Organized by: AMP Isola di Ustica Associazione Italiana per lo Studio del Quaternario – AIQUA Associazione Italiana Geografia Fisica e Geomorfologia - AIGEO Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze, Università di Trieste (Italy) ENEA, Rome (Italy) Dipartimento Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Università di Palermo (Italy) Università di Catania (Italy) Laboratorio Museo Scienze della Terra, Ustica (Italy)
Organizing commitee: Salvatore Livreri Console, AMP Isola di Ustica, Franco Foresta Martin, Laboratorio Museo Scienze della Terra, Ustica, Fabrizio Antonioli ENEA, Stefano Furlani UniTS, Eleonora De Sabata Medsharks
Editors: Stefano Furlani, Fabrizio Antonioli
“GeoSUB – Underwater geology” – Ustica, 13-17 September 2016
University of Catania
IGCP 639
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
Fabrizio Antonioli (ENEA-UTMEA, Roma, Italy), Renato Chemello (University of Palermo, Italy), Francesco Chiocci (University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Italy), Eleonora De Sabata (Medshark), Luigi Ferranti (University of Napoli, Italy), Stefano Furlani (University of Trieste, Italy), Franco Foresta Martin (Laboratorio Museo di Scienze della Terra, Ustica, Italy), Giuseppe Mastronuzzi (University of Bari, Italy), Carmelo Monaco (University of Catania, Italy), Paolo Orrù (University of Cagliari, Italy), Giovanni Scicchitano (Studio Geologi Associati T.S.T. – University of Catania), Attilio Sulli (University of Palermo, Italy), Sebastiano Tusa (Archaeological Superintencence of the Sea, Sicily, Italy)
2 “GeoSUB – Underwater geology” – Ustica, 13-17 September 2016
PROGRAM
13th SEPTEMBER 2016 – First day
16.00-20.00. Registration
14th SEPTEMBER 2016 – Second day
8.45-9.05. Opening of the Conference
9.05‐9.20. Presentation of GeoSUB 2016
SESSIONS
IMPORTANT: ORAL PRESENTATIONS: ALLOTTED TIME IS 20 MINUTES (17+3). When time expires, presentations will be closed.
9.20‐11.00 – Planning and management of scientific data for MPAs
Conveners: S. Livreri Console (AMP Isola di Ustica); F. Foresta Martin (Laboratorio Scienze della Terra, Ustica)
Di Trapani F.: FIRST RECORD OF THE ALIEN ALGAE CAULERPA CYLINDRACEA (SONDERS) IN THE MEDITERRANEAN MARINE PROTECTED AREA OF USTICA ISLAND (TYRRHENIAN SEA, ITALY). Ongaro A.E., Manno G., Liguori V.: MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT OF THE USTICA COASTS (SICILY-ITALY). D'Agostaro R., Patti Genovese P., Franzitta G., Donati S., Chemello R.: MONITORING THE PROTECTED SPECIES OF MPA OF EGADI ISLANDS TO ACHIEVE THE GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS (GES). HOW TO REACH THIS GOAL?
3 “GeoSUB – Underwater geology” – Ustica, 13-17 September 2016
Taviani M., Angeletti L., Cardone F., Oliveri E., Danovaro R.: DEEP-SEA HABITATS AND ASSOCIATED MEGAFAUNAL DIVERSITY IN THE DOHRN CANYON (GULF OF NAPLES, MEDITERRANEAN SEA): FIRST INSIGHTS FROM A ROV SURVEY. Borzì L., Costanzo L., Mòllica E., Di Stefano A.: GIS (GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM) SOFTWARE: NEW TOOLS TO ASSESS THE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF CYCLOPEAN ISLANDS AND MANAGE SCIENTIFIC DATA.
11:00-11:20 – Coffee break
11.20‐13.20 - Environment accountability and ecosystem services
Conveners: R. Chemello (University of Palermo); P. Franzese (University of Naples “La Parthenope”)
Franzese P.P.: ACCOUNTING FOR NATURAL CAPITAL AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN MARINE PROTECTED AREAS Vassallo P., Paoli C., Buonocore E., Franzese P.P., Russo G., Povero P.: NATURAL CAPITAL EVALUATION: A SYSTEM APPROACH FOR MARINE PROTECTED AREAS. Paoli C., Vassallo P., Massa F., Dapueto G., Fanciulli G., Scarpellini P., Povero P.: UNDERWATER IMAGERY AS A COMPLEMENTARY TOOL IN BENTHIC HABITATS DESCRIPTION. Buonocore E., Franzese P.P., Russo G.F.: ACCOUNTING FOR THE BIOPHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC VALUE OF NATURAL CAPITAL IN MARINE PROTECTED AREAS: TWO CASE STUDIES IN SOUTHERN ITALY Picone F., D’Agostaro R., Buonocore E., Franzese P.P., Donati S., Chemello R.: NATURAL CAPITAL ASSESSMENT AND CONSERVATION PLANNING: THE CASE OF THE EGADI ISLANDS MARINE PROTECTED AREA Toscano F., Alongi G., Borzì L., Costanzo L., Mòllica E., Di Stefano A.: ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING IN THE MPA "CICLOPI ISLANDS", ACI CASTELLO, CATANIA: A REVIEW.
13:20-14:40 - Lunch break
14:40-17.00 - Paleogeographic reconstructions and coastal monitoring using remote survey solutions (AUV/UAV)
Conveners: G. Scicchitano (Studio Geologi Associati T.S.T. – University of Catania); M. De Marchis (University UniKore of Enna)
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Tusa S., Fresina A., Oliveri F., 2, Lena G., La Motta C.: MARINE DRONE TECHNOLOGY FOR PHOENICIAN MOTYA. La Marca E.C., D’Argenio A., Fazio C., Chemello R.: REMOTELY PILOTED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS (RPAS) APPLICATION FOR STRUCTURE DESCRIPTION OF MEDITERRANEAN VERMETID REEFS. Feo R., Pampalone V., Campo R, Scicchitano G., Di Bella G., De Marchis M.: AUV SURVEY USEFUL TO MONITOR THE ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT OF A SUBMERGED PIPELINE LOCATED IN THE GULF OF PALERMO (SICILY) Anzidei M., Stramondo S., Bignami C., Brunori C.A., Civico R., Montuori A., Moro M., Pizzimenti L., Polcari M., Serpelloni E., Vecchio A.: RELATIVE SEA LEVEL CHANGES ALONG THE COAST OF ROME (ITALY) FROM INSAR AND GROUND BASED DATA: DRIVERS AND FLOODING SCENARIOS FOR 2100 Casella E., Harris D., Parravicini V., Mann T., Collin A., Lorscheid T., Jayson-Quashigah P.N., Mensah-Senoo T., Appeaning-Addo K., Drechsel, J., Rovere A.: LOW ALTITUDE REMOTE SURVEY OF COASTAL AREAS USING DRONES: SOME APPLICATIONS D’Alessandro A., Bottari C., Capizzi P., Cavallaro D., Cocchi L., Costanza A., Coltelli M., D’Anna G., D’Anna R., Fagiolini A., Fertitta G., Martorana R., Passafiume G., Speciale S., Vitale G.: ROVER PROJECT: DEVELOPING TOOLS FOR SHALLOW WATER GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION. Anzidei M., Tarascio S., De Guidi G., Monaco C., Barreca G., Scicchitano G., Vecchio A.: COASTAL RETREAT AND MARINE FLOODING SCENARIO FOR 2100: A CASE STUDY BETWEEN PLEMMIRIO AND OGNINA (SICILY).
17:00-17:20 – Coffee break
17.20-18.20 - Palaeo-sea-level markers since the Last Glacial Maximum on the Mediterranean shelves: geomorphic, sedimentologic and stratigraphic evidence
Convener: F.L. Chiocci (University “La Sapienza”, Rome); A. Sulli (University of Palermo); C. Monaco (University of Catania)
Donnici S., Baradello L., Bergamasco A., Carol E., Da Lio C., Franchi F., Lorenzetti G., Manfè G., Mazzoli C., Montagna P., Taviani M., Teatini P., Tosi L., Zaggia L., Zecchin M.: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO INVESTIGATE BIO-CONCRETIONNED ROCKY OUTCROPS (TEGNÙE) OF THE MARINE PROTECTED AREA OFFSHORE CHIOGGIA, NORTHERN ADRIATIC SHELF Distefano S., Baldassini N., Barreca G., Gamberi F., Di Stefano A.: OFF-SHORE SEISMIC PROFILES (SPARKER SYSTEM) AND ON-SHORE STRATIGRAPHIC-STRUCTURAL CORRELATION IN THE LAMPEDUSA AREA (CENTRAL SICILY CHANNEL, MEDITERREAN SEA).
5 “GeoSUB – Underwater geology” – Ustica, 13-17 September 2016
Barreca G., Corradino M., Cultrera F., Meccariello M., Ferranti L., Monaco C., Pepe F.: HIGH- RESOLUTION SEISMIC SURVEY IN THE WESTERN CALABRIA AND EASTERN SICILY OFFSHORE: IMPLICATIONS WITH VERTICAL TECTONICS.
18.20-19.40 - Citizen science opportunities for marine science
Conveners: Eleonora de Sabata (MedSharks), Simona Clò (MedSharks) de Sabata E., Balistreri P., Clò S.: OSSERVATORIO MEDITERRANEO, MEDITERRANEAN OBSERVATORY: RESULTS FROM 20 YEARS OF A MARINE CITIZEN SCIENCE PROJECTS IN ITALY. Mannino A.M., Broglio E., Tomas F., Donati S., Balistreri P.: CITIZEN SCIENCE PROJECTS FOR MONITORING ALIEN MACROPHYTES Zampardi S., Licandro P., Piraino S., Boero F.: INDIGENOUS AND NON INDIGENOUS SPECIES ALONG THE ITALIAN COASTS: JELLYFISH RECORDS FROM A “CITIZEN SCIENCE” APPROACH. D'Agostaro R., Donati S., Chemello R.: MONITORING STAKEHOLDERS PROFILE, USING CITIZEN SCIENCES, COULD BE USEFUL TO THE MANAGEMENT OF A PROTECTED AREA? THE EGADI ISLANDS CASE OF STUDY
15th SEPTEMBER 2016 – Third day
9.00‐11.40 - Maritime archaeology and sea level changes
Convener: S. Tusa (Soprintendenza del Mare); R. La Rocca (Soprintendenza del Mare)
Kolaiti E., Mourtzas, N.: HIGH RATES OF RELATIVE SEA LEVEL CHANGE IN THE RIO-ANTIRIO STRAIT (GREECE) BASED ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL INDICATORS. Mourtzas N., Kolaiti E., Anzidei M.: PALAEOGEOGRAPHIC RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ROMAN HARBOUR OF IERAPETRA ON THE SE COAST OF CRETE ISLAND (GREECE). Foresta Martin F.: THE BLACK GLASS THAT CAME FROM THE SEA. Mourtzas N., Kolaiti E., Anzidei M.: PALAEOGEOGRAPHIC RECONSTRUCTION OF THE HELLENISTIC-ROMAN HARBOUR OF LASAIA ON THE SOUTH COAST OF CENTRAL CRETE (GREECE) IN RELATION WITH THE LATE HOLOCENE SEA LEVEL CHANGES. Stefanile M.: UNDERWATER RESEARCHES IN THE ROMAN VILLAE MARITTIMAE ON THE THYRRENIAN COAST OF ITALY.
6 “GeoSUB – Underwater geology” – Ustica, 13-17 September 2016
Capulli M., Fontana A., Vis G.J.: GROUNDWATER-FED STREAMS AS REMARKABLE POTENTIAL RECORDS FOR RIVERINE ARCHAEOLOGY AND HOLOCENE SEA-LEVEL CHANGES: THE STELLA RIVER IN FRIULI (NE ITALY). Antonioli F., Merizzi J., Tusa S., Lo Presti V., Quarta G., Calcagnile L.: A NEW HYPOTHESIS OF MEDITERRANEAN NAVIGATION BASED ON THE FOSSIL DEPOSIT INSIDE THE GROTTA DEL TUONO (MARETTIMO ISLAND, ITALY). Tusa S., La Rocca R., Spanu P.G., Anzidei M.: RECENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN LIPARI HARBOUR.
11:40-12:00 – Coffee break
12.00‐13.40 - Submarine and coastal morphodynamics: new legends and thematic mapping.
Conveners: M.A. Baldassarre (University “La Sapienza”, Rome); S. Devoto (University of Trieste); L. Mucerino (University of Genova); D. Piacentini (University of Urbino); G. Mastronuzzi (University of Bari)
Fago P., Quarta G., Calcagnile L., De Martini P.M., Milella M., Pantosti D., Piscitelli A., Sansò P., Smedile A., Mastronuzzi G.: 14C DATING AND BOULDERS DEPOSITS ALONG THE ROCKY COAST OF THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA: A REVIEW. Biolchi S., Furlani S., Boccali C., Devoto S., Ninfo A., Zavagno E.: STORM WAVE DEPOSITS IN SOUTHERN ISTRIA (NORTHERN CROATIA). Valenzano E., De Giosa F., D'Onghia M., Saccotelli G., Capolongo D., Lisco S., Moretti M., Mastronuzzi G.: MORPHOLOGY OF THE KARST SUBMARINE SPRING OF THE MAR GRANDE (TARANTO) AND EVIDENCE OF RECENT EROSIONAL ACTIVITY. Fago P., Bonarelli R., Coppini G., Lecci R., Milella M., Piscitelli A., Sansò P., Mastronuzzi G.: THE WEBGIS ON THE SEA STORM OF THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN: A DATASET FOR COASTAL DYNAMICS KNOWLEDGE. Furlani S., Antonioli F., Biolchi S., Devoto S., Piacentini D., Troiani F., Menichetti M., Nesci O.: GEOSWIM AT MONTE CONERO: RESULTS FROM SWIM SURVEYS. Cappadonia C., Sulli A., Sorci G.: MULTIDISCIPLINARY ANALYSIS OF THE ELEUTERIO RIVER BASIN AND THE FACING COASTAL SYSTEM (NORTHERN SICILY). AN ATTEMPT OF ASSESSMENT OF LONG- SHORE MORPHODYNAMIC EVOLUTION.
13:40-14:40 - Lunch break
7 “GeoSUB – Underwater geology” – Ustica, 13-17 September 2016
14.40‐16.00 - Challenges in diving and cave diving: exploration and research.
Convener: L. Casati (Speleosub); S. Furlani (University of Trieste); S. Biolchi (University of Trieste)
Bonaga G.: IL "COMPLESSO CARSICO DEL SUPRAMONTE ORIENTALE”. Furlani S., Biolchi S., Antonioli F., Venturini E.: A DATABASE OF THE SEA CAVES IN THE CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN. Giaccone T., Giaccone G.: SEDIMENTARY AND PALEOECOLOGICAL RESEARCHES OF CIRCALITTORAL SOFT-BOTTOMS OF USTICA ISLAND (PALERMO, SOUTHERN TYRRHENIAN SEA): EXPLORATION OF UNDERWATER ENVIRONMENT OF RHODOLITH BEDS. Antonioli F., Busetti A., Furlani S., Verrubbi V., Quarta G., Calcagnile L., Donati S.: FIRST RADIOCARBON DATA FROM A PHREATIC SPELEOTHEM SAMPLED AT -0.3 M AT FAVIGNANA (EGADI ISLANDS, ITALY). Leonardi R.: UNDERWATER ENVIRONMENT EXPLORATIONS: THE CASE STUDY OF THE MARGIONE CAVE (RG). Cavallaro D., Coltelli M.: DISCOVERING A VERY ACTIVE FAULT OFF POZZILLO COAST OFFSETTING THE UNDERWATER EXTENSION OF THE MT. ILICE HISTORICAL LAVA FLOW (ETNA VOLCANO, ITALY).
16.00‐19.20 - Relative sea-level changes in the coastal and underwater area based on geomorphological, sedimentological and biological markers.
Convener: F. Antonioli (ENEA-SSTP MET CLIM), L. Ferranti (University of Napoli), F. Pepe (University of Palermo)
Mourtzas N., Kolaiti E., Anzidei M.: SEA LEVEL CHANGES IN THE FOREARC RIDGE OF THE HELLENIC SUBDUCTION ZONE DURING THE LATE HOLOCENE: THE CRETE ISLAND (GREECE). Antonioli F., Palombo M.R., Lo Presti V., Mannino M., Orru P.: HOMO SAPIENS AND SOME MAMMAL DISPERSION IN SICILY AND SARDINIA. Hillare-Marcel C., Ghaleb B., Ruiz-Fernandez A.C., Joan Albert Sanchez-Cabeza J.A.: DOCUMENTING SEDIMENTATION RATES AND EXTREME SEDIMENTOLOGICAL EVENTS FROM 228TH-228RA-232TH DISEQUILIBRIA IN SHALLOW COASTAL SEDIMENTS.
17:00-17:20 – Coffee break
8 “GeoSUB – Underwater geology” – Ustica, 13-17 September 2016
Mastronuzzi G., Cucinelli M., Fiorentino G., Maggiulli G., Milella M., Piscitelli A., Primavera M., Simone O., Scarano T., Spada I.,Spisso N.: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL 3D RECONSTRUCTION OF THE STATE NATURAL RESERVE AND MARINE PROTECTED AREA OF TORRE GUACETO (BRINDISI, ITALY). Ferranti L., Burrato P., Forlano S., Meccariello M., Pepe F.: MID-LATE QUATERNARY RSL CHANGES AND VERTICAL TECTONIC MOTION BETWEEN MAZARA AND SELINUNTE (SW SICILY): ONLAND TO OFFSHORE CORRELATION. Mourtzas N., Kolaiti E.: LATE HOLOCENE RELATIVE SEA LEVEL CHANGES IN THE BACKARC AREA OF THE HELLENIC SUBDUCTION ZONE: THE NORTH CYCLADIC ARCHIPELAGO (GREECE). Antonioli F., Anzidei M., Ferranti L., Furlani S., Orru P., Deiana G.: PRECISE MEASURE OF MIS 5.5 TIDAL NOTCHES IN TECTONICALLY STABLE COAST IN CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN SEA: IMPLICATION FOR GIA. Sanna L., Uda M., Pascucci V.: PAST SEA-LEVEL MARKERS ALONG THE COASTAL KARST CLIFF OF NORTH SARDINIA (ITALY). De Vita S., Foresta Martin F.: EXPLOSIVE SUBAQUEOUS ERUPTIONS IN THE INSHORE OF THE USTICA ISLAND AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS WITH SEA-LEVEL VARIATIONS IN THE PAST 500 KY.
16th SEPTEMBER 2016 – Fourth day
9.00‐9.40 - Relative sea-level changes in the coastal and underwater area based on geomorphological, sedimentological and biological markers.
Sanna L.: FROM WATER TO LAND AND BACK: SUBMERGED LANDSCAPES IN THE MARINE CAVE OF BERGEGGI (LIGURIA). Antonioli F., Anzidei M., Trainito E., Lo Presti V., Scicchitano G. Spampinato C., Furlani S.: ANOMALOUS MULTI-ORIGIN MARINE NOTCH SITES: THREE CASE STUDIES IN THE CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN. Anzidei M.: THE AUGUST 24, 2016, M=6.0 CENTRAL ITALY EARTHQUAKE: A FIRST SYNTHESYS. Antonioli F., Furlani S., Mastronuzzi G.: WE SAW THINGS THAT YOU PEOPLE COULD NOT EVEN IMAGINE…
9 “GeoSUB – Underwater geology” – Ustica, 13-17 September 2016
Posters will be taken during the entire duration of the conference
POSTERS
Piacentini D., Menichetti M., Nesci O., Troiani F., Cavitolo P., Roccheggiani M., Tirincanti E., Antonioli F., Biolchi S., Devoto S., Furlani S.: GEOMORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE ANCONA COASTAL CLIFFS (ADRIATIC SEA, ITALY). Vacchi M., Biolchi S., Harris D., Rovere A., Scicchitano G. and the Medflood Team: MEDFLOOD- MOPP, MODELLING PALEO-PROCESSES. TOWARDS A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE PALEO COASTAL HAZARD AND THE ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES USED IN THE ANTIQUITIES TO SETTLE ON THE COAST.
Gaglianone G., Brandano M.: SEDIMENTARY FACIES OF ATROPICAL SEAGRASS: INSIGHT FROM THE MALE SOUTH ATOLL (REPUBLIC OF MALDIVES). Gaglianone G.: NEARSHORE BEDFORMS OF TYRRHENIAN EMBAYED MICRO POCKET BEACH (MARATEA, BASILICATA, SOUTHERN ITALY).
The field-trip around the island will start after the end of the last communication
10 “GeoSUB – Underwater geology” – Ustica, 13-17 September 2016
ABSTRACTS OF ORAL AND POSTER PRESENTATIONS (alphabetical order)
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HOMO SAPIENS AND SOME MAMMAL DISPERSION IN SICILY AND SARDINIA 1Antonioli F., 2Palombo M.R., 2Lo Presti V., 3Mannino M., 4Orrù P.
1ENEA, Casaccia, Laboratory climate modelling and impact, Roma 2Department of Earth Sciences, University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy 3Department of Archaeology, School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, Højbjerg, Denmark; 4Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
The time and mode of human dispersal onto Mediterranean islands is a hotly debated question. A multidisciplinary approach combining palaeogeographical reconstructions with biological and archeological evidence is of crucial importance to acquire information on island colonization by Homo sapiens during the Late Pleistocene. New evidence from Sicily and Sardinia, also using scuba dive and marine geology data demonstrates that, despite being present in the Italian peninsula at least from 43 ka BP, H. sapiens reached the two largest Mediterranean islands no earlier than the LGM. During the Late Pleistocene, a submerged Sill in the Strait of Messina connected Sicily to Europe. Geological, stratigraphic and oceanographic data suggest that the bridge emerged for at least 1,500 years between 21.5 and 20 ka cal BP. This hypothesis is supported by a radiocarbon date on an Equus hydruntinus specimen from San Teodoro cave 21 ka cal BP and archaeological data suggesting that H. sapiens did not arrive to Sicily much earlier than 17.5 ka cal BP. The Egadi Islands, off western Sicily, were not colonized before then either by humans or by terrestrial animals with poor swimming ability. The hypothesis of a Mid-Pleistocene dispersal on Sardinia by hominins is questionable. H. sapiens remains have been found in early Holocene deposits at Corbeddu cave and S Omu e S Orku respectively 8.7 and 8.5 ka BP, while further evidence is required to support the hypothesis of a presence during the LGM. We studied a human tooth from Dragonara cave, and a reappraisal of the geological-environmental, confirming with new radiocarbon ages an early Neolithic occupation (7.3 ka BP) of the Portoconte bay.
Fig. 1: Palaeogeographical evolution of the Porto Conte Bay from 20 ka to the present-days. a) the palaeoplain during lgm 22 ka cal BP, about 16 of coastal pain rich of aeolian sediments.b) the coastline at 11.7 ka cal BP when deer walking on the stretto terrace below Punta Giglio promontory reach the Cervi Cave climbing the ridge of fig 16. c) Paleocoastline at 7.4 ka cal BP, during early Neolithic period. d) Present coastline.
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ANOMALOUS MULTI-ORIGIN MARINE NOTCH SITES: THREE CASE STUDIES IN THE CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN 1Antonioli F. 2Anzidei M., 3Trainito E., 4Lo Presti V., 5Scicchitano G. 6Spampinato C., 7Furlani S.
1ENEA, Casaccia, Laboratory climate modelling and impact, Roma 2INGV, Rome, Italy 3Naturalist, Italy 4Department of Earth Sciences, University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy 5Studio Geologi Associati T.S.T., Catania, Italy 6PortableLab geology & engineering s.r.l. Academic spin-off University of Catania, Italy 7Department of Mathematics and Geosciences, University of Trieste, Italy
We present and discuss the genesis, age and evolution of indented landforms carved at sea level in correspondence of carbonatic headlands in three sites of the central Mediterranean coasts, between Marseille (France) and Balzi Rossi (Italy), the island of Tavolara (Sardinia, Italy) and the promontory of Tindari (Sicily, Italy). These landforms can be referred to tidal notch shapes, despite their genesis and morphometric parameters are different from those studied by numerous Authors for the central Mediterranean area. Two of these sites are located in tectonically stable areas, while the third falls in an uplifting area. Those we investigated along the coast of southern France, are Present day submerged notch-type landforms located in the vicinities of current tidal notches. At Tavolara island, these landforms have the shape of "mushroom- type notches" and are placed at about 25 m b.s.l. we propose to relate at MIS 5.3. Finally, those investigated along the metamorphic-carbonatic promontory of Tindari, are marine and abrasional notches, that have been uplifted, likely during the late Holocene.
Fig. 1: Tavolara island photo tables: a) the Cala Cicale mushroom notch. b) the Cala Cicale mushroom notch. c) measuring width of the Cala Cicale mushroom notch. Tavolara island a present day mushroom notch. e) Tavolara island the fossil (MIS 5.5) and present day tidal notch.
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PRECISE MEASURES OF MIS 5.5 TIDAL NOTCHES IN TECTONICALLY STABLE COAST IN CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN SEA: IMPLICATION FOR GIA 1Antonioli F., 2Anzidei M., 3Furlani S., 4Ferranti L., 5Orru P., 5Deiana G.
1ENEA, Casaccia, Laboratory climate modelling and impact, Roma 2INGV, Rome, Italy 3Department of Mathematics and Geosciences, University of Trieste, Italy 4Department of Earth Sciences, University of Naples, Rome, Italy 5 Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
Careful measurement of the Present day tidal notch geometry coupled to quantitative and qualitative investigation of processes occurring at the intertidal zone in the central Mediterranean Sea has revealed that the genesis of the notch is, rather than the effect of a single mechanism, the result of several processes that concur with different rates to the lowering of the cliff (Antonioli et al., 2015). Fossil tidal notches in Mediterranean sea (with microtidal condition) are one of the best (or the best) sea level marker. In some coastal areas, despite the dissolution rates on limestones (mean of about 0.02 mm/yr; Furlani et al., 2009) the MIS 5.5 (aged well with Senegalese fauna deposit at 500 meters) survived because covered by aeolianites. As regard Mediterranean sea there are many problems about the GIA model- calculation for MIS 5.5, for this motive we measured very precisely the base of fossil tidal notch with respect to the base of the Present rut (present sea level, see Fig. 1) or when the cliff are not vertical we used dgps and total station, corrected with local tide. We have operated these measures in 20 sites in the central Mediterranean. The rates vary from 2.12 to 11.52 meters on sea level all measures was taken in stable areas. Based on these measures we will be propose an innovative geophysical mechanisms (GIA + tectonic) related to the Mediterranean coast.
Fig. 1: Measuring the MIS 5.5 fossil tidal notch at Orosei gulf (Sardinia)
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References ANTONIOLI F., V. LO PRESTI, M. ANZIDEI, G.. DEIANA, E. DE SABATA, L. FERRANTI, S. FURLANI, G. MASTRONUZZI , P. E. ORRU, R. PAGLIARULO, A. ROVERE, G. SANNINO, P. SANSÒ, G. SCICCHITANO, C. R. SPAMPINATO, M. VACCHI , A. VECCHIO (2015). Tidal notches in Mediterranean sea: a comprehensive analysis. Quaternary Science review. Quaternary Science Reviews 119, 66-84. FURLANI S., CUCCHI F., FORTI F., ROSSI A. (2009). Comparison between coastal and inland Karst limestone lowering rates in the northeastern Adriatic Region (Italy and Croatia). Geomorphology, 104, 73-81.
FIRST RADIOCARBON DATA FROM A PHREATIC SPELEO SAMPLED 30 CM BELOW SEA LEVEL AT FAVIGNANA ISLAND (TRAPANI, ITALY) 1Antonioli F., 2Busetti A., 2Furlani S., 1Verrubbi V., 3Quarta G., 3Calcagnile L., 4Donati S.
1ENEA, Casaccia, Laboratory climate modelling and impact, Roma 2Department of Mathematics and Geosciences, University of Trieste, Italy 3Centre for Dating and Diagnostics (CEDAD), Department of Mathematics and Physics-University of Salento, Lecce, Italy 4AMP Egadi
We sampled and analized a composite speleothem showing together continental, marine and phreatic facies (see Figure 1) in a little cave in the Favignana island. The speleothem show a portion emerged with a carbonatic karstic facies brown coloured, and a white carbonate facies that show phreatic genesis 10 cm thik at -30 cm. Between the two different facies we also noted and analized a marine overgrowth (serpulids). The island is tectonically stable (last interglacia fossil deposit between 5 and 10 metres. The analisis of carbonatic karst give an age of 19 ka, the marine overgrowth of 1,450 ka cal BP and the last phreatic layr presently submerged of 0.72 ka cal yr BP. E' questo un risultato molto interessante relativo al livello del mare degli ultimi 800 anni, dati del genere sono molto pochi nel Mediterraneo This is an interesting result concerning sea level chenge for the last 700 years, due to the fact that s.l. data are very scarce in the Mediterranean (Toker et al 2013, Pagliarulo et al 2013, Antonioli et al 2016). The relative sea level at Favignana 0.7 ka BP was at about -30 cm, this value is in agreement with sea level prediction (Lambeck et al 2011, about 5 centimetres over sea-level curve.
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Fig 1: A section of the speleothem sampled at Favignana. 1) Continental layer; 2) Marine overgrowth; 3) Phreatic layer.
References ANTONIOLI F., MOURTZAS N., ANZIDEI M., AURIEMMA R., GALILI E. Y. KOLAITI E., LO PRESTI V., MASTRONUZZI G., SCICCHITANO G., SPAMPINATO C., VACCHI M., VECCHIO A., submitted. Millstone quarries along the Mediterranean coast: Chronology, morphological variability and relationships with past sea levels QUATINT_2016_152. LAMBECK K, ANTONIOLI F., ANZIDEI M., FERRANTI L., LEONI G., SCICCHITANO G., SILENZI S. 2011. Sea level change along italian coast during Holocene and a proiection for the future Quat. Int. 232,1- 2, 250-257 doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.04.026. PAGLIARULO R., ANTONIOLI F., ANZIDEI M. 2012. Sea Level Changes since the Middle Ages along the Coast of the Adriatic Sea: the Case of St. Nicholas Basilica, Bari, Southern Italy. Quarernary International, 2012 Sea Level Changes since the Middle Ages along the Coast of the Adriatic Sea: the Case of St. Nicholas Basilica, Bari, Southern Italy. Quat. Int. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.01.011. TOKER, E., SIVAN, D., STERN, E., SHIRMAN, B., TSIMPLIS, M., SPADA, G. 2011. Evidence for centennial scale sea level variability during the Medieval Climate Optimum (Crusader Period) in Israel, eastern Mediterranean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 315-316, 51-61.
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THE GROTTA DEL TUONO (MARETTIMO ISLAND) FOSSIL DEPOSIT AND NEW HYPOTESIS OF NAVIGATION 1Antonioli F., 2Merizzi J., 3Tusa S., 4Lo Presti V., 5Quarta G., 5Calcagnile L.
1ENEA, Casaccia, Laboratory climate modelling and impact, Roma 2Alpine Guide 3Soprintendenza del Mare, Regione Sicilia, Palermo, Italy 4Department of Earth Sciences, University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy 5Centre for Dating and Diagnostics (CEDAD), Department of Mathematics and Physics-University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
We sampled and studied a 30 meters above sea level fossil deposit in the Tuono cave (SE coast of Marettimo, Egadi, Sicily). The outcrop (partially eroded) consists of reddish coarse sands not well cemented containing some bones and a deer jaw with many teeth in excellent condition (Fig X). The fossils are protruding from the sand because the outcrop is eroded at the bottom of the cave by the sea. The fossiliferous sand contains also some Patella Cerulea shells, the fossiliferous sand are on the roof of a well- cemented continental breccia that, in our reconstruction, filled the cave when the sea level was lower than today. As regards the results we provide a radiocarbon age to the Patellae and a tooth the analyses gave the same age: about 8.6 ka cal BP (late Mesolithic). At the light of the importance of these ages we aged (with a different 14C method, using the collagen) a second tooth. But the age was older. We are now discussing the reasons for this and we will provide a new age on last sample. We have interpreted the Patellae shells as a food remain together with the deer tooth, and this would imply an important and novel interpretation for the history of seafaring that for the Mediterranean sea seems to have started with the Neolithic (Mannino et al 2015).
Fig 1: Climbing for study the sample on the Grotta del Tuono at Marettimo and the deer teeths (red arrow).
References MANNINO M.A. (2015). The question of voyaging by foragers who lived in the central Mediterranean. Eurasian Prehistory, 11 (1–2): 165–184.
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COASTAL RETREAT AND MARINE FLOODING SCENARIO FOR 2100: A CASE STUDY BETWEEN PLEMMIRIO AND OGNINA (SICILY) 1Anzidei M., 2Tarascio S., 3De Guidi G., 3Monaco C., 3Barreca G., 3Scicchitano G. 4Vecchio A.
1Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Italy 2Studio Geologi Associati T.S.T., Via Galliano 157, Misterbianco (Ct), Italy 3Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Catania, Italy 4LESIA-Observatoire de Paris, France
The availability of very high resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEM), represent a main tool for hazards analysis and landscape morphology evolution. During the past years DEMs have been traditionally generated by aerial photogrammetric surveys from aircrafts, providing accurate results by at high costs. The recent developments of ultra-light Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) open new opportunities on the acquisition of high resolution topographic data from low altitude flights. Therefore acquisition and mapping activities are more cost effective compared to traditional aerial vehicles for airborne based surveys. Here we show results from rapid UAV surveys performed in two nearby areas of the coast between Plemmirio peninsula and Ognina (Sicily), allowing us to obtain the first ultra-high resolution DEM for this area. This coast is part of a tectonically stable region along the vertical for the last 124 ka BP, as inferred from the elevation of the MIS 5.5 terraces. Anyway, during the last decades GPS data and GIA models indicate a diffuse subsidence at rates up to 1 mm/yr. Since this area is undergoing to coastal retreat, land flooding and is exposed to severe storms associated with high-waves, also in consequence of the global sea level rise, we provided a detailed marine flooding scenario for 2100, as generated from: i) high resolution DTM, ii) rate of land subsidence from GPS data and iii) predicted sea level projections from the IPCC Reports (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) and the Veermer and Rahmstorf (2009) dual model. Results should be considered by land managers for a cognizant land management.
References VEERMER M., RAHMSTORF S. (2009). Global sea level linked to global temperature. PNAS, 106, 51, 21527-21532 INTERNATIONAL PANEL CLIMATE CHANGE. Fifth Assessment Report, 2014 (www.ipcc.ch).
RELATIVE SEA LEVEL CHANGES ALONG THE COAST OF ROME (ITALY) FROM INSAR AND GROUND BASED DATA: DRIVERS AND FLOODING SCENARIOS FOR 2100 Anzidei M. 1, Stramondo S. 1, Bignami C. 1, Brunori C. A. 1, Civico R. 1, Montuori A. 1, Moro M. 1, Pizzimenti L. 1, Polcari M. 1, Serpelloni E. 1, Vecchio A. 2
1Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Italy 2LESIA-Observatoire de Paris, France
Since the last century sea level is rising at unprecedent rates with respect to the last millennia. In the average, the Oceans are rising at 3.2 mm/yr, while the Mediterranean at 1.8 mm/yr. In the latter region, vertical tectonic movements play a key role to locally increasing the rates of sea level rise, especially along
18 “GeoSUB – Underwater geology” – Ustica, 13-17 September 2016 subsiding coasts, threating coastal infrastructures, heritage sites and cities. The Global Geodetic Observation System (GGOS), is supporting the observation of the natural and anthropogenic coastal changes and, in combination with the IPCC Reports (2014) on of climate change predictions, can be provided marine flooding scenarios for the next decades. With this goal, we have investigated the densely populated coast near Rome, between Fiumicino and Ostia, which is characterized by low elevated coasts, the mouth of Tiber river and important infrastructures, like harbors and the international airport of Fiumicino. We used and analyzed the available time series of InSAR, GPS and tide gauge data to estimate the rates of land subsidence and sea level trend, to provide the relative sea level rise for this coast up to 2100. Here we show results for two estimated scenarios: i) regional sea level projections of the IPCC for the RCP-4.5 and RCP 8.5 (2014) models and ii) the Veermer and Rahmstorf (2009) dual model. For the most severe scenario, our analysis indicate that a broad area will be flooded by 2100.
References VEERMER M., RAHMSTORF S. (2009). Global sea level linked to global temperature. PNAS, 106, 51, 21527-21532 INTERNATIONAL PANEL CLIMATE CHANGE. Fifth Assessment Report, 2014 (www.ipcc.ch).
A NEW PROPOSAL OF COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MAPPING: THE CASE STUDY OF TIBER DELTA 1Baldassarre M.A., 1Bellotti P., Davoli L., 1Raffi R., 1Tarragoni C.
1Earth Science Department – Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
This work has been carried out in the framework of the Working Group (WG) “Coastal Morphodynamics” of the Italian Association of Physical Geography and Geomorphology (AIGeo), in the wider context of AIGEO cooperation with the Institute for the Protection and Environmental Research (ISPRA) for the updating of the legend for the “Geomorphological Map of Italy”. The legend has been particularly addressed to coastal zoning of geomorphological hazard and risk situations to support land planning and management. The legend has been down to provide information about the morphological characteristics at small and great detail. The proposed legend represents an upgrade of that one used since the 1994 By “Servizio Geologico Nazionale”. On the basis of the activities and experiences carried out by the “Coastal Morphodynamics” AIGeo WG, During the last year some examples of coastal geomorphological mapping at different scale (1:5.000 - And 1:25.000) are performed. They have been addressed particularly to the problems both of littoral plain and rocky coast dynamics and to the interactions with anthropic interventions. The tested area on this paper is a part of the wave dominated cuspate Tiber River delta. The delta has two distributary channels: the main one (Fiumara Grande) discharges the 80% of the whole liquid and solid load; the secondary one (Canale Fiumicino) is the evolution of an artificial canal cut in Roman times, and contributes with about the 20% of the liquid and solid discharge. The coastal area is characterized by several beach ridges and small reclaimed depressions under sea level. Drainage canals are present in this area. Urbanization is severe and includes harbour, airport and archaeological sites. The shoreline is protected by hard and soft sea defences.
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HIGH-RESOLUTION SEISMIC SURVEY IN THE WESTERN CALABRIA AND EASTERN SICILY OFFSHORE: IMPLICATIONS WITH VERTICAL TECTONICS Barreca G.1, Corradino M.2, Cultrera F.1, Meccariello M.3, Ferranti L.3, Monaco C.1, Pepe F.2
1Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Catania, Italy. 2Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Università di Palermo, Italy 3Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e delle Risorse Università di Napoli "Federico II", Italy.
High-resolution seismic data acquired along the continental shelf/upper slope offshore of Capo Vaticano (western Calabria), Milazzo Promontory and Mt. Etna (eastern Sicily) allow to provide new insights on vertical mobility related to active tectonics. A number of depositional sequences bounded by unconformities or correlative para-conformities were recognized on Sparker profiles in the first 200-300 m below the sea-floor. The most recent sequence overlays a widespread erosional surface that ostensibly formed during the sea level stillstand of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), whereas a stack of depositional sequences, which are interpreted as representing the falling and low-stand systems tracts, records older Middle-Late Pleistocene eustatic cycles. In high-resolution seismic profiles the most recent sequence is expressed by well-stratified, laterally continuous, high- amplitude reflectors with typical thickness of 30-40 m. This stacking pattern is typically observed in the central Mediterranean shelf and upper slope affected by vertical tectonic movements (Fraccascia et al., 2013). The magnitude and rate of Late Pleistocene Holocene vertical tectonic movements have been measured on the basis of the present day depth variations of the edges of submerged depositional terraces (and associated abrasion platforms) that formed below the storm- wave base, during the sea level stillstand of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). These depositional features, represented by submerged prograding wedges and an associated terrace-shaped upper boundary, identified in the high-resolution seismic reflection, are referred to in this study as “Lowstand Infralittoral Prograding Wedges (LIPWs)” (Pepe et al., 2014). Our new data and methods provide evidence that LIPWs can be used as geomorphological indicators of vertical movements in offshore settings with well controlled uncertainty. Depending on geodynamic and structural setting, deformation can be related to regional and/or local contribution.
Fig. 1: Geological cross section across an LIPW formed seaward of the lower edge of the abrasion platform of Capo Vaticano (W Calabria). EB, Error bar; tts, terrace top surface; tC, top of Unit C. Depth in meters (from Pepe et al., 2014). Vertical exaggeration 1:3.
References
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S. FRACCASCIA, F.L. CHIOCCI, D. SCROCCA, F. FALESE. (2013): Very high-resolution seismic stratigraphy of Pleistocene eustatic minima markers as a tool to reconstruct the tectonic evolution of the northern Latium shelf (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy). Geology, 41(3), 375-378. F. PEPE, G. BERTOTTI, L. FERRANTI, M. SACCHI, A.M. COLLURA, SALVATORE PASSARO, ATTILIO SULLI (2014): Pattern and rate of post-20 ka vertical tectonic motion around the Capo Vaticano Promontory (W Calabria, Italy) based on offshore geomorphological indicators. Quaternary International, 332, 85-98.
STORM WAVE DEPOSITS IN SOUTHERN ISTRIA (NORTHERN CROATIA) 1Biolchi S., 1Furlani S., 1Boccali C., 1Devoto S., 2Ninfo A., 1Zavagno E.
1Department of Mathematics and Geosciences, University of Trieste, Italy 2Department of Geosciences, University of Padua, Italy
The accumulation of large boulders related to extreme waves, tsunami and storm generated waves, have been observed in different areas of the Mediterranean, such as in the Messina Strait, southeastern Sicily between Siracusa and Augusta, Apulian coasts, Cyprus and recently Malta. On the contrary, the NE Adriatic Sea is considered to be a shallow basin, with very low wave energy. Moreover, no tsunami boulder deposits were documented. We discovered and mapped, for the first time, the occurrence of four boulder deposits along the southern side of the Istrian Peninsula. Southern Istria is bordered by rocky coasts, locally limestone slopes at low angles. It is exposed to southern winds, Scirocco, Libeccio with wide fetch. Boulder deposits were discovered in correspondence of flat promontories or ancient quarry pavements. The widest deposit is about 100 wide and the blocks are scattered on a limestone terrace sloping toward the sea, at an altitude ranging between 0 and 10 m asl. The site represents one of the most suitable area for this type of deposition because of the morphological conditions: most of the NE Adriatic coast is sheltered or dominated by plunging cliffs that prevent the accumulation of wave deposits. This work aims at commence a preliminary surveying of these deposits. The size of the blocks and their location suggest that they are the result of winter storms that often occur along this coastal sector. The largest block is about (3.4 x 1.6 x 1.15) m in size and has an estimate weight of 10 tonnes. Most of the blocks, are scattered individually while in some parts of the study area it is possible to find groups of few blocks. Biogenic encrustations have been observed on the blocks, sometimes very recent ones. The largest boulders show typical coastal karst features similar to local coastal features found in the area. This suggests that the detachment area is close to the identified deposits.
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Fig. 1: Serpulids on a storm wave boulder at Premantura (Croatia). The boulder lies at about 50 m from the sea.
IL “COMPLESSO CARSICO DEL SUPRAMONTE ORIENTALE” Bonaga G.1
1DISTART, University of Bologna, Italy
Il “Complesso Carsico del Supramonte Orientale”, collocato in Sardegna e’ stato sede di attivita’ speleologiche da almeno 60 anni. Si trova alll’interno del Supramonte di Dorgali, Urzulei e Baunei, un massiccio calcareo mesozoico, solcato da antichi canyon che sboccano in mare. Recentemente e’ stata completata la giunzione del ramo sud della grotta del Bue Marino con la grotta Su Molente e quest'ultima con il complesso carsico della Codula Ilune, portando lo sviluppo totale delle gallerie esplorate a circa 70 km, rendendolo il complesso carsico piu’ esteso d’Italia. Dalle prime esplorazioni da parte di singoli subacquei della Marina Militare con autorespiratori ad ossigeno alle piu’ recenti ricognizioni, decine di speleologi si sono avvicendati nell’esplorazione, applicando tecniche e procedure via via piu’ sofisticate, ma sempre con sforzi fisici e logistico organizzativi impressionanti. In questo massiccio il lavoro delle squadre locali e’ stato integrato dalla presenza di team internazionali che hanno collaborato per anni a fino superare tutti gli ostacoli incontrati durante le esplorazioni. Questo ha dimostrato che in esplorazioni veramente impegnative, oltre alla preparazione fisica e mentale del singolo conta la collaborazione di molte persone, anche di scuole e tradizioni speleologiche diverse, coordinate da esploratori esperti dei luoghi e delle tecniche piu’ adatte da applicare in funzione delle caratteristiche locali".
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GIS (GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM) SOFTWARE: NEW TOOLS TO ASSESS THE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF CYCLOPEAN ISLANDS AND MANAGE SCIENTIFIC DATA 1Borzì L., 1Costanzo L., 1Mòllica E., 2Di Stefano A.
¹Consorzio di gestione dell’Area Marina Protetta “Isole Ciclopi” ²Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali, Università degli studi di Catania
MPA managers and scientists are increasingly using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to manage, map and analyze the resources under the jurisdiction (Pomeroy et al., 2004). The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) higlights the importance of this system to plan and control the ecological status of MPAs, and to quantify the value, from different points of view such as economic and environmental, of natural heritage present in marine protected areas (Recksiek & Hinchcliff, 2002). GIS can incorporate those data in various forms, including remote sensing, in situ measurements and socio-economic factors. Although this software shows many advantages, it implies to find the spatial localization of each variable within study area and to acquire, analyze and manage huge volumes of data, not always supported by scientific protocols (Di Nora & Agnesi, 2008). Managers of Cyclopean Islands MPA decide to implement the Geographic Information System to satisfy the Ministry requests about the project “Environmental accounting in Italian MPAs” and the European project “Marine Strategy”, entering data relating to flora, fauna and benthos acquired from many different scientific works related to the MPA, in order to compare the values detected by underwater sampling performed in several years, in order to make a balance of the environmental quality of the marine area.
Fig. 1: Monitoring point of visual census study in the MPA Cyclopean Islands
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DI NORA T., AGNESI S. 2008. Supporto decisionale per le aree marine protette mediante GIS. Aree Protette Costiere e Marine Pianificazione e forme di finanziamento. In: Atti dei seminari AIDAP in “Benvenuto Parco”, Area Marina Protetta Torre del Cerrano (TE), Italia, pp. 115-123. POMEROY R.S., PARKS J.E., WATSON L.M., 2004. How is your MPA doing? A guidebook Of Natural and Social Indicators for Evaluating Marine Protected Area Management Effectiveness. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland And Cambridge, UK. pp.216. RECKSIEK H., HINCHCLIFF G., 2002. Marine protected areas needs assessment. In: Final report. Prepared by the National Marine Protected Areas Center in cooperation with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Coastal Services Center (NOAA), pp. 91.
ACCOUNTING FOR THE BIOPHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC VALUE OF NATURAL CAPITAL IN MARINE PROTECTED AREAS: TWO CASE STUDIES IN SOUTHERN ITALY 1Buonocore E., 1Franzese P.P, 1Russo G.F.
1Department of Science and Technology, Parthenope University of Naples, Centro Direzionale, Italy
In 2014, the Italian Ministry of the Environment and Protection of Land and Sea funded a 4-years research programme for the implementation of a standardized environmental accounting system for all the twenty-nine Italian Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). The main goals of this research programme are the assessment of the biophysical and economic value of the stocks of natural capital and flows of ecosystem services, and the assessment of environmental costs and impacts due to main human activities performed in the MPAs. Such environmental accounting system will play an important role for the management and monitoring of the MPAs and will support both local managers and policy makers committed to ensure sustainable development and conservation of natural resources in the MPAs. In this study, the biophysical and economic value of natural capital in two MPAs located in southern Italy, namely “Punta Campanella” and “Isole di Ventotene and Santo Stefano”, was assessed.
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MULTIDISCIPLINARY ANALYSIS OF THE ELEUTERIO RIVER BASIN AND THE FACING COASTAL SYSTEM (NORTHERN SICILY). AN ATTEMPT OF ASSESSMENT OF LONG- SHORE MORPHODYNAMIC EVOLUTION 1Cappadonia C., 1Sulli A., 2Sorci G.
1University of Palermo, Italy 2Geologist, Italy
The coastal dynamics is the result of the interplay of different factors affecting the contact area between two main environments: the river basin and the facing coastal system. The study area (Fig.1) is located in the northern Sicily continental margin (southern Italy) and coincides with the Eleuterio River mouth's and the adjacent beach system. Until fifty years ago the natural setting of this area was a regular succession of sandy-pebbles beaches with rocky coasts and pocket beaches (Lo Iacono et al., 2014); afterwards various coastal facilities were carried out, influencing the natural conditions of the coasts, together with hydraulic structures achieved into the catchment area. Here we present the results of a multidisciplinary approach aimed to evaluate the river-coast relationships, their respective contribution to the coastal evolution and the hazard scenarios. Our results showed that this coastal sector is affected by a continuous hydrodynamics, both fluvial and marine, contributing to supplying and distributing sediments. In particular, we applied the Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC) formula to determine the rate of longshore sand transport (Lo Presti, 2009), while the quantitative geomorphic analysis was used to evaluate the denudation processes into the drainage basin (Cappadonia, 2009) and to calculate the denudation rate index, expressed as suspended sediment yield. We defined also the main longshore transport direction. The outcomes can be used as a planning tool for the preservation of the coastal environment, related to retraining and management of these areas. Furthermore, it can be used as a tool to guide studies on other integrated systems of the northern Sicily.
Fig. 1: A panoramic view of the study area.
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References CAPPADONIA C. (2009). Studio geomorfologico finalizzato all'applicazione di metodi diretti e indiretti per la valutazione quantitativa dell'intensità della denudazione in ambiente GIS ed analisi geostatistica. Dottorato di ricerca in Geologia, Università degli Studi di Palermo. LO PRESTI V. (2009). Analisi morfologica ed oceanografica del margine continentale della Sicilia Nord-orientale, relazione fra la fascia costiera e il sistema Piattaforma-Scarpata. Dottorato di ricerca in Geologia, Università degli Studi di Palermo. LO IACONO C., SULLI A., AGATE M., (2014). Submarine canyons of north-western Sicily (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea): Variability in morphology, sedimentary processes and evolution on a tectonically active margin. Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography 104:93–105.
GROUNDWATER-FED STREAMS AS REMARKABLE POTENTIAL RECORDS FOR RIVERINE ARCHAEOLOGY AND HOLOCENE SEA-LEVEL CHANGES: THE STELLA RIVER IN FRIULI (NE ITALY) Capulli M.1, Fontana A.2, Vis G.J.3 1 University of Udine, Department of Humanities and Cultural Heritage, Italy 2University of Padova, Department of Geosciences, Italy 3TNO - Geological Survey of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
The alluvial plain stratching along the Southern Alps is characterized by the occurrence of a spring belt (linea delle risorgive in Italian), that marks the passage from the gravels of the proximal fans to the distal portion of the plain, which is dominated by silts and clays. Due to the lack of a mountain catchment, the groundwater-fed rivers are not supplied by solid discharge and, generally, the only sediment they transport consists of the limited material they eroded along the channel (Fontana et al., 2014). This condition allows a unique archeological visibility of the archaeological structures and findings occurring in the channel, that often are cropping out or are covered by a thin layed of mud and riverine vegetation. Stella River has an average annual discharge of about 40 m3/s and, together with Sile River, represents one of the largest groundwater-fed rivers in Italy and in Europe. The river flows in the Friuli Plain, along the eastern boundary of the Tagliamento alluvial megafans and has its source about 30 km from the Adriatic Coast, while the mouth enters in the Marano Lagoon, forming a little delta. The Stella flow is rather stable along the year and the direct connection of the river with the sea, led it to be prone to sea-level variations, especially in the last 7500 years, when highstand conditions settled (Fontana, 2006). Water has always influenced also the human settlements, and it is testified by archaeological remains and also current structures, including villages, roads, rural architecture, mansions, “water castles”, mills, farms and other historical buildings that have a productive function (Capulli, 2014). For these palaeonvironmental, geomomrphological and archaeological reasons, the Stella River was choosen as an important place to establish the project Anaxum: Archaeology and History of a Fluvial Landscape.
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Anaxum is the Latin name of the Stella River and the project stems from the partnership between the Department of Humanities and Cultural Heritage of the University of Udine and the Superintendence for the Archaeological Heritage of Region Friuli Venezia Giulia. The main goal is to reconstruct the history of the area, focusing on the relationship between man and the landscape of the Stella River through time. The research is based on the existing documentation, the use of non- invasive methods and the excavation of some targeted areas. Important scientific institutions collaborate to the project, which include Texas A&M University and the Istitute of Nautical Archaeology, for the nautical aspects (Castro and Capulli 2016), University of Trieste and Padua, for the geomorphological and geophysical investigations (Capulli et al., 2013), and the University of Sidney, for the remote sensing. The project aims to investigate the geomorphology of the riverbed, collecting important data for the gearchaeological reconstruction, but also to study underwater processes and landforms. These are generally not easlily visible and accessible in other large rivers. In several sites, the river channel is eroded in the alluvial deposits dating to Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the underwater survey allows to collect stratigraphic information that is normaly available only through boreholes. The archaeological structures built within the channel or along the banks (e.g. bridge pillars, piers and buildings) can be used as index points or limiting point (cf. Vacchi et al., 2016) for the past relative sea level. In particular, the relict of a Medieval boat, deliberately sunken along the bank near the town of Precenicco, could be used as a minimum indicator for sea level around 11th and 12th century AD.
Fig. 1: Stella river: archaeological investigation of the roman bridge
References CAPULLI M. (2014). Waterlands, The eco-historical landscape of the Stella River. Skyllis, 14, 20-25. CAPULLI M., PIPAN M., MOCNIK A. (2013). Progetto ANAXUM, Studio di un paesaggio archeologico fluviale e sviluppo di tecniche geofisiche integrate. Conoscenza e tutela del patrimonio sommerso, Atti del Convegno Scuola Normale Superiore (11 dicembre 2012 Pisa), Roma, 185-198.
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CASTRO F., CAPULLI M. (2016). A Preliminary report of recording the Stella 1 Roman River Barge, Italy. International Journal Nautical Archaeology, 45.1, 29-41. FONTANA A. (2006). L’evoluzione geomorfologica della bassa pianura friulana e le sue relazioni con le dinamiche insediative antiche. Monografie del Museo Friulano di Storia Naturale, 46, Udine, 288 pp. Encolesd Geomorphological Map of the Low Friulian Plain, scale 1:50,000. FONTANA A., MOZZI P., MARCHETTI M. (2014). Alluvial fans and megafans along the southern side of the Alps. Sedimentary Geology, 301, 150-171. VACCHI M., MARRINER N., MORHANGE C., SPADA G., FONTANA A., ROVERE A. (2016). Multiproxy assessment of Holocene relative sea-level changes in the western Mediterranean: Sea-level variability and improvements in the definition of the isostatic signal. Earth-Sciences Review, 155, 172-197.
LOW ALTITUDE REMOTE SURVEY OF COASTAL AREAS USING DRONES: SOME APPLICATIONS
Casella E.1,2, Harris D.1,3, Parravicini V.5, Mann T.1, Collin A.5, Lorscheid T.1,3, Jayson-Quashigah P. N.6, Mensah-Senoo T.6, Appeaning-Addo K.6, Drechsel, J.3, Rovere A.1,3,4
1 ZMT, Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Bremen, Germany 2SEAMap srl, Environmental consulting, Sassari, Italy 3University of Bremen, MARUM, Bremen, Germany 4Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, USA 5EPHE - Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, France 6Department of Marine and Fisheries Science, University of Ghana, GH
The use of drones in earth sciences has flourished in the last few years, and in the cases where RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems) have been applied, they gave scientists new insights on ecological, geological and environmental processes. As the technology is relatively new, there are applications that are still poorly explored or completely unexplored. Many of these relate to coastal environments. Coastal areas are subject to rapid changes, often in response to humandriven impulses, and their monitoring at local scale is often necessary to enhance our understanding of a range of different processes such as mechanisms of habitat loss or coastal erosion. Since 2012, we are using drones to study coastal areas and we faced different challenges. In this presentation, we show 4 applications where drones provide useful information to study coastal environments. In the first application, we introduce an ongoing project on the East coast of Ghana subject to a dramatic coastal erosion where drones are used together with a photogrammetric suite to reconstruct the topography of the emerged beach. In the second application, we show a case where the drone data are used to set up a wave run-up model to study the impact of swells along a low-lying coast in the Ligurian Region (Italy). In the third application, drones and photogrammetry are used on a shallow water environment to reconstruct a coral reef in Moorea (French Polynesia). In the last application, we show the use of drone to reconstruct the
28 “GeoSUB – Underwater geology” – Ustica, 13-17 September 2016 volume of boulders in Bahamas in order to infer the type of sea storm that deposited them on top of a 10-meter cliff.
Fig. 1: 3D-model reconstruction of a Coral Reef in Moorea (French Polynesia) using Photoscan (Agisoft)
DISCOVERING A VERY ACTIVE FAULT OFF POZZILLO COAST OFFSETTING THE UNDERWATER EXTENSION OF THE MT. ILICE HISTORICAL LAVA FLOW (ETNA VOLCANO, ITALY) 1Cavallaro D., 1Coltelli M.
1Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Osservatorio Etneo, Piazza Roma 2, 95123, Catania, Italy
High resolution shallow water multibeam data together with a set of scuba dives allowed to map and describe in detail the underwater extension of the Mt. Ilice lava flow. This lava flow represents the effusive product of one of the most important historical eruptions (1030 ± 40 AD, Tanguy et al., 2012) of Etna volcano. It extends on the eastern flank of the volcano for more than 10 km from Mt. Ilice cinder cone, near Zafferana Etnea, to the coast between Pozzillo and Stazzo (Branca et al., 2011). Its front lies on both the coastal and offshore portions of the southernmost sector of the Chiancone volcanoclastic deposit. The underwater portion of the lava flow extends for 150-250 m off the coast between Pozzillo and Stazzo showing a total width of about 1.5 km and a thickness ranging between 15 to 50 m, with maximum and minimum values in correspondence of the southernmost and central part, respectively. Its northern part is clearly cut for a total length of about 350 m by a N-S oriented fault scarp showing a dip slip movement. The maximum fault offset is 5 m, well detectable on the top of the lava flow between depths of 18 and 25 m bsl. This fault continues southward offsetting first the underwater extension of the Chiancone deposit with a nearly NNW-SSE direction and then the Acireale offshore, running for few km parallel to the coast at water depth between 300 to 350 m.
29 “GeoSUB – Underwater geology” – Ustica, 13-17 September 2016
The northward extension of the fault is not marked by any clear morphological step both inland and offshore; however, a survey to identify its presence is still in progress. Several scuba dives carried out along the fault trace allowed to: i) measure the vertical fault displacement (between 3 to 5 m); ii) recognize on the fault plane 1-3 m long and well defined vertical kinematic markers (slip lineation); iii) identify, locally, at the base of the fault scarp, the presence of one or two steps (between 50 to 70 cm high); iv) observe a less abundant cover of biological incrustations along the lowest part of the fault scarp (the lowest 1.5-2 m); v) detect, locally, along the base of the fault scarp, the presence of could freshwater releases. The very young age of the lava flow allows us to interpret this structure as a very active fault; moreover, its precise dating (1030 ± 40 AD) lets us to estimate a vertical displacement rate of 0.5 cm/y. This value is in agreement with the vertical displacement rate of about 0.42 cm/y inferred for the underwater extension of the S. Leonardello fault (one of the most important active faults of the Etna low eastern flank), which offset of some 10 m the Mt. Gorna lava flow (396 BC, Tanguy et al., 2012), located between Stazzo and S. Tecla villages. These values are in agreement with the vertical ground deformations (about 1.2 cm/y) recorded along this coastal sector in the last 15 years through InSAR data (Azzaro et al., 2013). The total fault displacement represents more likely the sum of remarkable seismic events and aseismic creep phenomena occurring in the last 1 ka in the offshore and/or coastal areas near Pozzillo village. One of these seismic events could be the April 30, 1981 earthquake (intensity EMS=VI), which affected the area near Pozzillo (Azzaro, 1999; Azzaro et al., 2011). Macroseismic surveys (Patanè and Imposa, 1995) reported serious damages south of Pozzillo harbour, with NNW- SSE fractures showing vertical dislocations up to 13 cm; the epicentre was located offshore Pozzillo, where some fishermen observed water boiling and a small tsunami wave of 1 m. Another earthquake (intensity EMS=V-VI), producing damages in the Stazzo-Pozzillo area, was recorded on July 29 of the same year. Since several other earthquakes were felt during the last two centuries in the surroundings of Pozzillo, a study to better localize them will be carried out.
Fig. 1: Coastal portion (pink area) and underwater extension (dashed black line) of the Mt. Ilice lava flow, cut by a very active fault (solid white line), on high resolution multibeam data (A); the dashed white lines are the uncertain faults, while x-x’ and y-y’ represent EW profiles across the
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fault scarp shown on the bottom. Black box corresponds to the 3D view (B) of the underwater front of the lava flow offset by the fault, in which the black asterisk indicates the location of the picture (C) taken, along the fault plane at about 22 m bsl, during a scuba dive.
References AZZARO, R., 1999. Earthquake surface faulting at Mount Etna volcano (Sicily) and implications for active tectonics. J. Geodyn. 28, 193–213. AZZARO, R., D'AMICO, S., TUVÈ, T., 2011. Estimating the magnitude of historical earthquakes from macroseismic intensity data: new relationships for the volcanic region of Mount Etna (Italy). Seismol. Res. Lett. 82 (4), 520–531. AZZARO, R., BONFORTE, A., BRANCA, S., GUGLIEMINO, F., 2013. Geometry and kinematics of the fault systems controlling the unstable flank of Etna volcano (Sicily). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 251, 5–15. BRANCA, S., COLTELLI, M., GROPPELLI G., LENTINI, F., 2011. Geological map of Etna volcano, 1:50,000 scale. Italian Journal of Geosciences (Boll. Soc. Geol. It.) 130 (3), 265–291. PATANÈ, G., IMPOSA, S., 1995. Atlante delle isosiste dei terremoti etnei dal 1971 al 1991 CNR- GNGTS. Ist. Geologia e Geofisica Università di Catania, pp 70. TANGUY, J.C., CONDOMINES, M., BRANCA, S., LA DELFA, S., COLTELLI, M., 2012. New archeomagnetic and 226Ra–230Th dating of recent lavas for the geological map of Etna volcano. Ital. J. Geosci. 131, 241–257.
MONITORING STAKEHOLDERS PROFILE, USING CITIZEN SCIENCES, COULD BE USEFUL TO THE MANAGEMENT OF A PROTECTED AREA? THE EGADI ISLANDS CASE OF STUDY 1D'Agostaro R., 2Donati S., 1Chemello R.
1University of Palermo, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, Palermo, Italy 2Marine Protected Area of Egadi Islands, Trapani, Italy
Tourism is of growing importance for many nations and important economic vehicle for the host country (Branchini et al., 2015). In small islands is highly dependent on the quality of the marine and coastal environment, and the analysis of the stakeholder's profile can provide valuable insights for local government and managers of protected areas (Pomeroy et al., 2005). This study was conducted on MPA of Egadi Islands, western Mediterranean Sea, on several stakeholder's profile, like diving tourists, bathing tourists and pleasure-boat owners. In order to develop proper management tools for ecological sensitive areas, like MPA, information and data on stakeholder's profile are critical (Queiroz et al., 2014). This kind of surveys allowed to understand who are, where do they come from, their knowledge on the protected area values and rules, how much the MPA are important in their decision to come and if it improves their experience, how they reach and what they used to move inside the island, how much
31 “GeoSUB – Underwater geology” – Ustica, 13-17 September 2016 and for what they spent. The data were collected throught surveys conducted by the MPA's voluntary staff, during the high tourist season, July–September 2015, involving tourists and operators. A total of 171 stakeholders was interviewed, the 22% were divers, 14% were pleasure-boat owners and 64% were bathing tourists. This information helps to develop and support a strategic planning and management, prerequisite to improve an MPA. Therefore, this study draw a profile of the stakeholders and obtain suggestions about possible improvements on the activities and the need for additional services.
References SIMONE BRANCHINI, MARTA MESCHINI, CLAUDIA COVI, CORRADO PICCINETTI, FRANCESCO ZACCANTI, STEFANO GOFFREDO (2015). Participating in a Citizen Science Monitoring Program: Implications for Environmental Education. PLoS ONE 10(7). ROBERT S. POMEROY, LANI M. WATSON, JOHN E. PARKS (2005). How is your MPA doing? A methodology for evaluating the management effectiveness of marine protected areas. Ocean Coastal Management; 48:485–502. ROSE E. QUEIROZ, JOSE ́ GUERREIRO, MARIA A. VENTURA (2014). Demand of the tourists visiting protected areas in small oceanic islands: the Azores case-study (Portugal). Environment, Development and Sustainability; 16:1119-1135.
MONITORING THE PROTECTED SPECIES OF MPA OF EGADI ISLANDS TO ACHIEVE THE GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS (GES). HOW TO REACH THIS GOAL? 1D'Agostaro R., 2Patti Genovese P., 1Franzitta G., 2Donati S., 1Chemello R.
1University of Palermo, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, Palermo, Italy 2Marine Protected Area of Egadi Islands, Trapani, Italy
The focus of this survey are Patella ferruginea (Gmelin, 1791), an endemic limpet of the Western Mediterranean where it was once widespread (Espinosa, 2009), and Pinna nobilis (Linneaus, 1758), the endemic largest bivalve of the Mediterranean Sea (Garcìa-March et al., 2002). The importance of these species has been recognized in different international and national conservation frameworks. Precisely, P. ferruginea and P. nobilis are listed in the European Council Directive 92/43/EE (Habitats Directive, Annex IV) and in the Barcelona Convention (10/06/ 95, Annex II) among the most endangered marine invertebrate on Mediterranean Sea. In particular, fishing activities such as bottom trawling and artisanal fisheries or harvesting by humans have been proven to damage or provoking a decrease in the abundances of these species . One of the main goals of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) is the establishment of a monitoring program and protocols for status assessment, in order to effectively manage sensitive species and define protective measures of the habitats in which they live. This EU legislative instrument explicitly contains the objective of maintain the biodiversity, as the cornerstone for achieving a Good Environmental Status.
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Two preliminary monitoring programmes were carried out on these species in the Egadi Islands Marine Protected Area. The presence and density of P. ferruginea were monitored in the high rocky mesolittoral of Marettimo island, while P. nobilis was monitored within the harbour bay of Favignana island. We counted 31 individuals of P. ferruginea, with a density of 0.004 individuals/m, and 48 shells of P. nobilis, with a mean of 2.256 individuals/100m2. These are the first monitoring on these two species within the Egadi Islands Marine Protected Area, which constitute an important baseline for build further plan for their protection and conservation. While P. nobilis is widespread in the Mediterranean and classified as vulnerable species (IUCN), P. ferruginea has a very limited areal to few localities and is a critically endangered species according to IUCN Future monitoring programmes have to map, measure, count and tagging these indicator species, to create a distribution model that could be a potential tool in management strategies and contributing to the MSDF requirements of Good Environmental Status.
References FREE ESPINOSA (2009). Population status of the endangered mollusc Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791 (Gastropoda, Patellidae) on Algerian islands (SW Mediterranean). Animal Biodiversity & Conservation; 32 (1): 19-28. JOSÉ RAFAEL GARCÌA-MARCH, ANTONIO MANUEL GARCÌA-CARRASCOSA and ÁLVARO LUÍS PEÑA (2002). In situ measurement of Pinna nobilis shells for age and growth studies: a new device; PSZN: Marine Ecology 23: 207–217.
ROVER PROJECT: DEVELOPING TOOLS FOR SHALLOW WATER GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION D’Alessandro A.1, Bottari C.2, Capizzi P.3, Cavallaro D.2, Cocchi L.4, Costanza A.1, Coltelli M.2, D’Anna G.1, D’Anna R.1, Fagiolini A.5, Fertitta G.1, Martorana R.2, Passafiume G.1, Speciale S.1, Vitale G.1
1 Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Centro Nazionale Terremoti, OBS Lab, Gibilmanna, Italy 2 Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Osservatorio Etneo, Catania, Italy 3 Università degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Palermo, Italy 4 Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Roma 2, Portovenere, Italy 5 Università degli Studi di Palermo, Control and Automation Lab, Facoltà di Ingegneria, Palermo, Italy
Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV) are underwater vehicles operated from the surface able to integrate/replace diver’s surveys. By using ROV dives the researchers can observe in real-time what the ROV sees through its cameras and reach depths excluded to scuba divers. The objectives
33 “GeoSUB – Underwater geology” – Ustica, 13-17 September 2016 of the ROVER (Remotely Operated Vehicle for Environmental Research) project, funded by the Volcano Division of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (Italy), are to realize a low cost micro-ROV (Class <3 kg) for shallow water geological explorations to support the scuba dives of specialists or to examine directly sites not accessible safely (D’Alessandro et al., 2016). The micro- ROVs developed are based on open-source philosophy of the OpenROV (www.openrov.org) and/or the ARDUSUB (Open-Source Subsea Vehicle Control, https://ardusub.com/). Therefore, vessel, payload and electronic features are completely open to improvements and to include third-part add-ons. The first underwater vehicle has been realized to reach a maximum depth of 100 m, however, its standard operations should be within 50-60 m depth. Our micro-ROV can be easily operated from a small boat without need of supply frame/crane. It is easily drivable in small submarine spaces by means of depth-constant navigation system, favouring its application where the standard observer-class ROV cannot work easily. Its navigation mode allows the operator to steer the robot along a plane at constant depth, and it uses information from the on-board depth sensor to correct the motion if it deviates from this plane. The micro-ROV also equipped an inertial measurement unit and a compass to achieve a controlled navigation system. For the purposes of geological, volcanic and archaeological explorations the micro-ROV is now equipped with a compact HD still/video camera for filming (different from that used for navigation) and the AP1540 digital 3- axis fluxgate magnetometer able to identify any ferromagnetic objects and also distinguish the nature of the seafloor. Early tests performed in pool, harbour and open marine sites, given promising results for the use of such low cost micro-ROV for underwater explorations. In the framework of ROVER project we have planned some geologic and volcanic objectives to demonstrate the capability of the micro-ROV to support the submarine geophysical and geochemical investigations in shallow water environments. In the protected marine area of the Ciclopi Islets in front to Aci Trezza, we will perform some underwater dives to improve the geological mapping of submarine volcanic bodies and of the fault system linked to the Etna’s eastern slope sliding (Chiocci et al, 2011). Moreover, we will map by using our micro-ROV the submarine Pozzillo fault, offshore Etna coast, already object of several scuba dives (Cavallaro and Coltelli, 2016). The next step of the micro-ROV development will include a broadband high-sensitivity hydrophone and a probe for measuring both conductivity and temperature, with the primary aim to detect the gas and fresh water emissions from fracture, faults and geothermal field. Surveys on Aci Trezza and Panarea Island seabeds are planned in the next months.
34 “GeoSUB – Underwater geology” – Ustica, 13-17 September 2016
Fig. 1: Screenshot of the OpenROV cockpit taken during a dive aimed to test the vehicle motion control during a standard operation in shallow water.
References CAVALLARO D., COLTELLI M. (2016). Discovering a very active fault off Pozzillo coast offsetting the underwater extension of the Mt. Ilice historical lava flow (Etna volcano, Italy). “GeoSUB – Underwater geology” – Ustica, 13-17 September 2016. CHIOCCI, F.L., M. COLTELLI, A. BOSMAN, D. CAVALLARO (2011). Continental margin large-scale instability controlling the flank sliding of Etna volcano. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 305, 57–64. D’ALESSANDRO, A., BOTTARI, C., BUCALO, F., CAPIZZI, P., COCCHI, L., COSTANZA, A., COLTELLI, M., D’ANNA, G., D’ANNA, R., FAGIOLINI, A., FERTITTA, G., MARTORANA, R., PASSAFIUME, G., SPECIALE, S., VITALE, G., (2016). A low cost customizable micro-ROV for environmental research: applications, advances and challenges, submitted to Near Surface Geoscience 2016 - 22th European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, 4–8 September 2016, Barcelona, Spain.
OSSERVATORIO MEDITERRANEO, MEDITERRANEAN OBSERVATORY: RESULTS FROM 20 YEARS OF A MARINE CITIZEN SCIENCE PROJECTS IN ITALY 1de Sabata E., 2Balistreri P.2, 1Clò S.
1MedSharks, Rome, Italy 2Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
Citizen science can be defined as scientific research and monitoring projects for which members of the public collect, categorize, transcribe or analyze scientific data. From reporting alien or rare
35 “GeoSUB – Underwater geology” – Ustica, 13-17 September 2016 species, range shifts or phenology, to the opportunity to access extreme environments such as caves or depths beyond the range of SCUBA gear, citizen can help monitor the marine environment on a scale that was previously impossible. Osservatorio Mediterraneo (www.osservatoriomediterraneo.it) is an on-going citizen science project created in 1996 to collect sightings, photographs and records of rare or protected marine species from members of the public in Italy, who used the sea as leisure or work, such as divers, yachtsmen, anglers, professional fishermen, Coast Guard, Navy, Marine Protected Areas personnel. Participation is actively sought through articles on various media, training activities, conferences, trade shows, social media; data is integrated with news items reported online, gathered through news aggregators. All sightings are required to submit photos or videos, which are then valuated by specialists. Over 2,000 sightings of rare, unusual or alien species, including sharks, monk seal, seaturtles, molluscs, marine plants, jellyfish, fish were collected over the years and either included in the project’s own database or routed to other specialists. This data allowed to identify seasonal migration patterns for rare and protected basking sharks (Cetorhinus maximus), critical habitats such as nursery areas of the sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus), nursehound shark (Scyliorhinus stellaris, and skates (Raja spp.). Over a dozen papers were published based on this information and two fully fledged research projects were launched based on information gathered through Osservatorio Mediterraneo (Operazione Squalo Elefante www.squaloelefante.it) targeting basking sharks and Progetto Stellaris (www.progettostellaris.it), which involves citizen divers to sample, tag and monitor the largest nursery area of the nursehound shark. Citizen scientists were also instructed to collect various samples. Three new species of Moluscs were described from specimen detritus sampled by divers in hard to reach locations (such as offshore banks or at depths below the range of SCUBA apparatus). Extremely hard to get tissue samples of rare species were collected by members of the public for genetic and toxicology analysis. Specific community-created photo-banks were established; these pooled images form a useful resource for photo-identification, providing non-invasive information on migration and habitat use of rare and endangered species. There is clearly great potential in using citizen science to advance knowledge in the marine environment. Although constant effort is needed to validate data and avoid mis-reporting and mis-identification, on clear and easy targets, volunteers can contribute valuable information with direct observations and generate high quality data. This enhances traditional academic research allowing, very cost- effectively, better spatial and temporal coverage over a study area. Citizen science projects are a two-way knowledge exchange between scientists and the community, as engaging citizens in studies of the ecosystems they are visiting, greatly enhances their experience. Therefore, besides their scientific values, these projects are an excellent way to both increase environmental awareness and promote a sustainable form of tourism. The challenges of citizen science projects lie in the effort needed to engage the public and retain its interest, bearing in mind that the top motivation for volunteering is enjoyment, and that identification with the goals of the project comes only second.
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Fig 1: Jujubinus eleonorae, a new species described from samples collected by a citizen scientist
References DE SABATA E., CLO’ S. (2010) Public sighting scheme reveals the seasonal presence of Cetorhinus maxiumus around North Sardinia, Italy Biol. Mar. Mediterr., 17 (1): 246-247. DE SABATA E., CLO’ S. (2013) Some breeding sites of the nursehound (Scyliorhinus stellaris) in Italian waters, as reported by divers. Biol. Mar. Mediterr., 20 (1): 178-179. DE SABATA E., BELLO G., CATALDINI G., MANCUSI C. SERENA F., CLO’ S. (2014) A seasonal hotspot for Cetorhinus maximus in Apulia, Southern Italy Biol. Mar. Mediterr., 21 (1): 273-274.
EXPLOSIVE SUBAQUEOUS ERUPTIONS IN THE INSHORE OF THE USTICA ISLAND AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS WITH SEA-LEVEL VARIATIONS IN THE PAST 500 KY 1De Vita S., 2Foresta Martin F.
1INGV, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy 2Laboratorio Museo di Scienze della Terra Isola di Ustica, Italy
The island of Ustica is part of an ecosystem whose peculiarity is given by the variability in the course of its geological history, of the relationship between land surface and submerged areas. This variability influenced both the development and the proliferation of life in an environment rather than the other and the characteristics of volcanic activity, which is responsible for the formation of the island. In a relatively recent past, areas currently emerged were part of an underwater
37 “GeoSUB – Underwater geology” – Ustica, 13-17 September 2016 environment, where volcanic activity created the background to the development of flora and fauna whose fossil remains are clearly visible, nowadays, at variable heights above the present sea level. The contour of the island, and then the geomorphological evolution of its coastline, is strongly influenced by the shaping action of the sea, which was expressed at different heights and with different intensity also because of tectonic and volcano-tectonic movements that, in connection with volcanic activity, modified the structural setting of the island and influenced the changes in the relationships between land and sea. In the past 500 ky the evidence of the interplay between volcanism, tectonism, volcano- tectonism and eustatism is mainly given by the products of explosive subaqueous eruptions, which are presently displaced from their original position. These deposits are often intercalated with marine sedimentary deposits and level surfaces, and are in some cases composed of sequences that clearly indicate changes in the vent position environment during the course of the eruption. At least three hyaloclastic eruptions occurred in the past 500 kyr in the inshore of the island, and formed the Cala del Camposanto (~500 kyr), Cala Sidoti (~400 kyr) and Cala Giaconi (~150 kyr) units, along the northern and western coast of Ustica. Phreatomagmatic eruptions also occurred inland, but always due to the interaction between basaltic magmas and sea water. These eruptions strongly conditioned the Ustica emerged morphology, forming the Mt. Costa del Fallo and the Falconiera tuff cones, which are two of the three peaks that dominate the central ridge of the island.
OFF-SHORE SEISMIC PROFILES (SPARKER SYSTEM) AND ON-SHORE STRATIGRAPHIC- STRUCTURAL CORRELATION IN THE LAMPEDUSA AREA (CENTRAL SICILY CHANNEL, MEDITERREAN SEA) 1Distefano S., 1Baldassini N., 1Barreca G., 2Gamberi F., 1Di Stefano A.
1University of Catania, Italy 2ISMAR-CNR, Bologna, Italy
The Pelagian Archipelago (Lampedusa, Lampione and Linosa Islands) is located in a complex and wide geodynamic system characterized by the occurrence of two independent tectonic processes acting simultaneously (Corti et al., 2006 and references therein): convergence along the Apennine- Maghrebian accretionary wedge and rifting in the Sicily Channel (Giunta et al., 2000). Through high resolution single-channel seismic reflection profiles (Sparker) acquired on July 2015 in the offshore of the Lampedusa Island, we aim to detail the late Miocene-Pleistocene stratigraphic and structural evolution of this sector of the Pelagian Archipelago. The dataset consists of a grid of 21 seismic profiles for a total length of about 140 km. The onshore-offshore correlation will enhance our current geodynamic and paleogeographic knowledge on the Lampedusa area (Grasso & Pedley, 1985; Torelli et al., 1995). The preliminary analysis of seismic data highlights a well-defined post-Tortonian areally widespread erosional surface here interpreted as an unconformity separating the Lampedusa Formation from sub-horizontal Pleistocene to Holocene deposits (Grasso & Pedley, 1985). The Pleistocene and Holocene deposits are characterized by bedforms at various scales and erosional features suggesting that they were deposited in a shelf area affected by strong currents. Beach wedges, with sometimes a progradational attitude, are also present. The onshore sediments are
38 “GeoSUB – Underwater geology” – Ustica, 13-17 September 2016 represented by shallow water bioclastic grainstones and carbonate lithoclast breccias, ranging in thickness between 10 and 30 m (Baldassini et al., 2015). Furthermore, the high resolution of the seismic profiles allows us to better define the offshore prosecution and activity of the most important tectonic structure recognized onland, the Cala Creta fault. The latter appears inactive at least from the Pliocene and shows late Miocene syn-sedimentary transtensional deformation, as also shown by Torelli et al. (1995 and references therein).
References BALDASSINI N., BARRECA G., DI STEFANO A., MONACO C. 2015. Stratigraphic and structural features of the Lampedusa Island. In: Baldassini N. & Di Stefano A. Eds., Establishment of an integrated Italy- Malta cross-border system of Civil Protection. Geological Aspects, 25-45 Aracne Editrice. CORTI G., CUFFARO M., DOGLIONI C., INNOCENTI F., MANETTI P. 2006. Coexisting geodynamic processes in the Sicily Channel. Geol. S. Am. S., 409, 83-96. GIUNTA G., NIGRO F., RENDA P., GIORGIANNI A. 2000. The Sicilian Maghrebides Tyrrhenian Margin: A neotectonic evolutionary model. Boll. Soc. Geol. Ita., 119, 553–565. GRASSO M., PEDLEY H.M. 1985. The Pelagian islands: a new geological interpretation from sedimentological and tectonic studies and its bearing on the evolution of the Central Mediterranean Sea (Pelagian block). Geologica Rom., 24, 13-34. TORELLI L., GRASSO M., MAZZOLDI G., PEIS D., GORI D., 1995. Cretaceous to Neogene structural evolution of the Lampedusa Shelf (Pelagian Sea, Central Mediterranean). Terra Nova, 7, 200-212.
FIRST RECORD OF THE ALIEN ALGAE CAULERPA CYLINDRACEA (SONDERS) IN THE MEDITERRANEAN MARINE PROTECTED AREA OF USTICA ISLAND (TYRRHENIAN SEA, ITALY) 1Di Trapani F. 1Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo
The green seaweed Caulerpa cylindracea (Sonders) is one of the most successful algal invaders of the shallow rocky reefs in the Mediterranean Sea. Since its first record in Tripoli (Libya), in 1990, C. cylindracea has been rapidly spreading all over the Mediterranean basin. In the present study, we report the first record of the alien macroalgae C. cylindracea in the Marine Protected Area of Ustica Island (NW Mediterranean Sea).
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AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO INVESTIGATE BIO-CONCRETIONNED ROCKY OUTCROPS (TEGNÙE) OF THE MARINE PROTECTED AREA OFFSHORE CHIOGGIA, NORTHERN ADRIATIC SHELF 1Donnici S., 2Baradello L., 1Bergamasco A., 3Carol E., 1Da Lio C., 4Franchi F., 1Lorenzetti G., 1Manfè G., 5Mazzoli C., 4Montagna P., 4Taviani M., 6Teatini P., 1Tosi L., 1Zaggia L., 2Zecchin M.
1Institute of Marine Sciences - National Research Council of Italy, Venice, Italy 2OGS, Trieste, Italy 3CONICET, Universidad Nacional de La Plata La Plata, Argentina 4Institute of Marine Sciences - National Research Council of Italy, Bologna, Italy 5University of Padova, Department of Geosciences, Padova, Italy 6University of Padova, DICEA, Padova, Italy
In the north-western Adriatic Sea the silicoclastic inner shelf is interrupted by localized rocky outcrops, a subtype of coralligenous habitat, up to 2-3 m high. Such ‘rocks’, grouped under the dialectal name of tegnùe, are known by fishermen for their fishing value but also as a threat to trawling. They are basically carbonate cemented sands with a strong biogenic overprint that contributes to the final construction of the ‘reef’ (Donnici et al., 2015). Many genetic interpretations have been proposed so far, among other the cementation due to beach-rock like processes or the action of ascending fluids enriched in hydrocarbons. In this work we show the results of a project aimed at characterizing the tegnùe field located in the Marine Protected Area offshore Chioggia (ZTB), Venice, by underwater and geophysical surveys, and laboratory analysis. In particular, we focus on the considerable effort made by SCUBA divers, which was essential to get accurate information and carry out hydrological measurements and samplings.
References DONNICI S., TOSI L., BERGAMASCO A., DA LIO C., FRANCHI F., MAZZOLI C., MONTAGNA P., TAVIANI M., (2015). Stratigraphy, fluids and ecology: the genesis of bio-concretionned rocky outcrops (Tegnùe) of the northern Adriatic shelf. 31st IAS Meeting of Sedimentology, Krakow, Abstracts.
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THE WEBGIS ON THE SEA STORM OF THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN: A DATASET FOR COASTAL DYNAMICS KNOWLEDGE.
1Fago P., 2Bonarelli R., 2Coppini G., 2Lecci R., 3Milella M., 3Piscitelli A., 4Sansò P., 1, 3, 5Mastronuzzi G. 1Polo Scientifico Tecnologico "Magna Grecia", Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Bari "Aldo Moro", Italy 2CMCC Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, Lecce, Italy. 3EnvironmentalSurveys s.r.l., Taranto, Italy 4Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Italy 5Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Italy.
In the context of the Medditerranean basin a geodatabase about sea storm events identified along the Mediterranean coasts, as reported in recent scientific papers, has been realized in the framework of the project START - SisTemi di rApid mapping e contRollo del Territorio costiero e marino, a CLUSTER of the Apulian Region. In the last 20 years, morphological evidences ascribed to the impact of sea storm/extreme waves impact on the rocky coasts have been identified and analyzed; they derive from field surveys performed in: Algeria (Maouche et al., 2009), France (e.g. Shah-Hosseini et al., 2013), Italy (Apulia, Sardinia, Sicily) (e.g. Mastronuzzi & Sansò, 2004; Mastronuzzi et al., 2006; EN.SU., 2010; Piscitelli et al., 2009; Scicchitano et al., 2007; Barbano et al., 2010), Malta (Biolchi et al., 2015), Greece (Vacchi et al., 2012), Egypt (Shah-Hosseini et al., 2016) and Lebanon (Morhange et al., 2006). Evidences are represented by boulders deriving from subtidal/intertidal environements, accumulated on shore, both isolated or in field/berms, and by damages on anthropic facilities. Each evidence has been mapped in order to recognize the geographical areal distribution of the main sea storm impacts and to obtain a quick referenced digital list (Fig. 1). Such a computerized tool, expanding the informations derived by the WebGis for Italian Tsunami (Fago et al., 2014), increases its importance in its use by stakeholders and the scientific community; i trepresents not only a valid scientific aid for the preliminary understanding of the local geomorphological coastal dynamics but also a valid support for the coastal planning.
Fig. 1: Localization of the analyzed boulders fields on Google Earth.
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References BARBANO M.S., PIRROTTA C., GERARDI F., (2010): Large boulders along the south-eastern Ionian coast of Sicily: storm or tsunami deposits? Marine Geology, 275, 1-4, 140-154. BIOLCHI S., FURLANI S., ANTONIOLI F., BALDASSINI N., CAUSON DEGUARA J., DEVOTO S., DI STEFANO A., EVANS J., GAMBIN T., GAUCI R., MASTRONUZZI G., MONACO C., SCICCHITANO G., (2016): Boulder accumulations related to extreme wave events on the eastern coast of Malta. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 15, 1-43. ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEYS (2011): Indagini geognostiche dirette nella regione del Sinis (Oristano) e del Sulcis (Cagliari) e rilievo geomorfologico digitale in località Argentiera (Sassari) al fine dell'individuazione di evidenze dell'impatto di onde eccezionali. Relazione Tecnica, 48 pp. FAGO P., PIGNATELLI C., PISCITELLI A., MILELLA M., VENERITO M., SANSO' P., MASTRONUZZI G., (2014): WebGIS for Italian tsunami: A usefull tool for coastal planners. Marine Geology, 355,369- 376. MAOUCHE S., MORHANGE C., MEGHRAOUI M., (2009): Large boulder accumulation on the Algeria coast evidence tsunami events in the western Mediterranean. Marine Geology, 262, 96-104. MASTRONUZZI G., SANSO’ P. (2004). Large Boulder Accumulations by Extreme Waves along the Adriatic Coast of southern Apulia (Italy). Quaternary International,120, 173-184. MASTRONUZZI, G., PIGNATELLI, C. & SANSÒ, P. (2006). Boulder Fields: A Valuable Morphological Indicator of Paleotsunami in the Mediterranean Sea. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, NF Suppl.-Bd. 146: 173-194. MORHANGE C., MARRINER N., PIRAZZOLI P.A., (2006): Evidence of Late-Holocene tsunami events in Lebanon. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 146, 81-95. PISCITELLI A., PIGNATELLI C., MASTRONUZZI G., (2009): Hydrodynamic equations to evaluate the impact of extreme storms on the adriatic coast of Apulia (southern Italy). In: Damiani L., Mossa M. (eds) Coastlab08 - Bari, Application of Physical Modelling for Port and Coastal Protection, 351–358. SCICCHITANO G., MONACO C., TORTORICI L. (2007). Large boulder deposits by tsunami waves along the Ionian coast of south-eastern Sicily (Italy). Marine Geology, 238, 75-91 SHAH-HOSSEINI M., MORHANGE C., DE MARCO A., WANTE J., ANTHONY E.J., SABATIER F., MASTRONUZZI G., PIGNATELLI C., PISCITELLI A., (2013): Coastal boulders in Martigues, French Mediterranean: evidence for extreme storm waves during the Little Ace Age. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 57, 4, 181-199. SHAH-HOSSEINI M., SALEEM A., MAHMOUD A. A., MORHANGE C., (2016): Coastal boulder deposits attesting to large wave impacts on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. Natural Hazards, accepted. VACCHI M., ROVERE A., ZOUROS N., FIRPO M., (2012): Assessing enigmatic boulder deposits in NE Aegean Sea: importance of historical sources as tool to support hydrodynamic equations. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 12, 1109-1118.
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14C DATING AND BOULDERS DEPOSITS ALONG THE ROCKY COAST OF THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA: A REVIEW. Fago P.1,2, Quarta G.3, Calcagnile L.3, De Martini P.M.4, Milella M.5, Pantosti D. 4, Piscitelli A.5, Sansò P.6, Smedile A.4, Mastronuzzi G.2, 5, 7
1Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Italy. 2 Polo Scientifico Tecnologico "Magna Grecia", Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Taranto,Italy. 3CEDAD (Centre for Dating and Diagnostics), Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Innovazione, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy. 4 Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Sismologia e Tettonofisica, Roma, Italy. 5Environmental Surveys s.r.l., Taranto, Italy. 6 Dipartimento di Scienze a Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy. 7Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Italy.
Boulders accumulations on the supratidal zone of rocky shore platforms are the morphological fingerprints of tsunami/extreme storm waves impact on the coast (Fig. 1 /A). Boulders come from the subtidal/intertidal environments as indicated by their spatial distribution, setting, characteristics and the presence on their surface of marine carbonatic bio-encrustations (e.g. vermetids, serpulids, calcareous algae, corals etc.) (Fig. 1/B). The definition of processes responsible for boulders carving and transport as well as the chronological determination of the catastrophic events can be performed by the integration of numerous data coming from different studies. Boulders morphological features (volume, mass and setting) (e.g. Scicchitano et al., 2007; Shah-Hosseini et al., 2013; Biolchi et al., 2016) and coast microtopography survey (e.g. Pignatelli et al., 2010) integrated into mathematical models allow to calculate the height of the wave that detached and transported boulders (Pignatelli et al., 2009; Nandasena et al., 2011; Engel and May, 2012 and references therein).
Fig. 2: A: boulders accumulation at Torre Colimena - Taranto (Apulia, Italy); B: vermetids/serpulids calcareous tube incrustiations above boulders.
AMS dating of the bio-incrustations occurring on boulder’s surface can date the catastrophic event since incrustating organisms dead after the transport out of marine environment. The conventional age, however, should be calibrated to obtain the calendar age (usually a temporal range) to associate these results to chronological and storical archives of tsunami occurence (Reimer et al., 2013). In this paper, samples collected along the rocky coast of the Mediterranean Sea by several authors are re-calibrated using updated curves and appropriated ΔR values. These last values derives from the Marine Reservoir Correction Database and were selected considering the type of
43 “GeoSUB – Underwater geology” – Ustica, 13-17 September 2016 dated organism and its physiology (Chemello, 2009) as well as the superficial circulation in the Mediterranean Sea (Astraldi et al., 1999; Bianchi, 2004 and references therein). The results of the re-calibration were divided in three groups according to their geographic location; the calendar ages were compared to tsunami catalogues (e.g. Papadopoulos et al., 2014; Fago et al., 2014 and references therein) to identify tsunami events that could impact the Mediterranean coasts in historical time.
References ASTRALDI M., BALOPOULOS S., CANDELA J., and 6 more Authors, (1999): The role of straits and channels in understanding the characteristics of Mediterranean circulation. Progress in Oceanography , 44, 65–108. BIANCHI C. N., (2004): Proposta di suddivisione dei mari italiani in settori biogeografici. Notiziario SIBM, 46, 57-59. BIOLCHI S., FURLANI S., ANTONIOLI F., and 10 more authors, (2016): Boulder accumulations related to extreme wave events on the eastern coast of Malta. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 15, 1-43. CHEMELLO R., (2009): Le biocostruzioni marine in Mediterraneo. Lo stato delle conoscenze sui reef a vermeti. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 16, 1, 2-18. ENGEL M., MAY S.M., (2012): Bonaire's boulder fields revisited: evidence for Holocene tsunami impact on the Leeward Antilles. Quaternary Science Reviews, 1-16. FAGO P., PIGNATELLI C., PISCITELLI A. and 4 more Authors, (2014): WebGIS for Italian tsunami: A useful tool for coastal planners. Marine Geology, 355,369-376 NANDASENA N.A.K., PARIS R., TANAKA N., (2011): Reassessment of hydrodynamic equations: minimum flow velocity to initiate boulder transport by energy events (storms, tsunamis). Marine Geology, 281, 70-84. PAPADOPOULOS G. A., GRÀCIA E., URGELES R., and 14 more Authors, (2014): Historical and 20 pre- historical tsunamis in the Mediterranean and its connected seas: geological signatures, generation mechanisms and coastal impacts. Marine Geology, 354, 81–109. PIGNATELLI C., SANSÒ P., MASTRONUZZI G., (2009): Evaluation of tsunami flooding using geomorphologic evidence. Marine Geology, 260, 6-18. PIGNATELLI C., PISCITELLI A., DAMATO B., MASTRONUZZI G., (2010): Estimation of the value of Manning's coefficient using Terrestrial laser Scanner techniques for the assessment of flooding by extreme waves. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 54, 3, 317-336. REIMER P.J., BARD E., BAYLISS A., and 25 more Authors, (2013): IntCal13 and MARINE13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0-50000 yearscalBP. Radiocarbon 55, 4, 1869-1887. SCICCHITANO G., MONACO C., TORTORICI L., (2007): Large boulder deposits by tsunami waves along the Ionian coast of south-eastern Sicily (Italy). Marine Geology, 238, 75-91. SHAH-HOSSEINI M., MORHANGE C., DE MARCO A., and 6 more Authors, (2013): Coastal boulders in Martigues, French Mediterranean: evidence for extreme storm waves during the Little Ace Age. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 57, 4, 181-199.
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AUV SURVEY USEFUL TO MONITOR THE ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT OF A SUBMERGED PIPELINE LOCATED IN THE GULF OF PALERMO (SICILY) 1Feo R., 1Pampalone V., 1Campo R, 2Scicchitano G., 1Di Bella G., 1De Marchis M.
1Faculty of Engineering and Architecture - Università di Enna “Kore”, Enna, Italy 2Studio Geologi Associati T.S.T., Via Galliano 157 Misterbianco, Catania, Italy
Industrial and civil infrastructures often heavily impact on coastal environment both on emerged and submerged areas. Pipelines, for example, deeply influence, with their presence, morphology, hydrodynamic and water chemistry of the seabed and the overlying water column where they have been laid. This changing can damage various marine biocenosis due to the eutrophication of the seawater system. The aims of the study is to evaluate the use of multi sensor Automatic Underwater Vehicle (AUV) system for monitoring the environmental impact of the Palermo wastewater treatment plant marine outfall, a submerged pipeline located in the eastern part of the Gulf of Palermo (Sicily). Survey has been performed using the AUV EcoMapper of the University of Enna “Kore”, made by YSI equipped with a Side Scan Sonar Imagenex Yellow Fin, settled with a hardware setup of 16 beams and a frequency range between 330 and 800 kHz, and an Echo sounder single beam. Data were gained for operational depth till to 30 m from sea surface, following the sea bottom profile, and an average distance of 1600 m from the shore, throughout the pipeline path. Sampled data were collected and filtered from erroneous measures and corrected in function of navigation velocity. Moreover the drone has an multiparameter sonde YSI 6600 V2 bulkhead built in for collection of water geochemical parameters and it includes 2.4 GHz radio link to download missions and upload collected data, side-scan sonar imaging, GPS to track the programmed path, doppler velocity log (DVL) and compass to follow the submarine route. Morphological data obtained by SSS system, together with chemical-physical parameters measured with the probes, processed by the use of geostatical analysis on GIS platform, provided an important tool to detect the water system health condition, in the zone interested by the presence of the submerged pipeline.
MID-LATE QUATERNARY RSL CHANGES AND VERTICAL TECTONIC MOTION BETWEEN MAZARA AND SELINUNTE (SW SICILY): ONLAND TO OFFSHORE CORRELATION Ferranti L.1, Burrato P. 2, Forlano S. 1, Meccariello M. 1, Pepe F. 3 1 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e delle Risorse (DiSTAR), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy. 2Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Roma, Italy 3 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 22, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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An integrated analysis of Quaternary coastal forms and deposits occurring along the coast between Mazara and Selinunte and of high-resolution sparker seismic profiles in its immediate offshore, provides hints on the morphotectonic evolution of this sector of SW Sicily, where the pattern of late Quaternary uplift is still poorly defined (D’Angelo & Vernuccio, 1996; Antonioli et al., 2006). The area spans the transition between the active front of the fold and thrust belt and the Sciacca deformed foreland. Previous research (Barreca et al., 2014) evidenced the existence of a crustal thrust ramp (Castelvetrano-Campobello di Mazara, CCM line), possibly related to the 1968 Belice and to the ancient Selinunte earthquakes, which separates the ridge hosting Castelvetrano, Campobello, and Mazara in the hanging-wall to the west, from the Selinunte plain in the foot-wall to the east. The oldest Quaternary deposits in the area are the Emilian p.p.-Sicilian Calcareniti di Marsala Fm., a highstand prograding system spanning the commencement of regional uplift. Seismic profiles allow to map the offshore extent of the deltaic bodies and the regional erosional truncation (Regressione Romana Auct.) cutting the prograding foresets. The Mid-Late Pleistocene succession is composed by a regressive suite of terraced backshore to shoreface deposits (D’Angelo & Vernuccio, 1996), grouped in at least 10 orders which represent as many interglacial highstands and testify the interplay between tectonic uplift and sea-level oscillations. The offshore equivalent of the raised deposits is represented by condensed sections which incorporate multiple unconformities, and represent the lowstand erosional/depositional systems formed during glacial stages. Regional uplift is documented by the progressive seaward shift of Mid-Late Pleistocene paleo- shorelines, with a different sedimentary expression across the CCM line (wave-cut platforms with minor terraced deposits and a stack of beach calcarenites evolving to beachshore dunes in the hanging and footwall, respectively), suggesting synsedimentary tectonic activity. Sparker profiles show also deformation affecting the Calcareniti di Marsala across the offshore prosecution of the CCM line. Based on the number and elevation of mapped highstand lines, we suggest a ~0.3 mm/yr cumulative uplift rate since ~700 ka, with a relative vertical displacement across the CCM line at ~0.07 mm/yr.
References ANTONIOLI F., KERSHAW S., RENDA P., RUST D., BELLUOMINI G., RADTKE U. & SILENZI S. (2006). Elevation of the last interglacial highstand in Sicily (Italy): A benchmark of coastal tectonics. Quaternary International, 145-6, 3-18. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2005.07.002. BARRECA G., BRUNO V., COCORULLO C., CULTRERA F., FERRANTI L., GUGLIELMINO F., GUZZETTA L., MATTIA M., MONACO C. & PEPE F. (2013). Geodetic, geological and geophysical evidence of active tectonics in south-western Sicily and offshore. Journal of Geodynamics (2014). D’ANGELO U., VERNUCCIO S. (1996). I terrazzi marini quaternari della estremita` occidentale della Sicilia. Memorie Societa` Geologica Italiana 51, 585–594.
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THE BLACK GLASS THAT CAME FROM THE SEA 1Foresta Martin F. 1Laboratorio Museo di Scienze della Terra Isola di Ustica, Italy
The island of Ustica, starting from the Neolithic (8000 yr BP) until the Middle Bronze Age (3400- 3200 yr BP), experienced an intensive use of obsidian to make cutting tools. Even today you can find many fragments of obsidian scattered on the areas once occupied by the prehistoric settlements, e.g. Spalmatore (Neolithic), Piano dei Cardoni (Eneolithic) and Tramontana (Middle Bronze Age). All the fragments of obsidian collectible in Ustica were imported from distant sources, as volcanism of Ustica did not generated this volcanic glass. Therefore Ustica obsidian offers the opportunity to reveal the trade that occurred along the first maritime routes used by prehistoric people. In recent years, thanks to the archaeometric researches and analyses promoted by the Laboratorio Museo di Scienze della Terra Isola di Ustica (with geochemical methods such as EMPA, LA ICP-MS, SEM, pXRF), it was possible to gain some important informations about the origin and the use of Ustica obsidians flakes during prehistoric times: i) the island of Lipari was not the exclusive source of obsidian imported in Ustica, since a significant percentage, more than 10%, was also transported from Pantelleria; ii) extending archaeometric investigations to a large number of finds we highlighted other provenances, albeit occasional, like that from Palmarola, the island of the Ponziane Archipelago, which was one of the four obsidian sources exploited in prehistoric times in the Central Mediterranean; iii) the use of obsidian in the island of Ustica seems to have been constant from the Neolithic to the Middle Bronze Age, with the same proportion between the two sources of Lipari and Pantelleria; in Ustica there is no decline in the use of obsidian in the Middle Bronze Age, as it is evident in other contemporary settlements of the Aeolian Archipelago (e.g. Portella in Salina); iv) analysis of trace elements have allowed to attribute the Ustica obsidian flakes to the different sub-sources of Lipari and of Pantelleria being used in prehistoric times.
References FORESTA MARTIN F., DI PIAZZA A., DORIANO C., CARAPEZZA M.L., ROTOLO S.G., SAGNOTTI L. (2016). New insights on the provenance of obsidian fragments of Ustica Island (Palermo, Sicily). Archaeometry, in press. FORESTA MARTIN F., DI PIAZZA A., DORIANO C., CARAPEZZA M.L., ROTOLO S.G., SAGNOTTI L. (2016). A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Obsidian Artifacts: the Case of Ustica Island (Palermo, Sicily). Poster presented at: International Obsidian Conference of Lipari, 1-3 June 2016, Lipari, Italy. FORESTA MARTIN F. (2014). I misteriosi itinerari dell’ossidiana di Ustica. Lettera del Centro Studi e Documentazione Isola di Ustica, (XVIII) 46-47, pp. 19-22. MARTINELLI M.C. (2010). Archeologia delle Isole Eolie. Il villaggio dell’età del Bronzo Medio di Portella di Salina. Rebus Edizioni, p. 149. TYKOT R.H. AND FORESTA MARTIN F. (2016). The Prehistoric Obsidian Trade to Ustica (Sicily): Analyses of the Abundant Artifacts from Multiple Neolithic, Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Sites. Paper presented at: Annual Meeting of Archaeological Institute of America, 5-8 Jan. 2017, Toronto, Canada.
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ACCOUNTING FOR NATURAL CAPITAL AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN MARINE PROTECTED AREAS 1Franzese P.P.
1Department of Science and Technology, Parthenope University of Naples, Italy
Ecosystem services assessment is a growing research field addressing the evaluation of the benefits that ecosystems provide to human economy and well-being. Socioeconomic systems are highly dependent on the ecological systems in which they are embedded and from which they gain several goods and services. The whole human economy is supplied (and also constrained) by the availability of stocks of natural capital and flows of ecosystem services. A sustainable economy should therefore consider the existence of limits to growth and biophysical constraints to human activities. A comprehensive understanding of interlinked ecological-economic systems requires the integration of different theoretical frameworks and assessment methods. In this paper, a conceptual framework integrating environmental accounting and ecosystem services assessment is proposed, highlight three main possible windows of attention to be investigated when focusing on ecosystem services provision and exploitation: (1) sustained economic and environmental costs, (2) received benefits, and (3) generated impacts. Then, environmental accounting and ecosystem services assessment are proposed as tools to account for and valuate natural capital and ecosystem services in marine protected areas.
A DATABASE OF THE SEA CAVES IN THE CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN 1Furlani S., 1Biolchi S., 2Antonioli F., 1Venturini E.
1University of Trieste, Italy 2ENEA, Rome, Italy
The Mediterranean Sea is bordered by about 23.000 km of rocky coasts (Furlani et al., 2014a). The latter allow the development of coastal landforms, such as the sea caves. Such landforms attracted the attention of geoscientists, biologists, but also tourists. Sea caves can be grouped in two major types: sea caves sensu stricto and flooded caves (Antonioli and Forti 2003). The first ones include caves formed by marine processes, such as wave attack, abrasion, etc. The others include caves developed by means of different processes, such as karst, eolian, tectonic or volcanic caves formed in dry conditions and before the Holocene marine transgression. Mylroie and Carey (1990) recognized a third group, called flank margin caves, that are dissolutional features that form by water mixing as sealed chambers. The formation of sea caves is mainly controlled by geological weakness, such as bedding planes, joints and faults along sea cliffs (Sunamura 1992). Coastal caves along the present-day coastline are partially submerged and their longitudinal profiles are usually increasing in elevation toward their inner part (Gracia et al. 2001).
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The surveys carried out within the Geoswim Project allowed to map and study sea caves, but sometimes also to discover new caves, such as at Favignana (Egadi, Italy) or Gozo (Malta). We present the first attempt to build a database at Mediterranean scale of the sea caves starting from these data. Until now, we recognized and studied 122 sea caves in 6 sites in the central Mediterranean, in correspondence of different lithologies, such as limestones and effusive rocks. Researches on sea caves are improved with hydrological, geological, geomorphological and ecological studies. Further researches on rocky coasts and improvements to the database are in progress.
Fig. 1: Sea cave along the rocky coasts of Favignana.
Fig. 2: The sea caves of Ustica.
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References ANTONIOLI F., FORTI P. (2003). Geologia e genesi delle grotte marine. In AA.VV., «Grotte marine: cinquant’anni di ricerca in Italia». Ed. CLEM, Ministero dell’Ambiente, Sezione Difesa Mare, 505 p FURLANI S., CUCCHI F., BIOLCHI S. (2012). Late Holocene widening of Karst voids by marine processes in partially submerged coastal caves (Northeastern Adriatic Sea). Geogr Fis e Din Quat 35(2):129-140. FURLANI S. ET AL. (2014). Results of the Geoswim Project: Timing of the emergence of the Europe– Sicily bridge (40–17 cal ka BP) and its implications for the spread of modern humans (2014) Quateranry International. GRACIA F., CLAMOR B., LANDRETH R., VICENS D., WATKINSON P. (2001). Evidencies geomorphologiques del canvas del nivell marì. In: Pons G.X. & Guijarro A. (Eds): «El canvi climatic: Passat, present I future». Monografias Sociedad de Historia Natural de Balears, 9:91-119. MYLROIE J.E., CAREW J.L. (1990). The flank margin model for dissolution cave development in carbonate platforms. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 15, 413-424.
GEOSWIM AT MONTE CONERO: RESULTS FROM SWIM SURVEYS 1Furlani S., 2Antonioli F., 1Biolchi S., 1Devoto S., 3Piacentini D., 4Troiani F., 3Menichetti M., 3Nesci O.
1 Department of Mathematics and Geosciences, University of Trieste, Italy 2 ENEA, UTMEA, Rome, Italy 3 Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, Italy 4 Department of Geosciences, Sapienza - University of Rome, Italy
The Mediterranean Sea is bordered by about 23.000 km of rocky coasts (Furlani et al., 2014a), along which particular coastal landforms, such as sea caves, tidepools, shore platforms, tidal notches, etc, occur. A multidisciplinary approach, following the Geoswim method (Furlani et al., 2014b, in press) combining snorkel and field surveys, has been used along the coastline of the Monte Conero, Marche, to study the lateral variations of coastal landforms. The coastline in the study area is indented, with small bays alternated to headlands. The height of the cliffs and plunging cliffs along the Conero rise up to 450 meters. The surveys between Sirolo and Portonovo highlighted a high rocky coast characterized by high susceptibility to landslides, due to local geological and structural conditions, such as bedding and highly fractured limestones, often vertical or off-shore inclined. The rock mass is particularly little conservative and marine landforms are generally lacking or rare. During the survey, tidal notches were discovered in 5 sites along the studied coastline, in particular at the Due Sorelle stacks. These landforms are rare and occur in correspondence of very stable limestone outcrops, in fact, from 100 to 300 years to develop a tidal notch, maybe the same return period for main landslide phenomena.
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Fig. 1: Ecological observations along the Conero plunging cliffs, Monte Conero (Marche, Italy)
References FURLANI S., PAPPALARDO M., GOMEZ-PUJOL L., CHELLI A. (2014a): The rock coast of the Mediterranean and Black Seas. In: Kennedy, D.M., Stephenson, W.J., Naylor, L.A. (Eds), Rock Coast Geomorphology: A Global Synthesis. Geological Society, London Memoirs, 40, 89-123. FURLANI S., NINFO A., ZAVAGNO E., PAGANINI P., ZINI L., BIOLCHI S., ANTONIOLI F., COREN F., CUCCHI F. (2014b): Submerged notches in Istria and the Gulf of Trieste: results from the Geoswim Project. Quaternary International, 332, 37-47. FURLANI S., ANTONIOLI F., GAMBIN T., GAUCI R., NINFO A., ZAVAGNO E., MICALLEF A., CUCCHI F. (in press): Marine notches on the Maltese Islands (Central Mediterranean Sea). Quaternary International, in press.
NEARSHORE BEDFORMS OF TYRRHENIAN EMBAYED MICRO POCKET BEACH (MARATEA, BASILICATA, SOUTHERN ITALY) Gaglianone G.1
1Earth Sciences Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
The Tyrrhenian coast of Basilicata (southern Italy), located in the Policastro Gulf, consists of about 33 Km of high cliffs-like rocky coast, intercalated to more or less small sandy-gravelly beaches. With the exception of more southern beach, at “Castrocucco di Maratea”, near the Noce River mouth,
51 “GeoSUB – Underwater geology” – Ustica, 13-17 September 2016 which marks the border with the coast of Calabria, the other investigated sites are recognized as pocket beaches. This portion of coast is wave-dominated (Davis and Hayes, 1983) with a microtidal regime, characterizing not only the Tyrrhenian Sea, but also the wholeCentral Mediterranean Sea, with a tidal range of about 35 cm (Longhitano, 2011). Along the coastline, there are commonly coarse sandy-gravel, interpreted as relict sediments, since they are not compatible with the present actual sea level (Toccaceli, 1992). All the investigated sites are characterized by reflective morpho-sedimentary intrinsic features (very steep profiles, coarse granulometry, sensu Klein and Menezes, 2001); the morphology of the coast receives the full wave energy, without mitigation, and tends to reflect it towards the open sea (Orton and Reading, 1993). One of the smaller pocket beach (Calaficarra, Marina di Maratea), measuring less than fifty meters, was investigated about relationship between subaqueous characteristics of peculiar gravelly bedforms of nearshore zone (size, shape, orientation and sediment granulometry) and related with the most significant local wave’s parameters. In addition, the relationship between planform geometry and orientation of embayed beach, shape and morphology of headlands to incident wave energy (Bowman et al., 2014) were taken into account, focusing on the submerged morphology of headlands. Preliminary, bedforms observation, over a period of twenty-five years during recurring SCUBA diving, would suggest apparently that these coarse bedforms are invariables throufg time according to their shapes and orientation. This study aims to contribute to understand dynamic of gravelly bedforms formation and their evolution, related to constraints identified in submerged embayed morphology of pocket beach.
Fig. 1: Two orders of bedforms (3D superimposed bedforms) on gravel (Calaficarra nearshore zone, 8 m water depth).
References DAVIS R. A. JR., HAYES M. O. (1983). What is a wave-dominated coast? In B. Greenwood and R.A. Davies, Jr. (Eds.), Hydrodynamics and sedimentation in wave-dominated coastal environments. Marin. Geol., 60, 313 – 329.
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KLEIN A. H. F., MENEZES J. T. (2001). Beach Morphodynamics and Profile Sequence for a Headland Bay Coast. Journal of Coastal Research, 17(4), 812 – 835. LONGHITANO S. (2011). The record of tidal cycles in mixed silici–bioclastic deposits: examples from small Plio–Pleistocene peripheral basins of the microtidal Central Mediterranean Sea. Sedimentology, 58(3), 691 – 719. ORTON G. J., READING H. G., (1993). Variability of deltaic processes in terms of sediment supply, with particular emphasis on grain size. Sedimentology, 40(3), 475 – 512. TOCCACELI R. M. (1992). Principali elementi morfostrutturali del tratto di costa sommerso tra Sapri e la foce del Fiume Noce (Golfo di Policastro). Giornale di Geologia, ser. 3a, 54(2), 91 – 101.
SEDIMENTARY FACIES OF ATROPICAL SEAGRASS: INSIGHT FROM THE MALE SOUTH ATOLL (REPUBLIC OF MALDIVES) Gaglianone G.1, Brandano M.1, 2
1Earth Sciences Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy 2 IGAG CNR, Rome. Italy
The Maldives form a double row of 26 atolls on the Chagos-Laccadive Bank (Payri et al., 2012; Hackett, 1977). Seagrasses settle mainly in littoral zone, in the shallow-water lagoon (Milchakovaet al., 2005) of the islands, but sometimes they was also find in areas exposed to strong currents, in oceanic-exposed reef flats (Payri et al., 2012). In most cases, seagrasses form polyspecific association, with a dominant species (Milchakovaet al., 2005; Payri et al,. 2012; Miller and Sluka, 1999). Maldivian reported seagrasses are Syringodium isoetifolium (Ascherson) Dandy, Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenberg) Ascherson, Thalassodendron ciliatum (Forsskal) Hartog (Green and Short, 2003), Halodule uninervis (Forsskal) Ascherson and Cymodocea rotundata (Ehrenbery and Hemprich ex Ascherson) (Milchakova et al., 2005; Payriet al., 2012; Miller and Sluka, 1999). Observations on several atolls suggested that seagrasses were more abundant in areas adjacent to traditional fishing villages than in other areas, where sediments are enriched in anthropogenic phosphorus (Miller and Sluka, 1999). The two investigated seagrasses are located in two islands of Male South Atoll, the first one develops in the Guraidhoo lagoon (Guraidhoo Island); the second one, less extended, more internal and established only in the last five years, grows in the small lagoon of Viliyvaru Island. The two patches of seagrasses are far less than 2 km and are opposite, perpendicularly to the reef front of Kandooma Beyru (Fig. 1).
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Fig. 1: Location of sampled seagrasses: bottom right Guraidhoo Island and top left Viliyvaru Island; Kandhooma channel on the top right (modified from Google Earth).
Eighteen samples of sediments were collected into seagrass (Fig. 2) along transect, according to the depth gradient; sedimentological and compositional characterisation was performed for compare the sediments of this two different patches and recognise sedimentary facies.
Fig. 2: Sediment of Guraidhoo seagrass.
References GREEN E. P., SHORT F. T. (2003). World Atlas of Seagrasses. Prepared by the UIMEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre. University of California Press, Berkeley, USA.
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HACKETT H. E. (1977). Marine algae known from Maldive Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin, 210, 1 – 30. MILCHAKOVA N. A., PHILLIPS R. C., RYABOGINA V.G. (2005). New data on the locations of seagrasses species in the Indian Ocean. Atoll Research Bulletin, 537, 177 – 188. MILLER M. V., SLUKA R. D. (1999). Patterns of Seagrass and Sediment Nutrient Distribution Suggest Anthropogenic Enrichment in Laamu Atoll, Republic of Maldives. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 38(12), 1152 – 1156. PAYRI C. E.N’YEURT A. DE R., MATTIO L. (2012). Benthic algal and seagrass communities in Baa atoll, Maldives. Atoll Research Bulletin, 590, 31 – 66.
SEDIMENTARY AND PALEOECOLOGICAL RESEARCHES OF CIRCALITTORAL SOFT- BOTTOMS OF USTICA ISLAND (PALERMO, SOUTHERN TYRRHENIAN SEA): EXPLORATION OF UNDERWATER ENVIRONMENT OF RHODOLITH BEDS 1Giaccone T., 2Giaccone G.
1geologist, PhD in Environmental Sciences 2University of Catania, Italy
This study is about sedimentary and paleoecological researches of circalittoral soft-bottoms of Secchitello and other sites along the south coast of Ustica Island (Palermo, Southern Tyrrhenian Sea) and it aims at describing and interpreting in an evolutionary key the facies with free-living calcareous algae of the Coastal Detritic Bottoms (CD) assemblage. It is a multidisciplinary study that provided helpful data for a taxonomic, ecological and paleocological revision of the Mediterranean associations with calcareous free-living Rhodophyceae and of their relations with the sedimentary dynamic. In 1991 the University of Catania carried out a research campaign on the island of Ustica (Palermo, Sicily). Thanks to the use of Pluto (a remotely operated vehicle endowed with video- camera instrumentation), it was possible to film the circalittoral soft bottoms of Secchitello (“Sicchiteddu”), in relation to which, at a depth of almost -50/-60 meters, the presence of biocenosis of the coastal detritic bottoms, characterized by a surprising bio-diversity, were found. At a greater depth and up to about - 90 meters, the biocenosis of the coastal bottoms evolved in some cases in biocenosis of a platform Corallingenous assemblage, characterized by the dominating presence of rhodolith bio-concretions with large, branching Bryozoa. After this preliminary survey carried out by remote control systems, no further research was done. On re-examining the images filmed over 20 years ago and knowing the importance of the calcareous seaweeds, in particular the Rhodophyta, as ecological indicators and paleo-ecological markers, it was decided to start this research work.
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The area of Secchitello in Ustica and other sites along the south coast of the Island, were explored by using a triangular dredge, a “Van Veen type” grab and by scuba diving. It has been decided to simplify and update the traditional model of Pérès and Picard (1964) reducing phytofacies of the CD from 7 (facies with prâlines, facies with Lithothamnion valens, facies of the Maërl, facies with “Lithothamnion fruticulosum”, facies with free-living Squamariaceae, facies with Osmundaria volubilis, facies with “Halarachnion spatulatum”) to 4 (facies with prâlines, facies of the Maërl, facies with Lithothamnion minervae and facies with free-living Peyssonneliaceae). The CD of the Secchitello of Ustica Island is characterized by a single community and the species do not represent a particular facies even considering the prevalence of the facies with Lithothamnion minervae. The new species described for the Ustica Island and for Sicily is the Lithothamnion minervae, while the new species for the Ustica Island are the Mesophyllum alternans (Foslie) Cabioch & Mendoza and the Peyssonnelia inamoena Pilger. Rhodolits of the Secchitello, of which the most representative morphotypes are those of prâlines, boxwork and branches, are distributed with the coated grains at depths going from - 50 to - 90 meters where there are soft-bottoms with coarse sediments included in the granulometric classes of sands and gravels; these sediments have a mostly biogenic nature. The rough morphology of these bottoms, with needles and gorges, increases the activity of the currents in this site (wave motion currents and Ingression Atlantic Current) and according to the application of indirect calculus models (Basso & Tomaselli, 1994) the Rhodolits should theoretically begin to move with an average current speed of 1.30 m/s. The movement of the calcareous free- living Rhodophyceae is also ensured by the presence of biodisturbance phenomena by Cidaris cidaris and Echinaster sepositus and also by the action of “sail epiphytes” attached to them, such as Cystoseira spinosa v. compressa and Phyllophora crispa. The presence of an ecotone community has also been described, that is to say the transition between the CD and the Platform Coralligenous communities, the last occasionally filmed by ROV in a place with an old abandoned drag-net. The analysis of various non-geniculate sections of the Corallinales allowed to reconstruct the paleoenvironmental evolution of the Secchitello, pointing out three phases of initial, intermediate and recent colonization and to characterize the actual colonization. The transition from one phase to another is probably due to the temporary change of intensity and direction of the Secchitello currents, due to changes which took place in this last millennium. The relevant density and biodiversity of free-living calcareous algae and of species in epibiosis found in the Secchitello area of the Ustica Island, shows the presence of Rhodolits beds, that is to say wide calcareous algae associations coverage comparable to those of the Coralligenous assemblage.
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DOCUMENTING SEDIMENTATION RATES AND EXTREME SEDIMENTOLOGICAL EVENTS FROM 228Th-228Ra-232Th DISEQUILIBRIA IN SHALLOW COASTAL SEDIMENTS 1Claude HILLAIRE-MARCEL, 2, 1Bassam GHALEB, 2Ana-Carolina RUIZ-FERNÁNDEZb, 1Joan Albert SANCHEZ-CABEZA
1Centre de Recherche en Géochimie et Géodynamique (GEOTOP), Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888 Centre-ville, Montréal Qc, Canada H3C3P8. E-mail: [email protected] 2Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología. Calz. J. Montes Camarena s/n, 82040 Mazatlán, Sin., México.
Climatic events (e.g., storminess, floods) and management activities (e.g., dredging) may result in the burial or removal and re-suspension of sediments in shallow coastal areas and estuaries. When such sediments are contaminated, as in some of the examples examined below, such processes may either help restoring better chemical environments or lead to their long-term contamination. Whereas elemental and isotopic signatures in surface sediments may help identifying such sedimentological events, short-lived isotopes are often needed to set relatively tight time-constraints on their occurrence. In this way, 232Th-228Ra-228Th provide information of the last 30 yr-time window as illustrated here. 228Th/232Th activity ratios were determined by chemical extraction of Th and alpha counting of unspiked samples, rapidly after sampling (228Th/232Th), whereas the activity of the intermediate isotope 228Ra has been estimated based on replicate measurements on sampled, a few years later. Box-cored sediments from the lower estuary of the St. Lawrence (Canada) document the behavior of these isotopes under relatively steady conditions. Core-top sediment shows an excess in 228Th vs 232Th (AR ~ 1.6), whereas the intermediate 228Ra depicts a deficit vs its parent 232Th (AR ~0.6). Downcore, radioactive decay carries rapidly 228Th- activities to those of the parent 228Ra within about 10 yrs (i.e., ~ 5 half-lives of 228Th), then both move during the next ~ 20 yrs, following 228Ra trend towards secular equilibrium with the parent, long-lived 232Th. In sites characterized by frequent exceptional sedimentologival events, these isotopic profiles depict departures from this pattern bearing information on the timing and processes involved in these events. Examples from the Saguenay Fjord (Canada) illustrate frequent flood disturbances, whereas examples from the shallow coastal areas of the Pacific coast of Mexico showed evidences of recent disturbances of the sedimentary processes, such as re-suspension and/or erosion events linked to storminess or land use changes. In the first case, the fast accumulation of flood layers has sealed most of the early 20th-century contamination, whereas in the second case, erosion and re-suspension events led to the removal of sediments contaminated by heavy metals, then released into the environment, prior to re-sedimentation elsewhere.
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HIGH RATES OF RELATIVE SEA LEVEL CHANGE IN THE RIO-ANTIRIO STRAIT (GREECE) BASED ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL INDICATORS Kolaiti E.1, Mourtzas, N.2
1GAIAERGON LtD, Athens, Greece, University of Peloponnese, Kalamata, Greece 2 GAIAERGON LtD, Athens, Greece
In this paper we attempt to approach the subsidence rate of the Rio-Antirio strait, based on data derived from the RSL change on the coast of Rio during the last 517 years. The underwater survey revealed four sea level indicators: the coastal construction -probably a beacon-of the Ottoman period, the base of the Ottoman fortification wall, the base of the fortification wall of the Venetian period, and the tidal notch formed on the blocks of the base of the Venetian wall. The fortress foundation should to have constructed in dry conditions and therefore, the current submerged position reflects the minimum RSL change from the period of construction to the present day. Furthemore, the current submerged position of the Ottoman coastline defined by the position of the coastal construction reflects the maximum change in the sea-land relationship from the period of construction to the present day. The Rio-Antirio strait lies in the western part of the Corinth Gulf, one of the most seismically active zones in Europe. The seismicity is not random in the area but formed distinctive clusters, indicating an E-W striking seismic zone. One main cluster is in the southern part along the Rio-Antirio strait with increased seismicity, which is probably correlated to the fluids presence that it seems to play an important role to the triggering of tectonic earthquakes (Karagianni et al., 2013). The ENE trending Rio-Antirio tectonic graben, between the grabens of Patras Gulf and the West Corinth Gulf, is a transfer zone bounded by SW-NE faults, subject to a continuous regional N-S trending extension (Doutsos et al., 1988; Papanikolaou et al., 1997). Data processing of the Rio-Antirio GPS Network revealed that the southern part of the Patras Gulf (Rio) seems to be extending towards the SSW direction with amplitudes of 8.7 - 13 mm/yr. Concerning the vertical component, an uplift was generally observed with rate about 3 mm/yr in the northern part (Antirio), while in the southern part the uplift was higher ranging from 5.9 - 12.1 mm/yr (Vlachou et al., 2011). On the contrary, Parcharidis et al. (2009) applied the Interferometric Point Target Analysis (IPTA) using a dataset of 42 ERS-1 and 2 scenes to detect ground deformation. The authors concluded that the area of Rio is subsiding with a rate ranging between -1.8 mm/year and -6.2 mm/year, whereas the area of Antirio is stable or is subsiding with rates less than -2 mm/year. The Rio fortress is located at the northern tip of the Rio peninsula (Achaea, Peloponnese) and along with its twin, the Antirio fortress (Aetolia-Acarnania, West Greece), was intended to protect the entrance of the Western Corinth Gulf. The first fortification wall of Rio castle was built by the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II in 1499. It was smaller in area and with a double circuit and moat. In 1532 it was captured by the Spaniards and Andrea Doria, and retaken by the Turks. In 1603 the Knights of Malta caused significant damage. In 1687 it was taken by the Venetians, under Francesco Morosini. Drastic repairs were made and it received the form it has today: new towers - bastions, strengthened ramparts. The fortress was seized by the Ottomans in 1715, and remained there until 1828, when after a siege surrendered it to French General Maison. Then it was repaired and handed over to the Greeks. The castle was used as a prison between 1831 and 1912. During World War II
58 “GeoSUB – Underwater geology” – Ustica, 13-17 September 2016 the Germans were established there. No excavations have been carried out in the area of the Fortress (source: http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/2/ gh251.jsp?obj_id=1610). The Rio fortress has an irregular polygonal shape with a perimeter of 1000 m and is surrounded by a fortification wall (Fig. 1, 3a). The north end of the wall coincides with the tip of the Rio peninsula. The coastal eastern and western sides of the wall are surrounded by a sand pebble coast 25 m wide, while only a small section 130 m long at the east side is washed by the sea. The south side of the wall is bounded by a moat, which communicates with the sea and fills with water. The base of the fortification wall consists of two up to four courses of orthogonal blocks, 0.25 m to 0.40 m thick. The superimposed structure of the wall is built of rubble stones connected with mortar. The depth of the seabed where the wall rests is -1.65 m in the section of the eastern Ottoman wall before the sandy shore, up to -1.80 m and -1.90 m at the south and north sides of the eastern Ottoman bastion, respectively, and -1.40 m to -1.50 m at the eastern Venetian wall (Fig. 1, 2a, b, c, d, e, 3b, f, g, i). An earlier sea level stand has eroded the base of the wall of the eastern Ottoman bastion, having formed an erosional cavity (Fig. 2b, 3c). The coastline of the Ottoman period is located at a depth of 2.50 m, in a distance 7.80 m from the base of the Ottoman bastion. It was at the seaward end of the base of the coastal circular construction, 3.50 m in diameter (Fig. 2b, 3d), in the center of which the lower part of a 1.0 m diameter column is observed (Fig. 2b, 3e). According to historical evidence, the eastern Ottoman bastion was constructed in 1499 and remained intact despite of the successive reconstructions of the fortress. Considering the maximum measured depth of -1.90 m at the base of the Ottoman bastion, a minimum rate of RSL rise of 3.70 mm/yr can be deduced for the last 517 years. The respective maximum rate of RSL rise is 4.85 mm/yr, as results from the current depth of the Ottoman coastline. From the depth of the base of the Venetian wall added in 1687, we can infer a RSL rise rate of 4.55 mm/yr for the last 329 years. The observed slowdown is probably due to an intervening period of stability, during which the tidal notch at -1.18 m was formed on the Venetian wall (Fig. 3h).
Fig. 1: Google image of the Rio fortress with the measured depths of the seabed at selected positions where the Ottoman and Venetian fortification walls rest.
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Fig. 2: Cross-sections at the submerged sections of the the eastern Ottoman wall and bastion (a, b) and eastern Venetian wall and bastion (c, d, e).
Fig. 3: Views of the eastern fortification wall of Rio fortress: (a) the Ottoman bastion (in front) and the Venetian wall (to the left), (b) the submerged section of the Ottoman wall, (c) the erosional cavity on the base of the Ottoman bastion, (d) the circular coastal construction, (e) the lower part of the column, (f) the northern end and (g) the base of the Venetian wall, (h) the tidal
60 “GeoSUB – Underwater geology” – Ustica, 13-17 September 2016 notch formed on the Venetian wall, and (i) the submerged corner of the Venetian bastion. [Photos (a) and (h) were taken by Fabrizio Antonioli]
References DOUTSOS, T., KONTOPOULOS, N., POULIMENOS, G. (1988). The Corinth-Patras rift as the initial stage of continental fragmentation behind an active island arc (Greece). Basin Research, 1, 177-190. KARAGIANNI, E., PARADISOPOULOU, P., KARAKOSTAS, V. (2013). Spatio-temporal earthquake clustering in the Western Corinth Gulf. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, vol. XLVII, Proc. of the 13th International Geological Congress, Chania, Sept. 2013. PAPANIKOLAOU, D., CHRONIS, G., LYKOUSIS, V., SAKELLARIOU, D., PAPOULIA, I. (1997). Submarine neotectonic structure of W. Korinthiakos Gulf and geodynamic phenomena of the Egion earthquake. Proc. of the 5th Panhellenic Symposium of Oceanography and Fishery, Ι, 415-418. PARCHARIDIS, I., FOUMELIS, M., KOURKOULI, P., WEGMULLER, U. (2009). Persistent Scatterers InSAR to detect ground deformation over Rio-Antirio area (Western Greece) for the period 1992– 2000. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 68, 348–355. VLACHOU, K., SAKKAS, V., PAPADIMITRIOU, P., LAGIOS, E. (2011). Crustal deformation studies in the seismically active area of Patras Gulf (Greece). International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 3895-3898. Doi: 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6050082.
REMOTELY PILOTED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS (RPAS) APPLICATION FOR STRUCTURE DESCRIPTION OF MEDITERRANEAN VERMETID REEFS. La Marca E.C.1, D’Argenio A.2, Fazio C.2, Chemello R.1
1Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Italy 2Consorzio Ticonzero, Palermo, Italy
Vermetid gastropods are coastal habitat engineers which build biogenic platforms typical of intertidal rocky shores of central and south-east of the Mediterranean. These bioconstructions create a secondary habitat which increases resource availability and space for organisms, locally transforming the environment and modifying coastal geomorphology. Biological characteristics and physical structure of these bioconstructions are commonly studied by field-based sampling. Nevertheless, a lot of time is required to collect data over large areas of reef, field conditions can impair data collection and direct reef image interpretation may be a challenge due to their intertidal position. In this study, a small RPAS is used to describe the macrostructure of two vermetid reefs in different areas: Capo Gallo (NW Sicily) and Favignana Island (W Sicily).
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800 m of each reef have been surveyed by using high-resolution aerial orthophotomosaics (2cm/px). Detailed 3D maps have been realized for both reefs and the following measures of ecological relevance have been estimated: external rim length, internal rim length, surface of external rim (mq), cuvette surface (mq) and reef surface (mq). Index of external rim development and Index of internal rim development have been calculated as a relationship between a standardized linear length and the length of the external and internal rim respectively. Total area for Capo Gallo reef is 2563,26 mq; indexes of external and internal rim development are respectively 3,40 and 1,90. For Favignana, reef area is 1263,15 mq and indexes of external and internal rim development are respectively 2,56 and 1,80. These results reveal RPAS as a powerful tool for physical description of vermetid reefs and to calculate how this biogenic habitat shapes the coast and increases habitat complexity on rocky shores. This study, moreover, shows the high potential for RPAS technique to be applied for mapping vermetid reefs and to aid the management and conservation of natural systems, as required by the EU Strategy on Biodiversity which declares the necessity of mapping habitats and the ecosystem services they provide.
Fig. 1: Ortophotomosaic of Favignana’s reef and detail of the estimated measures (the blue line corresponds to the external rim and the yellow to the internal rim).
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UNDERWATER ENVIRONMENT EXPLORATIONS: THE CASE STUDY OF THE MARGIONE CAVE (RG) 1Leonardi R. 1Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Earth Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
In the Hyblean area (south-eastern Sicily), carbonatic successions mostly crop out. For this reason, this area is largely affected by karst processes. The Margione cave, object of the present study, is located along the right side of the Tellesimo torrent (tributary of the Tellaro river), in the administrative territory of Modica. It sits on the Ragusa formation, along an east-west oriented fracture. The Hyblean speleological Club explored and mapped the Margione cave for the first time in 1993. The cave is quite difficult to be explored in wintertime, because of heavy rainfall, which causes overflowing of a large amount of water in the entrance. The aerial section of the cave extends for about 70 meters from the entrance; afterwards, the exploration continues under submerged conditions (which was carried out for the first time in May 2014 with ARA equipment) along the small terminal lake extending for about 180 m. At the end of the submerged part there is a large aerial chamber; here the air is not breathable because of the large amount of CO2. Many surveys are currently to be carried out in order to complete the cave mapping and to define the nature and provenance of CO2.
CITIZEN SCIENCE PROJECTS FOR MONITORING ALIEN MACROPHYTES Mannino A.M.1, Broglio E.2, Tomas F.3, Donati S.4, Balistreri P.1, 4
1University of Palermo, Italy 2Institute of Marine Sciences, ICM-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain 3Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA-UIB-CSIC), Balearic Islands, Barcelona, Spain 4Egadi Islands MPA
To understand the invasive potential and the spread dynamics of an alien species, any newly colonized area needs to be quickly detected. Therefore, regular monitoring programs and public awareness campaigns are essential. Since intensive monitoring activities involving scientists are expensive, the occurrence and spread of marine species could remain undetected or could be detected only years after the initial colonization. Citizen Science initiatives, a potential solution to this problem providing supplemental information that would otherwise be lost, are able to involve different groups of volunteers: students, tourists, divers, underwater photographers, amateurs and fishermen. Volunteers are encouraged to collaborate by providing data on the occurrence of alien species together with photos and environmental information which are published after validation by taxonomic experts. Websites and social networks play a fundamental role in the coordination, sharing and flow of all the collected data. The aim of this paper is to report the experience of two citizen science projects. The Participated Project “Caulerpa cylindracea – Egadi Islands” and the
63 “GeoSUB – Underwater geology” – Ustica, 13-17 September 2016 citizen science platform “Seawatchers”. The first one is a two-year Participated Project (sponsored by the Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies-STEBICEF, University of Palermo and the Egadi Islands Marine Protected Area) launched on 27th August 2014 and aimed at creating a database on the spread dynamics and the levels of threat of C. cylindracea within the Egadi Islands MPA. The second one is a platform of projects, coordinated by the Institute of Marine Sciences of Barcelona (CSIC, Spain), that relies on the collaboration among citizens and scientists. The results of these projects highlight how important the contribution of citizen scientists is for collecting new data and information on non-native marine species, and can be also used as an early-warning system. Moreover, they represent an opportunity to promote the creation of a permanent observatory “a warning system” for alien species within the Mediterranean Sea.
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PALEOENVIRONMENTAL 3D RECONSTRUCTION OF THE STATE NATURAL RESERVE AND MARINE PROTECTED AREA OF TORRE GUACETO (BRINDISI, ITALY)
Mastronuzzi G.1, 4, Cucinelli M.2, Fiorentino G.3, Maggiulli G.3, Milella M.4, Piscitelli A.4, Primavera M.3, Simone O.5, Scarano T.3,6, Spada I.2,Spisso N.2
1 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali, Università degli Studi di Bari, Italy. 2 CETMA - Engineering, Design & Materials Technologies Centre, Brindisi, Italy 3 Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università del Salento, Italy 4EnvironmentalSurveys s.r.l., Taranto, Italy 5SIGEA Puglia, Italy 6Consorzio di Gestione dell’AMP Torre Guaceto, Italy
The State Natural Reserve and Marine Protected Area of Torre Guaceto stretches along the Adriatic side of Apulia. In its perimeter, evidence of different phases of the evolution of its landscape are present both in underwater and emerged environments. During the Middle Pleistocene, north of the Soglia Messapica, thin coastal deposits accumulated and abrasion surfaces were cut whereas, to the south, marine sediments were deposited. During the last interglacial period, two thin transgressive beach deposits formed along with a dune belt and backdune deposits (Mastronuzzi et al., 2011). As consequence of the Holocene transgression (Antonioli et al., 2009), sea motion scraped part of the Late Pleistocene dune belt inducing the shaping of an archipelago and of swamp areas limited by dune belts (Mastronuzzi and Sansò, 2000) that are together the main geomorphological feature of the Marine Reserve. In its perimeter, remains of a long human occupation are well preserved; during the Bronze Age (2nd millenniumBC) the entire coastal area was characterised by the presence on the higher part of the landscape (corresponding to the Late Pleistocene dune belt) of two fortified settlements, Torre Guaceto and Scogli di Apani. The latter was investigated during last years gathering rich evidence of thick stratigraphies mainly consisting in dwelling structures destroyed by fire events dating back almost to the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age (17th century BC)(Scarano et al., 2008; Cinquepalmi et al., 2010). The whole territory seems to have played a minor role during the following Messapic - Greek Age. It was re-occupied during the Roman time, as evidenced by the well known amphora kilns at Apani as well as by the remains of a lighthouse on a small isle just in front to the promontory that limits the main inlet and that defines a sheltered area respect to the main storms, able to offer cover and water during coastal sailing. The rich dataset deriving from both archaeological surveys and excavations performed in the area of the villages has been implemented thanks to a detailed geological survey and a core campaign. During this last, six different cores were drilled up to the local basement identified at about 2.5 m below the sea level. The most complete core was analized in order to identify phyto- and zoological paleontological association useful in the reconstruction of the paleoenvironmentof the sea level changes. Three AMS age have been performed on charcoal remains deriving from different levels; the lowermost corresponds to a saltmarsh in communication to the sea. The derived data are in concordance with the isostatic curve of the predicted sea level produced for the southern Apulia (Lambeck et al., 2004; 2011). The entire archaeological, geological and paleontological data set are at the base of the 3D reconstruction of the evolution of the Protected Marine Reserve area of Torre Guaceto.
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Fig. 1: (above). Aerial view of the Protected Marine Reserve Area of Torre Guaceto.
Fig. 2: (right). The main core performed and analised in the Torre Guaceto area; large red dots indicate the position of the samples submitted to AMS age determination.
References ANTONIOLI F., FERRANTI L., FONTANA A., AMOROSI A., BONDESAN A., BRAITENBERG C., DUTTON A., FONTOLAN G., FURLANI S., LAMBECK K., MASTRONUZZI G., MONACO C., SPADA G., STOCCHI P. (2009). Holocene relative sea-level changes and tectonic movements along the Italian coastline. Quaternary International, 206, 102-133.
CINQUEPALMI A., GUGLIELMINO R., SCARANO T. (2010), L’insediamentodell’età del Bronzodegli Scogli di Apani (Brindisi). in: F. Radina - G. Recchia (eds.), Ambra per Agamennone. Indigeni e MiceneitraAdriatico, IonioedEgeo. Exhibition Catalog, 221-223.
LAMBECK K., ANTONIOLI F., PURCELL A. & SILENZI S. (2004). Sea level change along the Italian coast for the past 10, 000 yrs. Quaternary Science Reviews 23,1567-1598.
LAMBECK K., ANTONIOLI F., ANZIDEI M., FERRANTI L., LEONI G., SCICCHITANO G., SILENZI S. (2011). Sea level change along the Italian coast during the Holocene and projections for the future. Quaternary International,232, 250-257.
MASTRONUZZI G., CAPUTO R., DI BUCCI D., FRACASSI U., MILELLA M., PIGNATELLI C., SANSÒ P., SELLERI G. (2011). Middle–Late Pleistocene Evolution of the Adriatic Coastline of Southern Apulia (Italy). in Response to Relative Sea-level Changes. Geografia Fisica e Dinamica Quaternaria, 34(2), 207-222.
SCARANO T., AURIEMMA R., MASTRONUZZI G., SANSÒ P. (2008). L’archeologia del paesaggio costiero e la ricostruzione delle trasformazioni ambientali: gli insediamenti di Torre Santa Sabina e Torre Guaceto (Carovigno, Br). Secondo Simposio Internazionale “Il Monitoraggio Costiero Mediterraneo: Problematiche e Tecniche di Misura”, Napoli, 1-6 giugno 2008, CNR-IBIMET, Firenze, pp. 391-402.
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RELATIVE SEA LEVEL CHANGES IN THE FOREARC RIDGE OF THE HELLENIC SUBDUCTION ZONE DURING THE LATE HOLOCENE: THE CRETE ISLAND (GREECE) Mourtzas, N.1, Kolaiti E.2, Anzidei M. 3
1 GAIAERGON LtD, Athens, Greece 2GAIAERGON LtD, Athens, Greece, University of Peloponnese, Kalamata, Greece 3 Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Rome, Italy
The island of Crete represents an uplifting sedimentary forearc zone located north of the Hellenic subduction zone in the transition between the African and Eurasian plates. The Late Holocene history of the relative sea level change (RSL) on the coast of Crete differentiated between the western and eastern part of the island in AD 365 (Pirazzoli, 1986), when during a strong seismic event the island was split along the neotectonic graben of Spili and its northern and southern prolongation. Until then, the sea level throughout the coast of Crete was - 1.25 ± 0.05 m lower than today (Mourtzas, 1990; 2012a, b; Mourtzas et al., 2016). With fragmentation, the western part - approximately 100 km long - uplifted by 9.15 ± 0.20 m at its westernmost end and 2.00 ± 0.30 m at its eastern boundary, while rotating towards the SE. This significant tectonic event, that originated the largest earthquake ever occurred in the Mediterranean since the Late Holocene and among one of the largest in the world with the exception of the M = 9.2, 1964, Alaska earthquake (Brocher et al., 2014), seems to have affected the entire Eastern Mediterranean as it was accompanied by a tsunami which devastated the Nile Delta and the ancient towns of west Cyprus and Libya (Stiros, 2001). During the period of 2600 years that preceded it, between 4200 BP and 1600 BP, the entire island submerged as a single tectonic block. Nine to eleven successive subsidence tectonic episodes gradually submerged the western part of the island. In this time, the total subsidence of the southwest edge of the island reached 1.60 m (Pirazzoli et al., 1982; Mourtzas et al., 2016). The same period, in the central and eastern part of Crete the submerged coastal landforms and the functional height of selected archaeological markers, which are related to the sea level at the time of their construction, revealed and dated five distinct sea level stands at -6.55 ± 0.55 m, -3.95 ± 0.35 m and -2.70 ± 0.15 m (Mourtzas et al., 2016). After the partition of the island and the uplift of its western part, the entire island subsided again, by -0.70 m and -0.55 m during two distinct events, for an amount of 1.25 m. The deepest sea level stand of central and eastern Crete at -6.55 ± 0.55 m can be identified by the earliest tidal notch of western Crete dated to between 3930 ± 90 BP and 4200 ± 90 BP. The next sea level stand at -3.95 ± 0.35 m has been dated to between 3900 BP and 3600 BP. It is related to the tidal notch of the southwest edge of the island (cape Chrysoskalitissa) that formed at -2.85 m during the initial subsidence and has been dated to 3870 ± 90 BP (Pirazzoli et al., 1982; Mourtzas et al., 2016). The change to the subsequent sea level is probably associated with the eruption of the Thera volcano, occurred 3600 BP, and its attendant neotectonic upheavals in the area of the southern Aegean. The sea level stand at -2.70 ± 0.15 m of the eastern and central part of the island has been dated to between 3600 BP and 3200 BP (Mourtzas et al., 2016). Comparing it with the corresponding tidal notches of SW Crete that formed at the same depth and have been dated to 3330 ± 80 BP or 3290 ± 70 BP, and considering their lowest limit (3250 BP and 3220 BP, respectively), we conclude that the change to the subsequent sea level stand at -1.25 ± 0.05 m should be attributed to the
67 “GeoSUB – Underwater geology” – Ustica, 13-17 September 2016 destructive co-seismic tectonic events occurred during the middle or by the end of LM IIIB period, about 3250 BP or 3200 BP. The dating of the -1.25 ± 0.05 m sea level was based on the ancient Hellenistic and Roman coastal installations and mainly on the constructional features of the Roman fish tanks found in many locations along the entire coast of central and eastern Crete. Historical sources report a change by 0.75 m in the Hellenistic and Roman sea level during the AD 1604 paroxysmal event that is also confirmed by the submerged Byzantine and Venetian coastal installations throughout the coast of Crete. For an undetermined but significant period during the last 400 years the sea level remained stable, so that to form a sea erosional tidal notch at -0.55 ± 0.05 m, and then rose to its current position. Here we show and discuss the relative sea level changes in Crete for the late Holocene, from archaeological and geomorphological indicators and sea level predictions.
Fig. 1: RSL change in western and central-eastern Crete during the Late Holocene. Blue line is the RSL change curve as results from beachrock data; magenta line is the RSL change curve estimated from tidal notches data. Orange line is the land subsidence in the NW extremity of Crete before the AD 365 uplift that clearly shows the coincidence between the higher uplifted tidal
notch and a sea level stand at -1.25 ± 0.05. Cyan line is the predicted sea level curve for Crete, according to the glacio-hydro-isostatic model (Lambeck and Purcell, 2005). Error bars are the time span (horizontal) and the depth uncertainties (vertical). Historical periods and major catastrophic events are also reported.
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References BROCHER T.M., FILSON J.R., FUIS G.S., HAEUSSLER P.J., HOLZER T.L., PLAFKER G., BLAIR J.L. (2014). The 1964 great Alaska earthquake and tsunamis: A modern perspective and enduring legacies. U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet, 2014–3018, 6 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20143018. LAMBECK K., PURCELL A., 2005. Sea-level change in the Mediterranean Sea since the LGM: model predictions for tectonically stable areas. Quaternary Sci. Rev., 24, 1969–1988. MOURTZAS N.D. (1990). Tectonic Movement of the Coasts of Eastern Crete during the Quaternary. PhD Thesis. N.T.U.A, Athens. MOURTZAS N. (2012a). Archaeological indicators for sea level change and coastal neotectonic deformation: the submerged roman fish tanks of the gulf of Matala, Crete, Greece. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39, 884-895. MOURTZAS N. (2012b). Fish tanks of eastern Crete (Greece) as indicators of the Roman sea level. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39, 2392-2408. MOURTZAS N.D., KOLAITI E., ANZIDEI M. (2016). Vertical land movements and sea level changes along the coast of Crete (Greece) since Late Holocene. Quaternary International, 401, 43-70. PIRAZZOLI P. (1986). The early Byzantine Tectonic Paroxysm. Z. Geomorphol. N.F., Suppl.-Bd. 62, 31- 49. PIRAZZOLI P.A., THOMMERET J., THOMMERET Y., LABOREL J., MONTAGGIONI L.F. (1982). Crustal block movements from Holocene shorelines: Crete and Antikythira (Greece). Tectonophysics 86, 27- 43. STIROS S.C. (2001). The AD 365 Crete earthquake and possible seismic clustering during the fourth to sixth centuries AD in the Eastern Mediterranean: a review of historical and archaeological data. Journal of Structural Geology, 23, 545-562.
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PALAEOGEOGRAPHIC RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ROMAN HARBOUR OF IERAPETRA ON THE SE COAST OF CRETE ISLAND (GREECE) Mourtzas, N.1, Kolaiti E.2, Anzidei M. 3
1 GAIAERGON LtD, Athens, Greece 2GAIAERGON LtD, Athens, Greece, University of Peloponnese, Kalamata, Greece 3 Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Rome, Italy
The seafront and the port facilities of the Roman Ierapetra followed the story of the destruction of the ancient town. Since the Venetian rule through the Ottoman conquest to recent times, the urban fabric developed at the same site where the ancient Ierapetra was located (Sanders, 1982; Zois, 2002). The ancient western breakwater of the Roman harbour is mostly buried by the modern jetty, the rockfill from its ending eastern part was removed, the beachrock reefs were fragmented, while the relative sea level rise by 1.30 m occurred since the Roman period, have altered the ancient coastline and distorted the ancient harbour installations (Fig. 1). When the sea level was between -1.20 m and -1.30 m lower than today between the fourth century BC and AD 1604, as determined and dated by Mourtzas (1990, 2012a, 2012b) and Mourtzas et al. (2016), the seafront of Ierapetra during its conquest by the Roman legions would be quite exposed to the open sea. The two beachrock reefs would slightly protrude from the sea and the inner beachrock reef was probably linked to the coast by a sandy strip. The rocky islet in a distance of 40 m from the opposite rocky coast of the small promontory was aligned straight with the outer beachrock reef (Fig. 2). Τhe Romans constructed the eastern breakwater that would have to protrude from the then sea level by 0.10 m to 1.0 m in order to form a sheltered harbour. The western breakwater was constructed by joining the outermost beachrock reef with the islet, and possibly even by extending it further west as indicated by the rockfill remains within the modern port, and joining it with the shore. Therefore, an inner harbour should to have formed almost in the size of the modern port (Fig. 3). The depth of the inner harbour, according to the bathymetric measurements of the Vice Admiral and hydrographer Spratt (1865) seems not to exceed 1.50 m. The “naval battle” seems to be located just west and outside the inner harbour, in the position shown in Spratt’s (1865) plan (Fig. 3). The outer harbour was probably bounded by the western artificial breakwater and the inner and outer beachrock reefs, which protruded from the sea by 0.10 m to 0.50 m. The depths of the basin of the outer harbour should be ranged from 1.50 m to 5.50 m, according to Spratt’s (1865) bathymetric map (Fig. 3). The relative sea level rise occurred in the early 16th century, initially by 0.70 m and then by 0.55 m (Mourtzas et al., 2016), submerged the ancient harbour installations and the natural coastal morphology. In this paper we attempt a palaeogeographic reconstruction of the Roman Age coastline at Ierapetra and the intervening relative sea level changes using new collected data from underwater measurements of the current position of geomorphological and archaeological indicators, historical and recent bathymetric maps (Fig. 1), corrected for functional elevation when the harbour was operational.
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Fig. 1: Plan of the seafront of the ancient and modern town of Ierapetra
Fig. 2: Paleogeographic reconstruction of the coastline of Ierapetra before the construction of the harbour installations during the Roman period.
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Fig. 3: Paleogeographic reconstruction of the seafront of Ierapetra during the Roman period.
References ZOIS, A.A. (2002). Roman Ierapetra: an unknown imperial city, the hub of the eastern Mediterranean, diaries notes 1989-1995. Apodeixis Eds, Athens. MOURTZAS N.D. (1990). Tectonic Movement of the Coasts of Eastern Crete during the Quaternary. PhD Thesis. N.T.U.A, Athens. MOURTZAS, N. (2012a). Archaeological indicators for sea level change and coastal neotectonic deformation: the submerged roman fish tanks of the gulf of Matala, Crete, Greece. Journal of Archaeological Science 39, 884-895. MOURTZAS, N. (2012b). Fish tanks of eastern Crete (Greece) as indicators of the Roman sea level. Journal of Archaeological Science 39, 2392-2408. MOURTZAS N.D., KOLAITI E., ANZIDEI M. (2016). Vertical land movements and sea level changes along the coast of Crete (Greece) since Late Holocene. Quaternary International, 401, 43-70. SANDERS, I.F. (1982). Roman Crete: An Archaeological Survey and Gazetteer of Late Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine Crete. Aris & Phillips, Warminster. SPRATT T.A.B. (1865). Travels and Researches in Crete. John Van Voorst, London.
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PALAEOGEOGRAPHIC RECONSTRUCTION OF THE HELLENISTIC-ROMAN HARBOUR OF LASAIA ON THE SOUTH COAST OF CENTRAL CRETE (GREECE) IN RELATION WITH THE LATE HOLOCENE RELATIVE SEA LEVEL CHANGES Mourtzas, N.1, Kolaiti E.2, Anzidei M. 3
1 GAIAERGON LtD, Athens, Greece 2GAIAERGON LtD, Athens, Greece, University of Peloponnese, Kalamata, Greece 3 Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Rome, Italy
The paleogeography of the coast of the ancient Lasaia seafront followed the successive sea level changes during the last 4000 years along the coast of central and eastern Crete (Mourtzas, 1990; Mourtzas & Marinos, 1994). The small harbour settlement of Lasaia of the Hellenistic-Roman period is situated on the narrow ridge of a small promontory in the eastern margin of the Kaloi Limenes bay. In a short distance from the narrow sand pebble coast of the promontory is located the islet of Traphos (Fig. 1a). The site seems to provide shelter for vessels on the exposed south coast of Crete over time (Spratt, 1865; Evans, 1928; Blackman and Branigan, 1975). On the SW edge of Traphos islet was found a submerged enlogated rockfill that likely formed an artificial breakwater extending from the islet towards the west. A secondary breakwater starts from the coast, follows a SSE course and in a distance of 12 m from the islet turns to the SW, thus creating a channel between the breakwater and the islet. The blocks at the base of the rockfill have been incorporated into the beachrock that surrounds the secondary breakwater (Fig. 1b). During the Minoan thalassocracy, the periods from 3900 BP to 3600 BP and from 3600 BP to 3200 BP, when the sea level was lower than today at -3.95 ± 0.35 m and at -2.70 ± 0.15 m, respectively (Mourtzas et al., 2016), the coast was wider by 80 m and a sand pebble tombolo linked the islet to the coast. Throughout this period, the outer breakwater appears to have formed a safe harbour basin, protected from the strong SW and NE winds and the waves (Fig. 2a, 2b). By the end of the 4th century BC, when the first inhabitants settled on the small promontory, the sea level and the morphology of the coast had changed and the breakwater at the south edge of Traphos islet was submerged (Fig. 3a). When the sea level was at -1.25 ± 0.05 m lower than today (Mourtzas et al., 2016) the tombolo morphology turned into a protrusion of the coast distant from the Traphos rocky coast. The harbour basin was now exposed to the SW and NE winds and was not safe anymore. During that time, the secondary breakwater was constructed, providing a channel between its end and the coast of the islet that allowed the vessels to pass from the east to the west basin, depending on weather, alleviating the problem (Fig. 3b, 3c). The relative sea level rise occurred at the beginning of the 16th century AD (Mourtzas et al., 2016) caused the submergence of the ancient harbour installations and the change of the coastal morphology that caused the detachment of the islet from the mainland. Traphos was now a safe place for the Cretan refugees who fled to it to escape the Ottoman conqueror (Spratt, 1865; Blackman and Branigan, 1975). Here we show and discuss the relative sea level changes at Lasaia (Crete) for the late Holocene, from archaeological and geomorphological indicators and sea level predictions.
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Fig. 1: Plan of the seafront of ancient Lasaia: (a) as seen today and (b) mapping and depth measurement of the submerged geomorphological and archaeological indicators.
Fig. 2: Palaeogeographic reconstruction of the seafront of ancient Lasaia between 3900 BP and 3600 BP, when the sea level was at -3.95 ± 0.35 m lower than today. The morphology of the coast before (a) and after (b) the formation of the older beachrock generation.
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Fig. 3: Palaeogeographic reconstruction of the seafront of ancient Lasaia between 3600 BP and 396 BP, when the sea level was at -1.25 ± 0.05 m lower than today. The morphology of the coast before (a) and after (b) the formation of the younger beachrock generation.
References BLACKMAN, J.D., BRANIGAN, J. (1975). An archaeological survey on the south coast of Crete between Ayiofarango and Chrisostomos. Ann. Brit. Sen. Athens, 70, 17-36. EVANS, A. (1928). The Palace of Minos: A Comparative Account of the Successive Stages of the Early Cretan Civilization as illustrated by the Discoveries at Knossos. Macmillan and Co., London, Vol. 2, part I, p.390. MOURTZAS N.D. (1990). Tectonic Movement of the Coasts of Eastern Crete during the Quaternary. PhD Thesis. N.T.U.A, Athens. MOURTZAS, N.D., MARINOS, P.G. (1994). Upper Holocene sea-level changes: Paleogeographic evolution and its impact on coastal archaeological sites and monuments. Env. Geol., 23, 1-13 (original paper). MOURTZAS N.D., KOLAITI E., ANZIDEI M. (2016). Vertical land movements and sea level changes along the coast of Crete (Greece) since Late Holocene. Quaternary International, 401, 43-70. SPRATT, T.A.B. (1865). Travels and Researches in Crete. John Van Voorst Ed., London, Vol.II, 435p.
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LATE HOLOCENE RELATIVE SEA LEVEL CHANGES IN THE BACKARC AREA OF THE HELLENIC SUBDUCTION ZONE: THE NORTH CYCLADIC ARCHIPELAGO (GREECE) 1Mourtzas, N., 2Kolaiti E.
1 GAIAERGON LtD, Athens, Greece 2GAIAERGON LtD, Athens, Greece, University of Peloponnese, Kalamata, Greece
Geomorphological and archaeological indicators and historical evidence of various sea level stands and the relative sea level (RSL) changes between them from the islands of Keos (Mourtzas and Kolaiti, 1998; Mourtzas, 2010; Mourtzas and Kolaiti, 2016), Andros (Mourtzas, 2007), Kythnos (1990 – 2014 Kythnos Excavation Project) and Syros, and the insular group of Mykonos, Rhenia and Delos (Desruelles et al., 2009; Mourtzas and Kolaiti, 2016), enabled us to define five distinct sea level stands for the area of the Northern Cyclades and also to plot the RSL curve for the last 5000 years. The Late Holocene history of the RSL change in the Northern Cyclades begins with the sea level at -5.0 ± 0.10 m lower than at present. The dating of this level is associated with a time interval between the end of the Neolithic Era and the end of the Early Bronze Age (3300 BC - 2000 BC). The traces of early habitation in the bays of Mikres and Megales Poles in SE Keos found at the depth of -4.10 m to -3.10 m and the sudden, without violence, abandonment of the settlement of Ayia Irini situated on a promontory in NW Keos dating back to the Early Bronze Age, were most likely related to this earliest sea level stand and its abrupt change to the following sea level (Mourtzas and Kolaiti, 1998; 2016; Mourtzas, 2010). The subsequent sea level is detected throughout the area of the Northern Cyclades at the depth of -3.65 ± 0.15 m. The dating of this sea level, between the end of the Early Bronze Age and the end of the Hellenistic period (2000 BC - 30 BC), was made indirectly by comparison with the functional elevation of the following: the prehistoric settlement of Ayia Irini (2000 BC - 1300 BC), the harbour installation in the Otzias bay (4th century BC) on the north coast of Keos, the extensive harbour installations of ancient Karthaia in SE Keos (from the 8th century BC to the end of prosperity at ca. 180 BC) (Mourtzas and Kolaiti, 1998; 2016; Mourtzas, 2010), the coastal fortification of classical Palaeopolis (5th to 3th century BC) on the west coast of Andros (Mourtzas, 2007), and the submerged classical archaeological layers at -3.65 m to -3.85 m in the ancient harbour of Vryokastro in Mandraki bay, on the west coast of Kythnos (1990 – 2014 Kythnos Excavation Project). The sea level of -2.40 ± 0.10 m has been dated back to between the end of the Hellenistic period and at least the mid-1st century AD (from 30 BC to ca. AD 40). The dating was achieved by correlation with the functional elevation of the Hellenistic – Roman shipshed on the south coast of Poises bay in W Keos, the submerged Roman structure in the Gulf of Exo Steno at the southernmost edge of Andros, the Roman harbour of ancient Palaeopolis in W Andros (Mourtzas, 2007), the Hellenistic coastal defence constructions at the sea front of ancient Delos (Mourtzas, 2012), and the submerged at -2.45 m Roman harbour installations in Mandraki bay in W Kythnos (1990 – 2014 Kythnos Excavation Project). However, this sea level stand may have been prolonged until the Early Venetian occupation period of Cyclades (AD 1207). The next sea level stand at -1.40 ± 0.10 m has been dated to the Venetian occupation period of Cyclades (1207 - 1566) by comparison with the functional levels of a sea defence wall and a shipshed of the Venetian period on the coast of Nimporio in Chora on the east coast of Andros (Mourtzas and Kolaiti, 2016).
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Finally, the sea level at -0.85 ± 0.10 m was determined on the coast of Keos, Andros, and Delos and its change to the current position should be ascribed to the last 400 years.
Fig. 1: The curve of the RSL change during the last 5000 years in the Northern Cyclades.
References DESRUELLES S., FOUACHE E., ÇINER A., DALONGEVILLE R., PAVLOPOULOS K., KOSUN E., COQUINOT Y., POTDEVIN J.L. (2009). Beachrocks and sea level changes since middle Holocene: comparison between the insular group of Mykonos-Delos-Rhenia (Cyclades, Greece) and the southern coast of Turkey. Global and Planetary Change, 66, 19-33. KYTHNOS EXCAVATION PROJECT 1990 -2014. Annual Excavation Reports 2005 – 2011, http://extras.ha.uth.gr/kythnos/index.php?page=home. MOURTZAS N.D. (2007). Ancient harbour installations on the coast of Palaeopolis. In: Palaiokrassa- Kopitsa L. (Ed.), Palaeopoli of Andros: Twenty years of archaeological research, 2007, 104-108.
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MOURTZAS N.D. (2010). Sea level changes along the coasts of Keos island and paleogeographical coastal reconstruction of archaeological sites. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, 43, 1, 2010, 453-463. MOURTZAS N.D. (2012). A palaeogeographic reconstruction of the seafront of the ancient city of Delos in relation to Upper Holocene sea level changes in the central Cyclades. Quaternary International, 250, 3-18. MOURTZAS N.D., KOLAITI E. (1998). Interaction of geological and archaeological factors: evolvement of the prehistoric and historical settlements and constructions in relation to the sea level changes on the Coast of Keos Island. In: Mendoni L.G., Mazarakis Ainian A. (Eds), Keos – Kythnos: History and archaeology, Proc. Intern. Symp. Keos-Kythnos, 22-25 June 1994, Meletimata, 27, 679-693. MOURTZAS N., KOLAITI E. (2016). Holocene sea level changes and palaeogeographic reconstruction of the Ayia Irini prehistoric settlement (Keos Island, Cyclades archipelago, Greece). In: Ghilardi M. (Ed.), Géoarchéologie des îles de Méditerranée, 119-135, CNRS éditions alpha, Paris.
MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT OF THE USTICA COASTS (SICILY-ITALY)
1Ongaro A.E., 1Manno G., 1Liguori V.
1Department of Civil, Environmental, Aerospace, Materials Engineering (DICAM), Engineering school of University of Palermo (Italy), Viale delle Scienze 90128, Building 8, Palermo.
Ustica, approximately 10 km2 wide, is a volcanic island located in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea at about 72 km from Palermo. Since 1986 it is a Marine Protected Area (MPA) the first to be instituted in Italy. The MPA extends 15 km around the island, covering about 16 hectares. In last decades, with coastal management practices, Ustica preserves habitats and biodiversity. The island geological setting is characterised by volcanic and volcanoclastic facies, which had originated from multiple eruptions occurring from the early to late Pleistocene. In according to previously studies, Ustica magmatism is due to extensional fractures opening in a cratonic area recognisable by a chemical-petrological differentiation (e.g. hawaiites-mugearites-trachytes), which highlight a magmatic environment made by a sub-crustal basaltic source. In time, the island morphology was modified by different marine transgression phases, which has erased most of the original volcanic landform. Eustatic oscillation and tectonic movements, caused by sea level variations, formed different wave-cut platforms (recognizable at several altitude) and cliffs. The cliffs (77% of the total coastline) that represents the common coastline morphology, is discontinuous, probably because they have formed by erosive phenomenon and/or remodelling of the wave-cut platform. Actually, the inactive forms are localized both in the inland and submerged areas, whereas the active forms are located in the coastline. The cliff coasts are subject to falls and/or topples phenomena. We had counted 22 critical environmental hazard of which 63% localized along the north side of the island and the 37% scattered in the eastern and eastern-south areas, these risk areas extend for a total length of 8 km (43% of the total coast) and the 4% of these instabilities affects tourist attractions beaches, creating high geomorphological risk.
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Fig. 1: Different morphologies of Ustica coasts. (a) Active Cliff in Cala Madonna, (b) Falls in Punta S. Paolo, (c) Sea-cave named “Grotta delle Barche”, (d) beaches at the foot of the inactive cliff Preistoric Village.
The aim of this paper is to identify environmental hazards and to suggest some monitoring and management practices. Ustica coastline is length about 18 km and its landform is brought about by cliffs (10 m high), beaches, rocky and low coast (respectively 6% and 17% of the total coastline). The cliffs are the prevalent coastal morphology and they are continuously along the northern, east and south part of the island. Between active cliff it can be recognized sea-caves, (at different high and morphology) e.g. Grotta Azzurra, Grotta Verde, and small beaches (1.31 km) that lie at the foot of inactive cliff. Beaches e.g. Cala Sidoti consist of pebbly sedimendts and they are prevalently intermediate beaches more sensitive to changes in wave conditions. The coastal armouring assessed has a low impact to the habitat for marine organisms and to the rate of the erosion. Therefore, all these hazard have natural origins and it is necessary to suggest good monitoring and coastal management practices
References ROBERTO BONOMO, VALERIA RICCI (2010). Application of unconformity-bounded stratigraphic (UBS) units to the geological survey of the volcanic island Ustica (Italy), The Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 464 51-61. MARILENA SANFILIPPO, GIIUSEPPE PULICANO, ANTONIO MANGANARO, ALESSANDRA REALE and GIUSEPPA CORTESE (2009). Tyrrhenian UpperWaters in the Ustica Island (Marine Protected Area, Sicily, Italy), International Journal of Ecology, Vol. 7. MICALLEF, WILLIAMS and GALLEGO FERNANDEZ (2011). Bathing Area Quality and Landscape Evaluation on the Mediterranean Coast of Andalucia, Spain. Journal of Coastal Research, 87-95. KAREN FABBRI (1998). A methodology for supporting decision making in integrated coastal zone management, Ocean & Coastal Management 39, 51-62.
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THE VALUE OF NATURAL CAPITAL IN MARINE PROTECTED AREAS OF LIGURIA REGION (NW MEDITERRANEAN SEA): PORTOFINO AND CINQUE TERRE CASE STUDIES. 1Paoli C., 1Vassallo P. , 1Massa F. , 1Dapueto G.1 , 2Fanciulli G., 3Scarpellini P., 1Povero P.
1 DISTAV, University of Genoa, Italy 2Portofino Marine Protected Area, Genoa, Italy 3Cinque Terre Marine Protected Area, Genoa, Italy
The methodology described by Vassallo et al. in “Natural capital evaluation: a system approach for marine protected areas” was applied to the Portofino and Cinque Terre Marine Protected Areas (Liguria Region, NW Italy). The methodology is based on 3 main steps here summarised: 1. Tropho-dynamic status: an estimate of the primary productivity exploited to generate andmaintain the benthic biodiversity of study area 2. Areal assessment: the evaluation of the marine area that yields primary productivity calculated in the previous phase. 3. Monetary valuation: an estimate of the money value ascribable to this productivity by means of Emergy The calculation of biomass stocked in benthic organims and fishes associated to each habitat represents the basis for the assessment of MPA natural capital value. From these values the trophic network of each habitat was modelled allowing to obtain the values of both productivity amounts that generated the biomass and that keep annual fluxes. The value of Portofino MPA as stocked natural capital - and then expressed in terms of resources employed in space and time to store the existing biomass - is equal to over 10 millions of Euros while that of Cinque Terre MPA is over 33 millions. The value of resources annual demanded to keep this biomass vital and working is 2.4 times lower and counts up to over 4 millions of Euros in Portofino while is almost equal to the natural capital in Cinque Terre being 31 millions of Euros. Based on annual fluxes requirement calculation, a balance was realised in order to assess if the MPAs were able to maintain themselves generating enough resources within their boundaries. Portofino resulted in a deficit condition, Cinque Terre in a surplus condition. Moreover source and sink habitats in term of resources balance were identified. All results were mapped and, as a consequence of methodology application, it can be stated that high value habitats, where biomass is concentrated and stored, are restricted in a limited surface share that can be maintained also if resources are provided by adjacent lower value habitats. Moreover since Portofino MPA proved to be not self sufficient requiring resources from other systems an enlargement of MPA.
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GEOMORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE ANCONA COASTAL CLIFFS (ADRIATIC SEA, ITALY) Piacentini D.1, Menichetti M.1, Nesci O.1, Troiani F.2, Cavitolo P.1, Roccheggiani M.1, Tirincanti E.1, Antonioli F.3, Biolchi S.4, Devoto S.4, Furlani S.4
1Dipartimento di Scienze Pure e Applicate, Università di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Urbino, Italy 2Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy 3ENEA SSPT-MET-CLIM, Rome, Italy 4Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze, Università di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
The historic center of Ancona Town, Marche Region (Italy), lies on the south-west side of a NO- SE trending monocline directly facing the Adriatic Sea. The study area encompasses a 6 km-long rocky coastal cliff located northern of Mt. Conero promontory, limited by Colle Guasco to the North and Monte della Nave to the South. Along the coast, the lithology consists of calcareous marls pertaining to the Umbria-Marche stratigraphic succession (Schlier Formation, Burdigalian to Messinian in age). The succession presents banks of several meters alternating with 30-40 cm thick, irregular layers. In the study area, the upper part of the Schlier formation outcrops showing a progressive decrease in the calcareous component in favour of both marl and clay components. Bedding planes keep a fairly regular SW dipping arrangement. The average height of the cliffs is about 90-100 meters, while the minimum height reaches 40 meters at the Passetto locality, located at the northern portion of the cliff. The coastline is fairly indented in fact, small bays alternate gentle promontories. Beaches are composed by coarse materials such as gravels, pebbles and boulders. Sandy beaches can be found only at the foot of Colle Guasco, at the extreme northern sector of the study area. The marly slopes are shaped both by marine erosion and slope-failure processes. Along the coast, surf-benches and wave-cut platforms are common, especially in the sector Passetto - Seggiola del Papa (Fig.1), where some sea stacks (i.e. Scogli del Cavallo, Scogli Lunghi) occur. Natural small caves occur in correspondence of the main discontinuities of rock masses along the cliffs not protected by shore platforms. We applied the new legend of coastal geomorphological mapping, developed by the Working Group (WG) “Coastal Morphodynamics” of the Italian Association of Physical Geography and Geomorphology (AIGeo), to describe the coastal landforms in the study area.
Fig. 1: Surf-benches and wave-cut platforms in the sector Passetto - Seggiola del Papa
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NATURAL CAPITAL ASSESSMENT AND CONSERVATION PLANNING: THE CASE OF THE EGADI ISLANDS MARINE PROTECTED AREA
1Picone F., 2D’Agostaro R., 3Buonocore E., 3Franzese P.P., 4Donati S., 1Chemello R.
1Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Co.N.I.S.Ma., via Archirafi 20-22, 90123 Palermo, Italy. 2Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 20-22, 90123 Palermo, Italy. 3Department of Science and Technology, Parthenope University of Naples, Centro Direzionale, Isola C4, 80143 Naples, Italy. 4 MPA Egadi Islands.
Over the past 50 years, humans have changed ecosystems more rapidly and extensively than in any comparable period in human history. The main causes are to be found in the ever-increasing demands for resources (e.g. food, fresh water, timber, fibre and fuel). The ongoing depletion and degradation caused by anthropogenic pressure on natural systems and the consequent alarming biodiversity erosion imply the loss of the ecosystems biological, geochemical and physical processes and components, from which ecosystem functions arise. When ecosystem functions constitute benefits to people, they are called ecosystem goods and services and the underlying biophysical structure and processes are referred to as natural capital. In particular, marine and coastal ecosystems are among the most productive environments in the world and offer a wide variety of services (e.g., seafood provision, natural shoreline protection against storms and floods, water quality maintenance, cultural and spiritual benefits). Yet, they are heavily depleted by an unsustainable use of their services and their persistence is seriously threatened by the increasing effects of a number of (often-unregulated) anthropogenic disturbances (e.g., land use change, habitat loss, overfishing, invasive species, pollution, climate change, etc.). Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are largely acknowledged worldwide as efficient tools for both marine conservation and resources management. Apart from the original effect of conserving biodiversity, the enforcement of protection measures in MPAs supports the conservation of the stock of natural capital and the provided ecosystem services, at local (e.g. increase in fish resources) and global (e.g. modifications in nutrient cycling) scales. In this perspective, MPAs management plans should be oriented towards the conservation and increase of the natural capital, balancing the exploitation of resources and the regulation of protection. In 2014, following the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 guidelines, the Ministry of the Environment and Protection of Land and Sea of Italy funded the “Environmental Accounting in Italian Marine Proteceted Areas” project, a 4-years research program based on the implementation of an environmental accounting system in all Italian MPAs. The project aims at assessing the biophysical and economic value of natural capital and ecosystem services, and, successively, at evaluating environmental costs and impacts due to main human activities performed in the MPAs. In this study, the natural capital of the Egadi Islands MPA (Sicily, Italy) was assessed. The emergy accounting method was used to measure the value of natural capital by taking into account its cost of production in terms of biophysical flows supporting its generation. The value of natural capital was calculated for the four main biocenosis identified in the MPA (i.e., Coralligenous, Photophilic algae, Soft bottom, and Posidonia oceanica). Furthermore, the emergy value of the MPA natural capital was used to identify different conservation strategies through Marxan, a software that delivers decision support for reserve system design.
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PAST SEA-LEVEL MARKERS ALONG THE COASTAL KARST CLIFF OF NORTH SARDINIA (ITALY) Sanna L.1, Uda M.2, Pascucci V.3
1 IBIMET-CNR, Sassari, Italy 2GSAS, Sassari, Italy 3University of Sassari, Italy
Morphology in the coastal carbonate basins is caused by a combination of karst and littoral processes, where dissolutional and erosion phenomena are locally enhanced by mixing between fresh and salt waters. Due to this feature, the coastal karst landscapes are very important for studies of the past sea level fluctuactions, offering precise makers of the relative sea level position (Van Hengstum et al., 2015). They can preserve landforms that are otherwise difficult to find in area exposed on the surface weathering. In fact, compared to the non-karst zones the carbonate terrains show limited erosion, since most of rainwater easily penetrates underground, giving rise to the development of a network of caves that preserve the past marine markers. These marine proxies have a very high resolution in microtidal conditions, such as Mediterranean Sea (Carobene, 2015), and are an indicator of tectonic stability, of the Sardinian microplate. Lengthways to the shoreline of the Gulf of Asinara (North Sardinia, Italy), carbonate rocks touchs the coast near the city of Porto Torres with the headland of Balai, a 3 km long vertical Miocene limestone cliff up to 40 m-high locally interrupted by some small gravelly coves. This karst plateau has a monocline geometry characterised by a flat morphology gently dipping towards the North- West. It hosts some coastal and submarine caves normally with limited underground development (Mucedda and Cossu, 1984). A geomorphological survey finalized to identify past sea level markers and their relationship with the current position in the central Mediterranean has focused to surficial and submerged karst phenomena. Along the longitudinal profile of the headland, three main morphological steps have been identified at 15, 8 and 6.5 m asl, representing past wave cut platforms. Moreover, the modern tidal notch is well exposed along the carbonate cliff at the present sea level. Along the limestone coves, protected from wave action, two generations of fossil notches have been observed at 6.5 m asl and -1 m bsl, respectively, testifying a relative low coastal erosion. The highest relict tidal notch is attributed to the isotopic stage 5e (125 ka.). The –1 m tidal notch, corresponding also to a well recognizable base level since some of the coastal caves are developed at this water depth, has been formed during a period of sea level stability. In fact it is widely accepted that during Eemian interglacial (around 125 ka) sea level was 4/6 m higher than today, and climate was about 2 °C warmer than present. However, it is still not completely clear how this marine high stand is found at different altitude above present sea level along the Sardinian coast. Some littoral caves located along the cliffs of Balai headland show clear evidence of marine influences on its morphologies, with a well preserved Tyrrhenian tidal notch at an altitude of about 6.5 metres above present sea level, together with a notable enlargement of the galleries by the effect of hyperkarst phenomena due to mixing of fresh karst water and sea water (Forti, 2003). The entrance parts also show clear indications of past sea level still stands (lithophaga holes) up to 8 m asl. Moreover, flat surfaces (e.g. wave-cut platform), chemical (e.g. tidal notches) and biological (e.g. lithodome boreholes) erosions, clastic deposits of marine and continental environment within these underground environments reflect the change in the eustatic conditions. The upper cave conduits
83 “GeoSUB – Underwater geology” – Ustica, 13-17 September 2016 appear to be a relic of a high stand at an altitude of +6.5 m above present sea level, probably related to the last interglacial. The submerged branches correspond to a subsequent fall in sea level that led to the development of the lower conduit, currently flooded by seawater, and to the rapid incision of the coves. Further study of these features would ensure useful chronological constrain for the reconstruction of the eustatic curve of northern Sardinia and important information to be included in predictive models on future scenarios on global sea level changes.
Fig. 1: Ancient tidal notch at +6.5 m asl at the entrance of a litoral cave and a stripe of lithophaga boreholes at +8 m asl along a cove in the Balai headland.
References CAROBENE L. (2015). Marine notches and sea-cave bioerosional grooves in microtidal areas: examples from the Tyrrhenian and Ligurian coasts – Italy. Journal of Coastal Research, 31(3): 536 – 556. MUCEDDA M., COSSU S., (1984). Le grotte costiere di Porto Torres. Speleologia Sarda, 49: 1-20. FORTI P., (2003). Le cavità di origine continentale e la loro evoluzione marina. In: Grotte Marine. Cinquanta anni di ricerca. Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio, pp 505. VAN HENGSTUM P.J., RICHARDS D.A., ONAC B.P., DORALE J.A. (2015). Coastal caves and sinkholes, Handbook of sea level, Handbook of Sea Level Research Ian Shennan Antony Long, Benjamin Horton Eds. 268 – 280.
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FROM WATER TO LAND AND BACK: SUBMERGED LANDSCAPES IN THE MARINE CAVE OF BERGEGGI (LIGURIA) Sanna L.
In late nineteenth century, the geologist Arthur Issel first recognized the importance of the Marine Cave of Bergeggi (Savona – Liguria, Italy), where he found a complete stratigraphy referring to Quaternary, with different stages of marine transgression and regression. The site is in fact known as the largest karst cave and the most important coastal cave of Liguria, with a submerged and an emerged part, both shaped by marine processes that occurred during different sea level changes. After these earliest researches, and during many decades, the cave has then been examined both by geologists and by anthropologists, with different aims, often not converging. While on the one hand the possibility to examine geological sea-level markers has allowed scientists to achieve information about the geological sequences of this trait of coast, and of the cave itself, on the other hand, anthropologists and archaeologists have limited their studies to the recovery of artefacts coming from the emerged section of the site, without running proper researches. This kind of investigation has lasted until the last quarter of the 20th century, when the archaeological study of the cave has been abandoned. In recent years, a team of geomorphologists has then identified some marine and continental deposits, landforms of marine origin (i.e. marine wall grooves and L. Lithopaga bands), as well as one of the best documented marine wall groove dated to MIS 5.5 of the whole Tyrrhenian coast. In the light of these new data, and thanks to the possibility to examine the submerged section by diving directly on site, the writer has then conducted, in 2014, a non-invasive archaeological survey of the whole site, including both the emerged and the submerged section. The possibility to compare the data achieved during these surveys to those obtained by geo-morphologists has then permitted to propose a sequence of human occupation of this cave during prehistory. The studies conduced by these latter, in fact, even if unfortunately limited to the emerged section, have given us the first absolute dating of the geological layers of the cave. More in detail, the chance to observe the effect of the sea on the general topography of the cave, as well as on the stratigraphy of the different tunnels that form the emerged and the submerged section, has permitted to propose a possible diachronic development of the site, allowing us to recognize four different stages, dating from the middle Palaeolithic to the Iron Age, when the cave has been in use in different parts. All these stages have then been related to archaeological materials found during this and during earlier campaign, studied by the writer on permission of the Archaeological Museum of Florence.
UNDERWATER RESEARCHES IN THE ROMAN VILLAE MARITIMAE ON THE THYRRENIAN COAST OF ITALY Michele Stefanile¹
¹Università degli Studi di Napoli “L’Orientale” - Dipartimento Asia Africa Mediterraneo
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The villae maritimae along the Tyrrhenian coast of Italy are important testimonies of the Roman architecture during the Late Republican and Imperial Ages. Their analysis allows us to understand how the Romans were able to build directly on rocky coasts and jagged promontories, often deeply changing the natural landscape. At the same time, their observation and their archaeological study allows us to obtain interesting data for the reconstruction of the ancient coastline, as it was already pointed out in the work by Schmiedt on the ancient level of the Tyrrhenian Sea. The Roman villae maritimae, actually, offer to the researchers important markers in all the structures originally built on the sea or in the sea: fishponds, waterfronts, pilae and small harbours. It is a fact, however, that, despite a long and fruitful tradition of studies on the subject, the scholars rarely worked on what now lies below the sea level, where a considerable part of the most remarkable structures is. The Southern Latium Underwater Survey, established inside a cooperation agreement between the University of Napoli “L’Orientale” and the Soprintendenza Archeologica del Lazio, aims at reconsidering the maritime villas of Southern Latium, and at increasing our knowledge through data coming from underwater contexts. Since 2013, archaeological works were carried on in the maritime villas of Gianola (Formia) and Fontania (Gaeta), and in the Imperial villa of Sperlonga. New research campaigns are already planned for the next year.
DEEP-SEA HABITATS AND ASSOCIATED MEGAFAUNAL DIVERSITY IN THE DOHRN CANYON (GULF OF NAPLES, MEDITERRANEAN SEA): FIRST INSIGHTS FROM A ROV SURVEY Taviani M.1, Angeletti L. 1, Cardone F. 2, Oliveri E. 3 Danovaro R. 4,5
1ISMAR-CNR, Bologna, Italy 2University of Bari, Bari, Italy 3IAMC, Capo Granitola, Trapani, Italy 4Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy 5Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
A first exploration of the Anton Dohrn canyon in the Gulf of Naples (Mediterranean Sea) was carried out by means of a Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV) during the oceanographic cruise of the R/V Minerva Uno on June 2016 within the frame of the Italian Flagship Programme RITMARE. The canyon is located 12 nm off Naples, indenting the continental shelf perpendicularly to the coastline from approximately 200 to 1000 m depth in the Tyrrhenian Sea. The survey has been conducted using a modified Pollux II ROV, equipped with LD and HD digital video-cameras and robotic arm. The ROV images and video revealed an unexpectedly rich and abundant sessile fauna with several megabenthos species settled on rocky bottoms at depths of 400-500 m. This first discovery has been integrated by an additional ROV dive in July 2016, together with CTD casting and multibeam bathymetric mapping. The ROV surveys documented the occurrence of keystone frame-building species such as the cold-water colonial scleractinian corals Madrepora oculata and Lophelia pertusa (Freiwald et al., 2004; Taviani et al., 2005). In addition, we found conspicuous populations of solitary corals, including Desmophyllum dianthus (a target species for paleoclimatically-oriented studies; Montagna et al., 2008), large bivalves, particularly the limid
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Acesta excavata, and the deep-sea oyster Neopycnodonte zibrowii, on the canyon walls. The occurrence of both of these bivalves has been rarely documented in the Mediterranean Sea (López Correa et al., 2005; Beuck et al, 2016; Taviani et al., 2016b). In addition, a number of other taxa contribute to these deep sea communities, including sponges, echinoids, polychaetes, and actinians. The ‘white corals’ were encountered as inter-sparse colonies on the rocky substrate. These newly discovered lush and diverse cold water coral sites, being of special oceanographic interest, should be taken into account in the general connectivity network, since outside from the main known tracks of these Mediterranean habitats (see Taviani et al., 2016a,b). These findings clearly indicate that the Gulf of Naples is a hot spot of deep-sea diversity. Since the canyon is located in the Gulf of Naples, which is subjected to a substantial anthropogenic impact, steps should be taken to protect of the Canyon Dohrn and associated deep-sea habitats from fishing and other sources of disturbance.
Fig. 1: ROV images of the Dohrn Canyon showing (left) colonial and solitary scleractinian corals, other cnidarians and sponges, and (right) the deep-sea oyster Neopycnodonte zibrowii with atop a Cidaris echinoid; note that most cnidarians in both images display fully expanded polyps.
References BEUCK L. ET AL. (2016). Biotope characterisation and compiled geographical distribution of the deep-water oyster Neopycnodonte zibrowii in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Proc. 41th CIESM Congress, Kiel (in press). FREIWALD A., J.H. FOSSA, A. GREHAN, T. KOSLOW, J.M. ROBERTS (2004). Cold-water coral reefs. Cambridge: UNEP-WCMC Biodiversity Series 22, 88 pp. LÓPEZ CORREA M., A. FREIWALD, J. HALL-SPENCER, M. TAVIANI (2005). Distribution and habitats of Acesta excavata (Bivalvia: Limidae) with new data on its shell ultrastructure. In: Freiwald A., Roberts J.M., eds., Cold-water corals and ecosystems, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 173-205. MONTAGNA P., M. MCCULLOCH, C. MAZZOLI, M. TAVIANI, S. SILENZI (2008). High-resolution geochemical records from cold-water corals: proxies for paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental reconstructions and the role of coral physiology. Impacts of acidification on biological, chemical and physical system in the Mediterranean and Black Seas, CIESM Workshop Monographs 36, pp. 55-60.
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TAVIANI M., A. FREIWALD, H. ZIBROWIUS (2005). Deep coral growth in the Mediterranean Sea: An overview. In: Freiwald A., Roberts J.M., eds., Cold water corals and ecosystems. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 137–156. TAVIANI M., L. ANGELETTI, L. BEUCK, E. CAMPIANI, S. CANESE, F. FOGLINI, A. FREIWALD, P. MONTAGNA, F. TRINCARDI (2016a). On and off the beaten track: Megafaunal sessile life and Adriatic cascading processes. Marine Geology 375, pp. 146-160. TAVIANI M., L. ANGELETTI, S. CANESE, R. CANNAS, F. CARDONE, A. CAU, A.B. CAU, M.C. FOLLESA, F. MARCHESE, P. MONTAGNA, C. TESSAROLO (2016b). The "Sardinian Cold-water Coral Province" in the context of Mediterranean coral ecosystems. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography (in press) doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.12.008.
THE DAWN OF HUMAN NAVIGATION: FROM THE LAND TO THE SEA 1Tiboni F.
1 Univ. Aix-Marseille I, CCJ
In this paper, the author will discuss the very first origin of human navigation in the Mediterranean Sea. The aim is to examine how the sea-level changes that have occurred since the Dryas III period could have affected the relationship between the human groups that were living on the seashores of the Mediterranean, on the islands and next to the main straits, and the sea. More in detail, the paper will deal first with many of the problems linked to the capacity and the possibility of recording submerged prehistorical sites, then it will focuses on the real meaning of the word navigation, in order to try to "fix the terms" for a proper interpretation of this human activity. Thanks to the analysis of the paleogeography of the Basin, the author will then try to put in evidence the areas that could have played a leading role in the birth of the very first navigation attempts; further, he will discuss the concept of primary visibility with the aim of presenting a revision of the maps normally in use for the analysis of the prehistoric routes of the Mediterranean. The last part of the paper will discuss the topic of the very first water transport, both from an archaeological and a paleo-ethnographic point of view. Starting from some of the most important experimental trials and studies of the late 20th century, the paper will deal with the real possibility to refer what we know thanks to modern ethnographic studies and what we do not still know about the prehistory of navigation.
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ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING IN THE MPA "CICLOPI ISLANDS", ACI CASTELLO, CATANIA: A REVIEW Toscano F. 1, Alongi G.1, Borzì L. 2, Costanzo L.2, Mòllica E.2, Di Stefano A.1 2
1Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences – University of Catania, Italy 2Marine Protected Area “Ciclopi Islands”
Environmental analysis methods based on a classic "anthropocentric" perspective concerns the ecosystems evaluation, according to benefits to humans and the economy they provide. Some authors suggested alternative models known as "not anthropocentric or ecocentric" that are based on the measurement of natural capital and ecosystem services. Although, a qualitative approach to the assessment of natural capital is used in the most widespread environmental survey methods, the environmental accounting analysis can currently provide a quantitative evaluation. Of course, these parameters should be integrated with economic indicators to get an overview of the area. In this paper the research’s progress on the calculation of the ecological and economic value is illustrated with reference to the ecosystem services generated in each area, within the MPA "Ciclopi Islands". “Ciclopi Islands” belong to a wider network of marine protected areas spread throughout Italy. In order to ensure results comparison among different MPAs methodological procedures and guidelines, included in the "environmental accounting document in Marine Protected Areas" document, which has been carried out thanks to the collaboration of Federparchi, have been applied with the aim of achieving the necessary level of data comparability and procedures uniformity. This protocol presents a multi-year roadmap divided into seven stages (Stage 0: Photography of the statement of naturalistic data availability in MPAs; Step 1: Assessment of the ecological and economic value of the MPAs; Step 2: Identification of ecosystem functions and services; Stage 3: Assessment of environmental and economic costs; Step 4: Assessment of environmental and economic benefits; Step 5: Overall balance and net benefit assessment of the MPAs; Step 6: Computerization, data management and development of accounting system). Currently, the phase 0 has been entirely completed, while phases 1 and 2 are moving forward. The main goal of the phase 1 was reckoning of the ecological and economic value of the MPA environmental heritage through a food web pathway starting from the existent biotic communities, and the Emergy analysis application. Therefore it was necessary a careful evaluation of benthic biomass (represents the bottom of the ecological pyramid on which the whole food chain depends) to have a good starting point for the MPA environmental assessment. The sampling of benthic biomass have been carried out during June/July 2016 and planned in relation to the biotic communities of the MPA and their extension as shown in the biocenotic cartography elaborated during stage 0. After the Emergy analysis, representing the amount of the ecological value of the MPA natural heritage , it was necessary to identify features of heritage and ecosystem services deriving from it. To complete this phase (Step 2) a careful review of the bibliography has been carried out, focusing particularly on the marine habitats. The CICES classification was chosen for the environmental accounting of MPA "Ciclopi Islands" among the marine and coastal ecosystem services classifications, as reported by Liquete et al. (2013).
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In connection with these activities the Step 6 (Computerization of data management and accounting system development on the data) is moving forward by using the data that become gradually available.
References LIQUETE C., PIRODDI C., DRAKOU E.G., GURNEY L., KATSANEVAKIS S., CHAREF A., EGOH B. (2013). Current status and Future prospective for the Assessment of marine and coastal ecosystem services: a systematic review. Plos One 8(7): e67737.
MARINE DRONE TECHNOLOGY FOR PHOENICIAN MOTYA
1Tusa S., 1Fresina A., 1Oliveri F., 2, *Lena G., 3La Motta C.
1Soprintendenza del Mare, Regione Sicilia, Palermo, Italy 2Int.Geo.Mod. srl, via Innamorati 7/a, 06123 Perugia (Italy); 3Thesaurus Service snc, Via dei Miracoli 46, 94014 Nicosia (EN), (Italy) *[email protected], +39 3311305612
The underwater surveys that were carried out at Mozia island, in the basin of the Stagnone Lagoon of Marsala (Western Sicily) encountered various difficulties because of the very shallow water (depth range 50 - 170 cm) and the presence of thick algae fields. These environmental conditions hid the evidences of the flourishing city that was built on the island in the 8th century BC by the Phoenicians and destroyed by the Syracusans in the 4th century BC (Du Plat, 1964). In summer 2015 was performed the first archaeological and geophysical survey by means of USV marine drone Hydrometra (outlined by Siralab Robotics Ltd. and Int.Geo.Mod. Ltd.), with the additional aim of testing the new prototype (fig.1). The project involved a working group consisting of public and private institutions under the scientific aegis and coordination of Soprintendenza del Mare (Sicilian Underwater Cultural Heritage Department) and with the logistic assistance of the Divers Group of the Guardia di Finanza. The research project was entirely sponsored by private funds of the companies involved (Int.Geo.Mod. Ltd. and Siralab Robotics Ltd.) with the support and human resources of the institutions above mentioned and the Thesaurus Service snc. of sonic/morphobathymetric surveys in very shallow-water areas (both marine and inland) usually unreachable by conventional vessels.
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Fig. 1: Hydrometra USV marine drone during the survey
The USV has an independent navigation system with a dedicated software able to follow predefined routes and correct the ship's course in case of wind and wave action, also thanks to the active differential propellers that make the helm unnecessary. On board standard equipment includes a Single Beam (SBES), a Side Scan Sonar (SSS) with CHIRP technology and detection system ECHO and DOWNVISION and three cameras (two underwater IR and a surface one). This research trip highlighted the presence of submerged structures known (Benassi et al., 2008 and references therein) and previously unknown: specifically the survey allowed the discovery of a 2 m channel at the Cothon of Motya (the ancient phoenician-punic basin), probably obtained by digging up the bedrock in front of the mooring area. The channel was presumably used as an easier approach for the boats to the already known phoenician docks.
References DU PLAT TAYLOR, J. O. A. N., (1964): Motya: A Phoenician Trading Settlement in Sicily. Archaeology 17.2, 91-100. BENASSI F., CERAULO A. AND PAPA M.A., (2008): Nuove ricerche archeologiche nello “Stagnone” di Mozia. Indagini e prospezioni presso la strada sommersa. FOLD&R FastiOnLine documents & research 123, 1-6.
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MEDFLOOD-MOPP, MODELLING PALEO-PROCESSES. TOWARDS A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE PALEO COASTAL HAZARD AND THE ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES USED IN THE ANTIQUITIES TO SETTLE ON THE COAST 1Vacchi M., 2Biolchi S., 3Harris D., 3Rovere A., 4Scicchitano G. and the Medflood Team
1Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS-CEREGE, Aix en provence, France 2Università di Trieste, Dipartimento di Geoscienze 2University of Bremen, Marum, ZMT, Bremen, Germany 4Studio Geologi Associati T.S.T, Catania Italy
MEDFLOOD-MOPP is a new project launched in 2016 and funded by INQUA for the period 2016- 2020.The project stems from the results of MEDFLOOD, which, in 2012, started bridging the communities of earth scientists and archeologists working on sea-level problems in the Mediterranean Sea (Rovere et al., 2012). Results of MEDFLOOD included several publications on geoarchaeology and paleo sea levels in the Mediterranean at different time scales. During the MEDFLOOD 4-year period, 4 workshops were organized including field activities aimed at fueling discussions and interdisciplinary exchanges between archeologists, physical geographers and geologists on sea level topics. The MEDFLOOD project resulted in a significant improvement in the collaboration between Mediterranean geomorphologists and archaeologists. MEDFLOOD-MOPP, is the natural development of MEDFLOOD. As such, we want to enlarge the MEDFLOOD community and encourage the participation of experts in coastal geomorphology and geo-archaeology as well as engineers and hydrodynamic modellers. Our aims are to i) better define the strategies adopted since the antiquity to design coastal structures, taking into account not only the paleo-geomorphology of the coastal area but also the paleo- coastal hydrodynamics obtained through numerical modelling of paleo-nearshore processes; ii) better constrain the impacts of past catastrophic coastal events (such as major storms or tsunamis). Only in the past twenty years, the archaeological community started to consider the importance of the environment in understanding the socio- economic and wider natural frameworks in which ancient societies lived, and multidisciplinary research has become a major focus of most large-scale Mediterranean archaeological excavations. Knowledge of the strategies used to build coastal structures in the past is presently based on the texts of ancient authors, often geographers or architects, such as Strabo, Pausanias, Pliny the Elder, Ptolemy. Even if these sources often provided very detailed descriptions, the conceptual framework for the architectural design of coastal structures with respect to palaeo- coastal processes, remains largely unexplored. The recent advances in palaeo-environmental reconstructions, the development of cost-effective techniques for high-resolution aerial photogrammetry (e.g. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, UAV) and the recent development of freely available and versatile tools for coastal modelling (e.g. Delft3D, XBeach, FUNWAVE) offer us the possibility to assess - for the first time and in a quantitative manner - the strategies of coastal planning since the antiquity. Another emerging field of research at the boundary between geology and coastal engineering is the study of the effects of waves in paleo environments. As an example, a recently highly debated paper (Hansen et al., 2016) revisited the hypothesis, based on field data, that ‘superstorms’ characterized the Atlantic at the end of the Last Interglacial. To study in a more rigorous way the deposits and landforms that are at the base of this hypothesis, and to make inferences on the waves that might have characterized this period, a closer collaboration is necessary between coastal geomorphologists, sea level geologists and coastal hydrodynamic modellers. This will allow for the most accurate reconstruction of past extreme events in the Mediterranean thus far, and have direct links in reinterpreting the effects of large storms on coastal communities in the past and also allow for prediction of storminess and coastal hazard in the future.
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MORPHOLOGY OF THE KARST SUBMARINE SPRING OF THE MAR GRANDE (TARANTO) AND EVIDENCE OF RECENT EROSIONAL ACTIVITY Valenzano E.1, De Giosa F.2, D'Onghia M.3, Saccotelli G. 3, Capolongo D.1, Lisco S. 1, Moretti M. 1, Mastronuzzi G. 1
1 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali, Università degli Studi di Bari, Italy 2 Coastal Consulting and Exploration, Bari, Italy 3CONISMA, Rome, Italy
The Taranto area is marked by the presence of several resurgence springs; the submarine ones are locally referred as citri. Freshwater out-flowing at high pressure comes from a karst aquifer developed into Mesozoic limestone, confined by a thick cover of Middle-Upper Pleistocene clays. In this work, multibeam and high resolution seismic data revealing with high detail the complex morphology of the largest spring of the Mar Grande basin (citro di San Cataldo, close to the Taranto harbor – Fig. 1) are presented for the first time. The spring consists of two outlets located at the bottom of a wide depression (190 x 300 m) with the shape of a downward spiral, 20 m deeper than the surrounding seabed. The two outlets are aligned in E-W direction and show an inverted cone (funnel shaped) morphology. The tip of the west outlet has been surveyed at the maximum depth of 52 m, while the eastern one develops around a water depth of about 48 m. In seismic record the depression appears to be carved into a horizontally layered seismo-facies that can be related to clays, whereas a seismic facies, attributed to carbonate, has been detected at a depth of about 20 m below the depression bottom. The flank of the depression adjacent to the eastern outlet is affected by a recent erosional scour (probably related to mass movements) which is located at only 60 m from the pier.
Fig. 1: 3D view of the San Cataldo Citro near the Harbor of Taranto (Vertical exaggeration 2x; arrow indicate the North)
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References BALDASSARRE, G., QUARTO, R., SCHIAVONE, D. (1983). Indagini geologiche e geofisiche per lo studio della sorgente Tara (prov. di Taranto). Geologia Applicata e Idrogeologia, XVIII, parte I, 95-115. COTECCHIA V., LOLLINO G., PAGLIARULO R., STEFANON A., TADOLINI T., TRIZZINO R. (1989) Studi e controlli in situ per la captazione della sorgente sottomarina Galeso, Mar Piccolo di Taranto. Atti del Congresso Internazionale di Geoingegneria. Torino 27-30 Settembre 1989. FLEURY, P., BAKALOWICZ, M., DE MARSILY, G. (2007). Submarine springs and coastal karst aquifers: a review. Journal of Hydrology, 339(1), 79-92. HOVLAND, M., GARDNER, J. V., JUDD, A. G. (2002). The significance of pockmarks to understanding fluid flow processes and geohazards. Geofluids, 2(2), 127-136. LISCO, S., CORSELLI, C., DE GIOSA, F., MASTRONUZZI, G, MORETTI, M., SINISCALCHI, A., MARCHESE, F., BRACCHI, V., TESSAROLO, C., TURSI, A.,(2015). Geological maps of a marine area polluted by industrial discharges (Mar Piccolo, Taranto, southern Italy): the physical basis for remediation. Journal of Maps, In stampa, 12(1), 173-180 MASTRONUZZI G. (2006). Evoluzione dell’orografia antica della città di Taranto. In: D'angela C., Ricci F. (eds). Dal Kastron bizantino al Castello aragonese”, Scorpione Editrice, Taranto, 123-140. MASTRONUZZI G. (2001). Indagine conoscitiva geologico ambientale del sistema del Mar Piccolo (Taranto): caratteri evoluzione, dinamica, valore e pericolosità di un potenziale geosito. In: Atelier Taranto, Comune di Taranto. Progetto Posidonia, Unione Europea, Commissione Europea – DG XVI, Art. 10 FESR, Azioni Innovatrici, Programma Terra, Progetto n.55 Posidonia, Comune di Taranto, VII Settore Governo del Territorio, CD rom, http//www.comune.taranto.it. STEFANON, A., COTECCHIA, F. (1969). Prime notizie sulle caratteristiche di efflusso e sulle modalità di investigazione delle sorgenti subacquee ai fini di una loro captazione. Quaderni de "La ricerca Scientifica", 58, 165-195. ZUFFIANÒ, L.E., BASSO, A., CASARANO, D., DRAGONE, V., LIMONI, P.P., ROMANAZZI, A., SANTALOIA, F., POLEMIO, M., (2015). Coastal hydrogeological system of Mar Piccolo (Taranto, Italy). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-13.
NATURAL CAPITAL EVALUATION: A SYSTEM APPROACH FOR MARINE PROTECTED AREAS Vassallo P.1, Paoli C.1 , Buonocore E.2, Franzese P.P.2 , Russo G.2 , Povero P. 1
1 DISTAV, University of Genoa, Italy 2Department of Science and Technology, Parthenope University of Naples,Italy
Over the past few decades, efforts addressed the topic of the link between ecosystems and human well-being. Gradually, humans began to perceive (and face) that changes imposed to nature
94 “GeoSUB – Underwater geology” – Ustica, 13-17 September 2016 by their activities provoke effects, direct or indirect, on all components of well-being. From this perception, the concepts of Ecosystem Services (ES) and natural capital arose and it became urgent the definition and application of metrics and assessment frameworks capable of defining and quantifying ES provided by nature. The European Union, with a dedicated action under the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 calls Member States to map and assess the state of ecosystems and their services in their national territory, assess the economic value of such services, and promote the integration of these values into accounting and reporting systems at EU and national level by 2020. It is therefore urgent the definition and application of metrics and assessment frameworks capable of defining and quantifying ES provided by nature most of all where a protection regime is established (such as in MPA) in order to evaluate the efficacy of undertaken measures. A reliable evaluation of ES lays on the estimate of natural capital value since only if natural capital is preserved the providing of services in the future at the actual level can be ensured. Scientifically sound methodologies, able to provide information that can be easily passed on to different stakeholders, from common people to managers and decision makers, should be identified. In this framework authors developed an integrated methodology for ecologic and monetary evaluation of natural capital specifically addressed to the evaluation of the value of Marine Protected Areas (MPA). The proposed approach is mainly based on Emergy accounting, a quantitative method capable of assessing the work of biosphere in terms of direct and indirect solar energy converging to support the production of products and services. Current methods for economic valuation of ES internalize externalities by valuing non-market traded goods and services. Odum and Odum (2000) suggest that internalities should be externalized by using solar energy as a common basis for valuing goods and services generated by natural and man-made ecosystems. Emergy accounting is a quantitative method capable of assessing the work of biosphere in terms of direct and indirect solar energy converging to support the production of products and services (Odum, 1996). According to this method, the more work of biosphere is embodied in generating natural resources and ecosystem services the greater is their value. As a consequence, the emergy method can provide an alternative measure of value of natural capital and ES by assessing their cost of production in terms of biophysical flows used to support their generation, extraction, and use (Franzese et al., 2008, 2014; Paoli et al., 2013; Ulgiati et al., 2011; Vassallo et al., 2013). Emergy units can be converted into currency equivalents to better convey the importance of natural capital and ES to policy makers and other stakeholders. This conversion does not change the “donor-side” feature of emergy accounting, but provides results in monetary equivalent values still representing the biosphere’s investment, thus helping to bridge the gap between biophysical and economic assessments.
References FRANZESE P.P., RUSSO G.F., ULGIATI S. (2008): Modelling the interplay of environment, economy and resources in Marine Protected Areas. A case study in Southern Italy, Ecological Questions 10, 91-97. FRANZESE P.P., BROWN M.T., ULGIATI S. (2014): Environmental accounting: emergy,systems ecology, and ecological modelling, Ecological Modelling 271, 1-3. ODUM H.T., ODUM E.P. (2000): The energetic basis for valuation of ecosystem services. Ecosystems 3, 21-23.
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ODUM H.T. (1996): Environmental Accounting: Emergy and Environmental Decision Making. John Wiley and Sons. New York, 370 pp. PAOLI C., GASTAUDO I., VASSALLO P. (2013): The environmental cost to restore beach ecoservices. Ecological Engineering 52, 182-190 ULGIATI S., ZUCARO A., FRANZESE P.P. (2011): Shared wealth or nobody’s land? Theworth of natural capital and ecosystem services. Ecological Economics 70, 778-787. VASSALLO P., PAOLI C., ROVERE A., MONTEFALCONE M., MORRI C., BIANCHI C. (2013): The value of the seagrass Posidonia Oceanica: A natural capital assessment. Marine Pollution Bulletin 75 (1-2), 157-167.
INDIGENOUS AND NON INDIGENOUS SPECIES ALONG THE ITALIAN COASTS: JELLYFISH RECORDS FROM A “CITIZEN SCIENCE” APPROACH
1Zampardi S., 3Licandro P., 1Piraino S., 1, 2Boero F.
1Salento University, Italy 2CNR-ISMAR, Italy 3Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science, UK
Sentences such as “little is known about benthic polyps”, “little is known about the effect of temperature on feeding and growth of jellyfish”, “we lack information on the polyp stage” are frequent in the scientific literature. Gelatinous plankton in general is difficult to monitor due to the sudden appearance and disappearance of gelatinous organisms, the scarce knowledge of their biology and the lack of historical data. Citizen Science proved to be a good tool to monitor the spatial and temporal distribution of gelatinous organisms in a wide spatial scale otherwise impossible to collect due to the high quantity of data collectors needed. Estimates of the presence and the abundance of indigenous and non indigenous jellyfish species along 8500 km coastline in Italian waters has been monitored with a Citizen Science approach from 2009 to 2015. The study involved tourists, divers, swimmers, fishermen, and leisure boat users who uploaded records from the link http://www.focus.meduse.it/meduse/ or used the smartphone app “focus meteo medusa”. At least 25 species (Aurelia is a complex species) were identified, many are native and few are spreading in the Mediterranean Sea from the Atlantic or the Suez Canal. Species are not equally distributed, but each follows a species-specific spatial distribution along the Italian sectors of the Mediterranean Sea, probably due to specific environmental conditions mainly temperature and sea bottom depth. Improvements on the knowledge of the ecology and distribution of jellyfish species identifying hot spot areas for blooms will contribute to our adaptation to the impacts on tourism activities, fisheries, and aquaculture.
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
1 ANTONIOLI Fabrizio [email protected] 2 ANZIDEI Marco [email protected] 3 BALDASSARRE Maurizio Alessio [email protected] 4 BALDASSINI Nicolò [email protected] 5 BALISTRERI Paolo [email protected] 6 BARRECA G [email protected] 7 BARTOCCIONI Flavia [email protected] 8 BERGAMASCO Andrea [email protected] 9 BIOLCHI Sara [email protected] 10 BONAGA Gilberto [email protected] 11 BORZÌ Laura [email protected] 12 BUONOCORE Elvira [email protected] 13 CALDARERI Francesco [email protected] 14 CAPPADONIA Chiara [email protected] 15 CAPULLI Massimo [email protected] 16 CASELLA E [email protected] 17 CAVALLARO Danilo [email protected] 18 CHEMELLO Renato [email protected] 19 CHIOCCI Francesco Latino [email protected] 20 COLTELLI Mauro [email protected] 21 D’AGOSTARO Riccardo [email protected] 22 DE SABATA Eleonora [email protected] 23 DE SIMONE Andrea [email protected] 24 DE VITA Sandro [email protected] 25 DI STEFANO Agata [email protected] 26 DI TRAPANI Francesco [email protected] 27 DISTEFANO Salvatore [email protected]
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28 DONNICI Sandra [email protected] 29 FAGO Paola [email protected] 30 FEO Roberto [email protected] 31 FERRANTI Luigi [email protected] 32 FIORAVANTI Eleonora [email protected] 33 FORESTA MARTIN Franco [email protected] 34 FRANZESE Pier Paolo [email protected] 35 FRANZITTA Giulio [email protected] 36 FURLANI Stefano [email protected] 37 GAGLIANONE Giovanni [email protected] 38 GAGLIOTI Martina [email protected] 39 GIACCONE Giuseppe [email protected] 40 GIACCONE Thalassia [email protected] 41 GIANGRASSO Maria Giulia [email protected] 42 GUADAGNINO Andrea [email protected] 43 HILLARIE-MARCEL Claude [email protected] 44 KOLAITI Eleni [email protected] 45 LA MARCA Emanuela Claudia [email protected] 46 LENA Gabriele [email protected] 47 LEONARDI Riccardo [email protected] 48 LIGUORI Vincenzo [email protected] 49 LIVRERI CONSOLE Salvatore [email protected] 50 MANNINO Anna Maria [email protected] 51 MASTRONUZZI Giuseppe [email protected] 52 MAZZELLA Maria Enrica [email protected] 53 MESSINA Adriana [email protected] 54 MICELI Laura Maria [email protected] 55 MONACO Carmelo [email protected] 56 MOURTZAS Nikos [email protected]
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57 ONGARO Alfredo Edoardo [email protected] 58 ORRU’ [email protected] 59 PAOLI Chiara [email protected] 60 PIACENTINI Daniela [email protected] 61 PICONE Flavio [email protected] 62 SANNA Laura [email protected] 63 SCICCHITANO Giovanni [email protected] 64 SCIUTO Alessia [email protected] 65 STEFANILE M 66 SULLI Attilio [email protected] 67 TALLARICO Virginia [email protected] 68 TAVIANI Marco [email protected] 69 TIBONI F 70 TOSCANO Francesca [email protected] 71 TOSI Luigi [email protected] 72 TROIANI Francesco [email protected] 73 TUSA Sebastiano [email protected] 74 VALENZANO Eliana [email protected] 75 VASSALLO Paolo [email protected] 76 ZAMPARDI Serena [email protected]
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INDEX OF AUTHORS
Alongi, 89 Calcagnile, 15, 17, 43 D’Anna, 33 Angeletti, 86 Campo, 45 Danovaro, 86 Antonioli, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, Capizzi, 33 Dapueto, 80 48, 50, 81 Capolongo, 93 D’Argenio, 61 Anzidei, 13, 14, 18, 67, 70, Cappadonia, 25 Davoli, 19 73 Capulli, 26 Deiana, 14 Appeaning-Addo, 28 Cardone, 86 De Giosa, 93 Baldassarre, 19 Carol, 40 De Guidi, 18 Baldassini, 38 Casella, 28 De Marchis, 45 Balistreri, 35, 63 Cavallaro, 29, 33 De Martini, 43 Baraldello, 40 Cavitolo, 81 De Sabata, 35 Barreca, 18, 20, 38 Chemello, 31, 32, 61, 82 De Vita, 37 Bellotti, 19 Civico, 18 Devoto, 21, 50, 81 Bergamasco, 40 Clò, 35 Di Bella, 45 Bignami, 18 Cocchi, 33 Distefano, 23, 38, 89 Biolchi, 21, 48, 50, 81, 92 Collin, 28 Di Trapani, 39 Boccali, 21 Coltelli, 29, 33 Donati, 15, 31, 32, 63, 82 Boero, 96 Coppini, 41 D’Onghia, 93 Bonaga, 22 Corradino, 20 Donnici, 40 Bonarelli, 41 Costanza, 33 Drechsel, 28 Borzì, 23, 89 Costanzo, 23, 89 Fanciulli, 80 Bottari, 33 Cucinelli, 65 Fagiolini, 33 Brandano, 53 Cultrera, 20 Fago, 41, 43 Broglio, 63 D’Agostaro, 31, 32, 82 Fazio, 61 Brunori, 18 D’Alessandro, 33 Feo, 45 Buonocore, 24, 82, 94 Da Lio, 40 Ferranti, 14, 20, 45 Burrato, 45 D’Anna, 33 Fertitta, 33 Busetti, 15
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Fiorentino, 65 Maggiulli, 65 Pantosti, 43 Fontana, 26 Manfè, 40 Paoli, 80, 94 Foresta Martin, 47 Mann, 28 Parravicini, 28 Forlano, 45 Mannino, 12, Pascucci, 83 Franchi, 40 Mannino, 63 Passafiume, 33 Franzese, 24, 48, 82, 94 Manno, 78 Patti Genovese, 32 Franzitta, 32 Martorana, 33 Pepe, 20, 45 Fresina, 90 Massa, 80 Piacentini, 50, 81 Furlani, 13, 15, 21, 48, 50, Mastronuzzi, 41, 43, 65, 93 Picone, 82 81 Mazzoli, 40 Piraino, 96 Galianone, 51, 53 Meccariello, 20, 45 Piscitelli, 41, 43, 65 Gamberi, 38 Menichetti, 50, 81 Pizzimenti, 18 Ghaleb, 57 Mensah-Senoo, 28 Povero, 80 Giaccone, 55 Merizzi, 17 Primavera, 65 Giaccone, 55 Milella, 41, 43, 65 Polcari, 18 Harris, 28, 92 Mollica, 23, 89 Povero, 94 Hillaire-Marcel, 57 Monaco, 18, 20 Quarta, 15, 17, 43 Jayson-Quashigah, 28 Montagna, 40 Raffi, 19 Kolaiti, 58, 67, 70, 73, 76 Montuori, 18 Roccheggiani, 81 La Marca, 61 Moretti, 93 Rovere, 28, 92 La Motta, 90 Moro, 18 Ruiz-Fernandez, 57 Lecci, 41 Mourtzas, 58, 67, 70, 73, 76 Russo, 24, 94 Lena, 90 Nesci, 50, 81 Saccotelli, 93 Leonardi, 63 Ninfo, 21 Sanna, 83 Licandro, 96 Olivieri, 86, 90 Sanna, 85 Liguori, 78 Ongaro, 78 Sanchez-Cabeza, 57 Lisco, 93 Orrù, 12 Sansò, 41, 43 Lo Presti, 12, 13, 17 Palombo, 12 Scarano, 65 Lorenzetti, 40 Pampalone, 45 Scarpellini, 80 Lorscheid, 28
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Scicchitano, 13, 18, 45, 92 Taviani, 40, 86 Valenzano, 93 Serpelloni, 18 Trainito, 13 Vassallo, 80, 94 Simone, 65 Tarascio, 18, Vecchio, 18 Smedile, 43 Teatini, 40 Venturini, 48 Sorci, 25 Tiboni, 88 Verrubbi, 15 Spada, 65 Tirincanti, 81 Vis, 26 Spampinato, 13 Tomas, 63 Vitale, 33 Speciale, 33 Toscano, 89 Zaggia, 40 Spisso, 65 Tosi, 40 Zampardi, 96 Stefanile, 85 Troiani, 50, 81 Zavagno, 21 Stramondo, 18 Tusa, 17, 90 Zecchin, 40 Sulli, 25 Uda, 83 Tarragoni, 19 Vacchi, 92
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