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Effective Road Pavement Reconstruction in the Fraser Coast Region QLD

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Effective Road Pavement Reconstruction in the Fraser Coast Region QLD University of Southern Queensland Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences Effective Road Pavement Reconstruction in the Fraser Coast Region QLD A dissertation submitted by Kaz Chapman-Vagg in fulfilment of the requirements of ENG4111 and 4112 Research Project towards the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Honours) (Civil) Submitted October, 2020 Abstract The Fraser Coast is located in the Wide Bay Burnett Region, Queensland, approximately 250km north of Brisbane and spans an area of 7,105 with a population density of 15 people per square kilometre. The region is developed on expansive soil, alluvium deposits and sand. The Fraser Coast Regional Council, the local authority in the region, undertakes a programme of road reconstructions each year as part of their capital works programme. This dissertation sought to critically evaluate the road reconstruction practices at the Fraser Coast Regional Council and determine the effectiveness of the pavement profiles used while suggesting alternative options. This was done by identifying eight (8) roads which had been reconstructed within the last 10 years and obtaining all as constructed and project data. Site investigations were then undertaken to evaluate the existing pavement conditions and then compared with the laser profilometer data from 2017. The investigation revealed the performance of reconstructed pavements in the region was varied with many roads demonstrating failures and surface distress. Design checks were undertaken to verify the pavement designs and it was found that generally they were sufficient for the input parameters, demonstrating sound design practices. However, the investigation revealed that the design traffic and traffic growth assumptions were often incorrect, meaning that in some cases the pavement designs could be improved. Construction and material issues are the likely causes of distress in failed pavements with correctly assumed design input parameters. While the council has been successful in many aspects of the reconstruction process, it is imperative that they ensure accurate design assumptions and input data to feed into their established design procedure. Continued due diligence in the construction phase in the form of quality assurance, audit testing and site inspections should be adequate to ensure the conformance of pavements to specification. This process will help alleviate the possibility of premature degradation of suitably designed pavement structures. This dissertation also sought to conduct a life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) on three (3) alternative pavement designs to consider their suitability to the Fraser Coast. The options included one unbound granular, one modified granular and one concrete pavement. The LCCA ultimately found that of the alternative designs, the modified granular pavement with lightly bound CTB subbase represented the most value over its life cycle. 2 University of Southern Queensland Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences ENG4111 & ENG4112 Research Project Limitations of Use The Council of the University of Southern Queensland, its Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, and the staff of the University of Southern Queensland, do not accept any responsibility for the truth, accuracy or completeness of material contained within or associated with this dissertation. Persons using all or any part of this material do so at their own risk, and not at the risk of the Council of the University of Southern Queensland, its Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences or the staff of the University of Southern Queensland. This dissertation reports an educational exercise and has no purpose or validity beyond this exercise. The sole purpose of the course pair entitles “Research Project” is to contribute to the overall education within the student’s chosen degree program. This document, the associated hardware, software, drawings, and any other material set out in the associated appendices should not be used for any other purpose: if they are so used, it is entirely at the risk of the user 3 Certification I certify that the ideas, designs and experimental work, results, analyses and conclusions set out in this dissertation are entirely my own effort, except where otherwise indicated and acknowledged. I further certify that the work is original and has not been previously submitted for assessment in any other course or institution, except where specifically stated. Kaz Chapman-Vagg Student Number: 4 Acknowledgements Special thanks and acknowledgement must be given to the following people for their assistance in competing this project: The Fraser Coast Regional Council – For their assistance and support in providing access to data and sharing knowledge, experience and expertise to undertake this project. Special thanks must also be given to the Council for their ongoing support to complete this degree. Graham Chapman – My father, for his personal support and encouragement through this degree and for inspiring a young engineer. Judy Vagg – My mother, for her personal support throughout the course of this degree. Conan Vagg – My brother, for his personal support throughout the course of this degree. Dr. Andreas Nataatmadja – The project supervisor, for his valuable advice and feedback. 5 Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Limitations of Use...................................................................................................................... 3 Certification ............................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 5 Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... 6 List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... 10 List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... 12 Chapter 1 - Introduction ........................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 2 - Problem Identification .......................................................................................... 17 Chapter 3 - Literature Review .................................................................................................. 18 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 18 3.2 Geology of Fraser Coast ................................................................................................. 18 3.2.1 Expansive Soils........................................................................................................ 22 3.3 Pavement Types ............................................................................................................. 24 3.3.1 Unbound Granular Pavements ................................................................................. 25 3.3.2 Modified and Bound Granular Pavements .............................................................. 26 3.3.2.1 Cement .................................................................................................................. 27 3.3.2.2 Bitumen ................................................................................................................ 28 3.4 Pavement Design Methods ............................................................................................. 28 3.4.1 Design Traffic .......................................................................................................... 29 3.4.2 Project Reliability .................................................................................................... 30 3.4.3 Construction and Maintenance Considerations ....................................................... 30 3.4.4 Environment ............................................................................................................ 31 3.4.5 Subgrade Evaluation ................................................................................................ 33 3.4.6 Empirical Design Method ........................................................................................ 34 3.4.7 Mechanistic Design Method .................................................................................... 35 3.5 Pavement Evaluation Methods ....................................................................................... 39 3.5.1 Failure Modes .......................................................................................................... 40 3.6 Subgrade Treatment Options for Fraser Coast ............................................................... 43 3.6.1 Subgrade Replacement ............................................................................................ 44 3.6.2 Geotextiles ............................................................................................................... 44 3.7 Road building materials available in the Fraser Coast ................................................... 45 Chapter 4 - Research Design and Methodology ...................................................................... 46 6 4.1 Aims and Objectives .....................................................................................................
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