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The English Noun Phrase in Its Sentential Aspect

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The English Noun Phrase in Its Sentential Aspect The English Noun Phrase in its Sentential Asp ect by Steven Paul Abney BA Indiana University SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN LINGUISTICS at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY June c Steven Paul Abney The author herebygrants to MIT p ermission to repro duce and to distribute copies of this thesis do cument in whole or in part Signature of Author Department of Linguistics and Philosophy May Certied by Richard Larson Thesis Sup ervisor Accepted by Wayne ONeil Chairman Departmental Committee The English Noun Phrase In Its Sentential Asp ect by Steven Paul Abney Submitted to the Department of Linguistics and PhilosophyonMay in partial fulllment of the requirements for the Degree of Do ctor of Philosophy in Linguistics ABSTRACT This dissertation is a defense of the hyp othesis that the noun phrase is headed byafunctional element ie nonlexical category D identied with the determiner In this way the structure of the noun phrase parallels that of the sentence which is headed by Inection under assumptions now standard within the GovernmentBinding GB framework The central empirical problem addressed is the question of the prop er analysis of the socalled Possing gerund in English This construction p ossesses simultaneously many prop erties of sentences and many prop erties of noun phrases The problem of capturing this dual asp ect of the Poss ing construction is heightened by current restrictive views of Xbar theory which in particular rule out the obvious structure for Possing NP NP VP by virtue of its exo centricity ing Consideration of languages in which nouns even the most basic concrete nouns show agreementAGR with their p ossessors p oints to an analysis of the noun phrase as headed by an element similar to In which provides a p osition for AGR I call this Inlike element D D and In b elong to the class of nonlexical categories which I prefer to call functional categories The analysis in which D heads the noun phrase I call the DPanalysis Imp orting the DPanalysis into English yields an immediate solution for the problem of the Possing gerund Possing gerunds and by extension noun phrases generally have a more sentencelike structure than hitherto thought namely DPs D VP In nongerundive noun phrases DP ing VP is replaced by a pro jection of N This pro jection of N despite b eing a maximal Xbar pro jection corresp onds to Nbar in the standard analysis Current trends in the treatment of minor categoriessocalled non lexical categorieslead us to a similar conclusion Until recently minor categories like complementizers and mo dals had b een treated as syncate gorematic Under current assumptions however they participate fully in the Xbar schemaInthiswaytwo simplications are achieved simulta neously we eliminate syncategorematic elements and we acquire an endo centric analysis of the sentence which had b een exceptional in b eing the only exo centric ma jor categoryTo make these results fully general we are led to treat the remaining syncategorematic elementsin particular deter miners in noun phrases and degree words in adjective phrasesas heads of full phrases The analogy with complementizers and mo dals indicates that determiners and degree words should head noun phrases and adjective phrases resp ectively In other words determiners are lexical instantiations of D in the same way that mo dals are lexical instantiations of In However despite the conceptual links the question of the existence of a functional head of the noun phrase the DPanalysis and the question of the place of the determiner are indep endent questions and I treat them separately Chapters One through Three are concerned predominately with the former question Chapter Four with the latter Chapter One provides a brief intro duction In Chapter Two I present the DPanalysis motivating it by examining languages with agreementbe tween noun and p ossessor I also discuss issues raised by the DPanalysis with emphasis on the parallelism b etween noun phrase and sentence hyp oth esized under the DPanalysis In particular I treat the question of PRO in the noun phrase and I show that the numerous dierences b etween sentence and noun phrase do not invalidate the parallelism of structure prop osed under the DPanalysis In Chapter Three I apply the analysis to the three gerundive constructions Accing Possing and Ingof Finally in Chapter Four I turn to the question of whether the determiner is the lexical instantiation of D the functional head of the noun phrase Thesis Sup ervisor Dr Richard K Larson Title Assistant Professor of Linguistics Acknowledgements Iwould liketoacknowledge rst of all mydebttomymany teachers and mentors these last four years to my thesis advisor Rich Larson for his guidance in matters syntactic and semantic as well as for sound advice in the mechanics of thesiswriting To the other members of my committee Noam Chomsky Ken Hale and Richie Kayne To Jim Higginb otham with whom I haveworked closely since coming to MIT unfortunately for me he is in Pisa this semester Thanks also to Jay Keyser b oth for guidance in linguistics and encouragementinmy computational interests and to Morris Halle for encouragement and direction and for keeping me aware of the b eauties of phonology Though none of mywork in parsing has found its wayinto this the sis nonetheless a very imp ortantpartofmyintellectual developmentas a graduate student has b een in the area of computation I am esp ecially indebted to Sam Epstein mymentor at Bell Communications Research for providing me with a golden opp ortunitytodevelop my ideas in parsing and for his indisp ensable guidance and encouragement At MIT thanks to Bob Berwick for much help and direction to Carl Hewitt for the opp or tunitytowork with the Apiary Pro ject to Gul Agha for endless supp ort and advice to Jennifer Cole who I had the go o d fortune to collab orate with in the summer and fall of in work on parsing to Tom Reinhart my Lispm guru and to Beth Levin for her guidance during the summer I worked for the Lexicon Pro ject Iwould like to thank the others with whom I worked at Bellcore alpha b etically George Collier Stu Feldman Mike Lesk Maria Slowiaczek Don Walker I would also like to thank Don Hindle Mitch Marcus and Richard Sproat of ATT Bell Lab oratories and Bob Ingria of Bolt Beranek Newman In psycholinguistics sp ecial thanks to Merrill Garrett and Janet Fo dor My studies at MIT were partially funded by a Mellon Graduate Fellow ship in the Humanities I gratefully acknowledge their supp ort Among fellow students present and past the eightwithwhomIhave b een together since will always b e very sp ecial to me I consider myself very lucky to haveworked together with these p eople I only wish it werent over so so on They are HyonSo ok Cho e Jennifer Cole John Lumsden Doug Saddy Ur Shlonsky Michele Sigler Carol Tenny Loren Trigo Still amemb er of the group in spiritthough he left us for warm and sunny Palo Alto is Steve Neale There are also two unocial memb ers of our class who havebeenvery imp ortant to me Betsy Ritter and Kyoko Ma sunaga Among my other colleagues I would esp ecially liketomention Di ana Archangeli and husband Dante Mark Baker Andy Barss Ed Barton Maggie Browning Viviane Deprez Naoki Fukui Alicja Gorecka Mohamed Guerssel Ewa Higgins Kyle Johnson Mike Kashket Mary Laughren Juli ette Levin Anne Lob eck Dinette Massam Katie McCreight Janis Melvold Janet Nicol Tova Rap op ort Malka Rappap ort Marc Ryser Gab e Segal Kelly Sloan Peggy Sp eas Tim Stowell Catherine Womack Thanks to the sta in the Linguistics department esp ecially Maggie Caracino and Nancy Peters For my sanity and emotional wellb eing I owe a great debt to Carol Tenny and her parentsas well as to Mushka and Freddy the Weasel to Marc and Ilana AmraniCohen and b ossman Edan to my family to Betsy Ritter and to the incomparable Capitol Theatre in Arlington My deep est debt however is to my wife Nina for encouraging ca joling for love It is to her that this work is dedicated To Nina Contents in Brief I Intro duction A Puzzle and Its Solution Overview II Noun Phrase and Sentence General Similarities In in the Noun Phrase The DPAnalysis PRO in the Noun Phrase Dierences Between Noun Phrase and Sentence III Gerunds Intro duction Noun Phrase Asp ects of Possing Sentential Asp ects of Possing Analyses I Finding the Seams Analyses I I The Morphological Angle Conclusion Syntactic Axation IV Lexical determiners Determiner As Head The Adjective Phrase The Position of Prenominal Adjectives Conclusion Contents Intro duction A Puzzle and Its Solution The Puzzle An Apparently Unrelated Fact The Solution The IdentityofX Sentence and Noun Phrase Overview Noun Phrase and Sentence General Similarities In in the Noun Phrase Yupik Mayan Hungarian Digression Comp in the Noun Phrase Turkish The DPAnalysis Concepts and Terminology Functional Selection Two Notions of Command Det as Head The Position of s App endix Selection of DP PRO in the Noun Phrase PRObook theory Control Theory Binding theory Arguments Against PRO in the Noun Phrase CONTENTS Dierences Between Noun Phrase and Sentence Predication in the Noun Phrase Catalog of Dierences App endix Reducing the Dierences The Gerund Intro duction The Range of Gerund Constructions
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