Science Horizon Volume 4 Issue 9 September, 2019 President, Odisha Bigyan Academy Editorial Board Prof. Pramod Chandra Mishra Prof. Niranjan Barik Editor Prof. Ramesh Chandra Parida Er. Mayadhar Swain Dr. Choudhury Satyabrata Nanda Managing Editor Dr. Rajballav Mohanty Er. Bhagat Charan Mohanty Secretary, Odisha Bigyan Academy Dr. Nilambar Biswal CONTENTS Subject Author Page 1. Editorial : Ozone Layer Depletion and Montreal Protocol Er. Mayadhar Swain 2 2. Magnetic Levitation Prof. Bipin Bihari Swain 4 3. Magnetic Reasonance Imaging Dr. Prem Chand Mohanty 8 4. Can Artificial Intelligence Improve Learning Soumya Ranjan Das 13 5. Energy of the Future Dr. Sadasiva Biswal 15 6. Environmental Protection in Highways & Building Construction Er. B.C. Padhi 17 7. Kidney: The Cleaning Crew-3 (Peritoneal Dialysis) Prof. Prafulla Kumar Mohanty 20 8. Care and Nutrition for First 1000 days of Life Dr. Diptimayee Jena 23 9. Free Radicals, Antioxidants and Plants Taranisen Panda R.B. Mohanty 27 10. Know our Plants- Nageswar (Mesua ferrea Linn.) Samarendra Narayan Mallick 30 11. Petroleum Plants Miss. Stuti Dr. Sanjeeb Kumar Das 34 12. Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley (The Discovery P.K. Pujapanda of the Ifallible Law of Nature) Balaram Sahoo 38 13. Importance of Soil Health Card Prava Kiran Dash Dr. Antaryami Mishra Dr. Subhashis Saren Tupai Lokya 42 14. Quiz: Motion & Force Sri Binod Chandra Jena 45 15. Recent News on Science & Technology 47 The Cover Page depicts : OZONE LAYER Cover Design : Kalakar Sahoo neutron star SEPTEMBER, 2019 EDITORIAL OZONE LAYER DEPLETION AND MONTREAL PROTOCOL In the stratosphere which extends a research article which showed that human- from 10 km to 50 km of the atmosphere, produced chlorofluorocarbon which there is a thin layer of ozone called the contains carbon, fluorine and chlorine was ozone layer. This layer protects the lives of a major source of chlorine in the the earth from the harmful effects of the atmosphere. They also noted that chlorine ultraviolet ray (290 to 320 nanometre wave liberated from CFC by ultraviolet radiation length) from the sun by absorbing it. destroyed the ozone. Subsequently, it was Ultraviolet ray damages our DNA and confirmed by laboratory measurements causes skin cancer and cataract. It also and model studies. Crutzen, Molina and damages crops. Ozone is formed by three Rowland were awarded the Nobel Prize oxygen atoms and naturally it is formed by for chemistry in 1995 for this work. It is to the reaction of oxygen with the ultraviolet be noted that CFC was developed in the ray and when ozone absorbs ultraviolet ray USA by General Motors in 1928 for use in it disintegrates. Thus, in nature formation place of poisonous gas ammonia and it and disintegration of ozone was a continued was called as wonder material. But after process and hence, the amount of ozone much use, its nature could be known and remains constant in the atmosphere. In now its production has been stopped. 1970s, it was found that the thickness of Scientists found some more ozone depleting ozone layer was decreasing. In 1969, Dutch substances. These compounds are chemist Paul Crutzen published a paper carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform, describing effect of nitrogen oxide on hydrochlorofluorocarbon, halons, methyl ozone. He showed that nitrogen oxide bromide and hydrobromofluorocarbon. reacts with free oxygen atoms and slows These were used in refrigerator, air- the formation of ozone and this can also conditioner, fire-fighting equipment and decompose ozone into nitrogen dioxide some other equipment. Chlorine or and oxygen. Nobody gave any importance bromine, when reacts with ozone, converts to it. But in 1974, American chemists it to oxygen. The best known and most Mario Molina and F. Sherwood Rowland abundant of ozone depleting substances is of the University of California published chlorofluorocarbon. A single atom of 2 Science Horizon SEPTEMBER, 2019 chlorine can destroy 100000 or more history and not a single country has molecules at ozone. The situation came to opposed it. Due to this, use and production such a state that hole appeared in the ozone of 97 percent ozone depleting substances layer above Antarctica in the winter every have been reduced and the level of these year since the early 1980s. Although it is substances in the atmosphere have come termed as hole, it is not really a hole down. It is fortunate for human kind that through the ozone layer but rather a large due to this effort, depletion of ozone layer area of the ozone layer with extreme low has been stopped, although it will take amounts of ozone. But that was also some more years to gain its former alarming and ultraviolet ray could penetrate thickness. The ozone layer is expected to and reach Earth. The largest decrease in reach pre-1980 levels by around 2075. ozone layer take place in high latitudes Montreal protocol has given benefit (towards the poles) and the smallest in the to another environmental issue which is lower latitudes (near the tropics). global warming and climate change. When concrete evidence of ozone Although carbon dioxide (CO ) is the 2 layer depletion was found out, scientists, major gas responsible for the above, the statesmen and environmentalists tried for same chemicals that harm the ozone also its remedy. In 1985, countries adopted the warm the climate. So Montreal Protocol Vienna Convention for the protection of has benefitted it. It has been estimated that the ozone layer. Two years later, in a between 1989-2013, the Montreal Protocol conference held at Montreal in Canada, prevented the emissions of 5.6 billion tonnes they adopted the Montreal Protocol on of CO equiavalent. Montreal Protocol 2 substances that deplete the Ozone Layer, came into effect in 1989 and hence this simply known as Montreal Protocol. In year is the 30th year of it. As it was signed this protocol, it was decided to stop the on 16 September 1987, the United Nations use and production of ozone depleting has declared 16 September as World substances. The ban came into effect in Ozone Day and it is being observed every 1989. It has also a financial mechanism, the year on this day since 1994 to create Mutual Fund, which helps the developing awareness among people about the countries comply with the protocol. 197 importance of ozone layer and its countries have signed this protocol and production in our lives. acted on it. Montreal protocol is the only Er. Mayadhar Swain universally ratified treaty in United Nations Editor Science Horizon 3 SEPTEMBER, 2019 MAGNETIC LEVITATION Prof. Bipin Bihari Swain Aeroplanes fly high in the sky, In Maglevs, the bottom of the train wraps helicopters move at relatively less height, and round the guide way. Maglev uses two sets of drones rove closer to the surface of the earth. magnets - one set to repel and push the train But with the technology used in these devices, off the track and keep it afloat. Another set of is it possible to design a hovercraft that floats magnets attract and keep the moving train on over your head in the street? Can a train move the track. Levitation magnets on the underside over the track without touching the rails? Such of the guide way are positioned to attract the an antigravity device seems to be impossible opposite poles of the magnet on the wrap today. But magnetically enhanced hover boards around section of the maglev. and hover cars could become a reality in the Maglev trains face the challenge for future, enabling us to defy gravity and levitate improving stability, controllability, and cost large objects at will. In the future, this objective effectiveness. But scientists are making steady might become a reality, if room temperature improvement, yet concepts have been superconductors become a reality. implemented only over a limited scale. In In factories, heavy loads are shifted by 1984, the Worlds first commercial automated using strong electromagnets. If two bar-magnets maglev system started operation in U.K. are suspended keeping both north/south poles between Birmingham International Airport and close by, they attarct each other. On the other nearby Birmingham International Railway hand, when similar poles are placed close by, station. Next maglev trains were built in the magnets repel each other. Germany followed by Japan and Korea. This principle that two similar magnetic Because of operational constraints, none of poles repel each other can be used to lift enormous them travelled at very high speed. loads off the ground. This is called magnetic The first high speed commercial maglev levitation. Some countries have adopted this trains operated between Chinas Sanghai principle on a limited scale though, in magnetic Pudong Airport and Longayang Roads in 2002 locomotive trains (Maglev trains), that hover just over a stretch of 30.5 km. The top speed of the above the railway track without touching it. The train was 480 km/h and the train took about 8 train runs with normal engine but the wheels do minutes for a round trip. The Japanese maglev not touch the track. They have zero-friction and trains coming next are worlds fastest tracks floats over a cushion of air. In principle, such till date, running at a speed of nearly 600 km/h. trains can travel at tremendous speed. This speed is obviously faster than usual 4 Science Horizon SEPTEMBER, 2019 wheeled trains, but close to that of bullet it is the superconducting state of the metals. trains. This is because, at usual temperature, random What prohibits the spread of Maglev vibration of the atoms impede the flow of trains? The high cost involved in its design electrons in a metallic wire. By reducing the with available technology, makes its operation temperature, these random vibrations are uneconomical and as such not affordable.