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Volume 5, Issue 1, November – December 2010; Article-016 ISSN 0976 – 044X

Review Article

PHARMACOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF USED AS APHRODISIACS

Baljinder Singh1*, Vikas Gupta2, Parveen Bansal3, Ranjit Singh1, Dharmendra Kumar1 1 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Meerut, India. 2 University Centre of Excellence in Research, BFUHS, Faridkot, India. 3 Department of Biochemistry, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India. *Corresponding author’s E-mail: [email protected]

Received on: 13-09-2010; Finalized on: 11-11-2010. ABSTRACT Erectile dysfunction (ED) or male impotence is defined as the inability of a man to achieve and maintain an erection sufficient for mutually satisfactory intercourse with his partner. Sexual health and function are important determinants of quality of life. To overcome the problem of sexual (or) erectile dysfunction various natural aphrodisiac potentials are preferred. The present review discuss about aphrodisiac potential of , its biological source, common name, part used and references, which are helpful for researcher to development new aphrodisiac formulations. Keywords: Erectile dysfunction, Male impotence, Aphrodisiac potentials, Herbal drugs.

INTRODUCTION erectile dysfunction like hypogonadism, hyperprolactinaemia, and neurological disorders 10. An aphrodisiac is defined as an agent (food or drug) that arouses sexual desire. Many natural substances have Treatment of ED involves several natural aphrodisiac historically been known as aphrodisiacs in Africa and potentials. Sexual dysfunction caused by various factors Europe, such as Yohimbine and the Mandrake plant, as such as psychological disorders like Anxiety, depression, well as ground Rhinoceros horn in the Chinese culture stress, fear of sex, neurological disorders, stroke, cerebral and “Spanish fly” which is actually toxic1-3. Even in today’s trauma, alzhemier’s, Parkinson’s disease and chronic culture there are certain foods that are used as disorders–diabetes, hypertension, vascular insufficiency, aphrodisiacs, including strawberries and raw oysters. Atherosclerosis, penile disease phinosis, peyronies, life Although these natural items are touted as aphrodisiacs, style–chronic alcohol abuse, cigarette smoking, aging there is little scientific evidence supporting those decrease in hormone level with age. Systemic diseases- assertions. In a recent study conducted in the Boston cardiac, hepatic, renal, pulmonary, cancer 11-13. area, 52% of men between the ages of 40 and 70 Pharmacotherapy involves locally acting vasoactive drugs reported some degree of erectile dysfunction 4. Enhanced such as papaverine and alprostadin 14 and first line oral sexual behavior may provide increased relationship therapy for ED includes phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE-5) satisfaction and self-esteem in humans 5. Therefore, the inhibitors such as sildenafil, verdenafil and tadalafil which study of aphrodisiacs is important because they may inhibit hydrolysis of second messenger cyclic guanosine provide a means to treat the psychological components of mono phosphate (GMP) release with in penile smooth sexual dysfunction as opposed to the current treatments, cells 15-16. The available drugs and treatments have limited surgical implants and injection therapy, which only treat efficacy, unpleasant side effects and contraindications in the mechanical component 2. certain disease conditions. Sildenafil Citrate (Viagra) is a successful drug that modifies the heamodynamics in the Male impotence also called erectile dysfunction (ED) is a penis 17. But side effects with this drug are headache, common medical condition that affects the sexual life of flushing, dyspepsia and nasal congestion is reported with millions of men worldwide 6-7. Erectile dysfunction is this treatment 18. Indian medicine ayurveda includes defined as the inability of a man to achieve and maintain Vajakarna therapy which involves aphrodisiacs for erectile an erection sufficient for naturally satisfactory dysfunction, causes of infertility, spermatogenesis, semen intercourse. Sexual dysfunction is a serious medical and genesis reproduction, methods of correcting defective social symptom that occurs in 10-52% of men and 25-63% semen and sexual satisfaction 19. of women 8. It is the repeated inability to achieve normal sexual intercourse male impotence (or) erectile Mechanism involved in Aphrodisiac potentials dysfunction is a significant problem that may contribute On sexual stimulation (visual (or) otherwise the famines to infertility 9. Erectile dysfunction is adversely affected by of the axons of parasympathetic nerves release nitric diabetes mellitus, antihypertensive, antipsychotic, oxide (NO) gas. The gas diffuses into smooth muscle cells antidepressant therapeutic drugs. Organic causes of that line those arteries of the corpus carvenosum (spongy

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Volume 5, Issue 1, November – December 2010; Article-016 ISSN 0976 – 044X erectile tissue) and activates the enzyme guanylate into inactive GMP. (The PDE-5 enzyme resides in the cyclase (GC). The later converts the nucleotide guanosine penile tissues). Aphrodisiac potentials inhibit the triphosphate (GTP) into cyclic guanosine monophosphate hydrolyzing action of PDE-5 with the result that active (C.GMP). The C.GMP in turn causes the smooth muscle C.GMP can accumulate. ‘Undisturbed’ and prolong the cells around the penis to relax, leading to dilation and erection through increased blood flow 21. Since many increased flux of blood into the penile tissue. This blood is people are now relying on herbal medicines for health essentially trapped in the penis and results in an erection care 22. The plants having aphrodisiac potential are listed 20. The erection ceases after a while because C.GMP is in Table 1. hydrolyzed by phosphodiesterase type-5 enzyme (PDE-5)

Table 1: Plants containing Aphrodisiac activity Sr. No. Scientific name Common name Family Part used References 1. Abelmoschus moschatus Musk mallow Malvaceae Seed 23-24 2. Abrus preacatorium Linn. Ganja Fabaceae Seed 25 3. Abrus precatorius L. Crab's Eye Paplionaceae Seed 26-27 4. Abutilon indicum (Linn.) Thuthi Malvaceae Seed, root, bark, 23 Sweet 5. Acacia catechu Willd. Catechu Mimosaceae Heartwood 23, 28 6. Acacia nilotica L. Willd. Gum Arabic tree Fabaceae Bark 29 7. Aconitum heterophyllum Attesh Ranunculaceae Root 30 Wall. 8. Acorus calamus Linn. Sweet flag Araceae 23, 31-32 9. Actiniopteris radiata Sw. Morshikha Actinopteridaceae Whole plant 33 Link. 10. Alchornia floribunda Mull. Niando Euphorbiaceae Root 34 Arg. 11. tuberosum Rottl Chiense chive Seed 35-37 12. Allium sativum L. Liliaceae 23, 25, 38-43 13. Aloe excels Berger Zimbabwe Aloe Asphodelaceae Leaf 44 14. Willd. Java Zingiberaceae Rhizome 23, 45 15. Asparagus racemosus Asparagus Liliaceae Root 23-24, 46-47 Willd. 16. Bauhinia tomentosa Linn. Manja Mandaram Caesalpiniaceae Seed 23

17. Bauhinia vahlii W.&A. Camel’s Foot climber Caesalpiniaceae Seed 23 18. Bauhinia variegate Linn. Bauhinia Caesalpiniaceae Bark 23 19. Benincasa hispida (Thumb.) Ash gourd Cucurbitaceae 23 Cogn. 20. Bombax ceiba Linn. Silk-Cotton Tree Bombacaceae Bark 23 21. Temu kunci Zingeberaceae Rhizome 48-50 rotunda L. 22. Bussea occidentalis Hutch Kpayeli Caesalpiniaceae Bark, seed 51 23. Butea frondosa Roxb. Flame-of-the-forest papilionaceae Whole plant 23, 48 24. Cannabis indica L. Indian Cannabinaceae Leaf 52 25. Capparis erythrocarpus Pitipiti Capparidaceae Root 53 Isert. 26. annuum L. Capsicum Solanaceae Seed 54 27. Cassia occidentalis Linn. Kasondhi Fabaceae Leaf 55 28. Cassia sieberiana DC African laburnum Caesalpiniaceae Leaf 51 29. Chenopodium album L. White goosefoot Chenopodiaceae Seed 56-58 30. Chlorophytum tuberosum Safed musli Liliaceae Whole plant 51, 59 Baker.

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Sr. No. Scientific name Common name Family Part used References 31. Cissus quadrangularis Linn. Edible stemmed vine Vitaceae Root 23 (Dalziel) 32. Cocculs cardifolia Linn. Guduchi Menispermaceae Stem, leaf, 60 Root 33. Cocos nucifera Linn. Coconut Arecaceae Endosperm 25, 38, 61 34. Cola acuminate Schott. Cola Malvaceae Seed 62 35. Cola caricaefolia G.Don Bumoguan Sterculiaceae Leaf 51

36. Cola gabonensis Schott & Kola nut Sterculiaceae Fruit 34 Endl. 37. Cola nitida Schott & Endl. Kola nut Sterculiaceae Seed 34 38. Cola pachycarpa Schott & Kola nut Sterculiaceae Seed 34 Endl. 39. Cola rostrata Schott & Endl. Kola nut Sterculiaceae Seed 34 40. Commiphora caudata Wt. & Emporium of Burseraceae Root, leaf 23 Arn. medicinal plants 41. Commiphora mukul Hook. Indian bdellium tree Burseraceae Root, leaf 23 ex Stocks 42. Coriandrum sativum Linn. Apiaceae Leaf 56 43. Corynanthe pachycerus K Ivory coast Stem, Bark 53 Schum. 44. Crocus sativus Linn. Saffaron Iridaceae Stigma 35 45. Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Musali Hypoxidaceae/ Rhizome 23-24, 55, 63-64 46. Roxb. Mango Zingiberaceae Rhizome 23-24 47. Cucurbita pepo L. Pumpkin Cucurbetaceae Seed 23 48. citrates (DC.) Lemongrass Whole plant 23 Stapf 49. Dactylorhiza Marsh Orchis Orchidaceae Root 30, 48, 65-66 hatagirea (D. Don) Soo. 50. Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Shisham Fabaceae Wood 55-56 51. Daucus carota L. Carrot Umbelliferae Root 67 52. Desmodium gangeticum Desmodium Fabaceae Root 23 (Linn.) DC. (Papilionaceae) 53. Dioscorea bulbifera Linn. Wild Yam Dioscoreaceae; Whole plant 55 54. Diospyros melanoxylon East Indian ebony Ebenaceae Flower 23, 55 Roxb. 55. Drypetes roxburghii (Wall.) Putjev Euphorbiaceae Leaf juice 55 Huru. 56. Durio Zibenthinus Murr. Durian Fruit Bombacaceae Fresh fruit 35, 68 57. Echinacea purpurea L. Indian head, comb Compositae Leave 69 flower 58. Ekerbegia capensis Sparrm. Isongoroit Meliaceae Root 44 59. Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Emblic Euphorbiaceae Fruit 70-71 60. Eriodendron White silk cotton Bombaceae Whole plant 60 Anfractuosum DC. tree

61. Euadenia eminens Hook.f. Dinsinkro Capparidaceae Root 53 62. Euphorbia hirta L. Dudhi Euphorbiaceae Leave 23, 51 63. Eurycoma longifolia Jack Tongkat Ali Simarubaceae Whole plant 35, 72-82 64. Fadogia agrestis Schweinf. Black aphrodisiac Rubiaceae Stem 35, 83-84 Ex Heim 65. Linn. Peepal tree Moraceae Bark 23

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Sr. No. Scientific name Common name Family Part used References 66. Flueggea virosa Roxb. ex White-berry bush Euphorbiaceae Whole plant 62 Willd. 67. Garcinia afzelii Engl Bitter kola Guttiferae Bark 51 68. Garcinia kola Heckel Bitter kola Guttiferae Leaf, seed 51 69. Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. Papilionaceae Root 23 70. Gmelina arborea Roxb. Coomb teak Verbenaceae Fruit 23 71. Grewia asiatica L. Phalsa Tiliaceae Fruit 56 72. Harissonia abyssinica Oliv Zigua Simaroubaceae Bark 51 73. Hibiscus rosa-sinesis rose Malvaceae Leaf 23 74. Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. Roselle Malvaceae Seed, leaf 23 75. Holostemma ada-kodien Holostemma Asclepiadaceae Root 23 Schult. 76. Hygrophila schulli (Ham.)M. Marsh Barbel Acanthaceae Root, leaf, Seed 23 R. & S. M. Almeida 77. Ipomoea mauritiana Jacq. Giant potato Convolvulaceae Root 23 78. Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. Bottle gourd Cucurbitaceae Fruit 23 79. Landolphia dulcis (Sabine) Hama-fufu Root, Bark 53 Pichon 80. Lepidium meyenii Walp. Maca Brassicaceae Root 35, 85-87 81. Mangifera indica L. Mango Anacardiaceae Bark 23 82. Maranta arundinacea Linn. Arrowroot Zingiberaceae Rhizome 23 83. Mezoneuron benthamianum Senegal Caesalpiniaceae Twig or Stem 51 Baill 84. Mimosa pudica L. Thottasiniki Mimosoideae Aerial part 88 85. Mirabilis jalapa L. Four o’ clock plant Nyctaginaceae Root 71 86. Momordica charantia Bitter Melon Cucurbitaceae Leaf 89 Descourt. 87. whitei Linn. White's ginger, tonic Periplocaceae Root 35, 44, root 90-91 88. tomentosa Cerv. Zoapatle Whole plant 35, 92 89. Mucuna pruriens Linn. DC. Poonai kali Fabaceae Seed, pod 55, 64 90. Myristica fragrans Houtt. Myristicaceae Seed 35,93 91. Nerium indicum Mill. Kaner/Kanail Apocynaceae Roots 55 92. Oxyantllus unilocularis Ghana akan Rubiaceae Fruit, leaf 51 Hiern 93. Palisota hirusta K. Schum. Ghana Commelinaceae Leaf 35, 94 94. Passiflora incarnate L. Wild Passion Flower Passifloraceae Leaf 35, 95 95. Papaver somniferum L. Poppy plant Papaveraceae Flower 23 96. Pausinystalia yohimbe Yohimbin Rubiaceae Bark 96 (K.Schum.) Pierre 97. guineense Schumach. West African Pepper Root 53 & Thonn. 98. Piper officinarum DC Chavica officinarum Piperaceae Fruit 23 99. Piper betle Linn. Vettrilai Piperaceae Leaf 88 100. Polyalthia suaveolens Engl. Polyalthia Annonaceae Fruit, root, leaf 34, 97 & Diels 101. Polygonatum multiflorum Solomon's Seal Liliaceae Root 30 (L.) All 102. Rauvolfia vomitoria Afzel. poison devil's pepper Apocynaceae Root 98-99 103. Rhododendron anthopogon Ballu Ericaceae Leaf, flower 30 D. Don 104. Rhododendron lepidotum Snow Rose Ericaceae Leaf, flower 30 Wall. ex D. Don 105. Ricinus communis L. Castor Euphorbiaceae Seed 23

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Sr. No. Scientific name Common name Family Part used References 106. Rosa damascena Mill Rose Rosaceae Petal 100 107. Saccharum spontaneum Kasa Poaceae Root stock 25, 38 Linn. 108. Santalum album Linn. Sandalwood Santalaceae Heart wood 100 109. Scindapsus officinalis Schtt. Gajapipali Arecaceae Fruit 25, 38 110. Securidaca Violet tree Polygalaceae Root bark 35 longepedunculata Slash 111. Sesamum indicum Linn. Tilli / Til Pedaliaceae Seed 55 112. Sida cordifolia Linn. Countary-mallow Malvaceae Root, seed 23 113. Solanum indicum Linn. Indian night Shade Solanaceae Root 23 114. Solanum melongena Linn. Brinjal Solanaceae Unripe fruit 23 115. Solanum nigrum L. Aguaragua Solanaceae Berries 23 116. Sphaeranthus africanus Botobotonisan Asteraceae Whole plant 23 Linn. 117. Stereospermum Atkapali Bignoniaceae Root, bark, flower 23, 101 suaveolens DC. 118. Strychnos nux-vomica Linn. Strychnine tree Loganiaceae Seed 23 119. Syzygium aromaticum Myrtaceae Dried flower Bud 35, 102-103 (L.) Merrill & Perry 120. Tabernanthe iboga (L.) Nutt. Iboga Apocynaceae Root, stem, bark 34, 104 121. Tabernanthe manii Baill. Tabernanthe Apocynaceae Root 34, 104 122. Tamarindus indica L. Fabaceae Bark 105 123. Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst Athel tamarisk Tamariaceae Bark 56 124. Taxus baccata Linn. Birmi Taxaceae Leaf 23, 25 125. Terminalia arjuna Roxb. ex Arjuna Combretaceae Bark 23 DC 126. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd) Tinospora Menispermaceae Whole plant 23-24 Miers Hk. 127. Tribulus terrestris L. Puncturevine Zygophyllaceae Seed, fruit 35,106-110 128. Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. Wild snake-gourd Cucurbitaceae Flower, fruit 23 129. Trichosanthes dioica L. Methi Fabaceae Seed 23 130. Turrea heterophylla Sm. Ahunanyakwa Meliaceae Root, bark, Seed 53 131. Tynanthus panurensis(Bur.) Clavo huasca Bignoniaceae Bark, wood 111-112 Sandw. 132. Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Rasna Orchidaceae Root, flower 35, 113-114 Hook. ex Don. 133. Valeriana jatamansi Wall. Jatamansi Valerianaceae Root 115 134. Withania somnifera Linn. Indian Ginseng Solanaceae Root, Leaf 23, 55-56, 64 135. Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Ivory tree Apocynaceae Leaf, bark, Seed 23 Br. 136. Zingiber officinale Roscoe Gingembre Zingeberaceae Rhizome 62

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112. Taylor NDL,The Healing Power of Rainforest hook. ex don extract in male mice, Indian Journal , Square One Publishers, 2005. of Pharmacology, 32, 2000, 300-304. 113. Jain BJ, Kumane CS, Bhattacharya S, Medicinal 115. Maiti S, Breakthrough and research heighlights, flora of Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh-A National research centre for medicinal and review, Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, aromatic plants, Newsletter, 9(2), 2008, 4-5. 5(2), 2006, 237-242.

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