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Mónica Díaz Porres Liliana Falco COMPILADORAS Mónica Díaz Porres Liliana Falco Falco, Liliana CONEBIOS V-Congreso Nacional de Ecología y Biología de Suelos / Liliana Falco ; Mónica Díaz Porres. - 1a ed . - Luján : EdUnLu, 2018. Libro digital, PDF Archivo Digital: descarga y online ISBN 978-987-3941-39-9 1. Biología del Suelo. 2. Ecología del Suelo. I. Díaz Porres, Mónica II. Título CDD 577.2 Queda hecho el depósito que establece la Ley 11.723 No se permite la reproducción total o parcial de este libro, ni su almacenamiento en un sistema informático, ni su transmisión en cualquier forma o por cualquier medio, electrónico, mecánico, fotocopias u otros medios sin el permiso del autor. CONEBIOS V Congreso Nacional de Ecología y Biología de Suelos COMPILADORAS Mónica Díaz Porres Liliana Falco Dpto. de Ciencias Básicas Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES-CONICET) Universidad Nacional de Luján COMITÉ CIENTÍFICO Dr. José Camilo Bedano (Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto - CONICET) Mg. Verónica Bernava (Dirección Regional Noreste – Administración de Parques Nacionales) Dra. Virginia Bonvecchi (Universidad Nacional de Luján) Mg. Mariana Calvente (Universidad Nacional de Luján) Ing. Agr. Cristina Costa (Universidad Nacional de Luján) Dr. Carlos E. Coviella (Universidad Nacional de Luján – INEDES) Dr. César Di Ciocco (Universidad Nacional de Luján – INEDES) Dra. Mónica Díaz Porres (Universidad Nacional de Luján – INEDES) Ing. Agr. Liliana B. Falco (Universidad Nacional de Luján - INEDES) Dra. Beatriz Ángela González (Universidad Nacional de Luján) Dr. Pablo Antonio Martínez (Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata) Dr. Fernando Momo (Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento – Universidad Nacional de Luján – INEDES) Dr. Eduardo Mondino (Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata - INTA Balcarce) Dra. Giselle Querejeta (Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento - CONICET) Lic. Macarena Rionda (Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento) Dra. María Begoña Riquelme (Universidad Nacional de Luján – UBA) Mg. Susana Rizzuto (Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco) Dra. Ana Ernestina Salazar (Universidad Nacional de La Plata) Dr. Luis Gabriel Wall (Universidad Nacional de Quilmes – CONICET) DIVERSIDAD, MONITOREO, INDICADORES Y CONSERVACIÓN ENSAMBLE DE GRUPOS TRÓFICOS DE NEMATODOS DEL SUELO ASOCIADO A CULTIVOS DE COBERTURA DE AVENA Y CENTENO INOCULADOS CON RIZOBACTERIAS PROMOTORAS DEL CRECIMIENTO VEGETAL Claudia V. Azpilicueta (1); Pablo D. Reeb (2); Jhovana S. Escobar Ortega (3); Inés E. García de Salamone (4); 1 Laboratorio de Servicios Agrarios y Forestales, Ministerio de Producción, Neuquén, Argentina. e-mail: [email protected] 2 Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Río Negro, Argentina. 3 CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, CABA, Argentina. 4 Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, CABA, Argentina. RESUMEN La identidad de la especie vegetal utilizada como cobertura influye en la abundancia y composición de nematodos del suelo. Las variables ambientales y las prácticas de manejo del cultivo contribuyen también en la estructura de la comunidad de nematodos. En la Región Subhúmeda Pampeana, se estudió el ensamble de grupos tróficos de nematodos del suelo donde se cultivaban dos cultivos de cobertura, avena (Avena sativa L.) y centeno (Secale cereale L.) a partir de semillas inoculadas y no inoculadas con rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal, con y sin fertilización nitrogenada (0 y 46 kg N ha-1) aplicado en el momento de la siembra (marzo) de los cultivos de cobertura. Se realizó el muestreo de suelo en primavera, ocho meses después de la siembra y fertilización, cuando las plantas estaban en llenado de grano. Los nematodos fueron extraídos del suelo por la técnica de flotación-centrifugación. Se describió el ensamble de nematodos a partir de la abundancia relativa y porcentaje de cada grupo trófico. Se estudió la red trófica del suelo a partir de los índices de enriquecimiento (EI) y de estructura (SI). Se realizó un análisis de componentes principales (ACP) de las variables grupo trófico considerando cada combinación de tratamiento: cobertura x inoculación x fertilización. Las elipses de confidencia en el ACP revelaron que algunos tratamientos presentaron similares patrones de ensamble de grupos tróficos de nematodos. Los nematodos bacteriófagos fueron los dominantes, seguido por los fitófagos obligados (FiO) en todos los tratamientos. La abundancia de omnívoros-predadores (OP) fue significativamente menor en avena sin inocular, comprendiendo un 12% de la abundancia total mientras que en avena inoculada y centeno el porcentaje fue de 22%. En el ACP, la dirección de los vectores OP y FiO fue opuesta, lo que es consistente con que el grupo OP puede regular poblaciones de nematodos patógenos. La abundancia de Pratylenchus fue cuatro veces mayor en el suelo bajo avena que centeno, posiblemente el potencial alelopático del cultivo de centeno CONEBIOS V - Congreso Nacional de Ecología y Biología de Suelos 6 influya en la densidad del nematodo endoparásito. Los valores promedio de los índices EI y SI fueron 70,1% y 80,6%, respectivamente, y no difirieron entre tratamientos, lo que indicó una red trófica del suelo enriquecida y compleja por la presencia de nematodos de niveles tróficos altos en suelos enriquecidos. Los valores de EI y SI de los distintos tratamientos se ubicaron en el cuadrante B del perfil de la nematofauna, lo que indicaría uniformidad en las condiciones del medio. Palabras clave: nematodos omnívoros-predadores, rizósfera, inoculación INTRODUccIÓN Los cultivos de cobertura (CC) proveen una alternativa para mejorar la fertilidad y estructura del suelo, la infiltración de agua y reducir la erosión del suelo. La inclusión en sucesión con soja de CC y su inoculación con rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal (PGPR) para incrementar su producción, son herramientas para mejorar la calidad del suelo y favorecer la sustentabilidad del sistema (Escobar Ortega et al., 2015). Las PGPR tienen especial importancia en la relación suelo-planta y son responsables del incremento en el suministro de nutrientes, como también en la producción de factores de crecimiento por lo cual su uso contribuye a recuperar o mantener la fertilidad del suelo conservando el ambiente (García de Salamone, 2012). En la región pampeana argentina, las gramíneas más utilizadas son el centeno y la avena (Pérez & Scianca 2009). Ambos CC producen elevadas cantidades de biomasa que es aportada al suelo luego de la interrupción del crecimiento (Restovich et al., 2012). La descomposición y mineralización de la biomasa, son procesos esenciales para la producción agrícola, como así también la regulación biológica de plagas y fitopatógenos oportunistas que son llevados a cabo por una amplia variedad de organismos, de diferentes tamaños y funciones, tales como virus, bacterias, hongos, actinomicetes, ácaros, lombrices, nematodos y hormigas (Ferris et al., 2001; Paul, 2007). Se ha demostrado que los diferentes manejos agrícolas modifican la biodiversidad y alteran la estructura de las comunidades microbianas (Govaerts et al., 2007). Los nematodos son importantes vectores en la colonización de bacterias en la rizósfera (Knox et al., 2004). La especie vegetal utilizada como CC puede afectar la abundancia y composición del ensamble de nematodos. Así, se ha reportado que las leguminosas pueden promover rápidamente el crecimiento de los nematodos bacteriófagos (Sohlenius et al., 2011). CONEBIOS V - Congreso Nacional de Ecología y Biología de Suelos 7 El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar el efecto de los CC con avena y centeno y de la aplicación de PGPR Azospirillum brasilense y Pseudomonas fluorescens como inoculantes sobre la abundancia de los grupos tróficos de nematodos, en la sucesión soja-CC. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS DESCRIPCIÓN DE ÁREA, DISEÑO EXPERIMENTAL Y TRATAMIENTOS Se realizó un ensayo de campo en el Establecimiento “El Correntino”, ubicado a 36º 8´ 50.9” Latitud Sur y 62º 21´ 51.9” Longitud Oeste de la localidad de 30 de Agosto, provincia de Buenos Aires (Región Subhúmeda Pampeana). El suelo clasificado como Hapludol éntico. Las características edafo-climáticas fueron descritas por Escobar Ortega (2017). Se utilizó un diseño en bloques completos aleatorizados con arreglo factorial en parcelas divididas, con tres repeticiones. Los factores fueron: fertilización, tipo de CC, inoculación con las PGPR A. brasilense y P. fluorescens. En la parcela principal se establecieron dos niveles de fertilización: 0 y 46 kg N ha-1 bajo la forma de urea, aplicado en el momento de la siembra de los CC. En las subparcelas (8 m x 30 m) se establecieron los tratamientos de cobertura centeno (Secale cereale var. Quehué) y avena (Avena sativa var. Aurora). El inoculante Rhizoflo Premiun® del Laboratorio CKC Argentina S.A, se aplicó con la dosis recomendada de 4 ml kg-1 de semilla justo previo a la siembra de los CC en las sub-subparcelas. Todas las parcelas tuvieron soja como cultivo anterior y posterior. La siembra se realizó en marzo cuando la soja precedente estaba en madurez fisiológica. Las densidades de siembra de los CC fueron 50 y 55 kg ha-1 para centeno y avena, respectivamente. MUESTREO, ANÁLISIS E IDENTIFICACIÓN DE NEMATODOS El muestreo se realizó el 23/11/2012 y correspondió al estado fenológico llenado de grano de ambos CC, luego de cortarse las plantas a la altura del cuello. Se tomaron 6 submuestras de suelo al azar con un barreno de 5 cm de diámetro en cada sub-subparcela conformando una
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    References 255 References Banks, A. et al. (19902): Pesticide Application Manual; Queensland Department of Primary Industries; Bris- bane; Australia Abercrombie, M. et al. (19928): Dictionary of Biology; Penguin Books; London; UK Barberis, G. and Chiaradia-Bousquet, J.-P. (1995): Pesti- Abrahamsen, W.G. (1989): Plant-Animal Interactions; cide Registration Legislation; Food and Agriculture McGraw-Hill; New York; USA Organisation (FAO) Legislative Study No. 51; Rome; D’Abrera, B. (1986): Sphingidae Mundi: Hawk Moths of Italy the World; E.W. Classey; London; UK Barbosa, P. and Schulz, J.C., (eds.) (1987): Insect D’Abrera, B. (19903): Butterflies of the Australian Outbreaks; Academic Press; San Diego; USA Region; Landsowne Press; Melbourne; Australia Barbosa, P. and Wagner, M.R. (1989): Introduction to Ackery, P.R. (ed.) (1988): The Biology of Butterflies; Forest and Shade Tree Insects; Academic Press; San Princeton University press; Princeton; USA Diego; USA Adey, M., Walker P. and Walker P.T. (1986): Pest Barlow, H.S. (1982): An Introduction to the Moths of Control safe for Bees: A Manual and Directory for the South East Asia; Malaysian Nature Society; Kuala Tropics and Subtropics; International Bee Research Lumpur; Malaysia; Distributor: E.W. Classey; Association; Bucks; UK Farrington; P.O. Box 93; Oxon; SN 77 DR 46; UK Agricultural Requisites Scheme for Asia and the Pacific, Barrass, R. (1974): The Locust: A Guide for Laboratory South Pacific Commission (ARSAP/CIRAD/SPC) Practical Work; Heinemann Educational Books; (1994): Regional Agro-Pesticide Index; Vol. 1 & 2; London; UK Bangkok; Thailand Barrett, C. and Burns, A.N. (1951): Butterflies of Alcorn, J.B. (ed.) (1993): Papua New Guinea Conser- Australia and New Guinea; Seward; Melbourne; vation Needs Assessment; Vol.
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