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Les Mariages Inter-Castes Au Sein Des Populations Népalaises Urbaines

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Les Mariages Inter-Castes Au Sein Des Populations Népalaises Urbaines Université Lille 1 (France) – Université de Mons (Belgique) École Doctorale SESAM – École Doctorale Thématique en Sciences Sociales Faculté des Sciences Économiques et Sociales – Faculté Warocqué d’Economie et de Gestion Laboratoires : CLERSE – LAMC Par : Claire MARTINUS Mélanges de castes et sécularisation dans la capitale d’un ancien royaume hindou Étude des transformations des pratiques matrimoniales au Népal Thèse de doctorat en Sociologie et Anthropologie Mention : Sociologie et Anthropologie des Sociétés Contemporaines Directrice de thèse : Brigitte STEINMANN, Université de Lille 1 Co-Directeur de thèse : Renaud ZEEBROEK, Université de Mons Soutenue le 26 septembre 2014 Mots clés : Caste, Ethnie, Mariage, Mixité, Inter-castes, Famille, Identité, Classe, Qualitatif, Institutions, Mythes, Rites, Hindouisme, Bouddhisme, Migration, Népal, Ville, Mondialisation. 2 A Dominique, 3 4 « Aux patientes stratégies parentales d’autrefois se sont substitués des choix individuels, fondés sur des critères privés. Il n’en reste pas moins que des puissants mécanismes sociaux continuent de faire de l’union (mariage ou cohabitation) un lieu de reproduction des diversités sociales : l’amour ne les a pas défaits ». SEGALEN Martine & MARTIAL Agnès (2013 :86) 5 6 Remerciements Mes remerciements vont tout d’abord à ma famille d’accueil de Samakhusi, en particulier à Sarita, ma « maman népalaise », et à Namuna, ma voisine et amie, qui ont accepté de m’ouvrir leurs maisons et leurs cœurs, en toute simplicité. A Katmandou, ma reconnaissance va également à Sharmila, Karsang, Pralad, Solin et Rakesh, pour avoir été mes amis et m’avoir accompagnée dans la plupart de mes enquêtes. J’adresse ensuite toute ma gratitude aux directeurs de cette recherche. A Brigitte Steinmann, qui m’a passionnée pour le Népal, puis accompagnée sans relâche depuis 2010 pour les orientations bibliographiques, la méthodologie d’enquête et la rédaction. Elle a su merveilleusement encourager une étudiante parfois trop stressée. A Renaud Zeebroek ensuite, qui m’a enthousiasmée pour l’anthropologie depuis mes premières années d’université, et m’a, pour la thèse, précieusement conseillée et encouragée dans les démarches de recherche et dans la rédaction. Durant les quatre années de cette recherche, j’ai pu compter sur mes amis, Coralie Druart, Sabrina Bellanca, Anne-France Lefebvre, Christophe Chariot, et tous les autres, grâce à leur appui, à leur intérêt et aux nombreuses discussions critiques qu’ils ont suscitées. C’est le lieu également de remercier Jacques Emsalem, pour l’intérêt qu’il a eu pour ma recherche, et ses précieuses analyses critiques. Je remercie également Christiane Bughin, Serge Deruette, Géraldine Rouly, Julie Héraut, et les autres collègues de l’Université de Mons qui m’ont soutenue, encouragée et permis de prendre le temps de me consacrer à cette recherche. Je tiens enfin à exprimer toute ma reconnaissance à mes proches, Dominique Hauwel et Sébastien Renquin, qui m’ont accompagnée dans la vie quotidienne, et m’ont remarquablement aidée à gérer les aléas de cette grande aventure doctorale. 7 8 Liste des figures Figure 1: transcription et prononciation de l’alphabet devanâgarî ........................................................................ 12 Figure 2: vue satellite du centre de Katmandou .................................................................................................... 37 Figure 3: Carte de Samakhusi (Google Maps) ...................................................................................................... 39 Figure 4: liste des enquêtes auprès de couples inter-religieux .............................................................................. 44 Figure 5: liste des enquêtes auprès de couples inter-ethniques ............................................................................. 45 Figure 6: liste des enquêtes auprès de couples inter-castes ................................................................................... 46 Figure 7: photos prises en janvier 2012 au temple de Badrakali, lors des jours propices aux mariages ............... 47 Figure 8: arbre généalogique de la famille royale népalaise ................................................................................. 62 Figure 9: distribution de la population par caste, groupe ethnique et genre au Népal, 1er tableau, 2001 ............. 64 Figure 10 : distribution de la population par caste, groupe ethnique et genre au Népal, 6ème tableau, 2001 ......... 65 Figure 11: mélanges de castes possibles dans les lois de Manou .......................................................................... 73 Figure 12: tableau des modes de mariage dans les lois de Manou ........................................................................ 76 Figure 13: mélange des castes dans les lois de Manou ......................................................................................... 79 Figure 14: mélange entre castes et castes mêlées dans les lois de Manou ........................................................... 80 Figure 15: unions légales dans le Code civil de 1965 ........................................................................................... 87 Figure 16: mélange des castes hindoues permises dans le Muluki Ain de 1965 ................................................... 89 Figure 17:document des registres de mariage conclus à la mairie de Katmandou ................................................ 96 Figure 18: variation de la population au Népal entre 1911 et 2001 ...................................................................... 97 Figure 19: projection de l'augmentation de population au Népal entre 2001 et 2021 ........................................... 98 Figure 20 : nombre moyen de mariages civils en 30 jours. District de Katmandou .............................................. 99 Figure 21 : Mariages civils : pourcentages de mariages inter-castes, mariages au sein de la même caste et mariages avec des étrangers par période. District de Katmandou ...................................................................................... 100 Figure 22: le dubo ko maalaa , collier d'herbes sèches offert lors du mariage .................................................... 114 Figure 23: couple de jeunes mariés Brahmanes .................................................................................................. 115 Figure 24: le bel bibaha des jeunes filles Néwaries ............................................................................................ 124 Figure 25: procession du marié chez les Tamang (photo de B. Steinmann) ....................................................... 130 Figure 26: croissance des villes de Katmandou et Patan depuis le 19ème siècle ................................................ 156 Figure 27: statistique du CDS Nepal sur les services téléphoniques ................................................................... 157 Figure 28: photo de la cérémonie publique de mariage de Rabi et Nirmala, en compagnie du Sushil Koirala . 161 Figure 29: temple de Ganesh Jal Vinayaka, à Chobar ......................................................................................... 164 Figure 30: Costume à la Cour Royale népalaise ................................................................................................. 193 Figure 31: costumes de mariés ............................................................................................................................ 194 Figure 32: photo d’illustration de Wedding Bells au Canada ............................................................................. 218 Figure 33: 1re édition du magazine Wedding Bells au Népal, Hiver 2011 ......................................................... 220 Figure 34: préparation d'un mariage avec les weddings planners de l'entreprise Wedding Nepal ...................... 223 Figure 35: le rituel du Busakhakigu, dans le Bratamanda ................................................................................... 224 Figure 36: le rituel du KetaPûja, dans le Bratamanda ......................................................................................... 224 9 Figure 37: la procession du jeune homme vers la maison de sa fiancée, Janti Janey .......................................... 225 Figure 38: rituel du Swayember, cadeaux offerts par la famille de la mariée, ingrédients rituels (jetés après la cérémonie) ........................................................................................................................................................... 226 Figure 39: la procession qui retourne dans la maison du marié .......................................................................... 226 Figure 40:le rituel du Laskus Garne, où la mère du mari et ses sœurs accueillent la jeune mariée dans sa nouvelle maison ................................................................................................................................................................. 227 Figure 41: propagande des maoïstes ................................................................................................................... 236 Figure 42: Photo issue du Paris Match, entrainement des femmes dans les guérillas maoïstes .......................... 237 Figure 43: réservation des emplois dans les services publics au Népal .............................................................. 250 Figure 44: mouvement des Janjâtis à Katmandou ..............................................................................................
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