THE SUPPLY OF DOPING PRODUCTS AND THE POTENTIAL OF CRIMINAL LAW ENFORCEMENT IN ANTI-DOPING: AN EXAMINATION OF ITALY’S EXPERIENCE Executive Summary Letizia Paoli LINC, Leuven Institute of Criminology K.U. Leuven Faculty of Law Hooverplein 10-11 B-3000 Leuven - Belgium Phone: + 32 (0)16 325274 E-mail:
[email protected] Alessandro Donati Libera Via Nomentana Nuova 25 I-00141 Roma - Italy Phone: +39 06 87190551 E-mail:
[email protected] January 30, 2013 1 Note to the reader from the World Anti-Doping Agency: This research study by Letizia Paoli and Alessandro Donati reflects the opinions of the authors alone and does not necessarily reflect the opinions of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). The content and views have not been independently authenticated. No legal liability or other responsibility is accepted by or on behalf of WADA for any errors, omissions, or statements on these pages, or any site to which these pages connect. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Motivation and Aims of the Study The present study draws its main motivation from the growing dissatisfaction of World Anti- Doping Agency (WADA) and numerous international and national policy-makers with the traditional anti-doping approach. This has developed since the 1960s through the interaction of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), international sports federations, and national governments, and since 2001, WADA, “focus[ing] squarely on the athlete[s]” (WADA, 2010b) and their testing. The 2012 London Olympics again demonstrated the limits of athletes’ testing: despite the 6,000 tests conducted, only two athletes tested positive during the Olympics, whereas seven others were “caught” in the preceding two weeks, which also belong to the official testing period for the games (Associated Press, 2012; Niggli, 2013, personal communication).