LETTERS PUBLISHED: XX XX 2017 | VOLUME: 3 | ARTICLE NUMBER: 16220

Fundamental traits explain provisioning services of tropical American palms Rodrigo Cámara-Leret1*†, Søren Faurby2,3, Manuel J. Macía4, Henrik Balslev1, Bastian Göldel1, Jens-Christian Svenning1, W. Daniel Kissling5, Nina Rønsted6 and C. Haris Saslis-Lagoudakis6

The well-being of the global human population rests on provi- Here, we explore the association of species’ traits with human sioning services delivered by 12% of the Earth’s ∼400,000 utilization by integrating three large datasets on ethnobotany, plant species1. Plant utilization by humans is influenced by traits and phylogeny. Our study area encompasses the western species traits2–4, but it is not well understood which traits Amazon, and the and Chocó hotspots, which underpin different human needs5. Here, we focus on palms together also support a large ethnic diversity (Fig. 1). We focus on (), one of the most economically important plant palms because they are one of the most useful and economically groups globally6, and show that provisioning services related important plant families in the tropics6. The study area is exception- to basic needs, such as food and medicine, show a strong link ally rich in palms and ranks second globally in palm diversity12. For to fundamental functional and geographic traits. We integrate the ethnobotanical dataset, we interviewed forest inhabitants about data from 2,201 interviews on plant utilization from three the uses of palms following a standard protocol13 during 18 months biomes in —spanning 68 communities, 43 of fieldwork, spanning a latitudinal gradient of 22°. This is the ethnic groups and 2,221 plant uses—with a dataset of four largest ethnobotanical documentation effort in the world for traits ( length, stem volume, volume, geographic palms. We focus on the most important use categories that are range size) and a species-level phylogeny7. For all 208 palm key for the livelihoods of the rural population in our study area: species occurring in our study area, we test for relations Food, Construction, Culture and Medicine, as well as their respect- between their traits and perceived value. We find that people ive use subcategories14 (Supplementary Table 1). For each use cat- preferentially use large, widespread species rather than egory and subcategory, we calculated species’ relative frequency of small, narrow-ranged species, and that different traits are citation (RFC)15, an index that quantitatively assesses people’s con- linked to different uses. Further, plant size and geographic sensus about a species’ perceived value across our study region range size are stronger predictors of ecosystem service realiz- (Supplementary Table 2). Additionally, for all species in our study ation for palm services related to basic human needs than less- area, we compiled three functional traits that encapsulate the leaf– basic needs (for example, ritual). These findings suggest that height– (LHS) strategy scheme16 (leaf length, stem volume reliance on plant size and availability may have prevented our and fruit volume), as well as a key geographic trait (range size), optimal realization of wild-plant services, since ecologically describing a species’ availability. rare yet functionally important (for example, chemically) We tested the relation between 208 palm species’ traits and their clades may have been overlooked. Beyond expanding our RFC value for the different use categories using generalized linear understanding of how local people use biodiversity in mega- modelling (GLM). We found that different traits correlate with diverse regions, our trait- and phylogeny-based approach different uses (Supplementary Table 3a). For instance, important helps to understand the processes that underpin ecosystemSUPPLEMENTARYspecies used for Culture have INFORMATION big and , whereas species service realization, a necessary step to meet societal needs in used for Medicine have big leaves and are widespread. However, VOLUME: 3 | ARTICLE NUMBER: 16220 a changing world with a growing human population5,8. because each use category integrates informationLETTERS from various sub- Plant-based ecosystem services are crucial for satisfying human categories (Supplementary Table 1), and subcategories often contain In the format provided by the authors and unedited. PUBLISHED: XX XX 2017 | VOLUME: 3 | ARTICLE NUMBER: 16220 needs5,9. These services, including provisioning services such as different sets of species with different traits (for example, in food and medicine, can be associated with particular species’ Construction, not all species in the subcategory Thatch occur in traits that capture plant form and function10. For example, the subcategory Houses), we further explored correlations between humans have selected plant species with traits that maximize crop traits and the most important subcategories (Supplementary yield, such as large fruits or height3,4. Understanding which Fig. 1). We found that use subcategories were always related to speciesFundamental’ traits are linked to particular species human needs is important traitsfewer explain combinations of traits provisioning than use categories (for example, of for our efforts to maximize the resilience of ecosystem services in the three traits significantly associated with the Construction cat- servicesa changing world. Despite of previous tropical studies which address American this ques- egory, only one palms trait was significantly related to either subcategory). tion11, the absence of large-scale approaches—spanning a variety of Further, different subcategories within the same use category were localities, biomes, cultures and1 † biodiversity uses—2,3has precluded often related4 to different traits1 (for example, Houses1 –geographic ourRodrigo understanding Cámara-Leret of how species* , Søren’ traits Faurby govern the, delivery Manuel of J.range Macía vs. Thatch, Henrik–fruit Balslev volume in, BastianConstruction), Göldel and many, subcate- ecosystemJens-Christian services and Svenning fulfil human1, W. needs. Daniel Kissling5, Nina Rønstedgories were6 and never C. related Haris to any Saslis-Lagoudakis trait (for example, Cosmetic6 and

The1Section well-being for Ecoinformatics of theglobal and Biodiversity, human Departmentpopulation of rests Bioscience, on provi- Aarhus University,Here, Nywe Munkegade explore the 114, association 8000 Aarhus of C, species Denmark.’ traits2Department with human of sioningBiogeography services and Global delivered Change, by Museo 12% Nacional of the de Earth Ciencias’s ∼ Naturales,400,000 CSIC,plant Calle José utilization Gutiérrez by Abascal integrating 2, 28006 three Madrid, large datasets Spain. 3Department on ethnobotany, of 1 plantBiological species and Environmental. Plant utilization Sciences, University by humans of Gothenburg, is influenced Box 461, by SE 405traits 30,Göteborg, and phylogeny. Sweden. 4 OurDepartamento study area de Biología, encompasses Área de the Botánica, western speciesUniversidad traits Autónoma2–4, but de Madrid, it is not Calle well Darwin understood 2, 28049, Madrid, which Spain. traits5InstituteAmazon, for Biodiversity and the and Andes Ecosystem and Chocó Dynamics biodiversity (IBED), University hotspots, of which underpinAmsterdam, different PO Box 94248, human 1090 needs GE Amsterdam,5. Here, The we Netherlands. focus on palms6Evolutionarytogether Genomics also Section, support Natural a large History ethnic Museum diversity of Denmark, (Fig. 1). Faculty We focus of on Science,(Arecaceae), University one of Copenhagen, of the most Sølvgade economically 83S, 1307 Copenhagen important K, plant Denmark.palms†Present because address: they Royal are Botanic one of Gardens, the most Kew, useful Richmond and TW9 economically 3AB, UK. *groupse-mail: [email protected] globally6, and show that provisioning services related important plant families in the tropics6. The study area is exception- to basic needs, such as food and medicine, show a strong link ally rich in palms and ranks second globally in palm diversity12. For NATUREto fundamental 3, 16220 functional (2017) | DOI: and 10.1038/nplants.2016.220 geographic traits.| www.nature.com/natureplants We integrate the ethnobotanical dataset, we interviewed forest inhabitants about1 data from 2,201 interviews on plant utilization from three the uses of palms following a standard protocol13 during 18 months biomes in South America—spanning 68 communities, 43 of fieldwork, spanning a latitudinal gradient of 22°. This is the ethnic groups and 2,221 plant uses—with a dataset of four largest ethnobotanical documentation effort in the world for traits (leaf length, stem volume, fruit volume, geographic palms. We focus on the most important use categories that are range size) and a species-level phylogeny7. For all 208 palm key for the livelihoods of the rural population in our study area: species occurring in our study area, we test for relations Food, Construction, Culture and Medicine, as well as their respect- between their traits and perceived value. We find that people ive use subcategories14 (Supplementary Table 1). For each use cat- preferentially use large, widespread species rather than egory and subcategory, we calculated species’ relative frequency of small, narrow-ranged species, and that different traits are citation (RFC)15, an index that quantitatively assesses people’s con- linked to different uses. Further, plant size and geographic sensus about a species’ perceived value across our study region range size are stronger predictors of ecosystem service realiz- (Supplementary Table 2). Additionally, for all species in our study ation for palm services related to basic human needs than less- area, we compiled three functional traits that encapsulate the leaf– basic needs (for example, ritual). These findings suggest that height–seed (LHS) strategy scheme16 (leaf length, stem volume reliance on plant size and availability may have prevented our and fruit volume), as well as a key geographic trait (range size), optimal realization of wild-plant services, since ecologically describing a species’ availability. rare yet functionally important (for example, chemically) We tested the relation between 208 palm species’ traits and their clades may have been overlooked. Beyond expanding our RFC value for the different use categories using generalized linear understanding of how local people use biodiversity in mega- modelling (GLM). We found that different traits correlate with diverse regions, our trait- and phylogeny-based approach different uses (Supplementary Table 3a). For instance, important helps to understand the processes that underpin ecosystem species used for Culture have big leaves and fruits, whereas species service realization, a necessary step to meet societal needs in used for Medicine have big leaves and are widespread. However, a changing world with a growing human population5,8. because each use category integrates information from various sub- Plant-based ecosystem services are crucial for satisfying human categories (Supplementary Table 1), and subcategories often contain needs5,9. These services, including provisioning services such as different sets of species with different traits (for example, in food and medicine, can be associated with particular species’ Construction, not all species in the subcategory Thatch occur in traits that capture plant form and function10. For example, the subcategory Houses), we further explored correlations between humans have selected plant species with traits that maximize crop traits and the most important subcategories (Supplementary yield, such as large fruits or height3,4. Understanding which Fig. 1). We found that use subcategories were always related to species’ traits are linked to particular human needs is important fewer combinations of traits than use categories (for example, of for our efforts to maximize the resilience of ecosystem services in the three traits significantly associated with the Construction cat- a changing world. Despite previous studies which address this ques- egory, only one trait was significantly related to either subcategory). tion11, the absence of large-scale approaches—spanning a variety of Further, different subcategories within the same use category were localities, biomes, cultures and biodiversity uses—has precluded often related to different traits (for example, Houses–geographic our understanding of how species’ traits govern the delivery of range vs. Thatch–fruit volume in Construction), and many subcate- ecosystem services and fulfil human needs. gories were never related to any trait (for example, Cosmetic and

1Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. 2Department of Biogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain. 3Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden. 4Departamento de Biología, Área de Botánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain. 5Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 6Evolutionary Genomics Section, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83S, 1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark. †Present address: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AB, UK. NATURE PLANTS | DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.220 | www.nature.com/natureplants *e-mail: [email protected] © 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved. NATURE PLANTS 3, 16220 (2017) | DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.220 | www.nature.com/natureplants 1 R. Cámara-Leret et al. 2016. Fundamental species’ traits explain provisioningSUPPLEMENTARY services of tropical American palms. NatureINFORMATION Plants

Supplementary Figure 1. The most important plant use subcategories that were

analysed in this study, shown with an asterisk. Bars show the percent of number of

uses in a use category accounted by each subcategory. Classification of use categories

and subcategories follows Macía et al.14 except for the subcategory Food, which

includes Beverages, Food additives, and Food uses.

A Construction B Cultural

Personal adornment Thatch *" *"

Cosmetic *" Houses *" Ritual *"

Other Clothes and accessories

Recreational Transportation

Dyes

Bridges Other

0 20 40 60 0 10 20 30 40 Percentage of use category reports Percentage of use category reports

C Human food D Medicinal & veterinary

General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms *" Respiratory system Digestive system *" Urinary system *" Food *" Infections and infestations *" Skin and subcutaneous tissue *" Blood and Cardio−vascular system *" Pregnancy, birth and puerperial *" Dental health Not specified at all Poisonings Reproductive system and sex health Cultural diseases and disorders Musculo−skeletal system Oils *" Metabolic system and nutrition Sensory system Other Endocrine system Veterinary

0 20 40 60 80 0 5 10 15 20 Percentage of use category reports Percentage of use category reports

Percentage of use category reports

NATURE PLANTS | DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.220 | www.nature.com/natureplants

© 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.

! 1! gelatinosa

Aiphanes deltoidea simplicifrons

Aiphanes hirsuta Bactris macroacantha Bactris bidentula

Bactris brongniartii Bactris rostrata

Bactris fissifrons

Bactris acanthocarpa Bactris halmoorei Bactris bifida Bactris corossilla Bactris sphaerocarpa Bactris killipii Bactris barronis Bactris chaveziae Bactris riparia

Aiphanes erinacea Aiphanes weberbaueri Aiphanes tricuspidata Aiphanes multiplex Aiphanes chiribogensis Bactris faucium Aiphanes macroloba Bactris coloradonis Aiphanes linearis Aiphanes pilaris Aiphanes simplex Aiphanes eggersii loretanus Bactris concinnaBactris hirta Desmoncus interjectus Desmoncus pumilus Desmoncus latisectus Desmoncus madrensis Bactris schultesii Desmoncus prunifer AstrocaryumBactris standleyanum balanophora Desmoncus giganteus Desmoncus mitis Desmoncus parvulus urostachys Desmoncus vacivus Astrocaryum macrocalyxBactris maraja Desmoncus horridus Desmoncus cirrhifer Elaeis oleifera Aphandra natalia Astrocaryum ferrugineum Ammandra decasperma Astrocaryum ulei Phytelephas macrocarpa Astrocaryum huicungo Phytelephas tenuicaulis Phytelephas aequatorialis Astrocaryum gratum alpinum Astrocaryum javarense Astrocaryum faranae Ceroxylon pityrophyllum Astrocaryum chonta Ceroxylon parvum Astrocaryum ciliatum R. Cámara-LeretAstrocaryum et al. scopatum 2016. Fundamental species’ traits explain provisioning services Ceroxylon of amazonicumtropical American palms. Nature Plants Astrocaryum chambira SUPPLEMENTARY amicorum INFORMATION Astrocaryum jauari Chelyocarpus dianeurus Chelyocarpus chuco Astrocaryum huaimi Chelyocarpus ulei Astrocaryum acaule Chelyocarpus repens Astrocaryum aculeatum tenue Attalea septuagenata Attalea racemosa macroclada Attalea tessmannii Mauritiella pumila Mauritiella armata Attalea allenii Raphia taedigera SupplementaryAttalea amygdalina Figure 2. Phylogenetic clustering (measured setigera using Pagel’s λ) of Attalea cuatrecasana Iriartella stenocarpa radiata Attalea speciosa Attalea plowmanii Wettinia verruculosa Attalea princeps Wettinia castanea Wettinia fascicularis Attalea huebneri Wettinia disticha Attalea peruviana usefulness Attaleaacross bassleriana 208 palm species for a. Any use (λ=0.00), Wettinia oxycarpa and b. Construction Attalea colenda Wettinia augusta Attalea moorei Wettinia maynensis Wettinia aequalis Attalea insignis Wettinia quinaria Wettinia anomala Attalea butyracea ptarianum Attalea microcarpa Dictyocaryum lamarckianum Attalea maripa salazarii Syagrus smithii (λ=0.91), Human food (λ=0.18), Culture (λ=0.09), and Socratea Medicine rostrata (λ=0.00). Usefulness Syagrus sancona Socratea hecatonandra deltoidea Syagrus cardenasii deneversiana Chamaedorea pinnatifrons Manicaria Welfiasaccifera regia Chamaedorea linearis Manicaria martiana Chamaedorea angustisecta Chamaedorea pauciflora Synechanthus warscewiczianus Wendlandiella gracilis circumtextus Oenocarpus simplex Oenocarpus makeru Oenocarpus minor was calculatedPholidostachys using occidentalis the relative frequency of citation index (RFC): white, black and Oenocarpus distichus Oenocarpus balickii Pholidostachys amazonensis Oenocarpus bataua Pholidostachys synanthera Hyospathe elegans Hyospathe peruviana oleracea PholidostachysGeonoma chococola pulchra Euterpe precatoria Pholidostachys dactyloides Euterpe catinga Geonoma triglochin Prestoea ensiformis Prestoea schultzeana Geonoma camana Prestoea pubens Prestoea decurrens Prestoea carderi Prestoea acuminata Asterogyne martiana Geonoma deversa Geonoma frontinensis

Geonoma interrupta Geonoma euspatha Geonoma multisecta

GeonomaGeonoma schizocarpa paradoxa red indicate low, moderateGeonoma maxima and high RFC values respectively. c. Bar plots showing Geonoma macrostachysGeonoma undata Geonoma laxiflora Geonoma orbignyanaGeonoma stricta

Geonoma calyptrogynoideaGeonoma lehmannii Geonoma cuneata Geonoma lanata Geonoma oligoclona Geonoma gentryi Geonoma divisa

Geonoma triandra Geonoma occidentalis Geonoma leptospadix Geonoma tenuissima

Geonoma brongniartii

Geonoma pinnatifrons deviation of palm tribes (or subtribes)Geonoma poeppigiana from the mean use-category RFC. Red bars

Geonoma longipedunculata indicate positive deviations from the RFC mean (overutilised) and grey bars indicate

Aiphanes gelatinosa Aiphanes gelatinosa Aiphanes gelatinosa Aiphanes gelatinosa

Aiphanes deltoidea Aiphanes deltoidea Aiphanes deltoidea Aiphanes deltoidea Bactris simplicifrons Bactris simplicifrons Bactris simplicifrons

Aiphanes hirsuta

Aiphanes hirsuta Aiphanes hirsuta Bactris macroacantha Aiphanes hirsuta Bactris macroacantha Bactris macroacantha Bactris macroacantha Bactris bidentula Bactris bidentula Bactris bidentula Bactris bidentula Bactris rostrata Bactris brongniartii Bactris brongniartii Bactris rostrata Bactris rostrata Bactris brongniartii Bactris rostrata Bactris brongniartii Aiphanes ulei Bactris fissifrons Aiphanes ulei Bactris fissifrons Bactris fissifrons Aiphanes ulei Bactris fissifrons Aiphanes ulei Bactris acanthocarpa Bactris acanthocarpa Bactris acanthocarpa Bactris major Bactris acanthocarpa Bactris major Bactris halmoorei Bactris major Bactris major Bactris halmoorei Bactris halmoorei Bactris halmoorei Bactris bifida Bactris bifida Bactris corossilla Bactris bifida Bactris bifida Bactris corossilla Bactris corossilla Bactris corossilla negative deviationsBactris sphaerocarpa (underutilised) . Names of tribes and subtribesBactris sphaerocarpa follow DransfieldBactris sphaerocarpa et Bactris killipii Bactris sphaerocarpa Bactris killipii Bactris killipii Bactris killipii Bactris barronis Bactris barronis Bactris barronis Bactris barronis Bactris elegans Bactris elegans Bactris elegans Bactris elegans Bactris chaveziae Bactris chaveziae Bactris chaveziae Bactris chaveziae Bactris riparia Bactris riparia Bactris riparia Aiphanes erinacea Aiphanes weberbaueri

Aiphanes tricuspidata Aiphanes erinacea Bactris riparia Aiphanes weberbaueri Aiphanes tricuspidata Aiphanes erinacea Aiphanes weberbaueri Aiphanes multiplex Aiphanes tricuspidata

Aiphanes erinacea Aiphanes multiplex Aiphanes chiribogensis Aiphanes weberbaueri Aiphanes tricuspidata Aiphanes chiribogensis Aiphanes multiplex Aiphanes lindeniana Aiphanes multiplex Aiphanes chiribogensis Bactris faucium Aiphanes macroloba Aiphanes chiribogensis Aiphanes lindeniana Aiphanes lindeniana Bactris coloradonis Aiphanes lindeniana Bactris faucium Aiphanes macroloba Bactris faucium Aiphanes macroloba Aiphanes linearis Bactris faucium Aiphanes macroloba Bactris coloradonis Aiphanes linearis Aiphanes pilaris Bactris coloradonis Aiphanes linearis Bactris coloradonis Aiphanes linearis Aiphanes pilaris Aiphanes pilaris Aiphanes simplex Aiphanes pilaris Aiphanes simplex Aiphanes simplex Aiphanes eggersii Aiphanes simplex Aiphanes eggersii Aiphanes eggersii Aiphanes horrida Aiphanes eggersii Aiphanes horrida Aiphanes horrida Desmoncus loretanus Aiphanes horrida Desmoncus loretanus Bactris concinna Desmoncus interjectus Desmoncus loretanus Bactris concinna Desmoncus loretanus Bactris hirta Bactris concinna Desmoncus interjectus Bactris hirta Desmoncus interjectusBactris concinnaBactris hirta Desmoncus interjectus Desmoncus pumilus Bactris hirta Desmoncus pumilus Desmoncus pumilus Desmoncus latisectus Desmoncus pumilus Bactris setulosa DesmoncusBactris latisectus setulosa DesmoncusBactris latisectussetulosa Desmoncus latisectus DesmoncusBactris madrensis setulosa Desmoncus madrensis Desmoncus madrensis Desmoncus madrensis Bactris schultesii Bactris Desmoncus schultesii prunifer Bactris schultesii Bactris Desmoncusschultesii prunifer Desmoncus prunifer 21 Astrocaryum standleyanum Desmoncus polyacanthos Astrocaryum standleyanum Desmoncus prunifer BactrisBactris balanophora coloniata AstrocaryumBactris standleyanum balanophora BactrisBactris balanophora Desmoncus coloniata polyacanthos AstrocaryumBactris standleyanum balanophora Desmoncus polyacanthos Desmoncus polyacanthos Bactris coloniata Desmoncus giganteus Desmoncus giganteus Bactris coloniata Desmoncus giganteus Desmoncus giganteus Desmoncus mitis Desmoncus mitis Desmoncus mitis Desmoncus mitis Astrocaryum urostachys Desmoncus parvulus Astrocaryum urostachys Desmoncus parvulus Desmoncus parvulus Desmoncus parvulus Astrocaryum urostachys Desmoncus vacivus Desmoncus vacivus Astrocaryum urostachys Desmoncus vacivus Desmoncus vacivus al. . Bactris maraja Desmoncus horridus Desmoncus horridus Astrocaryum macrocalyx Astrocaryum macrocalyxBactris maraja Astrocaryum macrocalyxBactris maraja Desmoncus horridus Astrocaryum macrocalyxBactris maraja Desmoncus horridus Desmoncus cirrhifer Desmoncus cirrhifer Desmoncus cirrhifer Desmoncus cirrhifer Elaeis oleifera Elaeis oleifera Elaeis oleifera Elaeis oleifera Astrocaryum ferrugineum Aphandra natalia Astrocaryum ferrugineum Aphandra natalia Astrocaryum ferrugineum Aphandra natalia Aphandra natalia Astrocaryum ferrugineum Ammandra decasperma Ammandra decasperma Ammandra decasperma Ammandra decasperma Astrocaryum ulei Astrocaryum ulei Phytelephas macrocarpa Astrocaryum ulei Phytelephas macrocarpa Astrocaryum ulei Phytelephas macrocarpa Phytelephas macrocarpa Astrocaryum huicungo Astrocaryum huicungo Phytelephas tenuicaulis Astrocaryum huicungo Phytelephas tenuicaulis Astrocaryum huicungo Phytelephas tenuicaulis Phytelephas tenuicaulis Phytelephas aequatorialis Phytelephas aequatorialis Phytelephas aequatorialis Phytelephas aequatorialis Astrocaryum gratum Astrocaryum gratum Astrocaryum gratum Ceroxylon alpinum Astrocaryum gratum Ceroxylon alpinum Ceroxylon alpinum Astrocaryum javarense Astrocaryum javarense Ceroxylon echinulatum Astrocaryum javarense Ceroxylon echinulatum Astrocaryum javarense Ceroxylon echinulatum Ceroxylon echinulatum Ceroxylon quindiuense Ceroxylon quindiuense Ceroxylon quindiuense Ceroxylon quindiuense Astrocaryum faranae Ceroxylon vogelianum Astrocaryum faranae Ceroxylon vogelianum Ceroxylon vogelianum Astrocaryum faranae Aiphanes gelatinosa Ceroxylon vogelianum Astrocaryum faranae Ceroxylon pityrophyllum Ceroxylon pityrophyllum Ceroxylon pityrophyllum Aiphanes deltoidea Ceroxylon pityrophyllum Astrocaryum chonta Bactris simplicifrons Astrocaryum chonta Ceroxylon parvum Astrocaryum chonta Ceroxylon parvum Astrocaryum chonta Ceroxylon parvum Ceroxylon parvum Aiphanes hirsuta Astrocaryum ciliatum AstrocaryumBactris ciliatum macroacantha Ceroxylon ventricosum Astrocaryum ciliatum Ceroxylon ventricosum Astrocaryum ciliatum Ceroxylon ventricosum Ceroxylon ventricosum Astrocaryum scopatum Bactris bidentula Ceroxylon amazonicum Astrocaryum scopatum Ceroxylon amazonicum a Astrocaryum scopatumBactris brongniartii Bactris rostrata Ceroxylon amazonicum Astrocaryum scopatum Ceroxylon amazonicum Bactris fissifrons Aiphanes ulei Ceroxylon parvifrons Ceroxylon parvifrons Astrocaryum chambira Astrocaryum chambira Astrocaryum chambira Ceroxylon parvifrons Astrocaryum chambira Ceroxylon parvifrons Bactris acanthocarpa Itaya amicorum Itaya amicorum Itaya amicorum Any use Bactris major Itaya amicorum Bactris halmoorei Chelyocarpus dianeurus Chelyocarpus dianeurus Chelyocarpus dianeurus Astrocaryum jauari Bactris bifida Astrocaryum jauari Chelyocarpus dianeurus Astrocaryum jauari AstrocaryumBactris corossilla jauari Chelyocarpus chuco Chelyocarpus chuco Chelyocarpus chuco Astrocaryum huaimi Bactris sphaerocarpa Astrocaryum huaimi Chelyocarpus chuco Astrocaryum huaimi Astrocaryum huaimiBactris killipii Chelyocarpus ulei Chelyocarpus ulei Chelyocarpus ulei Chelyocarpus ulei Astrocaryum acaule AstrocaryumBactris barronis acaule Chelyocarpus repens Astrocaryum acaule Palm Chelyocarpus Tribe repens / SubtribeAstrocaryum acaule(no. species) Chelyocarpus repens Chelyocarpus repens Astrocaryum aculeatum AstrocaryumBactris elegans aculeatum Lepidocaryum tenue Astrocaryum aculeatum Lepidocaryum tenue Astrocaryum aculeatum Lepidocaryum tenue Lepidocaryum tenue 0 0 trait value 100 Mauritia carana Mauritia carana Attalea septuagenata Bactris chaveziae Attalea septuagenata Mauritia carana Attalea septuagenata Mauritia carana AttaleaBactris riparia septuagenata Mauritia flexuosa Mauritia flexuosa Mauritia flexuosa Mauritia flexuosa

Aiphanes erinacea Aiphanes weberbaueri Aiphanes tricuspidata Aiphanes multiplex Aiphanes chiribogensis Mauritiella Aiphanes lindeniana macroclada Attalea racemosa Bactris faucium Aiphanes macroloba Attalea racemosa Mauritiella macroclada Attalea racemosa Mauritiella macroclada Mauritiella macroclada Bactris coloradonis Attalea racemosa Aiphanes linearis Aiphanes pilaris Mauritiella Aiphanes pumila simplex Mauritiella pumila Attalea tessmannii Aiphanes eggersii Mauritiella pumila Mauritiella pumila Attalea tessmannii Aiphanes horrida Attalea tessmannii Attalea tessmannii length=52.353 Mauritiella armata Desmoncus loretanus Mauritiella1. armataLepidocaryeae (7) Mauritiella armata Mauritiella armata AttaleaRFC allenii Bactris concinnaBactris hirta Desmoncus interjectus Attalea allenii Attalea allenii Raphia taedigera Desmoncus pumilus Raphia taedigera Attalea allenii Raphia taedigera Raphia taedigera Bactris setulosa Desmoncus latisectus Attalea amygdalina Iriartella setigera Desmoncus madrensisAttalea amygdalina Attalea amygdalina Iriartella setigera Iriartella setigera Bactris schultesii Attalea amygdalina Desmoncus prunifer Iriartella setigera Attalea cuatrecasana AstrocaryumBactris standleyanum balanophora Iriartella stenocarpa DesmoncusAttalea polyacanthos cuatrecasana Iriartella stenocarpa Attalea cuatrecasana Iriartella stenocarpa Iriartella stenocarpa Bactris coloniata Attalea cuatrecasana Wettinia radiata Desmoncus giganteus Wettinia radiata Wettinia radiata Attalea speciosa DesmoncusAttalea mitis speciosa Wettinia radiata Attalea speciosa Attalea speciosa Wettinia kalbreyeri Desmoncus parvulus Wettinia kalbreyeri Wettinia kalbreyeri Wettinia kalbreyeri Attalea plowmanii Astrocaryum urostachys Wettinia verruculosa Attalea Desmoncus plowmanii vacivus 2. CryosophileaeAttalea plowmanii (5) Wettinia verruculosa Wettinia verruculosa Astrocaryum macrocalyxBactris maraja Attalea plowmanii Desmoncus horridus Wettinia verruculosa Attalea princeps Attalea princeps Wettinia castanea Attalea Desmoncus princeps cirrhifer Wettinia castanea Attalea princeps Wettinia castanea Wettinia castanea Wettinia fascicularis Wettinia fascicularis Attalea huebneri Attalea huebneri Attalea Elaeis huebneri oleifera Wettinia fascicularis Attalea huebneri Wettinia fascicularis Astrocaryum ferrugineum Wettinia disticha Aphandra natalia Wettinia disticha Wettinia disticha Wettinia disticha Attalea peruviana Attalea peruviana Wettinia drudei Attalea peruviana Ammandra decasperma Wettinia drudei Attalea peruviana Wettinia drudei Wettinia drudei Astrocaryum ulei Wettinia oxycarpa Phytelephas macrocarpa Attalea bassleriana Astrocaryum huicungo Attalea bassleriana Attalea bassleriana Phytelephas tenuicaulis Wettinia oxycarpa Attalea bassleriana Wettinia oxycarpa Wettinia oxycarpa Attalea colenda Attalea colenda Wettinia augusta Attalea colenda Phytelephas aequatorialis Wettinia augusta3. CeroxyleaeAttalea (9) colenda Wettinia augusta Wettinia augusta Attalea moorei Wettinia maynensis Attalea moorei Ceroxylon alpinum Wettinia maynensis Attalea moorei Wettinia maynensis Wettinia maynensis Astrocaryum gratum Attalea moorei 11 Wettinia aequalis Wettinia aequalis Wettinia aequalis Attalea insignis Astrocaryum javarense 12 Attalea insignis Ceroxylon echinulatum Wettinia aequalis Attalea insignis Wettinia quinaria Ceroxylon quindiuense Wettinia quinaria Attalea insignis Wettinia quinaria Wettinia quinaria Attalea butyracea Astrocaryum faranae Wettinia anomala Attalea butyracea Ceroxylon vogelianum Wettinia anomala Attalea butyracea Wettinia anomala Wettinia anomala Attalea butyracea Dictyocaryum ptarianum Dictyocaryum ptarianum Dictyocaryum ptarianum Dictyocaryum ptarianum Dictyocaryum lamarckianum Ceroxylon pityrophyllum AttaleaAttalea microcarpa maripa Astrocaryum chonta Attalea microcarpa AttaleaAttalea microcarpa maripa Ceroxylon parvum Dictyocaryum lamarckianum AttaleaAttalea microcarpa maripa Dictyocaryum lamarckianum Dictyocaryum lamarckianum Attalea maripa Socratea salazarii Socratea salazarii4. Phytelepheae (5) Socratea salazarii Socratea salazarii Syagrus smithii Astrocaryum ciliatum Syagrus smithii Socratea exorrhiza Syagrus smithii Ceroxylon ventricosum Socratea exorrhiza Syagrus smithii Socratea exorrhiza Socratea exorrhiza Astrocaryum scopatum Socratea rostrata Ceroxylon amazonicum Socratea rostrata Socratea rostrata Socratea rostrata Syagrus sancona Syagrus sancona Socratea hecatonandra Syagrus sancona Ceroxylon parvifrons Socratea hecatonandra Syagrus sancona Socratea hecatonandra Socratea hecatonandra Astrocaryum chambira Iriartea deltoidea Iriartea deltoidea Iriartea deltoidea Iriartea deltoidea Syagrus cardenasii Chamaedorea deneversiana Syagrus cardenasii Itaya amicorum Chamaedorea deneversiana Syagrus cardenasii Chamaedorea deneversiana Chamaedorea deneversiana Syagrus cardenasii Chamaedorea pinnatifrons Manicaria Welfiasaccifera regia Astrocaryum jauari Manicaria Welfiasaccifera regia Chelyocarpus dianeurusChamaedorea pinnatifrons Manicaria saccifera Chamaedorea pinnatifrons Chamaedorea pinnatifrons Manicaria Welfiasaccifera regia Chamaedorea linearis Chelyocarpus Chamaedorea chuco linearis Welfia regia Chamaedorea linearis Chamaedorea linearis Manicaria martiana Astrocaryum huaimi Manicaria martiana Chamaedorea angustisecta Manicaria martiana Chamaedorea angustisecta Manicaria martiana Chamaedorea angustisecta Chamaedorea angustisecta Chamaedorea pauciflora Chelyocarpus Chamaedorea ulei pauciflora 5. Iriarteeae (22) Chamaedorea pauciflora Chamaedorea pauciflora Astrocaryum acaule Synechanthus warscewiczianus 4 Synechanthus warscewiczianus Synechanthus warscewiczianus Synechanthus warscewiczianus Wendlandiella gracilis Chelyocarpus Wendlandiella repens gracilis Wendlandiella gracilis Wendlandiella gracilis Astrocaryum aculeatum Oenocarpus circumtextus Lepidocaryum Oenocarpus circumtextus tenue Oenocarpus circumtextus Oenocarpus circumtextus Oenocarpus simplex Oenocarpus simplex Oenocarpus simplex Oenocarpus simplex Oenocarpus makeru Mauritia Oenocarpus caranamakeru Oenocarpus makeru Oenocarpus makeru Pholidostachys occidentalis Attalea septuagenata Oenocarpus minor Oenocarpus minor Oenocarpus minor Oenocarpus minor Pholidostachys occidentalis Oenocarpus bacaba 3 Pholidostachys occidentalis Oenocarpus Mauritia bacaba flexuosa Pholidostachys occidentalis Oenocarpus bacaba Oenocarpus bacaba Oenocarpus distichus Oenocarpus distichus Oenocarpus distichus Oenocarpus distichus Oenocarpus balickii Oenocarpus balickii Oenocarpus balickii Oenocarpus balickii Pholidostachys amazonensis Attalea racemosa Oenocarpus bataua Mauritiella macroclada Oenocarpus bataua Oenocarpus bataua Pholidostachys amazonensis Hyospathe elegans Pholidostachys amazonensis Oenocarpus bataua Pholidostachys amazonensis Pholidostachys synanthera Pholidostachys Hyospathe synanthera elegans Pholidostachys synanthera Hyospathe elegans Hyospathe elegans Pholidostachys Hyospathe synanthera peruviana Hyospathe peruviana Hyospathe peruviana Euterpe oleracea Hyospathe peruviana Mauritiella pumila . Chamedoreeae (7) Pholidostachys pulchra 2 6 Euterpe oleracea Euterpe oleracea Attalea tessmannii PholidostachysEuterpe oleracea pulchra PholidostachysGeonoma dactyloides chococola EuterpePholidostachys precatoria pulchra Geonoma chococola Pholidostachys EuterpeGeonoma precatoria chococola pulchra Euterpe precatoria Euterpe catinga Geonoma chococola Pholidostachys Euterpe precatoria dactyloides Pholidostachys Euterpe catinga dactyloides Geonoma triglochin PholidostachysPrestoea ensiformis dactyloides Euterpe catinga Geonoma Mauritiella triglochin armata Euterpe catinga Geonoma triglochin Prestoea ensiformis Geonoma triglochin Prestoea ensiformis Geonoma camana Prestoea schultzeana Prestoea ensiformis Prestoea schultzeana Prestoea pubens Prestoea schultzeana Geonoma camana Geonoma camana Prestoea schultzeana Prestoea decurrens Geonoma camana Prestoea pubens Prestoea pubens Attalea allenii Prestoea carderi Prestoea pubens Prestoea decurrens Prestoea decurrens Prestoea acuminata 1 Prestoea decurrens Prestoea carderi Prestoea carderi Asterogyne martiana Raphia taedigera Prestoea acuminata Prestoea carderi Prestoea acuminata Geonoma frontinensis Geonoma deversa Asterogyne martiana

Geonoma interrupta Geonoma euspatha Asterogyne martiana Prestoea acuminata Geonoma frontinensis Geonoma deversa

Geonoma interrupta Geonoma euspatha Geonoma deversa Asterogyne martiana Geonoma frontinensis

Geonoma interrupta Geonoma euspatha Geonoma frontinensis Geonoma deversa

Geonoma interrupta Geonoma euspatha Geonoma multisecta Attalea amygdalina Geonoma multisecta Geonoma Iriartella multisecta setigera Geonoma multisecta Iriartella stenocarpa GeonomaGeonoma schizocarpa paradoxaAttalea cuatrecasana Geonoma paradoxa Geonoma paradoxa Geonoma paradoxa Geonoma schizocarpa Geonoma Wettinia schizocarpa radiata Geonoma schizocarpa Geonoma maximaAttalea speciosa WettiniaGeonoma kalbreyeri maxima . Euterpeae (19) Geonoma maxima 7 Geonoma undata Geonoma undata Geonoma macrostachysAttalea plowmanii Geonoma macrostachysGeonoma undata 5 Geonoma macrostachys Geonoma macrostachys Geonoma laxiflora Wettinia verruculosa Geonoma orbignyanaGeonoma stricta Geonoma laxiflora Geonoma laxiflora Geonoma laxiflora Attalea princeps 10 Geonoma orbignyanaGeonoma stricta Wettinia Geonomacastanea orbignyanaGeonoma stricta Geonoma orbignyanaGeonoma stricta Geonoma calyptrogynoideaGeonoma lehmannii Geonoma calyptrogynoideaGeonoma lehmannii WettiniaGeonoma calyptrogynoidea fascicularisGeonoma lehmannii Geonoma calyptrogynoideaGeonoma lehmannii Geonoma cuneata Geonoma cuneata Attalea huebneriGeonoma lanata Geonoma cuneata Geonoma lanata Geonoma cuneata Geonoma oligoclona Geonoma lanata Geonoma lanata Geonoma oligoclona Wettinia disticha Geonoma oligoclona Geonoma oligoclona Geonoma divisa Geonoma gentryi Geonoma divisa Geonoma divisa Geonoma divisa Geonoma gentryi Geonoma gentryi Geonoma gentryi Attalea peruviana Geonoma triandra Wettinia drudei Geonoma triandra Geonoma triandra Geonoma triandra Geonoma occidentalis Geonoma occidentalis Geonoma leptospadix Geonoma occidentalis Geonoma leptospadix Geonoma occidentalis Geonoma leptospadix Geonoma leptospadix Geonoma tenuissima Wettinia oxycarpa Geonoma tenuissima Attalea bassleriana Geonoma tenuissima 8. Geonomateae (38) Geonoma tenuissima

Geonoma brongniartii Wettinia augusta Attalea colenda Geonoma brongniartii Geonoma brongniartii Geonoma brongniartii

Geonoma pinnatifrons

Geonoma pinnatifrons Geonoma pinnatifrons

Geonoma poeppigiana Geonoma pinnatifrons Geonoma poeppigiana Geonoma poeppigiana Attalea moorei 9 Geonoma poeppigiana Wettinia maynensis Wettinia aequalis Attalea insignis Wettinia quinaria Geonoma longipedunculata Geonoma longipedunculata Geonoma longipedunculata Geonoma longipedunculata6 Wettinia anomala Attalea butyracea Dictyocaryum ptarianum Attalea microcarpa Dictyocaryum lamarckianum 9. Manicarieae (2) Attalea maripa Socratea salazarii Syagrus smithii Socratea exorrhiza Socratea rostrata Syagrus sancona Socratea hecatonandra 8 7 Iriartea deltoidea Syagrus cardenasii Chamaedorea deneversiana Chamaedorea pinnatifrons 10. / Attaleinae (21) Manicaria Welfiasaccifera regia Chamaedorea linearis Manicaria martiana Chamaedorea angustisecta Chamaedorea pauciflora Synechanthus warscewiczianus Wendlandiella gracilis Oenocarpus circumtextus Oenocarpus simplex Oenocarpus makeru 11. Cocoseae / Bactrinidae (72) Oenocarpus minor Pholidostachys occidentalis Oenocarpus bacaba Oenocarpus distichus Oenocarpus balickii Pholidostachys amazonensis Oenocarpus bataua Pholidostachys synanthera Hyospathe elegans Hyospathe peruviana Euterpe oleracea PholidostachysGeonoma chococola pulchra Euterpe precatoria Pholidostachys dactyloides Euterpe catinga Geonoma triglochin Prestoea ensiformis Prestoea schultzeana Geonoma camana Prestoea pubens Prestoea decurrens Prestoea carderi Prestoea acuminata Asterogyne martiana Geonoma frontinensis Geonoma deversa

Geonoma interrupta Geonoma euspatha Geonoma multisecta 12. Cocoseae / Elaidinae (1)

GeonomaGeonoma schizocarpa paradoxa Geonoma maxima Geonoma macrostachysGeonoma undata Geonoma laxiflora Geonoma orbignyanaGeonoma stricta

Geonoma calyptrogynoideaGeonoma lehmannii Geonoma cuneata Geonoma lanata Geonoma oligoclona Geonoma gentryi Geonoma divisa

Geonoma triandra Geonoma occidentalis Geonoma leptospadix Geonoma tenuissima

b Geonoma brongniartii

Geonoma pinnatifrons Construction Culture Geonoma poeppigiana Human food Medicine

Geonoma longipedunculata 0 trait value 99100 0 trait value 98100 0 trait value 98100 0 trait value 35100

length=52.353 length=52.353 length=52.353 length=52.353

Aiphanes gelatinosa Aiphanes gelatinosa Aiphanes gelatinosa Aiphanes gelatinosa

Aiphanes deltoidea Aiphanes deltoidea Aiphanes deltoidea Aiphanes deltoidea Bactris simplicifrons Bactris simplicifrons Bactris simplicifrons Bactris simplicifrons

Aiphanes hirsuta Aiphanes hirsuta Aiphanes hirsuta Aiphanes hirsuta

Bactris macroacantha Bactris bidentula Bactris macroacantha Bactris bidentula Bactris macroacantha Bactris bidentula Bactris macroacantha Bactris bidentula

Bactris rostrata Bactris rostrata Bactris rostrata Bactris rostrata

Bactris brongniartii Aiphanes ulei Bactris brongniartii Aiphanes ulei Bactris brongniartii Aiphanes ulei Bactris brongniartii Aiphanes ulei Bactris fissifrons Bactris fissifrons Bactris fissifrons Bactris fissifrons

Bactris major Bactris major Bactris major Bactris major Bactris acanthocarpa Bactris acanthocarpa Bactris acanthocarpa Bactris acanthocarpa Bactris halmoorei Bactris bifida Bactris halmoorei Bactris bifida Bactris halmoorei Bactris bifida Bactris halmoorei Bactris bifida Bactris corossilla Bactris corossilla Bactris corossilla Bactris corossilla Bactris sphaerocarpa Bactris killipii Bactris sphaerocarpa Bactris killipii Bactris sphaerocarpa Bactris killipii Bactris sphaerocarpa Bactris killipii Bactris barronis Bactris barronis Bactris barronis Bactris barronis Bactris elegans Bactris elegans Bactris elegans Bactris elegans

Aiphanes erinacea Aiphanes weberbaueri Aiphanes erinacea Aiphanes weberbaueri Aiphanes erinacea Aiphanes weberbaueri Aiphanes erinacea Aiphanes weberbaueri Aiphanes tricuspidata Aiphanes tricuspidata Aiphanes tricuspidata Aiphanes tricuspidata Aiphanes multiplex Aiphanes multiplex Aiphanes multiplex Aiphanes multiplex Aiphanes chiribogensis Aiphanes chiribogensis Aiphanes chiribogensis Aiphanes chiribogensis Bactris chaveziae Aiphanes lindeniana Bactris chaveziae Aiphanes lindeniana Bactris chaveziae Aiphanes lindeniana Bactris chaveziae Aiphanes lindeniana Aiphanes macroloba Aiphanes macroloba Aiphanes macroloba Aiphanes macroloba Aiphanes linearis Aiphanes linearis Aiphanes linearis Aiphanes linearis Bactris riparia Aiphanes pilaris Bactris riparia Aiphanes pilaris Bactris riparia Aiphanes pilaris Bactris riparia Aiphanes pilaris Aiphanes simplex Aiphanes simplex Aiphanes simplex Aiphanes simplex Aiphanes eggersii Aiphanes eggersii Aiphanes eggersii Aiphanes eggersii Bactris faucium Aiphanes horrida Bactris faucium Aiphanes horrida Bactris faucium Aiphanes horrida Bactris faucium Aiphanes horrida Bactris coloradonis Desmoncus loretanus Bactris coloradonis Desmoncus loretanus Bactris coloradonis Desmoncus loretanus Bactris coloradonis Desmoncus loretanus Desmoncus interjectus Desmoncus interjectus Desmoncus interjectus Desmoncus interjectus Desmoncus pumilus Desmoncus pumilus Desmoncus pumilus Desmoncus pumilus Desmoncus latisectus Desmoncus latisectus Desmoncus latisectus Desmoncus latisectus Bactris concinnaBactris hirta Desmoncus madrensis Bactris concinnaBactris hirta Desmoncus madrensis Bactris concinnaBactris hirta Desmoncus madrensis Bactris concinnaBactris hirta Desmoncus madrensis Desmoncus prunifer Desmoncus prunifer Desmoncus prunifer Desmoncus prunifer Bactris setulosa Desmoncus polyacanthos Bactris setulosa Desmoncus polyacanthos Bactris setulosa Desmoncus polyacanthos Bactris setulosa Desmoncus polyacanthos Bactris schultesii Desmoncus giganteus Bactris schultesii Desmoncus giganteus Bactris schultesii Desmoncus giganteus Bactris schultesii Desmoncus giganteus Desmoncus mitis Desmoncus mitis Desmoncus mitis Desmoncus mitis AstrocaryumBactris standleyanumBactris balanophora coloniata Desmoncus parvulus AstrocaryumBactris standleyanumBactris balanophora coloniata Desmoncus parvulus AstrocaryumBactris standleyanumBactris balanophora coloniata Desmoncus parvulus AstrocaryumBactris standleyanumBactris balanophora coloniata Desmoncus parvulus Desmoncus vacivus Desmoncus vacivus Desmoncus vacivus Desmoncus vacivus Desmoncus horridus Desmoncus horridus Desmoncus horridus Desmoncus horridus Astrocaryum urostachys Desmoncus cirrhifer Astrocaryum urostachys Desmoncus cirrhifer Astrocaryum urostachys Desmoncus cirrhifer Astrocaryum urostachys Desmoncus cirrhifer Bactris maraja Bactris maraja Bactris maraja Bactris maraja Astrocaryum macrocalyx Elaeis oleifera Astrocaryum macrocalyx Elaeis oleifera Astrocaryum macrocalyx Elaeis oleifera Astrocaryum macrocalyx Elaeis oleifera Aphandra natalia Aphandra natalia Aphandra natalia Aphandra natalia Ammandra decasperma Ammandra decasperma Ammandra decasperma Ammandra decasperma Astrocaryum ferrugineum Phytelephas macrocarpa Astrocaryum ferrugineum Phytelephas macrocarpa Astrocaryum ferrugineum Phytelephas macrocarpa Astrocaryum ferrugineum Phytelephas macrocarpa Astrocaryum ulei Phytelephas tenuicaulis Astrocaryum ulei Phytelephas tenuicaulis Astrocaryum ulei Phytelephas tenuicaulis Astrocaryum ulei Phytelephas tenuicaulis Phytelephas aequatorialis Phytelephas aequatorialis Phytelephas aequatorialis Phytelephas aequatorialis Astrocaryum huicungo Ceroxylon alpinum Astrocaryum huicungo Ceroxylon alpinum Astrocaryum huicungo Ceroxylon alpinum Astrocaryum huicungo Ceroxylon alpinum Astrocaryum gratum Ceroxylon echinulatum Astrocaryum gratum Ceroxylon echinulatum Astrocaryum gratum Ceroxylon echinulatum Astrocaryum gratum Ceroxylon echinulatum Astrocaryum javarense Ceroxylon quindiuense Astrocaryum javarense Ceroxylon quindiuense Astrocaryum javarense Ceroxylon quindiuense Astrocaryum javarense Ceroxylon quindiuense Ceroxylon vogelianum Ceroxylon vogelianum Ceroxylon vogelianum Ceroxylon vogelianum Astrocaryum faranae Ceroxylon pityrophyllum Astrocaryum faranae Ceroxylon pityrophyllum Astrocaryum faranae Ceroxylon pityrophyllum Astrocaryum faranae Ceroxylon pityrophyllum Ceroxylon parvum Ceroxylon parvum Ceroxylon parvum Ceroxylon parvum Astrocaryum chonta Ceroxylon ventricosum Astrocaryum chonta Ceroxylon ventricosum Astrocaryum chonta Ceroxylon ventricosum Astrocaryum chonta Ceroxylon ventricosum Astrocaryum ciliatum Ceroxylon amazonicum Astrocaryum ciliatum Ceroxylon amazonicum Astrocaryum ciliatum Ceroxylon amazonicum Astrocaryum ciliatum Ceroxylon amazonicum Astrocaryum scopatum Ceroxylon parvifrons Astrocaryum scopatum Ceroxylon parvifrons Astrocaryum scopatum Ceroxylon parvifrons Astrocaryum scopatum Ceroxylon parvifrons Astrocaryum chambira Itaya amicorum Astrocaryum chambira Itaya amicorum Astrocaryum chambira Itaya amicorum Astrocaryum chambira Itaya amicorum Chelyocarpus dianeurus Chelyocarpus dianeurus Chelyocarpus dianeurus Chelyocarpus dianeurus Astrocaryum jauari Chelyocarpus chuco Astrocaryum jauari Chelyocarpus chuco Astrocaryum jauari Chelyocarpus chuco Astrocaryum jauari Chelyocarpus chuco Astrocaryum huaimi Chelyocarpus ulei Astrocaryum huaimi Chelyocarpus ulei Astrocaryum huaimi Chelyocarpus ulei Astrocaryum huaimi Chelyocarpus ulei Astrocaryum acaule Chelyocarpus repens Astrocaryum acaule Chelyocarpus repens Astrocaryum acaule Chelyocarpus repens Astrocaryum acaule Chelyocarpus repens Astrocaryum aculeatum Lepidocaryum tenue Astrocaryum aculeatum Lepidocaryum tenue Astrocaryum aculeatum Lepidocaryum tenue Astrocaryum aculeatum Lepidocaryum tenue Mauritia carana Mauritia carana Mauritia carana Mauritia carana Attalea septuagenata Mauritia flexuosa Attalea septuagenata Mauritia flexuosa Attalea septuagenata Mauritia flexuosa Attalea septuagenata Mauritia flexuosa Attalea racemosa Mauritiella macroclada Attalea racemosa Mauritiella macroclada Attalea racemosa Mauritiella macroclada Attalea racemosa Mauritiella macroclada Mauritiella pumila Mauritiella pumila Mauritiella pumila Mauritiella pumila Attalea tessmannii Attalea tessmannii Attalea tessmannii Attalea tessmannii Mauritiella armata Mauritiella armata Mauritiella armata Mauritiella armata Attalea allenii Raphia taedigera Attalea allenii Raphia taedigera Attalea allenii Raphia taedigera Attalea allenii Raphia taedigera Attalea amygdalina Iriartella setigera Attalea amygdalina Iriartella setigera Attalea amygdalina Iriartella setigera Attalea amygdalina Iriartella setigera Attalea cuatrecasana Iriartella stenocarpa Attalea cuatrecasana Iriartella stenocarpa Attalea cuatrecasana Iriartella stenocarpa Attalea cuatrecasana Iriartella stenocarpa Attalea speciosa Wettinia radiata Attalea speciosa Wettinia radiata Attalea speciosa Wettinia radiata Attalea speciosa Wettinia radiata Wettinia kalbreyeri Wettinia kalbreyeri Wettinia kalbreyeri Wettinia kalbreyeri Attalea plowmanii Wettinia verruculosa Attalea plowmanii Wettinia verruculosa Attalea plowmanii Wettinia verruculosa Attalea plowmanii Wettinia verruculosa Attalea princeps Wettinia castanea Attalea princeps Wettinia castanea Attalea princeps Wettinia castanea Attalea princeps Wettinia castanea Attalea huebneri Wettinia fascicularis Attalea huebneri Wettinia fascicularis Attalea huebneri Wettinia fascicularis Attalea huebneri Wettinia fascicularis Attalea peruviana Wettinia disticha Attalea peruviana Wettinia disticha Attalea peruviana Wettinia disticha Attalea peruviana Wettinia disticha Wettinia drudei Wettinia drudei Wettinia drudei Wettinia drudei Attalea bassleriana Wettinia oxycarpa Attalea bassleriana Wettinia oxycarpa Attalea bassleriana Wettinia oxycarpa Attalea bassleriana Wettinia oxycarpa Attalea colenda Wettinia augusta Attalea colenda Wettinia augusta Attalea colenda Wettinia augusta Attalea colenda Wettinia augusta Attalea moorei Wettinia maynensis Attalea moorei Wettinia maynensis Attalea moorei Wettinia maynensis Attalea moorei Wettinia maynensis Attalea insignis Wettinia aequalis Attalea insignis Wettinia aequalis Attalea insignis Wettinia aequalis Attalea insignis Wettinia aequalis Wettinia quinaria Wettinia quinaria Wettinia quinaria Wettinia quinaria Attalea butyracea Wettinia anomala Attalea butyracea Wettinia anomala Attalea butyracea Wettinia anomala Attalea butyracea Wettinia anomala Attalea microcarpa Dictyocaryum ptarianum Attalea microcarpa Dictyocaryum ptarianum Attalea microcarpa Dictyocaryum ptarianum Attalea microcarpa Dictyocaryum ptarianum Attalea maripa Dictyocaryum lamarckianum Attalea maripa Dictyocaryum lamarckianum Attalea maripa Dictyocaryum lamarckianum Attalea maripa Dictyocaryum lamarckianum Syagrus smithii Socratea salazarii Syagrus smithii Socratea salazarii Syagrus smithii Socratea salazarii Syagrus smithii Socratea salazarii Socratea exorrhiza Socratea exorrhiza Socratea exorrhiza Socratea exorrhiza Syagrus sancona Socratea rostrata Syagrus sancona Socratea rostrata Syagrus sancona Socratea rostrata Syagrus sancona Socratea rostrata Socratea hecatonandra Socratea hecatonandra Socratea hecatonandra Socratea hecatonandra Syagrus cardenasii Iriartea deltoidea Syagrus cardenasii Iriartea deltoidea Syagrus cardenasii Iriartea deltoidea Syagrus cardenasii Iriartea deltoidea Manicaria saccifera Chamaedorea deneversiana Manicaria saccifera Chamaedorea deneversiana Manicaria saccifera Chamaedorea deneversiana Manicaria saccifera Chamaedorea deneversiana Welfia regia Chamaedorea pinnatifrons Welfia regia Chamaedorea pinnatifrons Welfia regia Chamaedorea pinnatifrons Welfia regia Chamaedorea pinnatifrons Manicaria martiana Chamaedorea linearis Manicaria martiana Chamaedorea linearis Manicaria martiana Chamaedorea linearis Manicaria martiana Chamaedorea linearis Chamaedorea angustisecta Chamaedorea angustisecta Chamaedorea angustisecta Chamaedorea angustisecta Chamaedorea pauciflora Chamaedorea pauciflora Chamaedorea pauciflora Chamaedorea pauciflora Synechanthus warscewiczianus Synechanthus warscewiczianus Synechanthus warscewiczianus Synechanthus warscewiczianus Wendlandiella gracilis Wendlandiella gracilis Wendlandiella gracilis Wendlandiella gracilis Oenocarpus circumtextus Oenocarpus circumtextus Oenocarpus circumtextus Oenocarpus circumtextus Pholidostachys occidentalis Oenocarpus simplex Pholidostachys occidentalis Oenocarpus simplex Pholidostachys occidentalis Oenocarpus simplex Pholidostachys occidentalis Oenocarpus simplex Oenocarpus makeru Oenocarpus makeru Oenocarpus makeru Oenocarpus makeru Pholidostachys amazonensis Oenocarpus minor Pholidostachys amazonensis Oenocarpus minor Pholidostachys amazonensis Oenocarpus minor Pholidostachys amazonensis Oenocarpus minor Pholidostachys synanthera Oenocarpus bacaba Pholidostachys synanthera Oenocarpus bacaba Pholidostachys synanthera Oenocarpus bacaba Pholidostachys synanthera Oenocarpus bacaba Oenocarpus distichus Oenocarpus distichus Oenocarpus distichus Oenocarpus distichus PholidostachysPholidostachys dactyloides pulchra Oenocarpus balickii PholidostachysPholidostachys dactyloides pulchra Oenocarpus balickii PholidostachysPholidostachys dactyloides pulchra Oenocarpus balickii PholidostachysPholidostachys dactyloides pulchra Oenocarpus balickii Geonoma chococola Oenocarpus bataua Geonoma chococola Oenocarpus bataua Geonoma chococola Oenocarpus bataua Geonoma chococola Oenocarpus bataua Geonoma triglochin Hyospathe elegans Geonoma triglochin Hyospathe elegans Geonoma triglochin Hyospathe elegans Geonoma triglochin Hyospathe elegans Geonoma camana Hyospathe peruviana Geonoma camana Hyospathe peruviana Geonoma camana Hyospathe peruviana Geonoma camana Hyospathe peruviana Euterpe oleracea Euterpe oleracea Euterpe oleracea Euterpe oleracea Euterpe precatoria Euterpe precatoria Euterpe precatoria Euterpe precatoria Euterpe catinga Euterpe catinga Euterpe catinga Euterpe catinga Prestoea ensiformis Prestoea ensiformis Prestoea ensiformis Prestoea ensiformis Geonoma multisecta Prestoea schultzeana Geonoma multisecta Prestoea schultzeana Geonoma multisecta Prestoea schultzeana Geonoma multisecta Prestoea schultzeana Prestoea pubens Prestoea pubens Prestoea pubens Prestoea pubens Prestoea decurrens Prestoea decurrens Prestoea decurrens Prestoea decurrens Prestoea carderi 0 trait value 100 Prestoea carderi Prestoea carderi Prestoea carderi Prestoea acuminata Prestoea acuminata Prestoea acuminata Prestoea acuminata Asterogyne martiana Asterogyne martiana Asterogyne martiana Asterogyne martiana Geonoma deversa Geonoma deversa Geonoma deversa Geonoma deversa Geonoma frontinensis Geonoma frontinensis Geonoma frontinensis Geonoma frontinensis Geonoma euspatha Geonoma euspatha Geonoma euspatha Geonoma euspatha GeonomaGeonoma schizocarpa paradoxa Geonoma interrupta GeonomaGeonoma schizocarpa paradoxa Geonoma interrupta GeonomaGeonoma schizocarpa paradoxa Geonoma interrupta GeonomaGeonoma schizocarpa paradoxa Geonoma interrupta

Geonoma maxima Geonoma maxima Geonoma maxima Geonoma maxima Geonoma macrostachysGeonoma undata Geonoma macrostachysGeonoma undata Geonoma macrostachysGeonoma undata Geonoma macrostachysGeonoma undata Geonoma orbignyanaGeonoma laxiflora Geonoma orbignyanaGeonoma laxiflora Geonoma orbignyanaGeonoma laxiflora Geonoma orbignyanaGeonoma laxiflora Geonoma stricta Geonoma stricta Geonoma stricta Geonoma stricta Geonoma calyptrogynoidea Geonoma calyptrogynoidea Geonoma calyptrogynoidea Geonoma calyptrogynoidea Geonoma lehmannii Geonoma lehmannii Geonoma lehmannii Geonoma lehmannii

Geonoma cuneata Geonoma cuneata Geonoma cuneata Geonoma cuneata Geonoma oligoclona Geonoma lanata length=52.353 Geonoma oligoclona Geonoma lanata Geonoma oligoclona Geonoma lanata Geonoma oligoclona Geonoma lanata

Geonoma gentryi Geonoma divisa Geonoma gentryi Geonoma divisa Geonoma gentryi Geonoma divisa Geonoma gentryi Geonoma divisa

Geonoma triandra Geonoma triandra Geonoma triandra Geonoma triandra Geonoma occidentalis Geonoma occidentalis Geonoma occidentalis Geonoma occidentalis Geonoma leptospadix Geonoma leptospadix Geonoma leptospadix Geonoma leptospadix Geonoma tenuissima Geonoma tenuissima Geonoma tenuissima Geonoma tenuissima

Geonoma brongniartii Geonoma brongniartii Geonoma brongniartii Geonoma brongniartii

Geonoma pinnatifrons Geonoma pinnatifrons Geonoma pinnatifrons Geonoma pinnatifrons

Geonoma poeppigiana Geonoma poeppigiana Geonoma poeppigiana Geonoma poeppigiana c Geonoma longipedunculata Geonoma longipedunculata Geonoma longipedunculata Geonoma longipedunculata

Lepidocaryeae Lepidocaryeae Lepidocaryeae Lepidocaryeae Cryosophileae Cryosophileae Cryosophileae Cryosophileae Ceroxyleae Ceroxyleae Ceroxyleae Ceroxyleae Phytelepheae Phytelepheae Phytelepheae Phytelepheae Iriarteeae Iriarteeae Iriarteeae Iriarteeae

0 traitChamaedoreeae value 99.168 0 traitChamaedoreeae value 98.266 0 Chamaedoreeaetrait value 98.276 0 traitChamaedoreeae value 35.393 length=52.353 Euterpeae length=52.353 Euterpeae length=52.353 Euterpeae length=52.353 Euterpeae Geonomateae Geonomateae Geonomateae Geonomateae Manicarieae Manicarieae Manicarieae Manicarieae Attaleinae Attaleinae Attaleinae Attaleinae Bactrinidae Bactrinidae Bactrinidae Bactrinidae Elaeidinae Elaeidinae Elaeidinae Elaeidinae -20−20 -10-10 0 10 2020 −10 0 10 20 -20−20 -10-10 00 10 2020 −2 0 2 4 6

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! 2! R. Cámara-Leret et al. 2016. Fundamental species’ traits explainSUPPLEMENTARY provisioning services of tropical American INFORMATION palms. Nature Plants

Supplementary Figure 3. Pearson’s product-moment correlation between traits:

geographic range (number of 1º grid squares a species occupies), leaf length

(maximum leaf length, in m), stem volume (m3) and fruit volume (cm3). Note: log-

transformed axes.

R = 0.04, P = 0.57 R = 0.23***, P = 0.0008 R = -0.06, P = 0.39

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ● ●●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● 200 ● ● ● 200 ● ● ● 200 ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● 100 ● ●● ●●●●●● ● 100 ●● ● ● ●●● 100 ● ●● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● 50 ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● 50 ● ● ●●● ● ● ● 50 ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ●●●● ●●●●● ●●● ● ● ● ●●● ●● 20 ● ● ● ● ●● ●●●● ● ● 20 ● ● ●●● ●●●●● ●● 20 ●●●●●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●●● ● ● ● ●●●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● 10 ● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ● 10 ●● ●●● ● ●● ● 10 ●● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● 5 ● ●● 5 ● ● ●● 5 ● ●● ● Geographic range Geographic ● ● ● ● range Geographic ● ● ● ● range Geographic ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ● ● 2 ● ● 2 ● ● 2 ●

1 ● ● ● ● 1 ● ● ● 1 ● ● ●

0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0 1e−02 1e−01 1e+00 1e+01 1e+02 5e−02 5e−01 5e+00 5e+01 5e+02

Leaf length Stem volume Fruit volume

R = 0.36***, P = 6.12 e-08 R = 0.11, P = 0.09 R = 0.42***, P = 2.36 e-10

1e+02 ● 1e+02 ● 20.0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 10.0 ●●●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ● 1e+01 ● ● ●● ●● ● 1e+01 ● ●●●● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● 5.0 ● ●● ●●● ●●● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●●●●● ● ● ●● ●●●●●● ●● ●● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●●●●●●● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ●● ●●●●●● ● ● ●●● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●●● ●●● ● ● ● ●●●●● ● ●●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● 1e+00 ● ● 1e+00 ● ●● 2.0 ●● ●● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ●●● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●●● ●● ● ● Leaf length ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● 1.0 ● ●● Stem volume ● ● ● Stem volume ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●●● ●●● ● ●● ● ●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● 1e−01 ●● ●● ● 1e−01 ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●●●●●● 0.5 ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1e−02 ● 1e−02 ● 0.2 ●

0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0 5e−02 5e−01 5e+00 5e+01 5e+02 5e−02 5e−01 5e+00 5e+01 5e+02

Leaf length Fruit volume Fruit volume

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! 3! R. Cámara-Leret et al. 2016. Fundamental species’ traits explainSUPPLEMENTARY provisioning services of tropical American palms.INFORMATION Nature Plants

Supplementary! Table 1. (a) The most important plant use categories and their

respective subcategories that are key for the livelihoods of the rural population in our

study area. (b) Less-important use categories, and their respective subcategories.

Classification of use categories and subcategories follows Macía et al.14, except for

the subcategory Food, which includes Beverages, Food additives, and Food uses.

Use category Use subcategory Description (a) Most important Construction Bridges Materials to bridge watercourses Houses Houses and other constructions such as temporary camps, animal yards Thatch House thatching and other constructions Transportation Canoes, rafts, oars and other materials for sealing Other Uses not classifiable within the previous subcategories, for example stems used as posts for telephone lines and gutters to transport water Cultural Clothes and Accessories Articles of clothing and accessories such as hats Cosmetic Beauty products, including perfumes, oils, shampoo, and other hair care products Dyes Dyeing of diverse materials (vegetables) and as body paint Personal Adornment Necklaces, bracelets, earrings, armbands, pectorals, anklets Recreational Musical instruments, toys, ashes as additives to the consumption of tobacco and coca leaves Ritual Uses related to myth-religious aspects, including festivals and feasts, construction of coffins, to drive away feared animals, sorcery Other Uses not classifiable under the previous subcategories Food Food Edible, generally with little preparation. Elaboration of unfermented or fermented drinks. Ingredients used in the preparation and processing of foods Oils Edible fats Medicine Blood and Cardio-vascular System Anemia, cardiovascular problems and ailments, cardiac diseases, varicose veins, hypertension, hypotension, hemorrhoids Cultural Diseases and Disorders Ailments or disorders of magic-religious origin recognized by a specific culture, like mal aire (‘bad air’), arrebato (‘outburst’), susto, huaraña Dental Health Caries, tooth pains, fillings, dental hygiene Digestive System Carminative, colics, flatulence, emetic, indigestion, purgative, gastric or intestinal ulcers, diarrhea, laxatives, liver and vesicular disorders, hepatitis Endocrine System Diabetes General Ailments with Unspecific Symptoms General ailments like body pains, general discomfort, weakness, headache, fever Infections and Infestations Malaria, leishmaniasis, measles, antihelminthic, louse, fleas, chiggers, scabies Metabolic System and Nutrition Obesity, weight loss Muscular-Skeletal System Rheumatism, twists, fractures, sciatic, lumbalgia Nervous System and Mental Health Migraine, mental disorders, epilepsy, paralysis, nervous disorders Poisoning Snakebites, scorpion stings, rays, spiders, insects Pregnancy, Birth and Puerperium Gestation, haemorrhage, childbirth, postnatal, lactation, abortive, postpartum Reproductive System and Reproductive Menstruation, fertility, venereal diseases, prostrate, impotence, Health menopause, aphrodisiacs, contraceptives Respiratory System Flu, cold, loss of voice, bronchitis, pneumonia, expectorant, cough Sensory System Eye infections, cataracts, loss of sight or smell, deafness, ear infection Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Acne, boils, eczemas, burns, extraction of spines stuck on the skin Urinary System Diuretic, kidney stones, urinary incontinence, urinary infections, cystitis Veterinary Treatment of diseases or ailments for domestic animals Not Specified Medicinal use or with pharmacological properties, but with insufficient information to assign to one of the described subcategories Other Uses not classifiable within the previous subcategories, for example tumours, cancer, anaesthetic (b) Less important Animal Food Fish Bait Bait for fishing Fodder Food for domestic animals Wildlife Attractant Palms that provide food for mammals and whose location constitutes preferential areas for hunting Environmental Agroforestry Palms that are part of agroforestry systems with different management degrees Fences Delimitation of properties, barriers Ornamental Palms cultivated for ornamental purposes Soil Improvers Fertilizers, edaphic protectors and agents against soil erosion Fuel Firewood Wood to make fire Fire Starter Combustion starters Lighting Lamps, torches and candles Other Uses not classifiable within the previous subcategories, for example for waterproofing canoes Toxic Fishing Fish poison Hunting Poison for hunting Utensils and Domestic Utensils Baskets, fans, hammocks, bags, domestic furniture, air freshener Tools

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! 4! R. Cámara-Leret et al. 2016. Fundamental species’ traits explainSUPPLEMENTARY provisioning services of tropical American palms.INFORMATION Nature Plants

! Hunting and Fishing Tools Bows, arrows, blowpipes, harpoons, fishing nets, hunting traps Labour Tools Agricultural or domestic tools like spinners, machetes and lubricants of these materials Rope Manufacturing of ropes and moorings Wrappers Wrappers for materials and foods Other Uses not classifiable within the previous subcategories, for example insect repellents Other Uses Miscellaneous Uses not classifiable within the previous categories. Indirect use of palms: insect larvae feeding on rotting stems used as food, medicine or bait

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! 5! R. Cámara-Leret et al. 2016. Fundamental species’ traits explain provisioning services of tropical American palms. Nature Plants

NATURE PLANTS ! Supplementary Table 2. Number of uses, number of use reports and relative frequency of citation across different plant use categories/subcategories for 208 palm species in northwestern South America.

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DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.220

em vascular system vascular - ©

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www.nature.com/natureplants

Culture_Ritual Humanfood Humanfood_Oils Humanfood_Food Medicine symptoms unspecific with ailments Medicine_General syst Medicine_Respiratory system Medicine_Digestive system Medicine_Urinary Infestations & Medicine_Infections Cardio & Medicine_Blood tissue subcutaneous & Medicine_Skin Species Voucher* uses Number of reports use Number of Any use Construction Construction_Houses Construction_Thatch Culture Culture_Cosmetic adornment Cultuer_Personal

Aiphanes chiribogensis Borchs. & Balslev RCL 1827 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Aiphanes deltoidea Burret RB 4703 2 2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

Aiphanes eggersii Burret 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Aiphanes erinacea (H.Karst.) H.Wendl. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Aiphanes gelatinosa H.E.Moore 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Aiphanes hirsuta Burret 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Aiphanes horrida (Jacq.) Burret HB 8408 2 275 25.6 0.8 0.8 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.9 0.0 25.2 0.0 25.2 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Aiphanes lindeniana (H.Wendl.) H.Wendl. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Aiphanes linearis Burret 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Aiphanes macroloba Burret RCL 1827 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Aiphanes multiplex R. Bernal & Borchs. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Aiphanes pilaris R.Bernal 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Aiphanes simplex Burret 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Aiphanes tricuspidata Borchs, R.Bernal & M.Ruiz RCL 1809 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

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Aiphanes ulei (Dammer) Burret HB 8509 2 68 8.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 7.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.7 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.220

Aiphanes weberbaueri Burret 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ammandra decasperma O.F. Cook 6 32 10.9 1.1 0.0 1.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 0.0 3.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Aphandra natalia (Balslev & A.J.Hend.) Barfod HB 8520 15 338 21.0 2.4 0.0 2.4 5.7 5.7 0.0 0.0 12.5 0.7 12.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Asterogyne martiana (H. Wendl.) H.Wendl. ex Hemsl. RCL 1721 13 235 59.3 58.4 0.0 58.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 23.0 0.0 23.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Astrocaryum acaule Mart. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

© Astrocaryum aculeatum G.Mey. RCL 1632 19 695 99.4 51.7 51.7 0.0 50.0 48.3 1.7 0.0 91.5 0.0 91.5 30.7 22.7 8.5 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 7.4

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www.nature.com/natureplants Astrocaryum chambira Burret RCL 1659 54 4075 79.0 2.0 1.0 0.9 59.9 0.0 25.0 4.5 71.2 0.1 71.2 2.5 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.3

Astrocaryum chonta Mart. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Astrocaryum ciliatum F.Kahn & B.Millán RCL 1829 23 130 30.2 3.4 1.5 2.9 7.8 0.0 3.9 2.0 24.9 0.0 24.9 2.9 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.5

Astrocaryum faranae F.Kahn & B.Millán 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Astrocaryum ferrugineum F.Kahn & B.Millán 6 234 100.0 89.8 89.8 0.0 90.9 0.0 83.0 59.1 10.2 0.0 10.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Astrocaryum gratum F.Kahn & B.Millán HB 8273 27 568 53.8 10.6 7.4 3.7 29.4 0.0 23.3 2.4 36.3 0.0 36.3 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.3

Astrocaryum huaimi Mart. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Astrocaryum huicungo Dammer ex Burret 13 303 78.0 6.9 5.7 5.0 1.3 0.0 1.3 0.0 75.5 0.6 75.5 1.9 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Astrocaryum jauari Mart. 26 791 66.6 18.9 18.2 0.3 24.6 0.0 20.7 0.0 8.5 0.0 8.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0

Astrocaryum javarense (Trail) Drude 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Astrocaryum macrocalyx Burret 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Astrocaryum scopatum F.Kahn & B.Millán 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Astrocaryum standleyanum L.H.Bailey 27 582 61.8 29.6 29.0 0.6 22.9 0.0 9.6 7.6 36.9 0.6 36.9 1.6 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3

Astrocaryum ulei Burret 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Astrocaryum urostachys Burret HB 8534 12 443 61.0 22.9 1.3 22.5 39.8 0.0 31.8 6.8 44.1 0.0 44.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Attalea allenii H.E.Moore 18 457 99.4 9.8 0.0 9.8 77.0 1.1 19.5 66.7 98.3 4.0 98.3 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0

Attalea amygdalina Kunth 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Attalea bassleriana (Burret) Zona HB 8235 22 1241 63.7 52.9 0.7 52.9 17.9 13.6 5.7 0.0 40.6 0.5 40.5 6.2 4.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.2

Attalea butyracea (Mutis ex L.f) Wess.Boer HB 8517 41 2443 100.0 66.7 0.0 66.7 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 46.9 0.0 46.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Attalea colenda (O.F. Cook) Balslev & A.J.Hend 21 354 34.5 10.5 0.6 8.6 17.3 0.0 15.3 3.5 27.5 11.2 24.3 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Attalea cuatrecasana (Dugand) A.J. Hend., Galeano & Bernal 8 103 46.0 1.1 0.0 1.1 3.4 0.0 1.1 1.1 46.0 4.6 46.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Attalea huebneri (Burret) Zona 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

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Attalea insignis (Mart.) Drude 29 469 44.3 25.5 0.0 25.5 4.8 0.5 1.3 1.0 26.6 0.5 26.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.220

Attalea maripa (Aubl.) Mart. 67 2192 48.9 13.4 0.5 12.9 15.1 1.4 10.9 1.2 27.2 0.2 27.2 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0

Attalea microcarpa Mart. RCL 1693 27 453 17.3 9.2 1.6 8.3 4.4 0.0 0.6 3.8 9.2 0.0 9.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Attalea moorei (Glassman) Zona 13 235 19.4 14.5 0.7 14.5 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 17.9 0.0 17.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Attalea peruviana Zona 14 764 70.4 66.7 2.6 66.7 12.3 1.3 5.0 5.0 30.5 0.2 30.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Attalea plowmanii (Glassman) Zona 12 155 94.3 61.4 0.0 61.4 2.3 1.1 1.1 0.0 87.5 0.0 87.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

© Attalea princeps Mart. 58 6389 96.4 93.3 0.9 93.3 68.7 56.7 5.3 0.0 91.7 2.9 91.7 0.0 6.7 16.9 0.1 1.3 18.5 0.0 2.0

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www.nature.com/natureplants Attalea racemosa Spruce 2 6 1.2 1.2 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Attalea septuagenata Dugand 12 53 18.2 4.5 0.9 4.5 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.9 10.9 0.0 10.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Attalea speciosa Mart. 11 210 59.7 50.0 0.0 50.0 30.1 29.5 0.0 0.0 10.8 0.0 10.8 15.9 13.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0

Attalea tessmannii Burret 8 92 10.7 7.9 0.0 7.9 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.0 6.7 0.0 6.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Bactris acanthocarpa Mart. HB 8527 18 81 6.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.9 0.0 0.4 0.1 3.6 0.0 3.6 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6

Bactris balanophora Spruce 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Bactris barronis L.H. Bailey RCL 1728 9 50 12.1 2.3 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.1 0.0 12.1 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Bactris bidentula Spruce 6 65 13.3 1.5 1.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.0 2.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4

Bactris bifida Mart. HB 8504 8 285 54.7 0.3 0.0 0.3 16.8 0.0 15.9 0.0 43.7 0.0 43.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Bactris brongniartii Mart. HB 8473 18 526 21.4 4.1 4.1 0.5 5.1 0.0 4.6 0.0 17.6 0.0 17.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0

Bactris chaveziae A.J. Hend HB 8465 1 63 13.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.6 0.0 13.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Bactris coloniata L.H. Bailey RCL 1719 14 238 43.6 4.1 0.4 3.7 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 41.2 0.8 41.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4

Bactris coloradonis L.H. Bailey 8 124 28.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 23.5 1.8 22.1 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8

Bactris concinna Mart. HB 8365 20 850 51.5 0.7 0.5 0.2 5.6 0.0 5.1 0.0 49.6 0.0 49.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2

Bactris corossilla H.Karst. RCL 1642 21 310 30.4 0.5 0.3 0.2 6.3 0.0 5.8 0.0 20.7 0.0 20.7 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.2

Bactris elegans Barb.Rodr. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Bactris faucium Mart. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Bactris fissifrons Mart. RCL 1707 8 16 3.1 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 0.0 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Bactris halmoorei A.J.Hend. RCL 1634 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Bactris hirta Mart. RCL 1625 6 61 9.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.8 0.0 4.8 0.0 4.3 0.0 4.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Bactris killipii Burret RCL 1650 6 17 4.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 2.7 1.6 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Bactris macroacantha Mart. RCL 1692 7 8 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

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DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.220 Bactris major Jacq. HB 8280 5 290 93.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 93.4 0.0 93.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Bactris maraja Mart. RCL 1686 21 555 25.4 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 22.5 0.0 22.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.1

Bactris riparia Mart. 12 221 14.6 0.6 0.6 0.0 1.8 0.0 1.6 0.0 5.0 0.0 5.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3

Bactris rostrata Galeano & R.Bernal 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Bactris schultesii (L.H.Bailey) Glassman HB 8526 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Bactris setulosa H.Karst. 12 287 42.5 2.8 2.1 0.7 2.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 40.7 0.0 40.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

© Bactris simplicifrons Mart. RCL 1626 5 10 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

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www.nature.com/natureplants Bactris sphaerocarpa Trail RCL 1624 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ceroxylon alpinum Bonpl. ex DC. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ceroxylon amazonicum Galeano 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ceroxylon echinulatum Galeano 8 236 98.3 22.0 20.2 1.7 98.3 0.0 0.0 98.3 2.3 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ceroxylon parvifrons (Engel) H.Wendl. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ceroxylon parvum Galeano 3 117 54.5 8.4 8.4 0.0 54.5 0.0 0.0 54.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ceroxylon pityrophyllum (Mart.) Mart. ex H. Wendl. HB 8321 1 2 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Ceroxylon quindiuense (H.Karst.) H.Wendl. 3 32 12.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.8 0.0 0.0 10.8 0.4 0.0 0.4 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0

Ceroxylon ventricosum Burret 15 311 15.7 9.1 7.7 2.1 14.9 0.0 0.0 14.9 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ceroxylon vogelianum (Engel) H.Wendl. 25 839 35.1 15.2 14.7 1.7 34.1 0.0 0.3 34.1 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0

Chamaedorea angustisecta Burret HB 8435 14 378 54.5 0.5 0.0 0.5 32.3 24.6 8.6 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.3 25.3 0.7 13.6 11.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chamaedorea deneversiana Grayum & Hodel HB 8348 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chamaedorea linearis (Ruiz & Pav.) Mart. HB 8306 2 14 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chamaedorea pauciflora Mart. RCL 1813 13 160 14.7 0.6 0.0 0.6 12.8 12.7 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chamaedorea pinnatifrons (Jacq.) Oerst. HB 8513 10 175 8.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 1.3 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chelyocarpus chuco (Mart.) H.E.Moore 10 267 77.0 70.8 4.8 70.3 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chelyocarpus dianeurus (Burret) H.E. Moore 4 27 10.3 5.7 0.0 5.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chelyocarpus repens F.Kahn & K.Mejía 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Chelyocarpus ulei Dammer HB 8369 11 269 26.7 15.9 0.1 15.8 2.6 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Desmoncus cirrhifer A.H.Gentry & Zardini 10 331 62.8 10.2 0.4 9.7 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 1.3 12.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 12.8

Desmoncus giganteus A.J.Hend. HB 8530 11 238 27.6 0.2 0.0 0.2 6.1 0.0 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0

Desmoncus horridus Splitg. ex Mart. HB 8489 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

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DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.220 Desmoncus interjectus A.J.Hend. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Desmoncus latisectus Burret 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Desmoncus loretanus A.J.Hend. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Desmoncus madrensis A.J.Hend. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Desmoncus mitis Mart. RCL 1653 10 187 9.7 0.1 0.0 0.1 3.1 0.0 3.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

Desmoncus parvulus L.H.Bailey 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

© Desmoncus polyacanthos Mart. RCL 1652 15 427 26.4 3.3 3.2 0.1 2.9 0.0 2.5 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0

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www.nature.com/natureplants Desmoncus prunifer Poepp. ex Mart. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Desmoncus pumilus Trail 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Desmoncus vacivus L.H.Bailey 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Dictyocaryum lamarckianum (Mart.) H.Wendl. HB 8340 12 679 32.8 31.2 26.7 19.4 3.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.3 0.0 20.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Dictyocaryum ptarianum (Steyerm.) H.E.Moore 8 53 10.0 8.4 7.5 1.9 1.1 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Elaeis oleifera (Kunth) Cortés HB 8512 8 87 19.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.0 13.4 7.1 7.5 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Euterpe catinga Wallace 12 233 44.2 10.2 8.2 3.1 2.4 0.0 2.0 0.0 41.5 0.0 41.5 1.4 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Euterpe oleracea Mart. 15 469 63.7 38.1 34.5 4.9 5.8 0.0 0.0 4.9 56.6 3.1 56.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0

Euterpe precatoria Mart. HB 8499 66 5993 62.0 48.0 41.8 27.9 14.7 3.6 9.3 1.1 57.8 0.4 57.8 35.4 0.9 3.1 6.0 13.5 7.0 5.2 0.1

Geonoma brongniartii Mart. HB 8350 4 78 5.0 4.7 0.0 4.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Geonoma calyptrogynoidea Burret 2 45 20.1 20.1 0.0 20.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Geonoma camana Trail RCL 1812 1 5 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Geonoma chococola Wess.Boer RCL 1762 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Geonoma cuneata H.Wendl. RCL 1738 9 47 15.0 7.5 0.0 7.5 3.5 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Geonoma deversa (Poit.) Kunth RCL 1637 15 971 48.3 47.2 1.2 47.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Geonoma divisa H.E.Moore RCL 1731 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Geonoma euspatha Burret 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Geonoma frontinensis Burret 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Geonoma gentryi A.J.Hend. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Geonoma interrupta (Ruiz & Pav.) Mart. HB 8455 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Geonoma lanata A.J.Hend., Borchs. & Balslev 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Geonoma laxiflora Mart. HB 8374 7 100 11.8 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.7 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

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DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.220 Geonoma lehmannii Burret 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Geonoma leptospadix Trail HB 8541 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Geonoma longipedunculata Burret 1 48 7.7 7.7 0.0 7.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Geonoma macrostachys Mart. RCL 1756 6 474 28.4 26.0 0.0 26.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Geonoma maxima (Poit.) Kunth RCL 1649 10 80 8.7 7.5 0.6 7.3 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Geonoma multisecta (Burret) Burret 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

© Geonoma occidentalis A.J.Hend. HB 8460 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

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www.nature.com/natureplants Geonoma oligoclona Trail RB 4699 1 1 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Geonoma orbignyana Mart. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Geonoma paradoxa Burret 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Geonoma pinnatifrons Willd. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Geonoma poeppigiana Mart. HB 8525 1 59 9.3 9.3 0.0 9.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Geonoma schizocarpa A.Hend. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Geonoma stricta (Poit.) Kunth RCL 1621 8 48 2.6 1.5 0.0 1.5 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Geonoma tenuissima H.E.Moore 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Geonoma triandra (Burret) Wess.Boer RCL 1736 3 10 4.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Geonoma triglochin Burret HB 8300 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Geonoma undata Klotzsch 8 108 14.1 13.8 2.9 11.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Hyospathe elegans Mart. RCL 1716 17 466 23.8 9.3 0.1 9.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.9 0.0 1.9 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

Hyospathe peruviana A.J.Hend. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Iriartea deltoidea Ruiz & Pav. HB 8514 65 6908 83.5 82.1 79.9 32.0 16.4 0.0 10.1 4.0 22.9 0.0 22.9 0.8 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4

Iriartella setigera (Mart.) H.Wendl. RCL 1641 20 364 61.1 54.8 6.7 53.0 1.5 0.0 0.4 1.1 0.7 0.0 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4

Iriartella stenocarpa Burret HB 8535 4 100 22.3 14.2 7.0 8.9 1.1 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Itaya amicorum H.E.Moore 4 60 26.7 26.3 0.5 26.3 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lepidocaryum tenue Mart. RCL 1640 15 595 99.2 99.2 3.7 99.2 1.5 0.0 0.4 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 0.8 2.7 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Manicaria martiana Burret RCL 1654 12 85 27.8 22.9 1.5 22.9 2.9 0.0 2.9 0.0 4.4 0.0 4.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Manicaria saccifera Gaertn. HB 8248 32 736 29.9 28.3 1.4 27.3 18.4 0.0 1.1 1.6 9.3 0.0 9.3 9.9 0.0 0.2 0.2 2.1 0.0 0.6 0.0

Mauritia carana Wallace 13 129 15.0 13.7 1.6 12.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.6 0.0 4.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mauritia flexuosa L.f. HB 8496 63 5312 83.8 31.8 9.8 27.5 19.5 3.0 1.7 8.8 83.4 1.4 83.4 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3

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Mauritiella armata (Mart.) Burret RCL 1629 22 661 34.7 8.5 6.4 3.2 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.0 29.0 0.1 29.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.220

Mauritiella macroclada (Burret) Burret 8 292 48.3 47.1 47.1 9.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mauritiella pumila Wallace 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Oenocarpus bacaba Mart. 24 400 96.6 27.4 0.9 26.5 7.7 0.0 0.0 6.0 96.6 12.0 96.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Oenocarpus balickii F.Kahn RCL 1646 19 329 16.0 1.6 0.1 1.6 2.0 1.7 0.0 0.1 16.0 0.3 16.0 1.0 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0

Oenocarpus bataua Mart. RCL 1639 87 7731 81.1 32.5 7.4 28.2 29.6 24.8 3.9 1.4 80.6 25.9 80.4 14.5 7.2 4.4 1.8 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.6

© Oenocarpus circumtextus Mart. RCL 1644 8 116 57.3 4.5 0.0 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 57.3 1.8 57.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

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www.nature.com/natureplants Oenocarpus distichus Mart. 2 4 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Oenocarpus makeru R.Bernal, Galeano & A.J.Hend. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Oenocarpus minor Mart. HB 8523 45 3836 78.8 52.3 43.7 21.7 11.4 3.1 2.9 5.1 76.3 3.8 76.2 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0

Oenocarpus simplex R.Bernal, Galeano & A.J.Hend. RCL 1711 1 1 0.9 0.9 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Pholidostachys amazonensis A.Hend. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Pholidostachys dactyloides H.E.Moore 2 2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0

Pholidostachys occidentalis A.J.Hend. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Pholidostachys pulchra H.Wendl. ex Burret 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Pholidostachys synanthera (Mart.) H.E.Moore 1 130 10.4 10.4 0.0 10.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Phytelephas aequatorialis Spruce 18 714 68.1 57.5 3.2 57.5 64.2 0.0 52.4 0.0 35.8 0.0 35.8 7.0 0.0 0.6 1.6 5.4 0.0 0.0 0.0

Phytelephas macrocarpa Ruiz & Pav. HB 8497 31 2692 91.7 80.4 0.4 80.2 36.5 0.0 31.8 0.5 77.8 0.0 77.8 1.3 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Phytelephas tenuicaulis (Barfod) A.J.Hend. HB 8533 9 420 22.0 21.1 0.8 21.1 1.1 0.0 0.9 0.0 18.8 0.0 18.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Prestoea acuminata (Willd.) H.E.Moore HB 8324 22 786 33.9 15.6 4.1 15.6 3.6 0.0 0.3 2.5 33.9 0.0 33.9 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Prestoea carderi Hook.f. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Prestoea decurrens (H.Wendl. ex Burret) H.E.Moore 9 61 11.1 4.1 2.5 1.6 8.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 1.6 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Prestoea ensiformis (Ruiz & Pav.) H.E.Moore 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Prestoea pubens H.E.Moore RCL 1761 4 10 4.2 1.9 0.5 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Prestoea schultzeana (Burret) H.E.Moore 4 22 3.2 2.0 0.0 2.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Raphia taedigera (Mart.) Mart. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Socratea exorrhiza (Mart.) H.Wendl. HB 8329 60 4542 74.2 69.2 64.4 19.4 16.6 0.2 14.8 0.8 5.2 0.0 5.2 4.2 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.8 0.1 0.7

Socratea hecatonandra (Dugand) R.Bernal 1 1 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Socratea rostrata Burret 6 75 15.6 14.5 14.5 0.0 1.2 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

! 12! R. Cámara-Leret et al. 2016. Fundamental species’ traits explain provisioning services of tropical American palms. Nature Plants NATURE PLANTS

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DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.220 Socratea salazarii H.E.Moore HB 8458 19 399 17.4 15.1 14.4 9.9 1.3 0.0 1.1 0.7 9.2 0.0 9.2 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Syagrus cardenasii Glassman HB 8287 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Syagrus sancona (Kunth) H.Karst. HB 8417 15 266 14.6 2.6 2.5 0.2 5.2 0.1 4.8 0.0 2.7 0.0 2.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0

Syagrus smithii (H.E. Moore) Glassman RCL 1705 8 84 12.5 1.2 1.0 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Synechanthus warscewiczianus H.Wendl. RCL 1759 6 40 12.4 1.6 1.3 0.3 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Welfia regia H.Wendl. ex André 16 503 80.1 73.0 20.4 72.6 4.4 0.0 0.0 2.2 30.5 0.0 30.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

© Wendlandiella gracilis Dammer HB 8507 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

2017 Macmillan Publishers of Springer Limited, part Nature. Allrights reserved. |

www.nature.com/natureplants Wettinia aequalis (O.F.Cook & Doyle) R. Bernal 12 135 20.8 17.3 16.8 4.9 6.6 0.0 6.6 0.0 15.0 0.0 15.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.4 0.0

Wettinia anomala (Burret) R.Bernal 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Wettinia augusta Poepp. & Endl. HB 8471 10 151 11.4 8.7 5.0 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Wettinia castanea H.E.Moore & J.Dransf. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Wettinia disticha (R.Bernal) R.Bernal 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Wettinia drudei (O.F.Cook & Doyle) A.J.Hend. RCL 1689 5 19 3.2 0.7 0.0 0.7 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Wettinia fascicularis (Burret) H.E.Moore & J.Dransf. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Wettinia kalbreyeri (Burret) R.Bernal 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Wettinia maynensis Spruce HB 8542 13 603 69.3 58.5 50.7 41.5 3.6 0.0 3.6 0.0 20.6 0.0 20.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Wettinia oxycarpa Galeano & R.Bernal 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Wettinia quinaria (O.F.Cook & Doyle) Burret 22 873 61.2 59.5 51.5 12.3 6.8 0.0 6.2 0.0 19.9 0.0 19.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Wettinia radiata (O.F. Cook & Doyle) R.Bernal 8 116 22.4 7.7 2.0 5.2 4.0 0.0 3.5 0.0 1.5 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Wettinia verruculosa H.E.Moore 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

*Collectors: HB: H. Balslev; RB: R. Bernal; RCL: R. Cámara Leret

! 13! R. Cámara-Leret et al. 2016. Fundamental species’ traits explain provisioning services of tropical American palms. Nature Plants NATURE PLANTS

! Supplementary Table 3. (a) GLM and (b) PGLS analyses of the association of species’ traits with different services that 208 palm species

|

DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.220 provide in northwestern South America. Significant values are written in bold. Pagel’s lambda19 (λ) ≈ 0 would be seen for systems without

phylogenetic dependence. General ailments: General ailments with unspecific symptoms, Respiratory: Respiratory system, Digestive: Digestive

system, Urinary: Urinary system, Infections: Infections and infestations, Blood: Blood and cardio-vascular system, Skin: Skin and subcutaneous ©

2017 Macmillan Publishers of Springer Limited, part Nature. Allrights reserved. |

www.nature.com/natureplants tissue.

(a) GLM (b) PGLS Geographic Geographic Intercept range Leaf length Fruit volume Stem volume λ Intercept range Leaf length Fruit volume Stem volume Any service 0.000 ± 0.062 0.164 ± 0.064* 0.254 ± 0.073*** 0.139 ± 0.069* 0.159 ± 0.069* 0.000 0.000 ± 0.062 0.164 ± 0.064* 0.254 ± 0.073*** 0.139 ± 0.069* 0.159 ± 0.069*

Construction 0.000 ± 0.064 0.160 ± 0.067** 0.152 ± 0.076* 0.210 ± 0.072** 0.103 ± 0.071 0.911 0.511 ± 0.919 0.194 ± 0.055** 0.046 ± 0.092 0.113 ± 0.077* 0.033 ± 0.076 0.000 ± 0.067 0.172 ± 0.069** 0.093 ± 0.079 -0.089 ± 0.075 0.142 ± 0.074 0.270 0.034 ± 0.284 0.067 ± 0.099 -0.048 ± 0.078 0.095 ± 0.076 Houses 0.188 ± 0.067** Thatch 0.000 ± 0.064 0.117 ± 0.066 0.122 ± 0.076 0.297 ± 0.071*** 0.055 ± 0.071 0.996 0.465 ± 1.153 0.133 ± 0.041** 0.184 ± 0.074 0.112 ± 0.077 0.063 ± 0.069 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Food 0.000! ± 0.062 0.146! ± 0.064* 0.225! ± 0.074** 0.187! ± 0.069** 0.154! ± 0.069* 0.179 - 0.183 ± 0.218 0.118 ± 0.063 0.191 ± 0.080* 0.190 ± 0.072** 0.202 ± 0.071** Oils 0.000 ± 0.064 0.127 ± 0.066 0.369 ± 0.076*** -0.117 ± 0.071 0.063 ± 0.071 1.000 0.049 ± 0.856 -0.034 ± 0.030 0.082 ± 0.052 -0.199 ± 0.040*** 0.072 ± 0.024** Food 0.000 ± 0.062 0.147 ± 0.065 0.220 ± 0.074** 0.190 ± 0.069** 0.154 ± 0.069* 0.179 -0.181 ± 0.218 0.119 ± 0.063 0.186 ± 0.080* 0.193 ± 0.072** 0.201 ± 0.071**

Culture 0.000! ± 0.066 0.012! ± 0.069 0.168! ± 0.078* 0.145! ± 0.074* 0.116! ± 0.073 0.088 - 0.033 ± 0.175 0.029 ± 0.068 0.160 ± 0.082 0.132 ± 0.076 0.100 ± 0.075 Cosmetic 0.000 ± 0.069 0.047 ± 0.071 0.153 ± 0.081 0.016 ± 0.076 0.040 ± 0.076 1.000 -0.024 ± 1.317 0.019 ± 0.034 0.022 ± 0.069 -0.004 ± 0.070 0.028 ± 0.060 Personal adornment 0.000 ± 0.066 0.066 ± 0.068 0.098 ± 0.078 0.284 ± 0.073*** 0.002 ± 0.073 0.055 -0.063 ± 0.145 0.071 ± 0.068 0.108 ± 0.080 0.287 ± 0.074*** 0.017 ± 0.074 Ritual 0.000 ± 0.069 -0.090 ± 0.072 0.062 ± 0.082 -0.048 ± 0.077 0.112 ± 0.077 1.000 0.072 ± 1.267 -0.015 ± 0.042 0.064 ± 0.057 -0.037 ± 0.069 -0.181 ± 0.077* ! ! ! ! ! Medicine 0.000 ± 0.067 0.228 ± 0.070*** 0.159 ± 0.079* 0.021 ± 0.075 -0.024 ± 0.074 0.000 0.000 ± 0.067 0.228 ± 0.070** 0.159 ± 0.079* 0.021 ± 0.075 - 0.024 ± 0.074 General Ailments 0.000 ± 0.069 0.013 ± 0.071 0.159 ± 0.081* 0.044 ± 0.076 0.035 ± 0.076 0.000 0.000 ± 0.069 0.013± 0.071 0.159 ± 0.081 0.044 ± 0.076 0.035 ± 0.076 Respiratory 0.000 ± 0.069 0.050 ± 0.072 0.121 ± 0.082 -0.031 ± 0.077 -0.006 ± 0.077 1.000 0.097 ± 1.348 0.027 ± 0.035 0.075 ± 0.070 -0.035 ± 0.072 -0.006 ± 0.062 Digestive 0.000 ± 0.069 0.165 ± 0.071* 0.027 ± 0.082 0.020 ± 0.077 -0.025 ± 0.076 0.211 0.050 ± 0.263 0.138 ± 0.071 0.034 ± 0.090 0.027 ± 0.081 -0.013 ± 0.079 Urinary 0.000! ± 0.067 0.236! ± 0.070*** 0.050! ± 0.080 0.125! ± 0.075 -!0.032 ± 0.075 1.000 0.034 ± 0.997 0.022 ± 0.023 0.012 ± 0.063 0.055 ± 0.059 0.036 ± 0.059 Infections 0.000 ± 0.070 0.071 ± 0.072 0.051 ± 0.082 0.008 ± 0.077 0.029 ± 0.077 1.000 0.023 ± 1.106 0.082 ± 0.029** 0.036 ± 0.057 -0.037 ± 0.059 0.014 ± 0.051 Blood 0.000 ± 0.067 0.300 ± 0.069*** 0.067 ± 0.079 -0.040 ± 0.074 -0.073 ± 0.074 1.000 -0.104 ± 1.213 0.059 ± 0.033 0.068 ± 0.054 -0.001 ± 0.064 -0.034 ± 0.059 Skin 0.000 ± 0.070 -0.025 ± 0.072 0.046 ± 0.083 -0.037 ± 0.078 0.019 ± 0.077 1.000 -0.106 ± 1.123 0.058 ± 0.033 0.035 ± 0.045 -0.007 ± 0.053 0.002 ± 0.031 * (P ≤ 0.05) ** (P ≤ 0.01), *** (P ≤ 0.001)

! 14! R. Cámara-Leret et al. 2016. Fundamental species’ traits explain provisioning services of tropical American palms. Nature Plants NATURE PLANTS

!

Supplementary Table 4. The association of geographic range and PC1 with different services that 208 palm species provide in northwestern |

DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.220 South America, according to (a) GLM and (b) PGLS analyses. PC1: component one of a principal component analysis on the three functional

traits (leaf length, fruit volume, stem volume) that accounts for 54% of their variability. Significant values are written in bold. Pagel’s lambda19

(λ) ≈ 0 would be seen for systems without phylogenetic dependence. General ailments: General ailments with unspecific symptoms, ©

2017 Macmillan Publishers of Springer Limited, part Nature. Allrights reserved. |

www.nature.com/natureplants Respiratory: Respiratory system, Digestive: Digestive system, Urinary: Urinary system, Infections: Infections and infestations, Blood: Blood and

cardio-vascular system, Skin: Skin and subcutaneous tissue.

(a) GLM (b) PGLS Intercept Geographic range PC1 λ Intercept Geographic range PC1 Construction 0.000 ± 0.064 0.148 ± 0.065* 0.342 ± 0.065*** 0.869 0.471 ± 0.788 0.189 ± 0.058** 0.129 ± 0.088

Houses 0.000 ± 0.068 0.205 ± 0.068* 0.104 ± 0.068 0.324 0.050 ± 0.314 0.205 ± 0.066** 0.085 ± 0.085 Thatch 0.000 ± 0.065 0.086 ± 0.065 0.349 ± 0.065*** 0.996 0.486 ± 1.137 0.133 ± 0.041** 0.267 ± 0.075** SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

Food 0.000 ± 0.062 0.143 ± 0.062* 0.421 ± 0.062*** 0.164 -0.174 ± 0.209 0.125 ± 0.061* 0.428 ± 0.074*** Oils 0.000 ± 0.066 0.140 ± 0.066* 0.272 ± 0.066*** 1.000 -0.047 ± 0.944 -0.033 ± 0.023 0.152 ± 0.022** Food 0.000 ± 0.062 0.144 ± 0.062* 0.418 ± 0.062*** 0.163 -0.172 ± 0.209 0.126 ± 0.062* 0.425 ± 0.074***

Culture 0.000 ± 0.066 0.009 ± 0.066 0.318 ± 0.066*** 0.087 -0.035 ± 0.173 0.026 ± 0.066 0.292 ± 0.075*** Cosmetic 0.000 ± 0.069 0.047 ± 0.069 0.166 ± 0.069* 1.000 -0.023 ± 1.311 0.019 ± 0.034 0.041 ± 0.058 Personal adornment 0.000 ± 0.067 0.029 ± 0.067 0.286 ± 0.067*** 0.088 -0.106 ± 0.176 0.038 ± 0.067 0.310 ± 0.076*** Ritual 0.000 ± 0.069 -0.066 ± 0.070 0.088 ± 0.070 1.000 0.074 ± 1.281 -0.007 ± 0.041 -0.076 ± 0.073

Medicine 0.000 ± 0.067 0.216 ± 0.068** 0.136 ± 0.068* 0.000 0.000 ± 0.067 0.216 ± 0.068** 0.136 ± 0.068* General Ailments 0.000 ± 0.068 0.009 ± 0.069 0.189 ± 0.069** 0.000 0.000 ± 0.068 0.009 ± 0.069 0.189 ± 0.069** Respiratory 0.000 ± 0.069 0.049 ± 0.070 0.078 ± 0.070 1.000 0.127 ± 1.344 0.022 ± 0.034 0.040 ± 0.059 Digestive 0.000 ± 0.069 0.157 ± 0.069* 0.022 ± 0.069 0.216 0.046 ± 0.265 0.133 ± 0.069 0.037 ± 0.085 Urinary 0.000 ± 0.067 0.213 ± 0.068** 0.112 ± 0.068 1.000 0.022 ± 0.993 0.022 ± 0.022 0.066 ± 0.064 Infections 0.000 ± 0.069 0.074 ± 0.070 0.067 ± 0.070 1.000 0.037 ± 1.101 0.080 ± 0.028** 0.022 ± 0.048 Blood 0.000 ± 0.067 0.289 ± 0.067*** -0.017 ± 0.067 1.000 -0.090 ± 1.210 0.046 ± 0.030 0.042 ± 0.060 Skin 0.000 ± 0.070 -0.019 ± 0.070 0.025 ± 0.070 1.000 -0.089 ± 1.119 0.066 ± 0.030 0.019 ± 0.044 * (P ≤ 0.05) ** (P ≤ 0.01), *** (P ≤ 0.001)

!

! 15!