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Source Apportionment of Fine and Ultrafine Particles in California. Final Report for Contract 01-306

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Source Apportionment of Fine and Ultrafine Particles in California. Final Report for Contract 01-306 Source Apportionment of Fine and Ultrafine Particles in California REPORT TO THE CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD Project # 01-306 Prepared by: Dr. Michael J. Kleeman1 Michael A. Robert1 Sarah G. Riddle2 Chris A. Jakober3 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 2Department of Chemistry 3 Agriculture and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616 Dr. Michael Hannigan Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Colorado, Boulder August 2007 DISCLAIMER The statements and conclusions in this report are those of the contractor and not necessarily those of the California Air Resources Board. The mention of commercial products, their source, or their use in connection with material reported herein is not to be construed as actual or implied endorsement of such products. This report was prepared by the University of California at Davis as an account of work partially sponsored by the Coordinating Research Council (CRC). Neither the CRC, members of the CRC, the University of California at Davis nor any person acting on their behalf: (1) makes any warranty, express or implied, with respect to the use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report, or (2) assumes any liabilities with respect to use, or damages resulting form the use or inability to use, any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank the staff of the California Air Resources Board Haagen- Smit Laboratory for their assistance with gasoline vehicle emissions sample collection. The authors would like to thank the staff at the WVU transportable HDDV dynamometer facility in Riverside, CA for their assistance in vehicle testing. The authors would like to thank Dr. Arey and Dr. Atkinson at the University of California, Riverside for use of their laboratory space during the HDDV testing. The authors would like to thank Dr. Kimberly Prather, David Sodeman, and Stephen Toner of the University of California, San Diego for their assistance with sample collection. The authors would like to thank Dr. James Schauer at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, for help with quantification standards. The authors would like to thank Karen Magliano (ARB Planning Technical Support Division) for help during the California Regional Particulate Air Quality Study (CRPAQS) and Jorn Herner (ARB Research Division) and Dan Chang (University of California, Davis) for samples collected at Bakersfield and Sacramento. Finally, the authors would like to thank Dr. Nehzat Motallebi at the California Air Resources Board (Research Division) for help with project coordination. This research was partially supported by the Coordinating Research Council under contract #E-55/59-1.5a, the National Science Foundation’s Nanophases in the Environment, Agriculture, and Technology – Integrative Graduate Education, Research, and Training (NEAT-IGERT) initiative award number DGE-9972741, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency Science to Achieve Results Program under contract # R832414-010. This Report was submitted in fulfillment of Project # 01-306 “Source Apportionment of Fine and Ultrafine Particles in California” by the University of California at Davis under the partial sponsorship of the California Air Resources Board. Work was completed as of March 31, 2007. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .....................................................................................................viii LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................xiii LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................xiii ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................... 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................ 2 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Motivation................................................................................................................. 6 1.2 Research Objectives.................................................................................................. 6 1.2.1 Size and Composition Distribution of PM Emitted from Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles....................................................................................................................... 6 1.2.2 Size and Composition Distribution of PM Emitted from Light Duty Gasoline- powered Vehicles ........................................................................................................ 7 1.2.3 Size Distribution of Trace Organic Species Emitted from Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles....................................................................................................................... 7 1.2.4 Size Distribution of Trace Organic Species Emitted From Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles....................................................................................................................... 8 1.2.5 Metals Content of Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, and Lubricating Oil......................... 8 1.2.6 Size Distributions of Metals Emitted from Light Duty Gasoline-Powered Motor Vehicles and Heavy Duty Diesel Trucks..................................................................... 8 1.2.7 Size and Composition Distributions of Particulate Matter Emissions from a Busy California Freeway ............................................................................................ 8 1.2.8 Separating Lubricating Oil vs. Fuel Contributions to Particulate Matter Emissions from Light Duty Gasoline and Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles ..................... 9 1.2.9 Source Contributions to Fine and Ultrafine Particulate Matter in a Roadside Environment................................................................................................................ 9 1.2.10 Size Distribution of Trace Organic Species Emitted from Biomass Combustion ............................................................................................................... 10 1.2.11 Source Contributions to Ultrafine and Fine Particulate Matter During a Severe Winter Pollution Event (CRPAQS) ............................................................... 10 1.2.12 Source Apportionment of Fine PM During the Vehicle-Oriented Trajectory Study (SCOS97) ........................................................................................................ 10 2 SIZE AND COMPOSITION DISTRIBUTION OF PM EMITTED FROM HEAVY- DUTY DIESEL VEHICLES ............................................................................................ 11 2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 11 2.2 Methodology........................................................................................................... 12 2.3 Results..................................................................................................................... 16 2.3.1 Data Reduction and Quality Assurance........................................................... 16 2.3.2 Emissions Comparisons................................................................................... 18 2.3.3 Size and Composition Distributions................................................................. 21 2.3.4 Particle Morphology and SMPS Scaling Factors............................................ 23 2.3.5 Emissions Versus Time .................................................................................... 25 2.3.6 Size Distributions Versus Driving Cycle Mode ............................................... 26 2.4 Conclusions............................................................................................................. 26 iii 3 SIZE AND COMPOSITION DISTRIBUTION OF PM EMITTED FROM LIGHT DUTY GASOLINE-POWERED VEHICLES ................................................................. 29 3.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 29 3.2 Experimental Methods............................................................................................ 30 3.2.1 Vehicle Test Fleet............................................................................................. 30 3.2.2 Sampling Methodology .................................................................................... 33 3.2.3 Data Reduction and Quality Assurance........................................................... 34 3.3 Results..................................................................................................................... 37 3.3.1 Emissions Comparisons................................................................................... 37 3.3.2 Size and Composition Distributions................................................................. 42 3.3.3 Particle Morphology and SMPS Scaling Factors............................................ 44 3.3.4 Ionic Species Distributions .............................................................................. 46 3.3.5 Cumulative Emissions Versus Time................................................................. 46 3.4 Conclusions............................................................................................................
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