Brief Report: Toward a Drought Cyberinfrastructure System, p. 182 News: Congress Examines Efforts to Search for Life in the Universe, p.183 News: White House Science Fair Emphasizes STEM Education, p. 184 Meeting: Africa’s Climate-Related Challenges and Information Needs, p. 185 About AGU: Editors’ Citations for Excellence in Refereeing, p. 186 About AGU: Would You Like to Create Change in Washington?, p. 191 Research Spotlight: Beaufort Gyre, Quasi-bienniel Oscillation, and More, p. 192

VOLUME 95 NUMBER 22 3 JUNE 2014

Fifty Years of Deep Ocean Exploration With the DSV Alvin

This week the Deep Submergence Vehi- based on that design. The Deep Submer- cle (DSV) Alvin, the world’s first ­deep-​­diving gence Group had already started using the submarine and the only one dedicated to name Alvin for the new submersible to honor scientific research in the United States, cel- the vehicle’s prime mover and inspiration, ebrates its 50th anniversary. and the name stuck. Owned by the U.S. Navy and operated by General Mills won the bid for $498,500 the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution to build a submersible to dive to 6000 feet (WHOI), Alvin has provided unprecedented (~2000 meters) and contracted Hahn and access to the deep ocean, enabling exten- Clay in Houston, Texas, to fabricate three sive observations as well as data and sample ­6-foot diameter ­HY-100 steel spheres (the collection for investigating physical, chemi- other two were later used for the Navy’s Sea cal, geological, and biological processes. Cliff and Turtle DSVs). The six hemispheres Its pioneering work has led to rapid techno- were forged at Lukens Steel Company in logical developments in deep submergence Coatesville, Pa., in December 1962 and were vehicles that have greatly expanded scien- welded into three spheres at Hahn and Clay. tists’ abilities to conduct research through- On 5 June 1964, a commissioning cer- out this vast and remote environment. emony for Alvin was held on the dock in Woods Hole, Mass. (Figure 1a). Deservedly, Beginnings of a Human Presence Vine and Froelich accompanied pilot Bill in the Deep Ocean Rainnie on the first two dives. The following year, Alvin’s first tender—a Alvin was the dream of one individual catamaran named Lulu after Vine’s mother— who envisioned scientists using submarines was constructed from a pair of surplus Navy for deep ocean exploration. pontoons. Alvin sailed on Lulu until 1984 and On 29 February 1956, 103 scientists met in then was modified to a ­single-​point lift system Washington, D. C., to discuss how to investi- to be transferred to the R/V Atlantis II. Since gate the ocean depths. A young WHOI geo- 1997, when that vessel was retired, Alvin has physicist, Allyn Vine, suggested that people operated from the R/V Atlantis. should go down into the ocean rather than try to conduct research by remote methods. Alvin’s Decades of Ocean Exploration At the meeting, Bob Dietz from the Office of Naval Research (ONR) and Jacques Pic- Alvin’s first major undertaking was in card (who had dived to a depth of almost response to an urgent request from the 2 miles with his father in 1953 in the bathy- U.S. Navy in early 1966. An Air Force ­B-52 scaph Trieste) gave presentations on Trieste’s bomber had collided with a tanker over capabilities. Despite mixed opinions, the Spain, dropping a hydrogen bomb in the participants passed a resolution to develop Mediterranean Sea. A ­2-month search oper- a national program “aimed at obtaining… ating from a landing ship dock was success- undersea vehicles capable of transport- ful and proved Alvin’s ability to conduct ing men and their instruments to the great operations at the seafloor. depths of the ocean” [von Arx, 1957]. In 1971, the head of the French Centre ONR sent a delegation, including Vine, National pour l’Exploitation des Oceans pro- to Italy to see Trieste, and in 1958, the U.S. posed a joint U.S.-French expedition with Fig. 1. (a) Alvin’s commissioning on the dock at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Navy bought it for $250,000. In this vehicle, WHOI to explore the ­Mid-​­Atlantic Ridge on 5 June 1964. Inset shows Alvin’s namesake, Allyn Vine, circa 1971. (Photos courtesy of WHOI with a new observers’ sphere, Piccard and using human-­ occupied​­ submersibles. In Archives.) (b) Alvin returns to service in 2014 after undergoing a major upgrade. (Photo cour­ Navy lieutenant Don Walsh made their his- 1972, with the approval of the U.S. National tesy of C. Linder, WHOI.) toric dive to the Mariana Trench in January Academy of Sciences but amid doubts by 1960. However, Trieste soon proved too large many scientists about how useful submers- tubeworms and clams, on the Galápagos harbored other chemosynthetic communi- and cumbersome for routine operations ibles might be, funds were granted for Proj- Rift, one of the most profound discoveries ties. Since 1983, when scientists in Alvin dis- throughout the oceans. It became clear that ect FAMOUS (­French-​­American ­Mid-​­Ocean of the late 20th century [Corliss et al., 1979]. covered chemosynthetic communities at cold a smaller, more maneuverable ­deep-​­diving Undersea Study) to dive to about 3000 The existence of distinct seafloor chemosyn- seeps on the Florida Escarpment [Paull et al., vehicle was needed. meters on the ­Mid-​­Atlantic Ridge between thetic ecosystems (Figure 2a), which thrive 1984], Alvin has supported numerous inves- 36°N and 37°N. In 1973, Alvin’s steel person- on energy stored in reduced chemicals from tigations of hydrocarbon and saline seeps Alvin nel sphere was replaced with a titanium one Design and Construction of the Earth rather than energy from the Sun, on the continental slope of the Gulf of Mex- that extended Alvin’s diving range from 6000 revolutionized our views of where and how ico. Although the underlying conditions that Alvin arose from a design by Harold “Bud” feet (~2000 meters) to 12,000 feet (~3650 life can exist on Earth and perhaps else- drive seeps differ from those of hydrother- Froelich, an engineer from General Mills, for meters). This was the first time in history that where in the universe. mal vents, ­chemical-​rich fluids at seeps simi- a vehicle named Seapup. The newly formed scientists descended to a ­mid-​­ocean ridge larly provide energy to sustain lush microbial WHOI Deep Submergence Group as well as [Ballard et al., 1975]. This successful project Discovering Hydrothermal Vents mats and communities of tubeworms, mus- Charles Momsen (then the chief of undersea proved that submersibles could effectively and Photographing the Titanic sels, and clams [Cordes et al., 2009]. warfare at ONR) liked Seapup’s design, and explore the seafloor and marked the begin- ning of a new era of seafloor exploration. WHOI requested bids to build a submersible In 1979, at 21°N on the East Pacific Rise, The Lost City Hydrothermal Field Alvin is perhaps most celebrated for scientists in Alvin discovered black smokers investigations in 1977 and 1979 of seafloor (Figure 2b) discharging ­high-​­temperature More recently, Alvin was part of an expe- By S. E. Humphris, C. R. German, hydrothermal systems and their associated (350°C), acidic, reducing, and ­metal-​­rich dition that discovered the Lost City hydro- and J. P. Hickey chemo​synthetic ecosystems, including giant fluids Spiess[ et al., 1980]. This marked the thermal field on ­1.5-​­million-​year-​old crust beginning of numerous Alvin expeditions at 30°N, ­Mid-​­Atlantic Ridge, where seawa- that discovered hydrothermal vents along ter reacts with mantle rock (peridotite) to the global mid-­ ​­ocean ridge system in the produce methane and hydrogen and build Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. 60-meter-tall carbonate chimneys [Kelley One project particularly riveted the atten- et al., 2001]. Credit for these discoveries tion of the general public and made Alvin a should be shared with the Alvin pilots whose household word: its photographic documen- experience from many dives positions them tation of the wreck of RMS Titanic discov- well to recognize something “different” at ered in 1985 with a towed camera system. the seafloor. A year later, on its dives to the Titanic (Fig- In 2010, Alvin took part in a national ure 2c), Alvin deployed a prototype remotely response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill operated vehicle, Jason Jr., that was able disaster. The expedition examined dead and to penetrate the wreck and take stunning dying corals discovered just 7 miles from the images of the sunken vessel. well head. Alvin worked in tandem with the Over the following decades, Alvin dis- covered new seafloor environments that Alvin cont. on page 182 181 Eos VOLUME 95 NUMBER 22 3 JUNE 2014

Alvin When Allyn Vine first conceived of using cont. from page 181 submarines for scientific research, he could never have predicted the discoveries that have been made as a result of sending autonomous underwater vehicle Sentry to frame. The upgraded Alvin is equipped with humans to explore the deep ocean. As Vine gauge the response of benthic communities fiber optic penetrators, a new ­command-​ observed, “I find it difficult to imagine what to oil exposure in the deep Gulf of Mexico ­and-​­control system, improved lighting and kind of instrument should have been put on TRANSACTIONS [White et al., 2012] (Figure 2d). ­high-​­definition imaging, and increased the Beagle instead of Charles Darwin” [Vine, AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION ­data-logging capabilities. The new Alvin 1957]. In the same spirit, Alvin will continue The Newspaper of the Earth and Space Sciences Alvin in 2014 and Beyond (Figure 1b) returned to service in March to be a workhorse for exploring Earth’s deep 2014, picking up where it left off with stud- oceans for decades to come. Editors In December 2010, after 4664 dives, ies in the Gulf of Mexico. Diving to 6500 Christina M. S. Cohen: California Institute Alvin was taken out of service to undergo meters awaits development of batteries with References of Technology, Pasadena, Calif., USA; cohen@ a major upgrade funded by the National greater energy density suitable for a ­human-​ srl.caltech.edu Science Foundation and WHOI. A new, ­occupied vehicle. Once that capability is Ballard, R. D., et al. (1975), Manned submersible José D. Fuentes: Department of Meteorology, larger, titanium, 6500-meter personnel realized, Alvin’s research potential will be observations in the FAMOUS area, ­Mid-​­Atlantic Pennsylvania State University, University Park, sphere with five, rather than three, view- expanded to being able to work in 98%, Ridge, Science, 190, 103–108. Pa., USA; [email protected] ports was integrated into Alvin’s modified rather than 65%, of the ocean. Cordes, E. E., D. C. Bergquist, and C. R. Fisher Wendy S. Gordon: University of Texas at Aus- (2009), ­Macro-​­ecology of Gulf of Mexico cold tin, Austin,Tex., USA; [email protected] seeps, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 143–168. Corliss, J. B., et al. (1979), Submarine thermal springs David Halpern: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, on the Galapagos Rift, Science, 203, 1073–1083. Pasadena, Calif., USA; davidhalpern29@gmail​ .com Kelley, D. S., et al. (2001), An off-­ ​­axis hydrothermal vent field near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 30°N, Carol A. Stein: Department of Earth and Nature, 412, 145–149. Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Paull, C. K., et al. (1984), Biological communities at Chicago, Chicago, Ill., USA; [email protected] the Florida Escarpment resemble hydrothermal Editor in Chief vent taxa, Science, 226, 965–967. Spiess, F. N., et al. (1980), East Pacific Rise: Hot Barbara T. Richman: AGU, Washington, D. C., springs and geophysical experiments, Science, USA; eos_ [email protected] 207, 1421–1433. Vine, A. C. (1957), Vehicles as instruments for Editorial Advisory Board oceanographers, in Proceedings of the Sympo­ M. Lee Allison Earth and Space Science sium on Aspects of Deep Sea Research, Feb. 29 Informatics – March 1, 1956, edited by W. S. von Arx, Publ. 473, pp. 98–104, Comm. on Undersea Warfare, Lora S. Armstrong Volcanology, Geochemistry, and Petrology Natl. Res. Counc., Natl. Acad. of Sci., Washing- ton, D. C. Michael A. Ellis Earth and Planetary von Arx, W. S. (Ed.) (1957), Proceedings of the Surface Processes Symposium on Aspects of Deep Sea Research, Arlene M. Fiore Atmospheric Sciences Feb. 29 – March 1, 1956, Publ. 473, 176 pp., Nicola J. Fox Space Physics and Aeronomy Comm. on Undersea Warfare, Natl. Res. Counc., Natl. Acad. of Sci., Washington, D. C. Steve Frolking Biogeosciences White, H. K., et al. (2012), Impact of the Deepwater Edward J. Garnero Study of the Earth’s Horizon oil spill on a deep-­ ​­water coral commu- Deep Interior nity in the Gulf of Mexico, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., doi:10.1073/​pnas.1118029109. Michael N. Gooseff Hydrology Kristine C. Harper History of Geophysics Fig. 2. Seafloor exploration with Alvin. (a) Using a probe among tubeworms at a hydrothermal Author Information Keith D. Koper Seismology vent at the East Pacific Rise. (b) Preparing to sample a black smoker hydrothermal vent at the Robert E. Kopp Geomagnetism East Pacific Rise. (c) Shining a light onto a deck bulkhead porthole of Titanic. (d) Investigating Susan E. Humphris, Christopher R. German, and and Paleomagnetism the effect of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on benthic communities in the Gulf of Mexico. (Pho­ J. Patrick Hickey, Woods Hole Oceanographic Insti- John W. Lane Near-Surface Geophysics tos courtesy of WHOI Archives (Figures 2a–2c) and C. Fisher, T. Shank, D. Fornari, and the WHOI tution, Woods Hole, Mass.; email: shumphris@­ ​whoi​ Multidisciplinary Instrumentation in Support of Oceanography (MISO) facility (Figure 2d).) Xin-Zhong Liang Global Environmental Change .edu Jian Lin Tectonophysics Figen Mekik Paleoceanography challenge common to “big data” science and Paleoclimatology Toward a Drought Cyberinfrastructure System [Sellars et al., 2013]. The term “big data” Jerry L. Miller Ocean Sciences Drought chokes ecosystems, strangles itself [Dracup et al., 1980]. Drought definitions refers to data sets that are too hard or costly to analyze, store, and visualize using tradi- Michael A. Mischna Planetary Sciences economies, and threatens human health for various applications encompass different [Wilhite, 2005]. In the United States, drought indicators and variables such as precipita- tional database management tools. Generat- Thomas H. Painter Cryosphere Sciences has recently forced states, including eco- tion levels, soil moisture, and runoff [Wilhite, ing drought monitoring information involves Roger A. Pielke Sr. Natural Hazards nomic powerhouses like California and 2005]. For example, agriculture may define collecting necessary input variables from Michael Poland Geodesy Texas, to declare a state of emergency. Com- drought by the soil moisture percentile or different sources, computing drought indica- tors, and visualizing results. Eric M. Riggs Education plications such as an increase in fires, rising standardized soil moisture index (SSI) [Hao food prices, and water scarcity further com- and AghaKouchak, 2013]. However, a meteo- GIDMaPS is designed as a cyberinfrastruc- Adrian Tuck Nonlinear Geophysics pound the effects of drought [Pozzi et al., rological study will typically rely on precipi- ture system to facilitate drought analysis Sergio Vinciguerra Mineral and Rock Physics 2013; Hao et al., 2014]. tation and its variability as the main drought based on multiple indicators and input data Earle Williams Atmospheric Yet for many regions where drought is indicator (e.g., using the standardized precipi- sets (Figure 1). Here the word cyberinfra- and Space Electricity inevitable, human societies can learn to tation index (SPI) [McKee et al., 1993]). structure refers to a research environment and facility that can support advanced data Mary Lou Zoback Societal Impacts react quickly and efficaciously to mini- Drought indicators can be based on one and Policy Sciences mize costs to production and health [Agha­ variable or a combination of variables. Dif- management, acquisition, storage, and visu- Kouchak et al., 2014]. A system for drought ferent indicators describe various aspects alization. The system integrates data from Staff monitoring and prediction would be a vital of droughts, and holistic, comprehensive multiple institutions and provides historical Editorial and Production: Randy Showstack, tool to facilitate drought response while sav- drought assessments delve into multiple and near–real time drought conditions as Senior Writer; Ernie Balcerak and Mohi Kumar, ing money, time, and lives. indicators. In addition, these indicators can well as probabilistic future forecasts [Hao Science Writers/Editors;­ ­Faith A. Ishii, Program et al., 2014]. ­Manager; Tricia McCarter, Production Assistant; The Global Integrated Drought Moni- be obtained from different sources, includ- Liz Castenson, Editor’s Assistant; JoAnna Wendel, toring and Prediction System (GIDMaPS) ing satellite observations, model simulations, Currently, the monitoring and prediction Writer; Valerie Bassett, Electronic Graphics [Hao et al., 2014] was developed in 2012 by and reanalysis of past data. Different data information are based on three indicators: Specialist researchers at the University of California, sets have advantages and disadvantages and SPI as a measure of meteorological drought, Advertising: Tel: +1-202-777-7536; E-mail: Irvine. The system gathers and synthesizes often show substantial discrepancies in geo- SSI as an indicator of agricultural drought, ­[email protected]; Christy Hanson, Manager; land-­ atmosphere​­ model simulations and metrical patterns and magnitudes [Agha­ and the multivariate standardized drought Robyn Bassett, Classified and Display Ad Sales index [Hao and AghaKouchak, 2014] as a Marketing: Mirelle Moscovitch, Marketing Analyst remote sending observations to generate 1- Kouchak et al., 2011; Sorooshian et al., 2011]. to 4-month-lead drought predictions. The composite agrometeorological drought indi- ©2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights system could help farmers, commodity inves- A Multi-index Drought Assessment cator. GIDMaPS automatically integrates Reserved. Material in this issue may be photo- data from the following sources: the NASA copied by individual scientists for research or class- tors, local governments, and global relief Framework room use. Permission is also granted to use short organizations plan for and react to droughts. ­Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for quotes, figures, and tables for publication in sci- For a thorough analysis, a drought infor- Research and Applications (MERRA-Land) entific books and journals. For permission for any Defining Drought mation system should use multiple drought [Reichle et al., 2011], the NASA North Ameri- other uses, contact the AGU Publications Office. indicators and various input data sets. can Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union For drought monitoring and prediction, Given the combinations of input data sets [Kumar et al., 2006], the NASA Global Land (ISSN 0096-3941) is published weekly except the first challenge is in defining drought and drought indicators, GIDMaPS faces a Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) [Peters- the last week of December by the American Lidard et al., 2007], and observations from Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Ave., NW, Wash- ington, DC 20009, USA. Periodical Class postage the Global Precipitation Climatology Project paid at Washington, D. C., and at additional (GPCP) [Adler et al., 2003] combined with mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address near–real time satellite precipitation data changes to Member Service Center, 2000 Florida [AghaKouchak and Nakhjiri, 2012]. Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20009, USA. Member Service Center: 8:00 A.M.–6:00 P.M. Eastern time; From the main interface, users can select Tel: +1-202-462-6900; Fax: +1-202-328-0566; Tel. the input data, drought indicator, year, and orders in U.S.: 1-800-966-2481; E-mail: service@ month and visualize or download drought agu.org. Information on institutional subscrip- information (Figure 2a). The system allows tions is available from the Wiley institutional sales team (­[email protected]). Use users to view dry, wet, and both dry and wet AGU’s Geophysical Electronic Manuscript Sub- conditions (Figure 2b). The seasonal pre- missions system to submit a manuscript: http:​// diction component of GIDMaPS is based eos-submit.agu.org. on a statistical persistence concept com- Views expressed in this publication do not neces- monly used in hydrology [Hao et al., 2014; sarily reflect official positions of the American Lyon et al., 2012]. In this component, users Geophysical Union unless expressly stated. have the same choice of drought indica- Christine W. McEntee, Executive Director/CEO tors as in the monitoring component and http://www.agu.org/pubs/eos can use MERRA-Land and NLDAS as input data sets. The component outputs proba- bility of drought below a certain threshold Fig. 1. Interface of the Global Integrated Drought Monitoring and Prediction System (http://​ drought​.eng​.uci​.edu/). Drought cont. on next page

182 Eos VOLUME 95 NUMBER 22 3 JUNE 2014

Drought cont. from page 182 NEWS AghaKouchak, A., and N. Nakhjiri (2012), A near real-time satellite-based global drought climate data record, Environ. Res. Lett., 7(4), 044037. AghaKouchak, A., N. Nasrollahi, J. Li, B. Imam, and Congress Examines Efforts to Search S. Sorooshian (2011), Geometrical characterization of for Life in the Universe precipitation patterns, J. Hydrometeorol., 12, 274–285. AghaKouchak, A., D. Feldman, M. J. Stewardson, J.-D. Saphores, S. Grant, and B. Sanders (2014), “It is not hyperbolic to suggest that scien- world. Such eavesdropping, Shostak stated, Australia’s drought: Lessons for California, Sci­ tists could very well discover extraterrestrial makes sense because humans have the tech- ence, 343(6178), 1430–1431. intelligence within 2 decades’ time or less, nology to send bits of information across Dracup, J. A., K. S. Lee, and E. G. Paulson Jr. given resources to conduct the search,” Seth light years, and putative extraterrestrials the- (1980), On the definition of droughts,Water Shostak, senior astronomer with the SETI oretically could do so as well. Resour. Res., 16(2), 297–302. Institute, in Mountain View, Calif., testified at Hao, Z., and A. AghaKouchak (2013), Multivariate a 21 May congressional hearing held by the Scanning the Sky standardized drought index: A parametric multi- House of Representatives’ Committee on Sci- index model, Adv. Water Resour., 57, 12–18. Hao, Z., and A. AghaKouchak (2014), A multivari- ence, Space, and Technology. He pointed to “We have just begun to search” with SETI, Fig. 2. (a) Drought monitoring and prediction ate multi-index drought modeling framework, the progress in extrasolar planet discovery he said, noting that telescopes have scanned options; (b) dry and wet condition layers. J. Hydrometeorol., 15, 89–101. made possible by NASA’s Kepler space tele- much of the sky at fairly low sensitivity over Hao, Z., A. AghaKouchak, N. Nakhjiri, and A. Far- scope, the enormous number of potential a limited range of radio bandwidth. “The ahmand (2014), Global integrated drought planets in the Milky Way and other galaxies, fact that we haven’t found anything means (e.g., abnormally dry condition or moderate monitoring and prediction system, Sci. Data, 1, the increasing power of digital electronics nothing. It’s like looking for megafauna in drought). For more details on the monitoring 140001, doi:10.1038/sdata.2014.1. to find and sort out radio and other signals, Africa and giving up after you have only and prediction components of GIDMaPS, see Kumar, S., et al. (2006), Land information system: and other work related to exoplanets and examined one city block,” he commented. An interoperable framework for high resolution Hao et al. [2014]. astrobiology. It was the committee’s third Lack of federal funding is the reason the land surface modeling, Environ. Modell. Soft­ ware, 21, 1402–1415. hearing on astrobiology and the search for search has been so constricted, he said. “It Evolving Drought Information System Lyon, B., et al. (2012), Baseline probabilities for the life in the universe in roughly 1 year. is all privately funded.” He noted that at the seasonal prediction of meteorological drought, Shostak explained that there are now height of NASA’s SETI program in 1992, the Given a changing climate and increasing J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 51(7), 1222–1237. approximately 2000 known exoplanets. Esti- program’s budget was $10 million but now global connectivity, international organiza- McKee, T., N. Doesken, and J. Kleist (1993), The mates indicate at least 70% of all stars are the total financial support for radio SETI tions such as the World Climate Research relationship of drought frequency and duration accompanied by planets, and recent analy- efforts in the United States is about 20% of Programme have recently emphasized the to time scales, paper presented at the 8th Confer- sis of Kepler data suggests that perhaps one that, with funding from either private dona- need for a global drought information sys- ence of Applied Climatology, Am. Meteorol. Soc., in five stars will have Earth-sized planets in tions or University of California research Anaheim, Calif., 17–22 Jan. tem [Pozzi et al., 2013]. GIDMaPS is designed the habitable zone, he said. The Milky Way activities. Peters-Lidard, C., et al. (2007), High-performance to grow into a drought cyberinfrastructure Earth system modeling with NASA/GSFC’s Land alone could be home to 10–80 billion Earth- SETI relies on instruments including the system that can integrate multiple data sets Information System, Innovations Syst. Software sized planets, and there are another 150 bil- Allen Telescope Array in Northern Califor- from different institutions. The system is Eng., 3(3), 157–165. lion galaxies can be seen with telescopes, nia, the National Radio Astronomy Obser- designed such that it would integrate and Pozzi, W., et al., (2013), Toward global drought Shostak added. vatory’s Robert C. Byrd telescope in Green handle additional input data (model simula- early warning capability, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., “The numbers are so astounding that if Bank, W.Va., and the National Astronomy tion and remote sensing observation) and 94(6), 776–785. [the Earth] is the only planet in which not and Ionosphere’s ­1000-​­foot-​­diameter tele- drought indicators with ease. GIDMaPS is Reichle, R. H., R. D. Koster, G. J. M. De Lannoy, only life, but intelligent life, has arisen, then scope in Arecibo, Puerto Rico, according evolving and will include information on B. A. Forman, Q. Liu, S. P. P. Mahanama, and we are extraordinarily exceptional,” he said. to Shostak and Dan Werthimer, director of A. Toure (2011), Assessment and enhancement runoff and relative humidity in the future. “It’s like buying a trillion lottery tickets and SETI Research at the University of Califor- of MERRA land surface hydrology estimates, none of them is a winner. That would be J. Clim., 24(24), 6322–6338. nia, Berkeley, who was the other witness at Acknowledgments Sellars, S., P. Nguyen, W. Chu, X. Gao, K. Hsu, and very, very unusual.” the hearing. They outlined several SETI proj- S. Sorooshian (2013), Computational Earth sci- ects that employ radio, infrared, and optical This study is partially supported by ence: Big data transformed into insight, Eos Trans. The Race to Find Extraterrestrial Life searches of the skies, including ­SETI@home. National Science Foundation (NSF) award AGU, 94(32), 277–278. doi:10.1002/​2013EO320001. The project at the Berkeley SETI Research EAR-1316536, IIP-1354546, and the Hellman Sorooshian, S., et al. (2011), Advanced concepts on Shostak commented that there are “three Center uses several telescopes to survey the Foundation. remote sensing of precipitation at multiple scales, horses” in a race to be the first to find some skies; several million volunteers in 226 coun- Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 92(10), 1353–1357. extraterrestrial biology. The first is look- tries have downloaded the screensaver to References Wilhite, D. A. (2005), Drought and Water Crises: ing for life nearby, including on Mars and use their own computers in the search for Science, Technology, and Management Issues, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. on some moons in the outer solar system. extraterrestrial life. Adler, R., et al. (2003), The version-2 Global Pre- “That’s where the big money is,” he said, not- The best search strategy employs a num- cipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) monthly —Farshad Momtaz, Navid Nakhjiri, and Amir ing that there could be at least a ­half-​­dozen ber of methods, Werthimer said. “We should precipitation analysis (1979–present), J. Hydro­ AghaKouchak, University of California, Irvine; solar system bodies that may have, or had, be looking for all kinds of different signals meteorol., 4, 1147–1167. email: amir­ .a@​ uci​ .edu​ life. The second horse, he said, is building and not put all our money in one basket,” large instruments that can “sniff” the atmo- adding, “It’s hard to predict what other civi- sphere of planets around other stars. lizations are doing. If you had asked me 100 AGU & AGI The third horse, on which he primarily years ago what to look for, I would have said focused during his testimony, is the search smoke signals. So we try to launch a new Heads and Chairs Webinar Series for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). That SETI project and new idea every year.” is the telescopic “eavesdropping,” he said, Want to learn more about how to recruit graduate students? on potential signals that are either deliber- Build research or faculty teams? ately or accidentally leaked from some other News cont. on page 184 Join us for FREE webinars available throughout 2014. JOINT ASSEMBLY RÉUNION CONJOINTE http://www.agiweb.org/workforce/headsandchairs/ Montreal, Canada 3-7 May 2015 Montréal, Canada 3-7 mai 2015 AGU-GAC-MAC-CGU AGC-AGU-AMC-UGC 014_2100 Mark your calendar for the 2015 Joint Assembly Montreal, Canada 3-7 May 2015 DID YOU KNOW 2-3 Years ja.agu.org/2015/ THE AMOUNT OF TIME MOST EXPERTS 014_2147 PROJECT THAT GLOBAL PRODUCTION OF RARE EARTHS WILL LIKELY BE INSUFFICIENT TO MEET THE WORLD’S DEMAND. Use your science to help shape U.S. policy

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183 Eos VOLUME 95 NUMBER 22 3 JUNE 2014 News White House Science Fair Emphasizes Importance cont. from page 183 of STEM Education

Universe Could Be “Teeming” Shostak noted that about one-third of the “I have a confession to make,” U.S. pres- Peyton Robertson, age 12, of Fort Lauder- With Microbial Life public believes in UFOs and that the public ident Barack Obama told the audience dale, Fla., invented a lightweight “sandbag” is fascinated by the idea that the Earth may of young inventors and their mentors at of polymer and salt to prevent saltwater Werthimer put the chance of finding be visited by UFOs. “I certainly don’t share a 27 May White House Science Fair cere- damage from floods. He toldEos that STEM extraterrestrial life at 99%. “I suspect the the conviction that we are being visited,” he mony in the East Room of the White House. subjects need to be taught in a way that kids universe is teeming with microbial life,” he said. “I think the pyramids probably were “When I was growing up, my science fair can understand the importance in relation said. “It would be bizarre if we are alone, built by the Egyptians. I know that’s a radi- projects were not as successful as the ones to their own experiences, such as why base- but I don’t know that for sure. The intelli- cal idea for some people.” here.” Recalling that during one of his exper- ball pitches curve or why microwaves work. gent life is going to be rarer, but because In his testimony, Shostak noted that there iments, “a bunch of mice escaped in my Obama noted that the Super Bowl foot- there are trillions of planets, I believe it is is also “a certain giggle factor” to the search grandmother’s apartment,” Obama joked, ball champion Seattle Seahawks were hon- going to happen often. It’s happened sev- for extraterrestrial life. “It’s very easy to “These experiments did not take me straight ored at the White House earlier in May. The eral times on this planet, and it’s likely to make fun of this,” he said, adding that it to the White House.” science fair is more important, though, he arise elsewhere.” would have been easy to make fun of Fer- However, experiments by dozens of stu- said. “As a society, we have to celebrate While most of the congressional hearing dinand Magellan’s idea to sail around the dent winners of various science, technology, outstanding work by young people in sci- focused on the science of searching for life, world or Captain Cook’s idea to map the engineering, and mathematics (STEM) com- ence at least as much as we do Super Bowl the witnesses did fend off several questions South Pacific. “It’s exploration. That’s what petitions did take them to the White House winners.” related to unidentified flying objects. “UFOs this is,” he said. Finding life outside of Earth for a celebration honoring young scientists This year’s science fair included a focus have nothing to do with extraterrestrials,” “would probably be the greatest discov- in grades K–12 and promoting science edu- on encouraging girls in STEM fields. The Werthimer said, noting that UFOs might be ery that humankind could ever make. And cation. The winners included members of president also announced several new initia- explained as being natural or manmade what’s important is that this is the first gener- Girl Scout Troop 2612 of Tulsa, Okla., ages tives, including a $35 million Department of phenomena, hoaxes, or the result of active ation that has both the knowledge and tech- 6–8, who were inspired by the 2013 floods Education competition to support a White imaginations. “Even though I’m an optimist nology to do that.” in Colorado to design a ­flood-​­proof bridge House goal to train 100,000 STEM teachers. with life, there is no evidence for any of made of Lego pieces and to develop three For more photos and information these [UFO] sitings,” he said. —Randy Showstack, Staff Writer simple computer programs that prompt the about the science fair, see http://​sites​ bridge to retract during floods. Olivia Van .agu​.org/​­wp-content/​uploads/​2014/​05/​ Amsterdam was part of a team of girls that 95-22_WHScience_Fair.pdf.​ GEOPHYSICISTS built a ­search-​­and-​­rescue robot to assist div- ing teams in icy waters. Another winner, —Randy Showstack, Staff Writer Stephen Mattox, professor of geology at Honors Grand Valley State University in Allendale, The National Association of Geoscience Mich., has been awarded the 2014 Neil Miner Teachers (NAGT) has announced the win- Award for his “exceptional contributions ners of three of its awards, which will be to the stimulation of interest in the Earth presented at the NAGT and Geological Soci- sciences.” ety of America (GSA) Geoscience Educa- David Montgomery, professor in the tion Division Awards luncheon at the GSA University of Washington’s Department of annual meeting this fall in Vancouver, Brit- Earth and Space Sciences in Seattle, has ish Columbia, Canada. been awarded the 2014 James H. Shea Heather Macdonald, professor of geology Award for his “exceptional contributions in at the College of William and Mary in Williams- the form of writing and/or editing of Earth burg, Va., has been awarded the 2014 Robert science information that is of interest to Christman Distinguished Service Award for the general public and/or teachers of Earth her “commitment and service to NAGT.” science.”

Your science can make a difference. Are you up for it?

thrivingearthexchange.org Showstack Randy President Barack Obama speaks at the White House Science Fair.

Connect to AGU’s network of Earth and space science blogs

The AGU Blogosphere features blogs from eight scientists-bloggers and three blogs written by AGU staff and collaborators. Join us! Are you an Earth or space scientist who wants to contribute a guest post to the AGU Blogosphere? Do you have a science blog and would like to be hosted by AGU? Contact AGU at [email protected]. blogs.agu.org 014_2101

184 Eos VOLUME 95 NUMBER 22 3 JUNE 2014

AGU GEOCALENDAR MEETING This column announces upcoming meetings and symposia of interest to Earth and space scientists. To submit an announcement for the AGU GeoCalendar, go to http://​­geocalendar​ .agu​.org/​­submission​-form/. There is no fee for these brief listings.

Addressing Climate-Related Challenges ■■3–5 June 2014 71st Eastern Snow Confer- ■■2–10 August 2014 40th Scientific Assembly ence, Boone, North Carolina, USA. Organizer: of the Committee on Space Research (CO- and Information Needs in Africa Eastern Snow Conference. (Website: http://www​ SPAR), Moscow, Russia. Organizer: COSPAR. .­easternsnow​.org/​­annual​_­meeting​.html) (Website: https://www.​ cospar­ -​ assembly­ .org/)​ Africa Climate Conference 2013; Arusha, Tanzania, 15–18 October 2013 ■■4–7 June 2014 35th Polar Symposium: Di- ■■4–17 August 2014 Western Siberian Peatlands versity and State of Polar Ecosystems, Wro- and Carbon Cycle: Past and Present, Novosi- claw, Poland. Organizers: University of Wroclaw, birsk, Russia. Organizer: INTERACT – International the Committee on Polar Research of the Polish Network for Terrestrial Research and Monitoring in The Africa Climate Conference 2013 The endorsed action items included the Academy of Sciences, Association of Polar Early the Arctic. (Website: http://www​.eu-interact.org/) (ACC-2013), which was organized by the following: (1) develop sustainable observa- Career Scientists Polska, Polish Geographical World Climate Research Programme, the tional networks; engage in intensive obser- Society. (Website: http://www​.­geogr​.uni​.wroc​.pl/​ ■■11–15 August 2014 22nd IAHR International African Climate Policy Center of the United vational campaigns; and recover, digitize, index­ .php/​ en/​ conferences)​­ Symposium on Ice, Republic of Singapore. Nations Economic Commission for Africa, and analyze existing historical climate data; Organizer: The International Association for ■■15–19 June 2014 Coastal Zone Canada 2014 ­Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research. and the University of Dar es Salaam, (2) develop impact data sets across climate- Conference, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Orga- (Website: http://www​.iahr​-ice2014​.org/) brought together more than 300 partici- sensitive sectors to enable the develop- nizer: Coastal Zone Canada Association. (Web- pants, including decision makers, repre- ment and evaluation of application models; site: http://www​.czca​-azcc​.org/​czc​-zcc2014/​home​ ■■16–21 August 2014 World Weather Open sentatives of research funding agencies, (3) undertake research on processes and .htm) Science Conference 2014, Montreal, Quebec, scientists from various disciplines, and Canada. Organizers: World Meteorological Orga- feedbacks relating to the carbon and water ■■15–20 June 2014 The 24th International nization, International Council for Science, En- practitioners from Africa and around the cycles, ­land-​­atmosphere coupling, and Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, vironment Canada, National Research Council globe. mechanisms communicating the climate Busan, Korea. Organizer: The International So- Canada. (Website: http://wwosc2014​ .org/)​ The objectives of the ACC-2013 were to change signal on temperature and rainfall ciety of Offshore and Polar Engineers. (Website: assess the state of knowledge of the Afri- in Africa; (4) undertake detection and attri- http://​www​.­isope2014​.org/) ■■17–22 August 2014 International Workshop on Ice Caves, Idaho Falls, Idaho, USA. Orga- can climate system and identify existing bution studies of past and future climate, ■■23–27 June 2014 IMBER Open Science Con- nizer: National Cave and Karst Research Institu- knowledge gaps; to develop an Africa cli- particularly extreme events; (5) improve ference, “Future Oceans, Research for Ma- tion. (Website: http://www​.iwic​-vi​.org/) mate research agenda that will address the understanding of local and remote driv- rine Sustainability: Multiple Stressors, climate information needs; to develop a ers of climate variability at short to mul- Drivers, Challenges and Solutions,” Bergen, ■■18–22 August 2014 International Symposium framework for mainstreaming climate infor- tidecadal time scales to improve climate Norway. Organizer: The Integrated Marine Bio- on the Changing Arctic Cryosphere, Edmon- geochemistry and Ecosystem Research (­IMBER) ton, Alberta, Canada. Organizer: The Interna- mation into planning and decision-mak- prediction skill; (6) undertake multidisci- project. (Website: http://www​.­imber​.­info/​­index​ tional Glaciological Society. (Website: http:// ing processes; and to establish networks plinary research involving social and natu- .php/Meetings/​­ IMBER​­ -OSC​ -2014)​ www​.­igsoc​.org/​­symposia/​2014/​­alberta/) to enhance the production and practi- ral scientists; (7) overcome barriers and cal application of relevant information in limits to the flow of knowledge between sci- ■■14–17 July 2014 7th International Scientific ■■21–25 September 2014 ACCO’s 4th An- areas such as agriculture and food produc- entists and user communities; and (8) build Conference on the Global Water and En- nual Defense, National Security & Climate ergy Cycle, The Hague, Netherlands. Organizer: Change Symposium, Washington, D. C., USA. tion, water resources management, human research capacity of African institutions. Global Energy and Water Cycle Exchanges Proj- Organizer: Association of Climate Change Offi- health, climate risk management, and The authors gratefully acknowledge the ect (GEWEX) (Website: http://www​.­gewexevents​ cers. (Website: http://​www​.­climatesecurity​.us/). adaptation planning. contributions made by the participants and .org/) Abstract submission deadline: 13 June 2014. Following a series of plenary and paral- the ACC-2013 Steering Committee mem- lel sessions, the conference participants bers (listed in the supporting information) ■■28–31 July 2014 IceTech14: International ■■24–26 September 2014 Joint Workshop on Conference and Exhibition on Performance High Pressure, Planetary, and Plasma Phys- endorsed several proposed action items toward the success of the conference and of Ships and Structures in Ice, Alberta, Can- ics, Rostock, Germany. Organizer: Universität and the Africa Climate Research for Devel- in the preparation of this report. ada. Organizer: The Society of Naval Architects Rostock Institut für Physik. (Website: https://​ opment Agenda, which is summarized in and Marine Engineers. (Website: http://www​ indico­ .​ desy­ .de/​ conferenceDisplay​­ .py​ ?​ confId­ ​ the supporting information in the online .icetech14­ .org/)​ =9404). Registration deadline: 9 September 2014. version of this meeting report. Several exist- —M. E. Shongwe, South African Weather Service, ing and emerging structures and initiatives Pretoria, South Africa; email: mxolisi­ .​ shongwe@­ ​ weathersa­ .co​ .za;​ Anna Pirani, CLIVAR, Earth System that will potentially provide the necessary Physics, The Abdus Salam International Centre What’s on the Web? enabling environment for the implementa- for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy; and Seleshi Read the latest offerings from the AGU Blogosphere: tion of the action items and the develop- Bekele, African Climate Policy Centre, United ment agenda were identified and are men- Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Addis Dan’s Wild Wild Science Journal: tioned in the supporting information. Ababa, Ethiopia “Big picture lessons from an unfortunate tweet” (http://ow.ly/x7L5g)​ GeoSpace: “Snow photos sought to illumi- CELEBRATING 40 YEARS OF GRL nate snowmelt puzzle” (http://ow​.ly/x9P9d) The Plainspoken Scientist: “Crafting your own visuals for science communica- tions: Part II” (http://ow­.ly/x9CoS) AGU is commemorating The Landslide Blog: “Zenica: A spectac- 40 years of GRL with a special ular landslide video from Bosnia” (http:// open access anniversary ow​­.ly/x65iN) collection. The 40-article The Bridge: “Applying science to nat- Ilissa Ocko Ocko Ilissa issue, carefully compiled by ural resource policy issues: Social sci- ence joins natural and physical sciences” In The Plainspoken Scientist Ilissa Ocko GRL’s editors, showcases the (http://ow.ly/xbMw4)​ demonstrates how you don’t need fancy and groundbreaking research expensive software to create first-rate science Dan’s Wild Wild Science Journal: images. She shows how PowerPoint can be consistently published in GRL. “Worth a read, and not just because I’m used to make illustrations like this landscape quoted” (http://ow.ly/x65Fh)​ schematic. GRL’s 40th Anniversary Issue will be available online for FREE until 31 December 2014.

Visit GRL40.agu.org to access content.

Ride for AGU in the Next Climate Ride

Take part in a 5-day bicycle ride from NYC to DC on 20−24 September, or any other Climate Ride or Climate Hike, and help AGU achieve its vision. Experience a life-changing 5 day bike ride or hike adventure, where you’ll • Ride through breathtaking scenery and challenge yourself physically • Hear from bright minds in policy, advocacy, and innovati on in a nightly speaker series • Connect with peers who are united to support sustainability and protect our planet • Support AGU by selecti ng us as your benefi ciary when you register Registrati on for Climate Ride is $100, and then parti cipants raise at least $2800 to take part in an all-inclusive event.

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185 Eos VOLUME 95 NUMBER 22 3 JUNE 2014 ABOUT AGU 2013 Editors’ Citations for Excellence in Refereeing

One of the most important services performed for AGU is the conscientious reviewing of submitted papers. Because of the nature of the reviewing process, this service is also one of the least recognized. Every year editors are asked to select the outstanding reviewers from the previous year. The reviewers listed below have been cited by editors of AGU journals and Eos for excellence in refereeing. These individuals are to be commended for consistently providing constructive and thoughtful reviews. Katherine Adams Maike Ahlgrimm Cited by Des Barton Cited by David Randall JGR: Oceans Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems

James D. Allan Matthew J. Alvarado James Anstey Anton Artemyev Daniele Bianchi Cited by James Crawford Cited by James Crawford Cited by Geoffrey Tyndall Cited by Robert Lysak Cited by Peter Strutton JGR: Atmospheres JGR: Atmospheres Geophysical Research Letters JGR: Space Physics Geophysical Research Letters

Dieter Bilitza Andrea Bizzarri Nicola J. Blake Martin Briggs Renee Brooks Cited by Louis Lanzerotti Cited by Robert Nowack Cited by James Crawford Cited by Alberto Montanari Cited by Alberto Montanari Space Weather JGR: Solid Earth JGR: Atmospheres Water Resources Research Water Resources Research

Sarah Brooks Michel Campillo Christopher D. Cappa Luca Carricchi Christopher C. Chaston Cited by Sara Pryor Cited by Michael Wysession Cited by Geoffrey Tyndall Cited by Robert Nowack Cited by William Peterson JGR: Atmospheres Geophysical Research Letters Geophysical Research Letters JGR: Solid Earth Geophysical Research Letters Cited by Yinon Rudich JGR: Atmospheres

Phairot Chatanantavet Matthew Cohen Morris B. Cohen Clint Conrad Seebany Datta-Barua Cited by Alexander Densmore Cited by Dennis Baldocchi Cited by William Peterson Cited by Thorsten Becker Cited by Louis Lanzerotti JGR: Earth Surface JGR: Biogeosciences Geophysical Research Letters Geochemistry, Geophysics, Space Weather Geosystems

186 Eos VOLUME 95 NUMBER 22 3 JUNE 2014

James Day Gerben de Boer Peter Delamere Yue Deng Kyla Drushka Cited by Thorsten Becker Cited by Alejandro Souza Cited by Benoit Lavraud Cited by Robert Lysak Cited by Meric Srokocz Geochemistry, Geophysics, JGR: Oceans Geophysical Research Letters JGR: Space Physics Geophysical Research Letters Geosystems

Andreas Efstratiadis Philip Erickson Jenni Evans Tal Ezer Wenzhe Fa Cited by Alberto Montanari Cited by Paul Cannon Cited by José Fuentes Cited by Meric Srokocz Cited by Mark Wieczorek Water Resources Research Radio Science Eos Geophysical Research Letters JGR: Planets

Ake Fagereng Daniel Farinotti Simone Fatichi Zhe Feng Jeffrey Freymueller Cited by Andrew Newman Cited by Alexander Densmore Cited by Alberto Montanari Cited by Chidong Zhang Cited by Robert Nowack Geophysical Research Letters JGR: Earth Surface Water Resources Research JGR: Atmospheres JGR: Solid Earth

Pierre Gentine James Gill Thomas Grabs Raphaël Grandin Nicolas Gruber Cited by M. Bayani Cardenas Cited by Michael Wysession Cited by Alberto Montanari Cited by Robert Nowack Cited by Eric Sundquist Geophysical Research Letters Geophysical Research Letters Water Resources Research JGR: Solid Earth Global Biogeochemical Cycles

Seth Gutman Nick Guy Christos Haldoupis Roberta C. Hamme William C. Hammond Cited by Eric Calais Cited by Chidong Zhang Cited by Paul Cannon Cited by Eric Sundquist Cited by Robert Nowack Geophysical Research Letters JGR: Atmospheres Radio Science Global Biogeochemical Cycles JGR: Solid Earth

187 Eos VOLUME 95 NUMBER 22 3 JUNE 2014

George Hilley Marc Hirschmann Lon Hood Tomoaki Hori George Huffman Cited by M. Bayani Cardenas Cited by Robert Nowack Cited by Paul Williams Cited by Robert Lysak Cited by Zhanqing Li Geophysical Research Letters JGR: Solid Earth Geophysical Research Letters JGR: Space Physics JGR: Atmospheres

Gauthier Hulot Juha Järvelä Marc Jeuland Ralph Kahn Homa Karimabadi Cited by Robert Nowack Cited by Alberto Montanari Cited by Alberto Montanari Cited by Zhanqing Li Cited by Robert Lysak JGR: Solid Earth Water Resources Research Water Resources Research JGR: Atmospheres JGR: Space Physics

Joseph Kasprzyk Christa Kelleher Viatchelsav Kharin Andrei Khudoley Hyosub Kil Cited by Alberto Montanari Cited by Alberto Montanari Cited by Sara Pryor Cited by John Geissman Cited by Robert Lysak Water Resources Research Water Resources Research JGR: Atmospheres Tectonics JGR: Space Physics

Keith A. Klepeis Delores Knipp David Kohlstedt Kristopher Kuhlman Tobias Kukulka Cited by John Geissman Cited by Christina Cohen Cited by Andrew Dombard Cited by Alberto Montanari Cited by Thomas Herbers Tectonics Eos Geophysical Research Letters Water Resources Research JGR: Oceans

Michael P. Lamb Cornelius Langenbruch Adrian Martin Torge Martin James P. McCollough Cited by M. Bayani Cardenas Cited by Robert Nowack Cited by Meric Srokocz Cited by Steven Ghan Cited by Robert Lysak Geophysical Research Letters JGR: Solid Earth Geophysical Research Letters JGR: Atmospheres JGR: Space Physics Cited by Andrey Proshutinsky JGR: Oceans

188 Eos VOLUME 95 NUMBER 22 3 JUNE 2014

Miles McPhee Bruno Merz Yukinaga Miyashita Peter Molnar Jennifer Murphy Cited by Andrey Proshutinsky Cited by Alberto Montanari Cited by Robert Lysak Cited by Mark Moldwin Cited by Yinon Rudich JGR: Oceans Water Resources Research JGR: Space Physics Reviews of Geophysics JGR: Atmospheres

Jessica Murray J. David Neelin Roseanna Neupauer Insa Neuweiler John Nielsen-Gammon Cited by Eric Calais Cited by Paul Williams Cited by M. Bayani Cardenas Cited by Alberto Montanari Cited by Chidong Zhang Geophysical Research Letters Geophysical Research Letters Geophysical Research Letters Water Resources Research JGR: Atmospheres

Peter Olson Evgeny V. Panov Shirley Papuga Roger Pielke Sr. Robert Pincus Cited by Robert Nowack Cited by Robert Lysak Cited by Alberto Montanari Cited by Sara Pryor Cited by Steven Ghan JGR: Solid Earth JGR: Space Physics Water Resources Research JGR: Atmospheres JGR: Atmospheres

Mike Poland Mark Raleigh Emily Riddle Andy Ridgwell Brendan Rogers Cited by Andrew Newman Cited by Alberto Montanari Cited by Paul Williams Cited by Peter Strutton Cited by Wendy Gordon Geophysical Research Letters Water Resources Research Geophysical Research Letters Geophysical Research Letters Eos

Tyrone Rooney Brandon Schmandt Steve Semken Karen Shell Jason Smerdon Cited by Eric Calais Cited by Thorsten Becker Cited by Wendy Gordon Cited by Noah Diffenbaugh Cited by Noah Diffenbaugh Geophysical Research Letters Geochemistry, Geophysics, Eos Geophysical Research Letters Geophysical Research Letters Geosystems

189 Eos VOLUME 95 NUMBER 22 3 JUNE 2014

Jason Tackett Claudia Tebaldi Leif Thomas David J. Thomson Frederik Tilman Cited by Geoffrey Tyndall Cited by Noah Diffenbaugh Cited by Leo Oey Cited by Louis Lanzerotti Cited by Thorsten Becker Geophysical Research Letters Geophysical Research Letters JGR: Oceans Space Weather Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems

Tomoki Tozuka Drew Turner Allan Tylka Roderik S. W. van de Wal Lara Wagner Cited by Leo Oey Cited by Benoit Lavraud Cited by Louis Lanzerotti Cited by Julienne Stroeve Cited by Thorsten Becker JGR: Oceans Geophysical Research Letters Space Weather Geophysical Research Letters Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems

Kaicun Wang Aaron Wech Jennifer Wenner Christopher A. Williams Simon Wing Cited by Zhanqing Li Cited by Andrew Newman Cited by Carol Stein Cited by Dennis Baldocchi Cited by Robert Lysak JGR: Atmospheres Geophysical Research Letters Eos JGR: Biogeosciences JGR: Space Physics

Lixin Wu Baike Xi Yoav Yair Jian Yang Chuanfeng Zhao Cited by Chunzai Wang Cited by Zhanqing Li Cited by Yinon Rudich Cited by Robert Lysak Cited by Zhanqing Li JGR: Oceans JGR: Atmospheres JGR: Atmospheres JGR: Space Physics JGR: Atmospheres

2013 Cited Referees Not Pictured

John Carter Brice Loose Cited by Mark Wieczorek Cited by Bradley Moran JGR: Planets JGR: Oceans

Gail Chmura Joerg Renner Cited by Dennis Baldocchi Cited by Robert Nowack JGR: Biogeosciences JGR: Solid Earth

Frank Lemoine Donna Rizzo Cited by Eric Calais Cited by Alberto Montanari Geophysical Research Letters Water Resources Research Liange Zheng Olaf Zielke Cited by Alberto Montanari Cited by Robert Nowack Water Resources Research JGR: Solid Earth About AGU cont. on next page 190 Eos VOLUME 95 NUMBER 22 3 JUNE 2014

About AGU One way to make your voice heard is to with policy makers. AGU has online cont. from page 190 contribute to AGU’s Capitol Cause Fund. resources that provide members with infor- Since 2004, members have donated almost mation about regional issues and how to $45,000 to this fund. AGU uses this money to contact and visit legislators. facilitate expository briefings on Capitol Hill Please consider making a special contri- Would You Like to Create Change and AGU’s Congressional Visit Day (CVD) bution to this fund. Your donation, large or in Washington? program, through which AGU members small, will make a difference. meet with members of Congress and Hill To donate and find out more about AGU’s Now more than ever, the public and legis- such as climate change, natural hazards, staff to discuss science policy issues. Brief- Science Policy efforts, go to http://​­giving​ lators need to know why science matters in natural disaster preparedness, natural ings and CVDs allow AGU members to lend .agu​.org/​­campaign/​­capitol​-cause/ or email politics. AGU gives you the opportunity to resources challenges, technology and infra- their geoscience expertise to Congress. ­development@​agu​.org. have your voice heard on Capitol Hill. structure, science education, public safety, This fund also supports other growing Members like you can provide exper- food security, and funding for science, to efforts to deliver sound science advice to —Claire Howard, Development Coordinator, tise and scientific focus to important issues name a few. Capitol Hill and to communicate directly AGU; email: choward@­ agu​ .org​

illustrations and maps, including both general and mailing addresses. Questions or requests for addi- detailed descriptions of the geological structure tional information may be addressed to Larry R. and mineral resources of the state. Grillot, Dean of the Mewbourne College of Earth CLASSIFIED (d) The consideration of such other related & Energy, and Chair of the OGS Director Search scientific and economic questions that shall be Committee, at (405) 325-3821, or [email protected]. deemed of value to the people of Oklahoma. Applications and nominations should be addressed The Director of the OGS has the responsibility to OGS Director Search Committee, University of ADVERTISING INFORMATION of overseeing activities related to geological and Oklahoma, Sarkeys Energy Center, 100 East Boyd geophysical studies of Oklahoma and adjacent Street, Room 1510, Norman, OK 73019-1008. Eos is published every Tuesday, except the last week of December. For a classified or display adver- areas, preparation of reports documenting the find- The University of Oklahoma is an Affirmative tisement to be published in a future issue of Eos, electronic copy must reach us by 11:59 P.M. Eastern ings of these studies, and communication of these Action, Equal Opportunity Employer. Women, time, 9 days prior (Sunday) to publication, except around certain holidays, which have earlier dead- results to individuals, agencies and the general minorities, protected veterans and individuals with lines. No cancellations accepted after deadline. public as appropriate and/or required. disabilities are encouraged to apply. The position requires supervision and adminis- tration of an organization of approximately 50 staff Research Faculty position in seismology. For inquiries on advertising pricing and availability: and associated facilities including offices, labs The Geophysical Institute (GI) at the University E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +1-202-777-7536 Facsimile: +1-202-777-7478 and the Oklahoma Petroleum Information Center of Alaska Fairbanks is hiring a new seismology fac- (OPIC), which contains an extensive collection ulty member at the rank of Research Assistant Pro- of rock cores and samples, other well informa- fessor or Research Associate Professor. We seek a POSITIONS AVAILABLE Solid Earth Geophysics tion and selected facilities for the examination scientist interested in building a long-term research of these cores and samples. It is anticipated that program that leverages the extensive facilities and Geochemistry DIRECTOR OKLAHOMA GEOLOGICAL SUR- the Director of the OGS will work with Oklahoma personnel of the Seismology Lab and GI. We value VEY UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA. universities, state and federal agencies, industry an ability to work collaboratively with other faculty Noble Gas Laboratory Specialist or Research Applications are being solicited for the position and other entities to conduct research in areas of and a motivation to help lead our graduate student Scientist position at the University of Michigan. of Director, Oklahoma Geological Survey (OGS). public interest, as well as providing advice and program. To foster these connections, the new hire The University of Michigan Department of The OGS is located on the University of Oklahoma service in the areas of geology, geophysics and will work with the Alaska Earthquake Center and/ Earth and Environmental Sciences is seeking a campus in Norman, Oklahoma, and is under the natural resources. One particular area of current or the Alaska Volcano Observatory. These affili- senior laboratory manager/research scientist for an direction and supervision of the Board of Regents high interest is the recent, significant increase in ations, together with core university funding, are immediate opening in the Noble Gas Laboratory. of the University of Oklahoma. Organizationally, Oklahoma earthquake activity. expected to provide approximately eight months The lab is undergoing significant expansion with the OGS is located within the Mewbourne College The successful candidate will have the dem- of support annually for this twelve-month position. the arrival of two new mass spectrometers (a Helix of Earth & Energy, which also includes the Cono- onstrated experience and ability to oversee these After an initial startup period, the new hire will SFT and an Argus VI) and the construction of two coPhillips School of Geology & Geophysics and activities, while acting as the State Geologist of be expected to raise additional support through new noble gas extraction and purification lines, the the Mewbourne School of Petroleum & Geologi- Oklahoma. Areas of experience that could be external grants and contracts of their own. main one for fluids the secondary one for rocks. cal Engineering. The Director of the OGS reports considered include an appropriate background We invite candidates from a wide range of The lab analyzes most fluids (e.g., freshwater, gas, administratively to the Dean, Mewbourne College with state or national surveys, administration in seismology backgrounds. Candidates should brine), hence an interest in fluids is important. The of Earth & Energy. If appropriate, the successful academia, experience in industry or research, or have broad research interests with applications ideal candidate is a senior person of science with candidate may hold a dual appointment as a faculty other related areas. in regional tectonic settings and/or volcanoes. a minimum of 32 years of relevant lab experience: member within the College as an Associate or Full Review of candidates will begin June 1, 2014 Applicants are encouraged to address this in their 5+ years are preferred. An in-depth knowledge of Professor, renewable term or tenured. Candidates and continue until the position is filled. The antici- statement of research. Candidates will be evalu- Qtegra and familiarity with our mass spectrometers should hold a doctorate in geology, geophysics or a pated starting date is January 1, 2015. Applicants ated, in part, on their ability to capitalize on the is a great plus. General academic background is closely related field. Prior experience with a public are requested to submit a complete resume, state- diverse assets of the Geophysical Institute and on flexible but must have at least a master’s degree agency would be beneficial. ment of relevant experience and a list of five refer- in a recognized field of science: master’s or PhD The objectives and duties of the Oklahoma Geo- ences who can be contacted, including names, is preferred. Candidates must be comfortable in logical Survey include the following: phone numbers, e-mail addresses and complete Classified cont. on page 192 a diversity of programming environments and be (a) A study of the geological formations of the proactive at finding solutions and developing new state with special reference to its natural resources, methodologies. Career family, level and salary including coal, oil, gas, asphalt, gypsum, salt, will be based on the qualifications of the selected cement, stone, clay, lead, zinc, iron, sand, road applicant. If interested, please send a single PDF building material, water resources and all other containing a letter of interest, CV, brief statement of mineral resources. research interests, and the names and address of (b) Management of the Oklahoma seismic three references to Professor Clara Castro at recording network, and the reporting and analysis [email protected]. The University of Michigan is of earthquake activity in the state. an affirmative action, equal opportunity employer. (c) The preparation and publication of bul- Women and minorities are encouraged to apply. letins and reports, accompanied with necessary Contribute to Eos! Give the geophysics community an update on your project, program, or research experience: Contribute a brief report to Eos. To learn more, visit http://​­onlinelibrary​.­wiley​.com/​­journal/​10​.1002/​ (ISSN)​2324​-9250/​­homepage/​­ForAuthors​.html.

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191 Eos VOLUME 95 NUMBER 22 3 JUNE 2014

participate in an offshore sand resource charac- vacancy announcement at the links listed below. Classified terization and geologic mapping project focused This position will be filled as a Research Geolo- cont. from page 191 on the Atlantic offshore Delaware. We are seek- gist, with a full promotion potential of GS-15. The ing an energetic, motivated scientist to develop vacancy announcement can be found on the and implement a research plan for offshore Office of Personnel Management’s USAJOBS web- the scientific opportunities afforded by the active information on host researchers, please visit http:// geologic mapping, to include sand resource site at www.usajobs.gov or you may directly link tectonic environment of Alaska. www.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp/eng/. Prior contact to an ERI identification and quantification. Experience in to the vacancy announcement on USAJOBS using The new hire will join a dynamic group of faculty member is desirable, but not mandatory. the collection, compilation, and interpretation one of the links below. two dozen faculty, postdocs, staff and students The deadline for this application is 27 August of seismic data, sediment core, seafloor texture, -For candidates who have never worked for dedicated to advancing the field of seismology. 2014. and seafloor morphology are desirable. The posi- the Federal Government (Announcement Number Our research emphasizes earthquakes, volca- If you need further information regarding this tion also requires the analysis and interpretation ATL-2014-0534): https://www.usajobs.gov/GetJob/ noes, tsunamis, glaciers and tectonics in Alaska position, please visit our website http://www.eri.u- of complex data using Geographic Information ViewDetails/369385100 and around the world. We track earthquake and tokyo.ac.jp/kokusai/english/index.html or feel free Systems (GIS), database management, and the -For current status employees or reinstate- volcanic activity across Alaska in partnerships to contact the address below. development of metadata. Opportunities for col- ment eligible (Announcement Number ATL- with federal and state agencies. The Seismol- Kenji Satake laboration exist with scientists in the College of 2014-0533): https://www.usajobs.gov/GetJob/ ogy Lab houses the Alaska Earthquake Center Head, International Research Promotion Office Earth, Oceans, and the Environment (CEOE) who ViewDetails/369384500 and is a core component of the Alaska Volcano Earthquake Research Institute, the University are conducting research relevant to the objec- Applications must be submitted online by Observatory. The tremendous rates of tectonic of Tokyo tives of this project. The successful candidate midnight Eastern time, June 13, 2014, to be con- and volcanic activity make Alaska an unparal- 1-1, Yayoi 1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032 JAPAN will also be expected to prepare reports, and sidered. It is important that candidates view the leled laboratory for seismology. We apply this Phone: +81-3-5841-0219 Fax: +81-3-3814-5507 coordinate and communicate with cooperating Vacancy Announcement in its entirety to be sure real-world experience to research projects with E-mail: [email protected] partners by presenting findings related to poten- that all required documents are submitted. Incom- global implications. Current emphasis on Alaska tial sand resources, and interact with Federal, plete application packages cannot be considered. from the EarthScope and GeoPRISMS programs Space Physics State, and private partners for data sharing and U.S. citizenship is required. The USGS is an Equal make this a particularly exciting time. Abundant transfer. The position requires a Bachelor’s Opportunity Employer. seismoacoustic research opportunities also exist Jovian Magnetic Field and Magnetosphere degree and four years’ experience, or Master’s through collaboration with the GI-based Wilson Post-doc Researchers. degree and two years’ experience, or Doctorate, Samples and Laboratories Manager (100%) Infrasound Observatories. Applications are now being accepted for a in geology or related field with concentration in Wisconsin Geological & Natural History The University of Alaska Fairbanks values Postdoctoral Research Associate, funded through marine geology, geologic mapping, seismic stra- Survey. diversity among its students, staff, and faculty. We the University of Maryland College Park (UMCP) tigraphy, or resource analysis. The Wisconsin Geological & Natural His- encourage applications from women, members and the Center for Research and Exploration in The position requires work at a computer tory Survey (WGNHS) invites applications for a of minority groups, and others who would bring Space Science and Technology (CRESST), to work work station in an office setting, in a sample Samples and Laboratories Manager. We seek can- additional dimensions to the university’s research, in the Planetary Magnetospheres Laboratory of processing and examination laboratory, and pos- didates with experience in the area of geologic teaching and service missions. the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) in sible field work aboard a marine research vessel sample analysis and laboratory management. Our To apply go to www.uakjobs.com/applicants/ the area of Jupiter’s magnetic field and magneto- in open ocean conditions. Job requires some academic atmosphere, focus on research and Central?quickFind=84168. Application review sphere, using data from the Juno (New Frontier) physically demanding work outdoors in hot/ outreach, and compact size sets the WGNHS apart will start on July 1, 2014. Refer questions to Doug mission. Additional details are available on the cold/wet conditions, including lifting samples from most geological research organizations; take Christensen ([email protected]). AGU Career Center posting or at http://www.astro. and equipment up to 50 pounds. Travel to attend this opportunity to grow with us. For more infor- umd.edu/employment/#Juno. meetings with collaborators, perform field work, mation, please visit http://wgnhs.uwex.edu/. Appli- Visiting Professor/Post-doc position Earth- The appointment will be initially for one year, and present research in professional forums is cations must be submitted by July 1st, 2014. quake Research Institute, the University of with the possibility of renewal in subsequent required. For details on how to apply visit: http://www. Tokyo. years. Applicants may be new postdocs or may be For more detailed information or to apply uwex.edu/ces/hr The Earthquake Research Institute, the Uni- more senior. Candidates should have a Ph.D. in please visit www.udel.edu/udjobs. Reference Job We are an AA/EEO employer versity of Tokyo, invites applications for Visiting a relevant scientific discipline with prior experi- ID 102069 Professor / Post-doctoral Fellow positions in the ence conducting scientific research. Experience The University of Delaware is an Equal Oppor- Student Opportunities research fields of earthquakes, tsunamis, their with magnetometer instrumentation and data, tunity Employer which encourages applications engineering, volcanoes, and physics of the earth’s disciplined programming skills (primarily Fortran from Minority Group Members, Women, Individu- The Office of Science and Technology Policy interior. The period of each position will be from and IDL), and scientific writing experience are als with Disabilities and Veterans. The University’s Fall 2014 Policy Internship Program. three to twelve months between 1 April 2015 and desired. Minority candidates are encouraged to Notice of Non-Discrimination can be seen at: The Office of Science and Technology Policy 31 March 2016. apply. www.udel.edu/aboutus/legalnotices.html is currently accepting applications for its Fall 2014 The successful candidates are expected to Each applicant should send a Curriculum Vita, Policy Internship Program. The application dead- carry out research at ERI as an employee of the list of publications, statement of research interests, Research Geologist, U.S Geological Survey line is 11:59pm, Friday, Jun 20. Students who are University of Tokyo. Monthly salary, ancillary and contact information for three references to: (USGS) Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate U.S. citizens and who will be actively enrolled dur- expenses including partial housing costs and Juno Magnetometer Science Center, Reston, Va. ing the Fall 2014 semester are welcome to apply. commuting allowance will be paid following the CRESST/UMCP The USGS invites applications for a permanent More information and application instructions rules of the University and ERI. Mail Code 660.8, NASA/GSFC research position in the field of Holocene paleo- are available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/ While priorities are given to the first-time visi- Greenbelt, MD 20771, or climate and paleoenvironmental studies. The posi- about/student/. tors, we also consider second-time applications Via e-mail to [email protected] tion will be filled at the GS 12 (salary is $75,621 to About OSTP. The Office of Science and if he/she is willing to contribute to education by Information regarding the Juno mission is $98,305 per annum). Technology Policy advises the President on the teaching a course or co-tutoring graduate students found at http://missionjuno.swri.edu/ and http:// The successful candidate for the position will effects of science and technology on domestic with our faculty members. www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/. For synthesize, generate, and interpret data from new and international affairs. The office serves as a Candidates are requested to submit the follow- information on CRESST and the UMCP’s Depart- and existing Holocene sedimentary records from source of scientific and technological analysis ing set of documents as attached files to e-mail ment of Astronomy, please contact Tracy Huard North America and adjacent oceans to facilitate and judgment for the President with respect to (address: [email protected]). ([email protected]). The position will remain understanding of regional and continental-scale major policies, plans and programs of the Federal (1) CV with birth date and detailed account of open until filled. climate variability and change over the last 15,000 Government. academic activity The University of Maryland is an equal oppor- years. The successful candidate will also be an About the Internship Program. Interns are (2) List of academic publications tunity employer. All applications received by Sep- expert in one or more of the following to analyze accepted for one of three annual terms (Spring, (3) Summary of research that the candidate tember 26, 2014 will receive full consideration. and interpret data from sediment cores collected Summer, or Fall), which each last no more than 90 has conducted (300-500 words) in terrestrial, estuarine, or marine settings: paly- days. While these positions are without compensa- (4) Title of research and research proposal at Interdisciplinary/Other nology, micropaleontology, geochemistry, geo- tion, the assignments provide educational enrich- ERI (300-500 words) chronology, sedimentology. Experience with sta- ment, practical work experience, and network (5) Desired length of stay; from three to twelve Research Associate III. tistics, data synthesis, and assimilation techniques opportunities with other individuals in the science months The Delaware Geological Survey, located at also is preferred. and technology policy arena. Candidates are also requested to nominate the University of Delaware, invites applications Detailed vacancy requirements and applica- For questions, please contact Rebecca Grimm a host researcher of ERI. If you need more for a full-time, limited term (2 year) position to tions procedures can be found in our online [email protected].

Quasi-biennial oscillation predictable atmospheric processes. The authors also Ocean and propagates eastward into the on multiannual time scales found that not all climate models are able western Pacific. to reproduce the surface weather effect of According to the authors’ model, when the The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), the QBO, so improving this aspect could migrating MJO heat source is over the Philip- a quasi-­ ​­periodic oscillation of easterly lead to better long-range predictions of win- pines and Indonesia, it perturbs the air over and westerly winds in the tropical strato- ter surface weather in the midlatitudes. the eastern Pacific, which, in turn, causes sphere that is known to affect winter surface (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1002/­ a semistationary anomaly to form in the jet weather in the midlatitudes, is predictable 2013GL059160, 2014) —EB stream. As the MJO heat source moves into several years into the future, according to a the Pacific, the jet stream anomaly creeps new modeling study by Scaife et al. How the Madden-Julian Oscillation eastward. When the anomaly reaches the Using model simulations to produce ret- affects North American weather western United States, it strengthens, setting rospective forecasts of the QBO, the authors the stage for the positive phase of the PNA. found that the QBO is predictable on time The unusual weather in the United States (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1002/​ scales of 3 or more years into the future, during the winter of 2013–2014—when the 2013GL057683, 2013) —CS which is considerably longer than most West stayed hot and dry, the Northeast was battered by Arctic winds, and the South was Beaufort Gyre sea ice thins blanketed in snow—was caused in part by in recent decades, impacts climate an atmospheric phenomenon that blocked

normal weather patterns from reaching The accumulation and melting of sea Richard Krishfield the West Coast. The jet stream, forced to ice in the Arctic has an enormous impact Recovery of a mooring top float with upward flow around a stable ­high-​­pressure system, on local climate, which in turn can affect pointed ice thickness sonar in September became curvier than normal. Over the east- global climate. As the climate warms and 2010 amid pancake ice in the Beaufort Sea of ern Pacific, the jet stream flowed far to the Arctic sea ice retreats, it has become crucial the Arctic Ocean. north before turning south over Alaska, to understand the complex ­ice-​­atmosphere-​ bringing cold Arctic air to the Midwest. ­ocean dynamics within the Arctic. One The authors found a net sea ice decline The set of atmospheric conditions that major component in this dynamic is the over the 9 years studied, with record min- caused the curvy jet stream is known as the Beaufort Gyre, a ­wind-​­driven sea ice circula- ima of ice volume in 2007 and 2012. Fresh- positive phase of the ­Pacific–​­North Ameri- tion and freshwater reservoir in the Arctic’s water export from this region during the can pattern (PNA). The PNA cycles intrasea- Beaufort Sea. past 3 years was also observed. These data sonally and is a strong influence on climate This gyre is a notoriously dangerous area indicate that an anticyclonic climate regime variability in the Northern Hemisphere. to observe because of its hostile conditions. that has been persistent in the Beaufort Previous research has shown that the Working around this, Krishfield et al. set out Gyre since the late 1990s may be weakening, oscillation of the PNA is weakly attributed to to investigate recent rapid sea ice decline which may lead to a relatively warmer and the El ­Niño–​­Southern Oscillation. In a new in the Beaufort Gyre using data already col- wetter climate locally but could produce model simulation, Bao and Hartmann iden- lected between 2003 and 2012. The authors cooling in the North Atlantic. (Journal of tified a mechanism through which the PNA used data from moorings, ­ship-​­based sur- Geophysical Research: Oceans, doi:10.1002/​ could also be physically connected to the veys, and satellite radiometers to estimate 2013JC008999, 2014) —JW Winter sea level pressure difference (hecto­ ­Madden-​­Julian Oscillation (MJO), an intra- ice thickness, which, when combined with pascals) between the easterly and westerly seasonal climate system marked by a migrat- satellite estimates of ice extent, can give an —Ernie Balcerak, Staff Writer, Colin Schultz, phases of the ­quasi-​­biennial oscillation. ing heat source that initiates in the Indian estimate of sea ice volume. Writer, and JoAnna Wendel, Staff Writer

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