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The Struggle for the Union: the Constitutional Union Party in the Election of 1860

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The Struggle for the Union: the Constitutional Union Party in the Election of 1860 Constructing the Past Volume 6 Issue 1 Article 5 2005 The Struggle for the Union: The Constitutional Union Party in the Election of 1860 Lauren Jensen Illinois Wesleyan University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/constructing Recommended Citation Jensen, Lauren (2005) "The Struggle for the Union: The Constitutional Union Party in the Election of 1860," Constructing the Past: Vol. 6 : Iss. 1 , Article 5. Available at: https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/constructing/vol6/iss1/5 This Article is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Commons @ IWU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this material in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This material has been accepted for inclusion by editorial board of the Undergraduate Economic Review and the Economics Department at Illinois Wesleyan University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ©Copyright is owned by the author of this document. The Struggle for the Union: The Constitutional Union Party in the Election of 1860 Abstract One of the most important and influential periods in our nation's history, the outbreak of the Civil War occurred as a result of the pivotal presidential election of 1860. The Constitutional Union Party, less well known than the others, attempted to provide a national united force at a time of crisis; their goal was to support the Constitution and not divisive political policies. Despite their efforts in Northern and Southern states, their candidates did not capture any of the major offices and the Constitutional Unionar P ty disbanded shortly after. This article is available in Constructing the Past: https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/constructing/vol6/iss1/5 l Constructing the Past Constructing the Past The Struggle for the Union: The Constitutional Union Party in the Lewis, Jayne Elizabeth. The Trial ofMary Queen ofScots: A BriefHistory with Documents. New York: St. Martin's, 1999. Election of 1860 By Lauren Jensen McLaren, Anne. "The Quest for a King: Gender, Marriage, and Succession in Elizabethan England." Journal ofBritish Studies 41 (July 2002): 259-289. One ofthe most important and influential periods in our nation's history, the outbreak ofthe Civil War occurred as a result ofthe pivotalpresidential election of1860. The Constitutional Union Party, less well known than the others, attempted to provide a national unitedforce at a time ofcrisis: their goal was to support the Constitution Neale, John E. Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments. Vol. 2, 1584-1601 New York: St. Martin's and not divisive political policies. Despite their efforts in Northern and Southern states, their candidates did not Press, 1958. capture any ofthe major offices and the Constitutional Union Party disbanded shortly after. Read, Conyers ed. The Bardon Papers: Documents Relating to the Imprisonment & Trial of Resolved, That it is both the part ofpatriotism and of duty to recognise no political Mary Queen ofScot., Vol 17 London: Office of the Society, 1909. principle other than the Constitution ofour country, the union ofthe States, and the enforcement ofthe Laws ... [under the] Constitution of our fathers, [that] has solemnly Read, Conyers. Lord Burghley and Queen Elizabeth. Oxford: Alden Press, 1960. bound every citizen of the United States, to maintain a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility... and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and Read, Conyers. Mr. Secretary Walsingham and the policy ofQueen Elizabeth. Vol. 3 Cambridge: our posterity.43 Clarendon Press, 1925. In the months leading to the presidential election of 1860, most Americans understood the grave importance of the contest that eventually led to a political confrontation between the industrializing Northern states and the agriculturally slavery based Southern states. However, some citizens did not see the divided landscape of the Union, and united together to form the Constitutional Union Party. The Constitutional Unionists' efforts were some of the final attempts to save the United States from disunion, as well as some of the most overlooked by historians. Political chaos had taken hold of American politics throughout the 1850s and conflicting opinions were more prevalent than ever in the 1860 election. The election of 1856 was a tight contest between the Democrats and Republicans, with the American Party trailing in third. Stephen A Douglas's support of the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act during the mid-term election of 1858 reiterated this strain placed upon the Union. His policies were either divisive, oriented to increase the divide between the northern and southern states, or were the final stages of compromise while some Southern states, notably South Carolina, talked about secession from the Union. Not only was southern pride hurt before the election, there was a southern fear that northern abolitionists wanted slaves to rebel and murder their masters in their beds. Fear of slave rebellions ran rampant throughout the South; however, time showed that no such plot existed on a large-scale organized level. Yet the raid at Harpers' Ferry and the anti-slavery movements elsewhere in the country fueled political and social turmoil. With so many divided opinions, it is no surprise that the nation's political parties were divided as well. From January to November of 1860, southern and northern politicians clamored for reconciliation. Generally, northerners did not rush to appease the demands of the southern states just as southerners were not readily willing to give up the possibility of slavery and the Southern way ofliving spreading to the new territories in the West. Slavery was not the only cause of strife, but it was the main principle of the campaigns of the election. Every party attempted to outline its position on slavery strategically, so citizens knew the goals of each party and could 43 The Daily Nationallntelligencer. Constitutional Union Convention, Detailed Report of the Second Day. Washington D.C.: Gales & Seaton. Saturday, May 12, 1860. 10 II ~ Constructing the Past Constructing the Past vote accordingly. The 1860 presidential election was unique because there were four political Party and Herschel Johnson was chosen as his vice presidential candidate. Upon hearing the parties, which divided the country and two separate elections occurred that November. In the declaration the southern Democrats again walked out of the convention and organized their own. South, Breckenridge and the Southern Democrats battled against BeH and the Constitutional Southern Democrats, unhappy with the national party's platform, separated and Unionists. In the North, on the other hand, Lincoln and the Republicans challenged Douglas and nominated John Breckinridge for president and Joseph Lane as his vice president. Although they the Northern Democrats. While most Democrats remained true to their geographical area, some formed their own party, this was not their original goal. Southern Democrats were loyal party Southern Democrats supported Douglas and certain Northern Democrats promised to vote for members and the destruction of the national Democratic Party was not their prime target. Breckenridge. However, the defeat of Douglas was. Yancey and others looked forward to a move for southern Members of the Democratic Party headed to Charleston to attend their convention first. independence and the annihilation of the national party seemed a step in the right direction.5o Questions of territorial and slavery expansion had split the party into two factions, one foHowing The split simply renewed northern disgust of their southern counterparts, a feeling which would the leadership of Stephen Douglas, supporting popular sovereignty, and the other the principles surface again after Lincoln's election. ofJohn C. Calhoun, William Yancey, and Chief Justice Taney. These Democrats endorsed the The Republican Party held their nominating convention in Chicago where they faced 44 spread of slavery into new territories along with the principles of the Constitution. Douglas problems different from that of the Democratic Party. The Republican Party was comprised of angered southerners when he said that the Dred Scott decision did not decide the fate of slavery conflicting elements, old Whigs and former Democrats, which made it difficult to find and and instead proposed the idea that it only settled the fact that a black person was not a citizen, nominate a candidate that all new Republicans and sections of the country could agree upon. and therefore could not bring a case before a court. In addition to the slavery question, the Like their opponents, the beginnings of the convention centered on a single man, William H. Democratic Party was split, like the nation, over the admission of Kansas into the Union under Seward, who believed he was the favorite and was bound to take the nomination on the first the Lecompton Constitution. Again Douglas appeared to be an enemy of the South. "No longer ballot. However, just as division foHowed Douglas, Seward had a host of issues threatening to would the South parley with a Northern man with Southern principles, no longer compromise or split the fledging party ifhe was nominated. His reputation centered
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