthemum roseum (Vahl) R. Br. (JBA-170) Herb

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Table 1: Continued Haplanthodes tentaculatus (Nees) Majumdar (JBA-18) Katsula Herb Hemigraphis latebrosa (Heyne ex Roth) Nees (JBA-661) Bhangara Herb Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine (JBA-313) Talmakhana Herb Indoneesiella echioides (L.) Sreemadh. (JBA-680) Herb Justicia diffusa Willd. (JBA-145) Makandar Herb Justicia procumbens L. (JBA-371) Herb Justicia simplex D. Don Thunb (JBA-608) Bansa Herb Nelsonia canescens (Lam.) Spreng. (JBVA-639) Chhota aandhi Herb Neuracanthus sphaerostachys (Nees) Dalz. (JBA-620) Herb Peristrophe paniculata (Forssk.) Brummitt (JBA-25) Atrilal Herb Ruellia tuberosa L. (JBA-638) Herb Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees (JBA-56) Herb Rungia repens (L.) Nees (JBA-662) Kharmor Herb VERBENACEAE Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. (JBA-679) Vilayati mehndi Shrub Clerodendrum multiflorum (Burm. f.) Kuntze (JBA-24) Shrub Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon (JBA-188) Bharangi Shrub Clerodendrum splendens G. Don ex James (JBA-720) Climber Duranta repens L. (JBA-609) Shrub Gmelina arborea Roxb. (JBA-102) Siwan Tree Gmelina philippensis Cham. (JBA-619) Tree Lantana camara L. var. aculeata (L.) Moldenke (JBA-105) Zai Shrub Lantana indica Roxb. (JBA-663) Raimuniya Shrub Phyla nodiflora (L.) E. (JBA-678) Herb Tectona grandis L. f. (JBA-109) Sagda Tree Verbena bipinnatifida Schauer (JBA-664) Herb Vitex leucoxylon L. f. (JBA-721) Safed nirgundi Shrub Vitex negundo L. (JBA-421) Nirgundi Shrub Vitex trifolia L. (JBA-637) Shrub LAMIACEAE Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze. (JBA-618) Karahi Herb Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. (JBA-104) Vilayati tulsi Herb Lavandula bipinnata (Roth) Kuntze (JBA-665) Herb Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br. (JBA-677) Gathora Herb Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link (JBA-106) Bhodaki Herb Leucas cephalotes (Koeing ex Roth) Spreng. (JBA-203) Dhurpi sag Herb Ocimum basilicum L. (JBA-165) Jangali Tulsi Herb Ocimum canum Sims (JBA-173) Ban tulsa Herb Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (JBA-149) Tulsi Herb Salvia aegyptiaca L. (JBA-617) Herb NYCTAGINACEAE Bougainvillea glabra Choisy (JBA-623) Boganbel Liana Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. (JBA-636) Boganbel Liana Boerhavia diffusa L. (JBA-40) Punarnava Herb Mirabilis jalapa L. (JBA-59) Gulbas Herb AMARANTHACEAE Achyranthes aspera Linn. (JBA-43) Apamarg Herb Achyranthes aspera var. porphyristachya (Wallich ex Moq.) Hook. f. (JBA-676) Chirchita Herb Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult. (JBA-305) Gorakhganja Herb Aerva sanguinolenta (L.) Blume. (JBA-624) Herb Alternathera pungens Kunth (JBA-635) Gurrosag Herb Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC. (JBA-42) Gurroo Herb Amaranthus dubius Mart. ex Thell. (JBA-310) Jangali chaulai Herb Amaranthus spinosus L. (JBA-319) Kantachaulai Herb Amaranthus viridis L. (JBA-315) Chaulai Herb Celosia argentea L. (JBA-207) Jangalimurga Herb Digera muricata (L.) Mart. (JBA-14) Lesua Herb

159 Acad. J. Plant Sci.,6 (4): 146-167, 2013

Table 1: Continued Gomphrena celosioides Mart. (JBA-634) Herb Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss. (JBA-87) Kala liptiya Herb CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodium album L. (JBA-340) Bathua Herb Chenopodium murale L. (JBA-388) Bathua Herb BASELLACEAE Basella alba L. (JBA-625) Poibhaji Climber POLYGONACEAE Antigonon leptopus Hook. and Arnott (JBA-610) Climber Polygonum glabrum Willd. (JBA-163) Nandi bhaji Herb Rumex dentatus L. subsp. Klotzschianus (Meisn.) Rchb. f.(JBA-616) Amabavah Herb ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Aristolochia indica L. (JBA-626) Isharmul Climber PIPERACEAE Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth (JBA-633) Herb LAURACEAE Cassytha filiformis L. (JBA-675) Amarbel Climber LORANTHACEAE Dendrophthoe falcta (L. f.) Etting. (JBA-666) Banda Parasite Loranthus philippensis Cham. and Schlechtend. (JBA-611) Parasite Viscum articulatum Burm. f. (JBA-674) Madang Parasite SANTALACEAE Santalum album L. (JBA-154) Chandan Tree EUPHORBIACEAE Acalypha ciliata Forssk. (JBA-615) Herb Acalypha indica L. (JBA-01) Kuppi Herb Acalypha wilkesiana Muell. Arg. (JBA-621) Shrub Bridelia retusa (L.) spreng. (JBA-93) Agon Tree Codiaenum variegatum (L.) Blume (JBA-667) Shrub Croton bonpalndianus Baill. (JBA-632) Herb Drypetes roxburghii (Wallich) Hurusawa (JBA-614) Kanghi Tree Euphorbia coccinia Roth (JBA-673) Herb Euphorbia dracunculoides Lam. (JBA-668) Chagalputputi Herb Euphorbia fusiformis Buch.-Ham. (JBA-613) Kharkhundiya Herb Euphorbia heterophylla L. (JBA-622) Dudhi Herb Euphorbia heyneana Spreng (JBA-672) Choti Dudhaly Herb Euphorbia hirta L. (JBA-90) Kali dudhi Herb Euphorbia milli Desmoul. (JBA-669) Dudhi Herb Euphorbia nerifolia L. (JBA-136) Thuvar Shrub Euphorbia nivulia Buch.-Ham. (JBA-671) Hathalothuvar Shrub Euphorbia thymifolia L. (JBA-612) Dudhalo Herb Euphorbia tirucalli L. (JBA-627) Thor Shrub Jatropha curcas L. (JBA-33) Ratanjyot Shrub Jatropha gossypifolia L. (JBA-52) Lal ratanjot Shrub Jatropha integerrima Jacq. (JBA-631) Shrub Jatropha nana Dalz. (JBA-670) Ratan Shrub Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit. (JBA-630) Shrub Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. and Thonn. (JBA-356) Bhuin Aanwala Herb Phyllanthus emblica L. (JBA-29) Amla Tree Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L. (JBA-97) Kanocha Herb Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. (JBA-628) Shrub Phyllanthus virgatus G. Forster (JBA-497) Herb Ricinus communis L. (JBA-57) Arandi Tree Securinega leucopyrus (Willd.) Muell. Arg. (JBA-514) Hartho Shrub Synadenium grantii Hook. f. (JBA-506) Shrub URTICACEAE Laportea interrupta (L.) Chew. (JBA-506) Lal bichua Herb

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Table 1: Continued ULMACEAE Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch. (JBA-09) Ovala Tree Trema orientalis (L.) Blume (JBA-498) Dandanni Shrub MORACEAE Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (JBA-84) Kathal Tree Ficus benghalensis L.(JBA-65) Bargad Tree Ficus benjamina L. var. nuda (Miq.) Barrett (JBA-505) Liana Ficus hispida L. f. (JBA-513) Bhuin gular Tree Ficus palmata Forsk. (JBA-507) Khemri Tree Ficus racemosa L. (JBA-19) Umari Tree L. (JBA-36) Peepal Tree Ficus virens Dryander (JBA-51) Pakar Tree CASURINACEAE Casurina equisetifolia L. (JBA-508) Shrub HYDROCHARITACEAE Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle (JBA-512) Herb ORCHIDACEAE Eulophia herbacea Lindl. (JBA-178) Herb Habenaria commelinifolia (Roxb.) Wallich ex Lindl. (JBA-504) Herb Habenaria digitata Lindl. (JBA-509) Herb Habenaria frucifera Lindl. (JBA-511) Herb Habenaria longicorniculata Graham (JBA-499) Herb Habenaria marginata Colebr. (JBA-503) Vanpyaz Herb Malaxis acuminata D. Don (JBA-500) Herb Nervilia aragoana Gaud. (JBA-200) Dudh goliya Herb Peristylus goodyeroides (D. Don) Lindl. (JBA-502) Herb Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. ex G. Don (JBA-550) Banda Herb ZINGIBERACEAE Curcuma amada Roxb. (JBA-501) Ambahaldi Herb Curcuma longa L. (JBA-510) Haldi Herb Curcuma pseudomontana J. Graham (JBA-405) Jangali Haldi Herb Zingiber officinale Roscoe (JBA-569) Adrak Herb COSTACEAE Costus speciosus (J. Koeing) Sm. (JBA-189) Jangali Aadu Herb MUSACEAE Ensete superbum (Roxb.) Cheesman (JBA-220) Choti Keli Herb Musa paradisiaca L. (JBA-233) Kela Herb Musa rosacea Jacq. (JBA-254) Jangali kela Herb CANNACEAE Canna flaccida Salisb. (JBA-226) Keli Herb Canna indica L. (JBA-221) Lal keli Herb AMARYLLIDACEAE Crinum asiaticum L. (JBA-227) Kanwal Herb Zephyranthes flava G. Nicols. (JBA-232) Herb AGAVACEAE Agave americana L. (JBA-222) Hathichikar Herb Agave angustifolia Haw. (JBA-231) Guial Herb Agave cantula Roxb.(JBA-228) Choti guial Herb terminalis Kunth. (JBA-230) Tree elliptica Thunb. (JBA-229) Shrub Polyanthes tuberosa L.(JBA-726) Gandha Herb Sansevieria hyacinthoides (L.) Druc(JBA-224) Herb HYPOXIDACEAE Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. (JBA-133) Kali-musali Herb Hypoxis aurea Lour. (JBA-225) Bhuin khajur Herb

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Table 1: Continued DIOSCOREACEAE Dioscorea bulbifera L. (JBA-239) Kanda Climber Dioscorea hispida Dennst. (JBA-357) Baichandi Climber Dioscorea oppositifolia L.(JBA-101) Bada Kanda Climber Dioscorea pentaphylla L. (JBA-393) Dukkar kanda Climber LILIACEAE Allium cepa L. (JBA-556) Piyaz Herb Allium sativum L. (JBA-223) Lahsun Herb Aloe vera (Linn.) Burm. f. (JBA-98) Gwarpatha Herb Asparagus racemosus Willd. (JBA-391) Sesliya Ghas Climber Chlorophytm tuberosum (Roxb.) Baker (JBA-524) Safedmusli Herb Chlorophytum borivilianum Santapau and Fernandis (JBA-99) Dhawali musli Herb Gloriosa superba L. (JBA-176) Ranchenadi Climber Iphigenia indica (L.) A. Gray (JBA-214) Jangali lahan Herb Urginea indica (Roxb.) Kunth (JBA-196) Jangali pyaz Herb PONTEDERIACEAE Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (JBA-538) Jalkumbhi Herb COMMELINACEAE Commelina benghalensis L. (JBA-410) Kenna Herb Commelina erecta L. (JBA-49) Kenna Herb Cyanotis arcotensis Rolla Rao (JBA-122) Herb Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan (JBA-530) Herb Rhoeo spathacea (Sw.) W.T. Stearn (JBA-537) Herb ARECACEAE Borassus flabellifer L. (JBA-555) Tad Tree Cocos nucifera L. (JBA-525) Nariyal Tree Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. (JBA-111) Shindi Tree Roystonea regia (Humb., Bonpl. and Kunth) O.F. Cook (JBA-536) Bilayati tad Tree PANDANACEAE Pandanus odoratissimus L. f. (JBA-529) Shrub TYPHACEAE Typha angustifolia L.(JBA-115) Ghav bajara Herb ARACEAE Amorphophallus paeoniifoilus (Dennst.) Nicolson (JBA-131) Suran Kand Herb Amorphophallus sylvaticus (Roxb). Kunth (JBA-535) Jangali Suran Herb Arisaema tortuosum (Wallich) Schott (JBA-418) Jangali Tad Herb Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott (JBA-389) Arvi Herb Remusatia vivipara (Roxb.) Schott (JBA-531) Herb Sauromatum venosum (Aiton) Schott (JBA-249) Pebada Herb Theriophonum minutum (Willd.) Baill. (JBA-526) Herb Typhonium trilobatum (L.) Schott (JBA-534) Herb ERIOCAULACEAE Eriocaulon quinquqngulare L. (JBA-527) Herb CYPERACEAE Bulbostylis barbata (Rottb.) C.B. Clarke (JBA-533) Herb Carex cruciata Wahlenb. (JBA-528) Herb Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk. (JBA-532) Herb Cyperus cephalotes Vahl (JBA-386) Herb Cyperus cuspidatus Kunth (JBA-382) Herb Cyperus flavidus Retz. (JBA-92) Herb Cyperus platystylis R. Br. (JBA-365) Herb Cyperus rotundus L. (JBA-279) Nagarmotha Herb Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl (JBA-372) Herb Fimbristylis squarrosa Vahl (JBA-381) Herb Lipocarpha chinensis (Osbeck) Kern (JBA-373) Herb Rhynchospora rubra (Lour.) Makino (JBA-366) Herb Scirpus articulatus L. (JBA-371) Herb

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Table 1: Continued POACEAE Allopteropsis cimicina (L.) Stapf (JBA-380) Herb Apluda mutica L. (JBA-238) Herb Aristida funiculata Trin. and Rupr. (JBA-367) Herb Arundinella ciliata (Roxb.) Nees ex Miq. (JBA-374) Herb Avena sativa L. (JBA-379) Oat Herb Bambusa arundinaceae (Retz.) Willd. (JBA-172) Vahan Tree Bothriochloa glabra (Roxb.) A. Camus (JBA-368) Herb Brachiaria eruciformis (Sm.) Griseb. (JBA-375) Herb Cenchrus ciliaris L. (JBA-62) Herb Chloris barbata Sw. (JBA-378) Herb Chloris virgata Sw. (JBA-370) Herb Chrysopogon fulvus (Spreng) Chiov. (JBA-376) Herb Coix lacryma-jobi L. (JBA-369) Mani Herb Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. ( JBA-377) Nibu ghas Herb Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (JBA-75) Dub Herb Dactyloctenium aristatum Link (JBA-392) Herb Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees (JBA-408) Bans Tree Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf (JBA-347) Dabha Herb Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf (JBA-316) Herb Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Keeler (JBA-349) Herb Eichinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv. (JBA-267) Herb Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. (JBA-318) Mandua Herb Eragrostiella brachyphylla (Stapf.) Bor (JBA-348) Herb Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R. Br. (JBA-317) Herb Eragrostis ciliata (Roxb.) Nees (JBA-660) Herb Eragrostis tenella (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. and Schult. (JBA-485) Herb Eulalia trispicata (Schult.) Henr. (JBA-562) Herb Hemathria compressa (L. f.) R. Br. (JBA-641) Herb Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. and Schult. (JBA-121) Sukala ghas Herb Hordeum vulgare L. (JBA-563) Jau Herb Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. var. major (Nees) Hubb. ex Hubb. and Vaughan (JBA-394) Herb Ischaemum indicum (Houtt.) Merr. (JBA-629) Herb Iseilema laxum Hack. in A. DC. (JBA-561) Herb Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nee (JBA-486) Herb Melanocenchris jacuemontii Jaub. and Spach (JBA-690) Herb Ophiuros exaltatus (L.) Kuntze (JBA-699) Herb Oplismensus burmannii (Retz.) P. Beauv. (JBA-691) Herb Oryza sativa L. (JBA-698) Chawal Herb Panicum notatum Retz. (JBA-692) Herb Panicum sumatrense Roth ex Roem. and Schult. (JBA-697) Herb Paspalidium punctatum (Burm. f.) A. Camus (JBA-30) Torki Herb Paspalum plicatulum Michx. (JBA-695) Herb Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin. (JBA-693) Herb Perotis indica (L.) Kuntze (JBA-696) Herb Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud. (JBA-202) Herb Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. (JBA-732) Herb Rottboelia exaltata L. f. (JBA-700) Herb Saccharum officinarum L.(JBA-705) Ganna Shrub Saccharum spontaneum L. (JBA-78) Kans Herb Sacciolepsis interrupta (Willd.) Stapf (JBA-701) Herb Schizostachyum pergracile (Munro) R. Majumdar (JBA-704) Herb

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Table 1: Continued Sehima nervosum (Rottl.) Stapf (JBA-702) Herb Sehima sulcatum (Hack.) A. Campus (JBA-161) Herb Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. (JBA-703) Herb Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. and Schult. (JBA-79) Herb Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. (JBA-88) Liptiya Herb Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (JBA-710) Herb Sorghum miliaceum (Roxb.) Snowden (JBA-707) Herb Sporobolus diander (Retz.) P. Beauv. (JBA-709) Herb Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. (JBA-706) Herb Tetrapogon tenellus (Roxb) Chiov. (JBA-708) Herb Themeda quadrivalvis (L.) Kuntze (JBA-541) Herb Themeda triandra Forssk. (JBA-711) Herb Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) Kuntze (JBA-715) Herb Tragus roxburghii Panigrahi (JBA-713) Herb Tripogon jacqemontii Stapf (JBA-712) Herb Triticum aestivum L.(JBA-714) Gehu Herb Urochloa panicoides P. Beauv. (JBA-716) Herb Vetiveria lawsonii (Hook. f.) Blatt. and McCann (JBA-718) Herb Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash (JBA-153) Khas Herb Zea mays L. (JBA-717) Makki Herb

Table: 2 Ratio among various groups / taxa Group/ Taxa Ratio Monocot to Dicot Families 1: 4.8 Genera 1: 3.6 Species 1: 3.6 Families to Genera Dicot 1: 3.8 Monocot 1: 5.0 Total 1: 4.0 Genera to Species Dicot 1: 1.5 Monocot 1: 1.4 Total 1: 1.4

Fig. 7: Comparative status of species in India, Madhya Pradesh and Jhabua district.

Fig. 8: Ten Dominant families of Jhabua district

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Fig. 9: Distribution of species under families

Fig. 10: Ten Dominant genera of Jhabua district

During study it was observed that a good number of Another important strategy which can protect the species are facing threat due to several manmade and forest could be by rehabilitation of the biodiversity of the natural factors. area. The species on which the tribals are mostly dependent such as, wild edible and timber trees, firewood CONCLUSIONS species etc. should be planted in large scale or cultivated. It would rejuvenate the eco-system with maximum Biodiversity of any region plays an important role in indigenous floral and faunal elements. It will also bring establishing social, cultural and economic environment of together several associated and supporting species and its inhabitants. Most of the customs, rituals, festivals and thus automatically sustain the traditional lifestyle of the other activities of any place community revolve around its tribals. biodiversity. Phytodiversity of Jhabua district comprises Several myths and traditions concerned with forests a large number of plant species, which have got a wide are an integrated part of tribal’s life and by way of faith relationship with tribes and other local people. The study and beliefs the forests are preserved by them. Tribals are on floristic diversity of Jhabua district provides the totally unaware about scientific and modern methods but complete status of species diversity of angiosperms of the by following such tradition the conservation area, which is not known yet and thus fulfils the point automatically takes place. Therefore, the message of (Clause 36) given in chapter IX of the Biological Diversity conservation is more meaningful to them through myth, Bill 2000 as well as Article 7 of Convention on Biological faith and traditions rather through scientific approach. Diversity (CBD). Floristic diversity of the study area directly helps the Tribals of this region are also expert in making management to protect and conserve the biological baskets, mats, ropes, cordages and several other diversity of the sanctuary. The floristic composition has household commodities from plant parts. This knowledge more impact on the distribution of wildlife of the forest could be utilized in an organized way and kinds of cottage localities. Floristic studies of different geographical industries can be established in tribal areas [34]. regions are necessary for proper documentation,

165 Acad. J. Plant Sci.,6 (4): 146-167, 2013 conservation plans and sustainable utilization of the plant 9. Anonymous, 1994. Conservation of Biological resources. The present study provides baseline data on Diversity in India: An Approach. Ministry of floral diversity of Jhabua district. The degradation of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India, New Delhi. habitat due to several natural or biotic stresses creates 10. Anonymous, 2000. Report on the Task Force on favourable grounds to some obnoxious invading species conservation and sustainable use of Medicinal and limitation to primitive or original ones. In order to Plants. Planning Commission, Govt. of India, sustain biodiversity and also to improve soil fertility, there New Delhi. is an urgent need to promote plantation of locally common 11. Gadgil, M., U. Ghate and P. Pramod, 1996. tree in the degraded forest lands. Biodiversity Resource Material, Indian Institute of Science. Bangalore, pp: 218-417. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 12. Jain, S.K., 1983. Flora and vegetation of India-An outline. Botanical Survey of India. Publication and The authors are thankful to Director, CSIR-National Information Directorate, New Delhi. Botanical Research Institute Lucknow, for encouragement 13. Samvastar, S., 1996. The Flora of Western Tribal and providing facilities to carry out the work. Thanks are (M.P.). Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur. also due to Divisional Forest Officer, Jhabua (M.P.) for 14. Kadel, C., 2006. Ethnobotanical Studies on Tribal extending facilities during the field work. The cooperation Communities of Jhabua district (M.P.). Ph.D. Thesis, of tribal’s of Jhabua district is deeply acknowledged for Jiwaji University, Gwalior. this work. 15. Kadel, C. and A.K. Jain, 2006. Plants used in ethno-veterinary practices in Jhabua district, Madhya REFERENCES Pradesh. Ethnobot, 18: 149-152. 16. Wagh, V.V. and A.K. Jain, 2010. Traditional herbal 1. McNeely, J.A., K.R. Miller, W.V. Reid, remedies among Bheel and Bhilala tribes of Jhabua R.A. Mittermeier and T.B. Werner, 1990. district Madhya Pradesh. Int. J. Bio. Tech., Conserving The World’s Biological Diversity. 1(2): 20-24. IUCN Gland Switzerland, pp: 193. 17. Wagh, V.V. and A.K. Jain, 2014. Ethnomedicinal 2. Myers, N., 1988. Threatened Biotas: ‘Hot Spot’ in Uses of Underground Plant Parts in Jhabua tropical forests. The Environment., 8(3): 187-208. District of Madhya Pradesh, India. Adv. Biol. Sci., 3. Venkataraman, K., 2006. Biodiversity legislations in 8(4): 151-156. likeminded mega diversity countries. In: Perspectives 18. Wagh, V.V. and A.K. Jain, 2013. Status of threatened in Biodiversity. D.D. Verma, S. Arora and R.K. Rai medicinal plants of Jhabua district, Madhya Pradesh, (Eds.) Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India. Ann. Plant Scie, 2(10): 395-400. India, New Delhi, pp: 79-92. 19. Jain, A.K., V.V. Wagh and C. Kadel, 2011. 4. Chowdhery, H.J. and S.K. Murti, 2002. Plant Diversity Conservation status of some miniature sacred groves and Conservation in India-An Overview. Bishan in Jhabua district (M.P.). Ethnobot, 23: 106-115. Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun. 20. Lawrence, G.H.M., 1951. of vascular 5. Karthikeyan, S.A., 2000. Stastical Analysis of plants. Macmillan, New York. flowering plants in India. In: Flora of India. 21. Hooker, J.D., 1822-1883. The flora of British India. Introductory volume (Part II). Singh et al. (Eds.), 7 Vols. London. pp: 201-217. 22. Cooke, T., 1901-1908. Flora of Bombay Presidency. 6. Sanjappa, M., 2005. Plant diversity in India-Status, Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh (Eds.), Dehra conservation and challenges (P. Maheshwari Medal Dun. Award Lecture). Proceedings of the XXVIII 23. Duthie, J.F., 1903-1922. Flora of upper gangetic plain Conference of Indian Botanical Society, Oct. 24-36, and the adjacent of Siwalik and Sub-Himalayan BSI, Dehradun, pp: 5-6. tracts. Vol. 1-3. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. 7. Gadgil, M., U. Ghate and P. Pramod, 1996. 24. Gamble, G.S. and C.F.C. Fischer, 1957. Flora of Biodiversity Resource Material, Indian Institute of presidency of Madras. Vols. 1-3. Botanical Survey of Science. Bangalore, pp: 218-417. India, Calcutta. 8. Vavilov, N.I., 1926. Studies on the origin of cultivated 25. Oommachan, M., 1977. The flora of Bhopal, plants. Bull. Appl. Bot., 16: 1-248. (Angiosperms). J.K. Jain Brothers, Bhopal.

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