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UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title In-Situ Measurements of Dust, Soot, and Biological Species and their Effects on Mixed Phase Clouds / Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1g6706dj Author Suski, Kaitlyn Jo Publication Date 2014 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO In-Situ Measurements of Dust, Soot, and Biological Species and their Effects on Mixed Phase Clouds A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry by Kaitlyn Jo Suski Committee in charge: Professor Kimberly A. Prather, Chair Professor Timothy H. Bertram Professor Seth M. Cohen Professor Mark H. Thiemens Professor Ray F. Weiss 2014 Copyright Kaitlyn Jo Suski, 2014 All rights reserved. SIGNATURE PAGE The dissertation of Kaitlyn Jo Suski is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2014 iii DEDICATION To Katie, who brightened everyone’s day, and to David, who brightens every one of my days. iv EPIGRAPH “You must not blame me if I do talk to the clouds.” -Henry David Thoreau v TABLE OF CONTENTS SIGNATURE PAGE ......................................................................................................... iii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... iv EPIGRAPH ......................................................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ x LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... xvi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................... xviii VITA ............................................................................................................................... xxv ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION ..................................................................... xxvii Chapter 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Aerosols ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Aerosol Sources .................................................................................................. 1 1.1.2 Transport of Aerosols ......................................................................................... 2 1.2 Aerosol Effects on Climate ....................................................................................... 2 1.2.1 Cloud Condensation Nuclei ................................................................................ 3 1.2.2 Ice Nucleation ........................................................................................................ 4 1.3 Airborne Sampling .................................................................................................... 5 1.4 A-ATOFMS .............................................................................................................. 6 1.5 Objectives of Thesis .................................................................................................. 7 1.6 Synopsis of Thesis ..................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 2. Dust, Bioparticles, or Artifacts? Unraveling the Sources of Metals in Cloud Residues ............................................................................................................................ 11 2.1 Abstract ................................................................................................................... 11 2.2 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 12 2.3 Methods ................................................................................................................... 14 2.3.1 Ice in Clouds Experiment – Tropical (ICE-T) .................................................. 14 2.3.2 CalWater ........................................................................................................... 16 2.3.3 A-ATOFMS ...................................................................................................... 17 vi 2.3.4 Scratch Tests ..................................................................................................... 17 2.3.5 Laboratory Studies of Sea Spray Aerosol......................................................... 18 2.4 Results ..................................................................................................................... 19 2.4.1 Inlet Composition and Mass Spectra ................................................................ 19 2.4.2 Isolating Artifact Periods .................................................................................. 20 2.4.3 In-Situ Cloud Residue Data .............................................................................. 21 2.4.4 Metals in Biological Particles ........................................................................... 24 2.5 Discussion/Summary ............................................................................................... 25 2.6 Acknowledgments ................................................................................................... 27 2.7 Figures ..................................................................................................................... 29 2.8 Supplemental Figures: ............................................................................................. 35 Chapter 3. Long Range Transport of Asian Soot Impacts Cloud Properties over California ........................................................................................................................................... 37 3.1 Abstract ................................................................................................................... 37 3.2 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 38 3.3 Measurement Details ............................................................................................... 41 3.4 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................ 43 3.5 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 50 3.6 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. 51 3.7 Figures ..................................................................................................................... 52 3.8 Supplementary Materials......................................................................................... 57 Chapter 4. Dust and Biological Aerosols from the Sahara and Asia Influence Precipitation in the Western US ........................................................................................ 63 4.1 Abstract ................................................................................................................... 63 4.2 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 63 4.3 Precipitation ............................................................................................................ 66 4.4 In-Situ Cloud Analysis ............................................................................................ 69 4.5 Back Trajectory Analysis ........................................................................................ 75 4.6 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 77 4.7 Acknowledgments ................................................................................................... 79 4.8 Figures ..................................................................................................................... 80 vii 4.9 Supplementary Material .......................................................................................... 86 4.9.1 Materials and Methods: .................................................................................... 86 4.9.2 Supplemental Discussion ................................................................................ 100 4.10 Supplemental Figures .......................................................................................... 105 4.11 Supplemental Tables ........................................................................................... 124 Chapter 5. Biological Species Dominate Ice Nucleation in Mixed Phase Marine Clouds Warmer than -15 ºC .......................................................................................................
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