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Analytical Chemistry Voytenko L.V., Kosmatiy V.E., Kopilevich V.A., Lavryk R.V. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Recommended by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine as the Manual for the Students of Institutions of Higher Education Kyiv УДК 543 (075.8) ББК 24.4я.73 А64 Рекомендовано Міністерством освіти і науки України як навчальний посібник для студентів вищих навчальних закладів (лист №1/ІІ-688 від 10.02.2010 р.) Рекомендовано Вченою радою природничо-гуманітарного ННІ Національного університету біоресурсів і природокористування України для студентів факультету екології і сталого розвитку спеціальності ,,Екологія і охорона навколишнього середовища,, , для яких викладання проводиться англійською мовою (протокол № 10 від 21.06.2012 р.) Рецензенти: Д.х.н., професор П.Г.Нагорний (Київський національний університет імені Тараса Шевченка) Д.х.н., професор О.М.Полумбрик (Національний університет харчових технологій) Д.х.н., академік А.Г.Білоус (Інститут загальної та неорганічної хімії ім. В.І.Вернадського, НАН України) Analytical Chemіstry: Навчальний посібник для студентів вищих навчальних закладів // Л.В.Войтенко, В.Є.Косматий, В.А.Копілевич, Р.В.Лаврик. – 214с. Навчальний посібник складається з двох взаємопов’язаних частин, що відносяться до хімічного аналізу – якісного і кількісного. У якісному аналізі студентам пропонується вивчення найважливіших біогенних катіонів і аніонів, принципи і методики встановлення складу речовин. У кількісному аналізі розглянуто методи досліджень, які є теоретичною базою аналізу грунтів, агрохімікатів, рослинних метеріалів, продуктів харчування. Теоретичний матеріал курсу аналітичної хімії та додатки подано блочно до окремих розділів посібника. ISBN © Національний університет біоресурсів і природокористування України © Л.В.Войтенко, В.Є.Косматий, В.А.Копілевич, Р.В.Лаврик, 2012 UDK 543 (075.8) ББК 24.4я.73 А64 Reviewers: Doctor in Chemistry, professor P.G.Nagorny (Taras Shevchenko National university of Kyiv) Doctor in Chemistry, professor O.M.Polumbryk (National University of food technologies) Doctor in Chemistry, academician А.G.Bilous (V.I.Vernadsky Institute of general and inorganic chemistry, NAS of Ukraine) Analytical Chemіstry: Manual for the Students of Institutions of Higher Education // L.V.Voytenko, V.E.Kosmatiy, V.A.Kopilevich, R.V.Lavryk. – 214p. The manual consists of two parts covering chemical analysis – qualitative and quantative. Qualitative analysis studies the most important biogenic cations and anions, principles and methods of defining the contents of substances. Quantative analysis describes research methods which constitute theoretical basis of analysing soils, agrochemicals, plant materials, food staffs. Theoretical material of the course on analytical chemistry and appendixes are offered in units to different chapters of the manual. ISBN © National University of Life and Enviromental Sciences of Ukraine © L.V.Voytenko, V.E.Kosmatiy, V.A.Kopilevich, R.V.Lavryk, 2012 CONTENT CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 6 1.1. The nature of analytical chemistry ...................................................... 6 1.2. What information does chemical analysis provide? ........................... 6 CHAPTER 2. ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES ..................................... 10 2.1. Semimicro Techniques ...................................................................... 10 2.2. Analytical Techniques ....................................................................... 14 2.3. Analytical Glassware ......................................................................... 15 2.4. Laboratory glassware cleaning procedures ....................................... 23 2.5. Analytical purity of chemicals .......................................................... 24 2.6. Calculating Concentration: Units & Dilutions .................................. 28 CHAPTER 3. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS .......................................... 36 3.1. General ideas ..................................................................................... 36 3.2. Qualitative analysis of cations ........................................................... 38 3.3. The first group of cations .................................................................. 43 + 3.3.1. Characteristic reactions of Ammonia cations NH4 .................... 43 3.3.2. Characteristic reactions of Potassium cations K+ ........................ 43 3.3.3. Characteristic reactions of Sodium cations Na+ .......................... 44 3.4. The third group of cations ................................................................. 45 3.4.1. Characteristic reactions of Copper cations Cu2+ ......................... 45 3.4.2. Characteristic reactions of Zinc cations Zn2+ .............................. 47 3.4.3. Characteristic reactions of Cobalt cations Co2+ .......................... 48 3.4.4. Characteristic reactions of Nickel cations Ni2+ ........................... 50 3.5. The second group of cations ............................................................. 52 3.5.1. Characteristic reactions of Magnesium cations Mg2+ ................. 53 3.5.2. Characteristic reactions of Calcium cations Ca2+ ........................ 53 3.5.3. Characteristic reactions of Strontium cations Sr2+ ..................... 54 3.5.4. Characteristic reactions of Manganese cations Mn2+ .................. 55 3.5.5.Characteristic reactions of Ferrous cations Fe2+ ........................... 56 3.5.6. Characteristic reactions of Ferric cations Fe3+ ............................ 56 3.5.7. Characteristic reactions of Aluminium cations Al3+ .................. 57 3.6. The fourth group of cations .............................................................. 58 3.6.1. Characteristic reactions of Silver cations Ag+ ............................. 59 3.6.2. Characteristic reactions of Lead cations Pb2+ .............................. 59 3.7. Qualitative analysis of anions ........................................................... 61 3.8. The first group of anions ................................................................... 61 2- 3.8.1. Characteristic reactions of Sulfate anions SO4 ......................... 64 2- 3.8.2. Characteristic reactions of Sulfite anions SO3 .......................... 64 2- 3.8.3. Characteristic reactions of Carbonate anions CO3 .................... 67 3- 3.8.4. Characteristic reactions of Phosphate anions PO4 .................... 67 3 2- - 3.8.5. Characteristic reactions of Borate anions B4O7 (BO2 ) ............. 68 2- 3.8.6. Characteristic reactions of Molybdate anions MoO4 ............... 69 2- 3.8.7. Characteristic reactions of Silicate anions SiO3 ........................ 70 3.9. The second group of anions .............................................................. 71 3.9.1. Characteristic reactions of Chloride anions Cl- .......................... 71 3.9.2. Characteristic reactions of Bromide anions Br- .......................... 71 3.9.3. Characteristic reactions of Iodide anions I- ................................. 72 3.10. The third group of anions ................................................................ 72 - 3.10.1. Characteristic reactions of Nitrite anions NO2 ........................ 73 - 3.10.2. Characteristic reactions of Nitrate anions NO3 ....................... 74 - 3.10.3. Characteristic reactions of Acetate anions CH3COO .............. 74 3.11. Analysis of mixture of cations of I-IV analytical groups................ 75 3.12. Order of fractional and systematic analysis of cations’ mixture of I- IV analytical groups ................................................................................. 76 3.12.1. Fractional analysis ..................................................................... 76 3.12.2. Systematic analysis .................................................................... 77 3.13. Analysis of unknown substance ...................................................... 83 3.13.1. Identifying a Simple Salt by logistics way ................................ 83 3.13.2. Identifying a Simple Salt by step-by-step way ......................... 89 3.13.3. Qualitative analysis of insoluble substances and solutions ....... 93 CHAPTER 4. QUNTITATIVE ANALYSIS .......................................... 95 4.1. Chemical equilibrium in heterogeneous systems .............................. 96 4.2. Molar solubility and solubility .......................................................... 97 4.3. Predicting precipitation reactions .................................................... 100 4.4. The common ion effect and solubility............................................. 101 4.5. Gravimetry ....................................................................................... 103 4.5.1. Physical Gravimetry .................................................................. 105 4.5.2. Laboratory work - Physical gravimetry. Determination of water in Hydrated Barium Chloride .............................................................. 108 4.5.3. Precipitative Gravimetry ........................................................... 108 4.5.4. Laboratory work - Precipitate gravimetry. Determination of Sulfates content in water or Barium content in Hydrated Barium Chloride ............................................................................................... 112 4.6. Fundamentals of Titrimetry ............................................................. 116 4.6.1. Classification of volumetric methods ........................................ 120 4.6.2. Steps in a Titration....................................................................
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