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PDF Hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/139835 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2017-12-05 and may be subject to change. Changing public space The recent redevelopment of Dutch city squares Veranderende openbare ruimte De recente herontwikkeling van Nederlandse stadspleinen (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof.dr. J.C. Stoof, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag mei des ochtends te . uur door Rianne Gertruda van Melik geboren op juli te Horst titelblad-van Melik.indd 1 27-03-2008 13:45:15 Promotor: Prof.dr. J. van Weesep Co-promotor: Dr. I. van Aalst titelblad-van Melik.indd 2 27-03-2008 13:45:15 Changing public space proefschrift-van Melik.indd 1 27-03-2008 13:41:16 Nederlandse Geografische Studies / Netherlands Geographical Studies Redactie / Editorial Board Drs. J.G. Borchert (Editor in Chief ) Prof. Dr. J.M.M. van Amersfoort Dr. P.C.J. Druijven Prof. Dr. A.O. Kouwenhoven Prof. Dr. H. Scholten Plaatselijke Redacteuren / Local Editors Drs. R. van Melik, Faculteit Geowetenschappen Universiteit Utrecht Dr. D.H. Drenth, Faculteit der Managementwetenschappen Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen Dr. P.C.J. Druijven, Faculteit der Ruimtelijke Wetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Drs. F.J.P.M. Kwaad, Fysich-Geografisch en Bodemkundig Laboratorium Universiteit van Amsterdam Dr. L. van der Laan, Economisch-Geografisch Instituut Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam Dr. J.A. van der Schee, Centrum voor Educatieve Geografie Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Dr. F. !issen, Afdeling Geografie, Planologie en Internationale Ontwikkelingsstudies Universiteit van Amsterdam Redactie-Adviseurs / Editorial Advisory Board Prof. Dr. G.J. Ashworth, Prof. Dr. P.G.E.F. Augustinus, Prof. Dr. G.J. Borger, Prof. Dr. K. Bouwer, Prof. Dr. J. Buursink, Dr. J. Floor, Prof. Dr. G.A. Hoekveld, Dr. A.C. Imeson, Prof. Dr. J.M.G. Kleinpenning, Dr. W.J. Meester, Prof. Dr. F.J. Ormeling, Prof. Dr. H.F.L. Ottens, Dr. J. Sevink, Dr. W.F. Sleegers, T.Z. Smit, Drs. P.J.M. van Steen, Dr. J.J. Sterkenburg, Drs. H.A.W. van Vianen, Prof. Dr. J. van Weesep ISSN - proefschrift-van Melik.indd 2 27-03-2008 13:41:17 Netherlands Geographical Studies Changing public space The recent redevelopment of Dutch city squares Rianne van Melik Utrecht Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap Faculteit Geowetenschappen Universiteit Utrecht proefschrift-van Melik.indd 3 27-03-2008 13:41:17 !is publication has been submitted as a PhD thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor (PhD) at Utrecht University. !e public defence of this thesis took place on May , . Promotor: Prof.dr. J. van Weesep, Utrecht University Co-promotor: Dr. I. van Aalst, Utrecht University Examination committee: Prof.dr. J. Burgers, Erasmus University Rotterdam Dr. L. Deben, University of Amsterdam Prof.dr. R. van Kempen, Utrecht University Prof.dr. T. Kreukels, Utrecht University Prof.dr. R. van der Vaart, Utrecht University !e research was sponsored by the Dutch national research subsidy programme BSIK (Besluit Subsidies Investeringen Kennisinfrastructuur) and the Urban Research centre Utrecht (URU). ISBN ---- Photos by Rianne van Melik (except where otherwise noted) Graphic design, cartography and figures: GeoMedia (Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University) Copyright © Rianne van Melik, c/o Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden vermenigvuldigd en/of openbaar gemaakt door middel van druk, fotokopie of op welke andere wijze dan ook zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgevers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, by print or photo print, microfilm or any other means, without written permission by the publishers. Printed in the Netherlands by A-D Druk b.v. – Zeist proefschrift-van Melik.indd 4 27-03-2008 13:41:17 Contents Figures Tables Voorwoord Changing role of public space in a changing society . Introduction . Definitions of public space . Frame of reference . Research objective and research questions . Research approach and methodology . Academic and social relevance . Outline of the thesis Development and typology of Dutch city squares . Introduction . Classic squares . Medieval squares . Squares from the Renaissance, Baroque, and Neoclassic period . Industrial and post-industrial squares . Typologies of city squares . Conclusions Current trends in the design and management of public space . Introduction . Secured public space . !emed public space . Social dynamics and spatial change in public space .. Socio-cultural dynamics .. Economic dynamics .. Political dynamics . Conclusions Private-sector involvement in the redevelopment of public space . Introduction . Dynamics of public- and private-sector initiatives .. Waves of private-sector involvement in urban development .. Urban entrepreneurialism . Roles and objectives of public and private actors proefschrift-van Melik.indd 5 27-03-2008 13:41:17 .. Role and objectives of local government .. Role and objectives of the private sector .. Role and objectives of the stakeholders . Private-sector influence on redeveloped public space .. Budget .. Free access .. Other effects on public space . Conclusions Research design and methodology . Introduction . Selection of the research units .. New typology of city squares .. Inventory of Dutch city squares .. Choice of cases . Research methods .. Semi-structured interviews with key actors .. Focus group meetings and interviews with advisory team .. Secondary data and observations . Analysing the cases . Conclusions Urban policy and spatial structure of the cases . Introduction . Rotterdam .. Policy and structure in Rotterdam .. Schouwburgplein .. Beurstraverse . Dordrecht .. Policy and structure in Dordrecht .. Grote Markt .. Statenplein . Enschede .. Policy and structure in Enschede .. Oude Markt .. Van Heekplein . ’s-Hertogenbosch .. Policy and structure in ’s-Hertogenbosch .. Markt .. Loeffplein . Conclusions proefschrift-van Melik.indd 6 27-03-2008 13:41:17 Fear and fantasy in the cases . Introduction . Fear and fantasy in Rotterdam . Fear and fantasy in Dordrecht . Fear and fantasy in Enschede . Fear and fantasy in ’s-Hertogenbosch . Comparing the research objects on fear and fantasy . Conclusions Private-sector involvement in the cases . Introduction . Roles and objectives of public and private actors in the PPP research objects .. Role and objectives of the local government .. Role and objectives of the private sector .. Role of the stakeholders .. Role and objectives of other involved actors . Effects of private-sector involvement .. Budget .. Free access .. Coherence .. Process . Conclusions Conclusions, reflections, and implications . Introduction . Development of Dutch city squares . Current trends in public space . Private-sector involvement in public-space redevelopment .. Objectives .. Effects . Policy implications . Implications for future public-space research Glossary Appendix A Interviews and focus group meetings Appendix B Overview of redesigned city squares in Dutch city centres Appendix C Topic list for interviews with case-study respondents Appendix D Topic list for interviews with advisory team Appendix E Main Dutch developers and investors Samenvatting References Curriculum vitae proefschrift-van Melik.indd 7 27-03-2008 13:41:17 proefschrift-van Melik.indd 8 27-03-2008 13:41:17 Figures . Outline of the thesis . !e Vismarkt in Utrecht as example of a vault square . Neude in Utrecht in . Neude in . !e Dam in Amsterdam . DN Urbland’s typology of city squares . Sign of CCTV in Barcelona . !e Beestenmarkt in Delft completely covered by sidewalk cafés . Dynamics in production structures and consumption patterns and their spatial effects . Model explaining increasing private-sector involvement in urban redevelopment through the rise of urban entrepreneurialism . Changing image of Syracuse a) as an industrial city in and b) as a post-industrial city in . Four main groups of actors involved in city centre retail . Cultural square: Museumplein . Retail square: Waterlooplein . Café square: Leidseplein . Civil square: Dam . Map of the Netherlands indicating the location of the cases and research objects . Six-dimensional profiles of the Grote Markt in Almere . Permanent stage on the Grote Markt . Map of the city centre of Rotterdam . Schouwburgplein . Map of the Schouwburgplein . Beurstraverse . Map of the Beurstraverse . Map of the city centre of Dordrecht . Grote Markt . Map of the Grote Markt . Statenplein . Map of the Statenplein . Map of the city centre of Enschede . Oude Markt . Map of the Oude Markt . Van Heekplein . Map of the Van Heekplein . Map of the city centre of ’s-Hertogenbosch . Markt proefschrift-van Melik.indd 9 27-03-2008 13:41:17 . Map of the Markt . Loeffplein . Map of the Loeffplein . Six-dimensional profiles of the Schouwburgplein and Beurstraverse as secured or themed public space . Six-dimensional profiles of the Grote Markt and Statenplein as secured or themed public space . Six-dimensional profiles of the Oude
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